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Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Instituia  for  Historical  MIcroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microraproductions  historiquas 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  thf*  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  coulcur 


□    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommag^e 


D 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul6e 


'      I    Cover  title  missing/ 

I I    Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

□    Colourad  maps/ 
Cortes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
ere  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli(§  avec  d'autres  documents 


n 

r~yf  Tight  binding  .nay  causa  shadows  or  distortion 

LJ— I    along  interioi  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 


D 


D 


Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


L'lnstitut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peutdtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qu<  peuvunt  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pellicul6es 


Q^: 


ages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^color^es,  tachet^es  ou  piqu^es 


I      I    Pages  detached/ 


Pages  d^tachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


r~^    Showthrough/ 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


D 


Quality  in6gale  de  {'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'rrrata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmies  d  nouveau  de  fagon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 

I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  M  I/I  I 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library, 

Geological  Survey  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  gr£ce  k  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque, 

Commission  Giologique  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contrai:t  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet^  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
ether  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  iMu»trated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sont  filmds  on  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'ilhjstration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
origlnaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustrav^on  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  :>age  qui  comporte  une  telle   ^ 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — »-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whicnever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dsrnidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  Is 
symbols  ^  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  nre  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  'aft  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
tnethod: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  I'angle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1  2  3 

4  5  6 


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SMITHSONIAN 


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VOL.  XXIV. 


'BVBRT   MAN   IB  A  VAI.UABIE   MEMBER  OF  HOCIETY  WHO   BT   lllS  OBBEBVATIOKB,  REBEABCHKg, 
AND  EXPRBIMBNTS   PROCUEES   KNOVil.BlKtE   fOR   MEN.'V-fiMITHBON. 


WASHINGTON: 
PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 

1883. 


mmmmmm 


^ftjib*!  iii 


I  - 


ADVERTISEMENT 


The  present  series,  entitled  "  Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections,"  is 
intended  to  embrace  all  the  j)ublications  issued  directly  by  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  in  octavo  form ;  those  in  quario  constituting  the  "  Smithsonian 
Contributions  to  Knowledge."  The  ([uarto  series  includes  memoii-s,  embrac- 
ing the  records  of  extended  original  investigations  and  researches,  resulting 
in  what  are  believed  to  be  new  truths,  and  constituting  positive  additions  to 
the  sum  of  human  knowledge.  The  octavo  series  is  designed  to  contain 
reports  on  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  of  particular  branches  of 
science;  instructions  for  collecting  and  digesting  facts  and  materials  for 
research  ;  lists  and  synopses  of  species  of  the  organic  and  inorganic  world ; 
museum  catalogues ;  reports  of  explorations ;  aids  to  bibiiogri:phicaI  investi- 
gations, etc.,  generally  prepared  at  the  express  request  of  the  Institution, 
and  at  its  expense. 

The  assignment  of  a  work  to  one  or  the  other  of  the  two  series  will  some- 
times depend  upon  whether  the  required  illustrations  can  be  presented  more 
conveniently  in  the  quarto  or  the  octavo  form. 

In  the  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,  as  well  as  in  the  }>resent 
series,  each  article  is  separately  })aged  and  indexed,  and  the  actual  date  of 
its  publication  is  that  given  on  its  special  title  page,  and  not  that  of  the 
volume  in  which  it  is  i>laced.  In  many  cases  worl^  have  been  pubVia\ie(\, 
and  largely  distributed,  years  before  their  combination  into  volumes. 

While  due  care  is  taken  on  the  part  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  to 
insure*a  proper  standard  of  excellence  in  its  publications,  it  will  be  readily 
understood  that  it  cainiot  hold  itself  responsible  for  the  facts  and  conclusions 
of  the  authoi-s,  as  it  is  impossible  in  most  cases  to  verify  their  statements. 

S.  F.  BAIRD, 

Seci'etary  S.  I. 


Ill 


' _^  )  --  „-;:«,. 


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PUBM 


T-<ixtmim.Vv  »«»!n.v.,«K,»»«>»o'.,v  •.■mmTSms^n<m-u*^.. 


^cpariincTii  of  ihe  ^rxieviov: 

U.  8.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


BULLETINS' 


OF   THB 


UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


VOLUME   III 

(No.  16.)     . 


PUBIJSHB^D   UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  SMITHSONIi^N  INSTITUTION. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1882. 


Sync 


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y,_X-t£^  . , 


■/• 


(P^4  OiV^  ^  ^^ 


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TABLE  OF  CONTEJS'TS. 


Synopsis  op  the  Fishes  op  North  America.  By  David  8.  Jordan 
AND  Charles  H.  Gilbert.  1882.  8vo..  pp.  1074.  Bnlleilr.  of  the 
National  Museum,  Ko.   16, 


-4-^*=^  ^o 


VII 


'l^-i£-  £>--^t. 


WNiAiWa 


department    of  the    ^nUviovt 

U.  8.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

16  — 


BULLETIN 


OF  THE 


UNITED  STATES  Ni^TIONAL  MUSEUM. 


No.    16. 


PUBLISHED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTIOif  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN 


INSTITUTION. 


'  WASHINGTOK: 
aOVEENMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE 

1882. 


ADYEKTISEMENT, 


This  work  is  the  sixteenth  of  a  series  of  papers  intended  to  ilhistrate 
tiie  collections  of  natural  liistory  and  ethnology  belonging  to  the 
United  States,  and  constituting  the  National  Museum,  of  which  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  was  i)laced  in  charge  by  the  net  of  Congress  of 
August  10,  184G. 

It  has  been  prepared  at  the  request  of  the  Institution,  and  printed  by 
authority  of  the  lionorable  Secretary  of  tho  Interior. 

SPENOEK  F.  EAIED, 
Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
Smithsonian  Institution, 

Washington,  May  20,  1882. 


11 


SYNOPSIS 


OF   THE 


FISHES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


BY 


AND 

OHARLJKS   H.  aiLBERT. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVEBN3IENT   PBINTINO  OFFICE. 

1882. 


ill 


PKEFACE. 


lu  this  memoir  we  have  endeavored  to  give  concise  descriptions  of 
all  the  species  of  fishes  known  to  inhabit'the  waters  of  North  America, 
north  of  the  boundary  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico. 

The  classification  which  we  have  adopted  is  essentially  based  on  the 
views  of  Professors  Gill  and  Cope,  who  have,  it  seems  to  us,  been  more 
fortunate  in  reflecting  nature  in  their  groupings  of  the  fishes  than  have 
any  of  the  European  systematists.  In  our  arrangement  of  the  families 
and  genera,  we  have  endeavored  to  avoid,  on  the  one  hand,  unnatural 
associations,  and  on  the  other,  subdivision  beyond  reasonable  limits. 
Genera  to  which  we  have  been  unable  to  give  precise  definition  have 
))een  rarely  adopted. 

The  rules  of  nomenclature  generally  recognized  by  naturalists,  and 
recently  admirably  formulated  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Dall,  have  been  followed 
without  deviation,  except  such  as  may  be  due  to  ignorance  of  all  the 
facti>  in  any  particular  case.  Most  of  the  present  confusion  in  nomen- 
clature is  due  to  the  neglect  of  established  rules,  and  the  only  way  out 
of  this  confusion  is  through  the  rigid  enforcement  of  these  rules.  There 
is  little  hope  for  uniformity  in  nomenclature  so  long  as  individual  prefer- 
ence or  caprice  is  allowed  to  affect  it. 

We  are  under  obligations  to  Prof.  Spencer  F.  Baird,  to  Prof.  G. 
Brown  Goode,  und  to  Dr.  Tarleton  H.  Bean,  for  many  aids,  especially 
in  connection  with  our  use  of  the  specimens  in  the  United  States  Na- 
tional Museum.  To  Dr.  Bean,  in  particular,  we  have  been  indebted  for 
help  of  various  sorts,  including  many  unpublished  notes.  To  Dr.  Theo- 
dore Gill  and  to  Ppf.  E.  D.  Cope,  we  are  indebted  for  numerous  aids 
and  suggestions.  Mr.  Samuel  Garman,  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology,  has  given  us  considerable  assistance  on  the  Elasmobranchs. 
Mr.  Chas.  L.  McKay,  of  the  United  States  Signal  Service,  has  revised 


VI 


PREFACE., 


our  account  of  the  Centrarchidce.  Prof.  S.  A.  Forbes,  of  the  Illinois 
Laboratory  of  Natural  History,  has  furnisheu  numerous  notes  on  the 
PercUlw  and  Gyprinidcc  of  Illinois.  Prof.  Felipe  Poey,  of  Havana,  bus 
given  valuable  informatioii  in  regard  to  the  fishes  of  the  Florida  Keys. 
Professor  O.  P.  Hay,  of  Butler  University,  has  furnished  us  manuscript 
descriptions  of  specie*  new  to  science.  Miss  Rosa  Smith,  Mr.  Joseph 
Swain,  and  especially  Mrs.  Susan  B.  Jordan,  have  given  important  per- 
sonal assistance  in  the  verification  of  the  descriptions  in  our  manu- 
scripts. 

Finally,  we  may  refer  to  the  early  encouragement  received  from  Dr. 
Elliott  Coues,  whose  advice  and  example  led  us  to  undertake  to  do  for 
American  Ichthyology,  so  far  as  lay  in  our  i)<)wer,  what  Coues'  "Key 
to  North  American  Birds"  has  done  for  American  Ornithology. 

A  Bibliography  of  North  American  Ichthyology  is  soon  to  be  pub- 
lished by  Professor  Goode.  We  have  therefore  not  futempted  to  give 
a  list  of  the  works  consulted  by  us.  We  have  endeavored  to  examine 
everything  pertaining  to  American  Ichthyology. 

Under  the  head  of  each  si)ecies,  enough  synonymy  has  been  given  to 
connect  this  work  with  other  descriptive  works,  and  no  more.  Eefer- 
ence  is  made  to  the  original  description  of  each  species,  to  the  descri]*- 
tions  in  Dr.  Giinther's  "Catalogue  of  the  Fishes  of  the  British  Museum," 
and  to  other  works  in  which  special  information  is  given  or  in  which 
some  name  different  from  the  one  adopted  by  us  is  employed. 

This  work  was  first  prepared  for  the  press  in  1879,  during  which  year 
a  portion  of  it  was  printrnl.  Since  then  the  printing  has  been  several 
times  interrupted,  chiefly  by  tlu^  absence  of  the  authors  while  engaged 
in  field-work.  It  was  finished  in  September,  1882.  The  manuscripts 
unprinted  have  been  from  time  to  time  revised,  and  each  part  has  been 
brought  up  to  the  date  of  finally  leaving  our  hands.  The  fact  that  the 
printing  has  extended  over  more  than  three  years, — three  of  the  most 
active  years  in  the  history  of  American  Ichthyology, — will  account  for 
some  discrepancies  between  the  first  and  last  parts  of  the  work.  In  the 
Addenda,  we  have  included  the  'species  which  have  been  described 
since  the  printing  of  the  accounts  of  the  families  to  which  they  re- 
spectively belong.  " 

DAVID  S.  JOKDAN. 
CHAKLES  H.  GILBERT. 

Indiana  University, 

Bloomlngton,  Ind.j  September  14,  188li. 


PREFACE. 


VII 


:N^ote.— In  our  descriptions  the  length  of  the  fish  is  always  measured 
from  the  tip  of  the  snout  to  the  end  of  the  last  vertebra:  the  caudal 
fin  being  not  included.  The  expressions  "  head  4"  or  "  depth  4"  mean 
that  the  length  of  the  head,  in  the  one  case,  or  the  greatest  depth  of  the 
body,  in  the  other,  is  one-fourth  of  the  length  of  the  fish.  "  Lat.  1."  indi 
cates  the  number  of  scales  in  the  lateral  line;  when,  however,  the  nuni- 
ber  of  transverse  series  of  scales  between  the  head  and  the  caudal  fin  is 
different  from  the  number  pierced  by  the  lateral  line  we  have  usually 
given  the  former  number.  The  measurements  given  in  the  text  are 
intended  to  apply  to  mature  fishes.  Young  fishes  have  usually  the 
depth  less,  the  head  larger,  the  mouth  smaller,  and  the  eye  larger,  than 
adult  examples  of  the  same  species. 

In  the  synonymy  of  any  species,  where  an  author  quoted  has  used  the 
name  adopted  by  us,  that  name  is  not  repeated.  Descriptions  not  taken 
from  specimens,  or  at  least  not  verified  by  us,  are,  in  all  cases,  credited 
to  the  author  from  whom  they  have  been  copied. 


,<    • 


Clas 


Claa 


Class 
Sub 
O: 


'«MM 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Class  I.  Leptocardii 2 

Order  A.  Cirrostomi 2 

Family  1.  Branchiostomatidse '?> 

1.  Branclilostoma  Costa 3 

1.  lanceolatum  Pallas.    (Addenda) 3,  57, 867 

Class  II.  Marsipobranchii 3 

Order  B.  Hyperotreta 4 

Family  2.  Myxinidae 4 

2.  Myxine  L 4 

2.  glutinosa  L 5 

Family  2  (6).  Bdellostomatidse.    (Addenda) 967 

3.  Polistotrema  Gill.     (Addenda) 5,867 

3.  stoutiLock 6,57,867 

Order  C.  Hyperoartia 6 

Family  3.  Petromyzontidae 6,867 

3  (6).  Entosphenns  Gill.     (Addenda) 7,57,868 

4(5,  6).  tridentatus  Gairdn 7,57,868 

4  (5),  Ammocojtes  Dum 9, 867 

%  Lampeira  Gray 7,867 

7.  plumbeus  Ayres 8,867 

7  (&).  aureus  Bean.    (Addenda) 868 

$  Ammoccctet 9 

8.  nigerRaf 9,867 

8  (6).  appendix  Dek.    (Addenda) 868 

6  (7).  PetromyzonL 10,867 

^  Ichthyomyzon  Grd 9,'867 

9.  argenteus  Kirt 10,867 

9  (b).  hirudoGrd 868 

10.  castaneusGrd 10,868 

^  Petromyzon 867 

11.  marinus  L 11,868 

12.  dorsatus  Wild.    (Addenda) 11,868 

Class  III.  Elasmobranchii 12 

Subclass  Stlachii 12 

Order  D.  Squali 12 

Family  4.  Scyranida) 13 

8.  Echinorhinus  Blainv 14 

13.  spinosnsGmel 14 

9.  SonmiosusLeS ~ 14 

.-   14.  microcephalus  Bloch 15 

Family  5.  Spinacidas 15 

10.  Centroscyllium  M.  &  H 16 

15.  fabrioii  Reinh 16 

11.  Squalus  L 16 

- -16.  acanthias  L 16 

12.  Ceutrosoymuus  Boo.  &  Cap 17 

17.  coelolepis  Boo.  &,  Cap 17 

IX 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


Class  III.  Elasmobrancliii — continued.  Page 
Subclass  Selachii. 
Order  ]).   Squali. 

FauiilyC.  Scylliida;.     (Addenda) 17,58 

13.  Ginglymostonia  AI.  &  H 18 

18.  cirratuQi  Gm 18 

13  (&).  Scylliorbinns  Blainv.     (Addenda) 58, 869 

^  Catuhia  Smith.     (Addenda) 869 

18  (b).  veutriosiis  Garm.     (Addenda) 59, 869 

18  (c).  retifer  Garni.     (Addenda) 869 

Family  7.  Carcbariidie.     (Addenda) 18,870 

14.  Mustelus  Cuv .». 19 

$  Mustelus 59 

19.  canis  Mitch.     (Addenda) 19.870 

$  rieuracromtjloH  Gill.     (Addenda) 870 

•20.  californicus  Gill 20,.59,870 

15.  TriacisM.  &  H 20 

$  Triads 20 

21.  semifasciatus  Grd 20 

^  Khinotriacis  Gill.     (Addenda) 59, 870 

22.  henleiGill 20,870 

16.  Galeorhinus  Blainv 21 

23.  zyopterus  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 870 

17.  GaleocerdoM.  &H 21 

24.  tigrimis  M.  &  n 21 

18.  Carcharias  Eaf.     (Addenda) 22,872,967 

$  Carcharinus  Blainv 22 

25.  glaucns  L 22 

^  Platypodon  Gill.     (Addenda) 967 

26.  obscurus  Le  S 22 

$  ^wZamfa  Gill 22,60 

26  (6).  platyodon  Poey.     (Addenda) 872 

27.  coeruleus  Dek.     (Addenda) 872 

27  (6).  lamiella  J.  «fe  G.    (Addenda) 60,873 

19.  Isogompliodon  Gill 23 

28.  limbatusM.&H 23 

19  (6).  Hypopiion  M.  &  H.    (Addenda) 61 

28  (6).  brevirostris  Poey.     (Addenda) 61 

21.  Scoliodon  M.  &  H 24 

30.  terraj-novae  Rich 24 

Family  8.  Sphymida) 25 

22  (23).  SphyrnaRaf 26,874 

$  Eenicejia  Gill 25 

31.  tibnroL 25,874 

$  Sphyrna 26 

32.  zygffina  L 2() 

Family  9.  Alopiidee 26 

24.  AIopiasRaf 27 

__                           33.  vulpes  Grael 27 

Family  10.  Odontaspididai.     (Addenda) 27,62 

85.  Odontaspis  Ag.     (Addenda) 27,874 

'"^.                          5  Eugomphodns  Gill 27 

34.  littoralis  Mitch.     (Addenda) 27,874 

Family  11.  Lamnido) 28 

26.  IsurusRaf 28 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XI 


Page 


17,5)3 
18 
18 

58. 869 
869    , 

59,869 
869 

18,87U 
19 
59 

19. 870 
870 

),  59, 870 
20 

iiO 

20 

59,870 

20,870 

21 

870 

31 

21 

,872,967 

22 

22 

1X57 

22 

22,60 

872 

872 

60. 873 
2i 
2:? 

61 
61 
24 
24 
25 

26. 874 
25 

25, 874 
26 
2() 
2«) 
27 
27 
27, 62 

27,874 
27 

27,874 
28 
28 


Class  III.  Elasmobranchii — continued.  Pag^ 
Subclass  Selacliii. 
Order  D.   Squali. 

Family  11,  Lamnid.-B. 

$  JsMrqpsis  Gill 28 

:J5  (36).  dekayi  Gill 2r',H74 

27.  Lanina  Cuv 29 

. 37.  comubica  Guiel 30 

/      '^I'Jl  28.  Carcharodon  Smith 30 

^,  *.- —                38.  carcliarias  L.     (Addenda) 30,875 

^            Family  12.  Cetorhinidu) 30 

29.  Cetorhinus  Blainv 31 

39,  maximns  Gunner 31 

Family  14.  Cestraciontida;.     (Addenda) 32,62 

31,  Heterodontus  Blainv,     (Addenda) 32,875 

§  Gi/ropleia-odua  Gill 32 

41,  francisciGrd 33,875 

Family  15.  Notidanidaj,     (Addenda) 34,62 

31  (t).  Hexanchns  Rat:     (Addenda) 6J 

41  (&),  corinns  J.  &  G,     (Addenda) <)2 

32,  Heptrancliias  Raf,     (Addenda) 34,62 

^  Xotorhijnch us  Ay lea 34 

42,  maculatus  Ay  res    (Addenda) 62 

Family  16.  Sqnatinidai 35 

33,  Sqnatina  Duni 35 

43,  angelus  Dum 35 

Order  E.  RaiiB 36 

Family  17.  Pristida; ;  " 

34,  PristisLath 37 

44,  peotinatus  Lath,     (Addenda) 37,875 

Family  18,  RhinobatidiB  37 

35,  Rhinobatns  B,  &S 37 

$  lihinobatus.     (Addenda) 876 

45,  prodnctus  Ayres 38, 87(5 

45  (tZ),  lentiginosns  Garm,     (Addenda) 65 

^  Zapteryx  J.  »&  G.     (Addenda) 876 

45  (6),  oxasperatus  J,  &  G.    (Addenda) 63 

§  Platyrhinoidh  Garin.     (Addenda) 876 

45(c).  triseriattis  J,  &  G.     (Addenda) 64 

Family  19,  Torpodinidue 38 

36,  TorpedoDmn 38 

46,  occidental's  Stor 39 

47,  californica  Ayres 39,876 

36  (/>),  Narcino  M,  «& H.     (Addenda). •     877 

47  (6),  brasiliensis  Olfors.     (Addenda) 877 

Family  20,  Raiidaj 39 

37,  RaiaL 39 

48,  erinacea  Mitch 40 

J,(„\^,               49.  ocellata  Mitch  10 

' '     *T     r~~—  50.  radiata  Donov  41 

J   ^0C^-^'J        51,  eglanteriaLac 41 

'^'  ..^ ;;-,.--.—- 52,  Uevis  Mitch 42 

^f  v^^^ftVVt^*'-   53.  grannlata  Gill 42 

53  (/>),  ornata  Garm.     (Addenda) K77 

53  (c),  plutonia  Garm.     (Addenda) 878 

54.  biuoculata  Grd.    (Addenda) 42,678 


XII 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS. 


</i.<g/. 


Class  III.  Elasmobranchii— continued.  Page. 
SubclaHS  Selachii. 
Order  E.  Raiic. 

Family  20.  Raiida>. 

55.  rhina  J.  &  G 43 

56.  inomata  J.  &  G.    (Addenda) 43,878 

57.  Btellulata  J.  &G 44 

57  (6).  paimifera  Bean.     (Addenda) 878 

Family  21.  Trygonida3 45 

38.  UrolophusM.  &  H 46 

58.  halleri  Coop 46 

39.  Pteroplatea  M.  «fe  H 46 

5£.  maclnra  Le  S 46 

60.  marmorafca  Coop 47 

40.  Trygon  Adanson.    (Addenda) 47,65,879 

61.  centrura  Mitch 47,67,879 

61  (fe).  hastata  Dek.    (Addenda) 70,879 

62.  sayiLeS 48,69,879 

63.  dipterura  J.  &G 48,71,879 

64.  tuberculata  Lac 48,66,879 

65.  sabinaLeS 49,68,879 

Family  22.  Myliobatidio 49 

41.  Stoasodon  Cantor.     (Addenda) 50,879 

66.  narinari  Euphr 50,879 

42.  Myliobatis  Dum 50 

67.  freminvillei  Le  S 51 

68.  califomicus  Gill 51 

43.  Rhinoptera  KuM 51 

69.  quadriloba  Le  8 51 

Family  23.  Cephalopterida) 52 

44.  Manta  Bancroft 52 

70.  birostris  Walb 52 

Subclass  Holocephali  53 

Order  F.  Holocephali 53 

Family  24.  Chimajridse 53 

45.  Chimtera  L 54 

$  Chimcera 54 

71.  plumbea  Gill 54 

^  Hydrolagm  Gill 54 

'-"-••^ -^72.  collieiBenn 55 

Class  IV.  Pisces 73 

Subclass  Chondrostei 82 

Order  G.  Selachostomi 82 

•Family  25.  PolyodontidsB ',  82 

46.  Polyodon  Lac 83 

„_ .    73.  spathulaWalb 83 

Order  H.  Glaniostomi 84 

Family  26.  AcipenseridiB 84 

47.  Acipenser  L 85 

74.  sturio  L 85 

75.  transmontanuB  Rich 86 

76.  medirostris  Ayres 8G 

77.  rubicundus  Le  S 87 

78.  brevirostris  Le  8 87 

48.  Scaphirhynchops  Gill 88 

79.  platyrhynchus  Raf 88 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


xin 


Class  IV.  Pisces — continued.  Page. 

Subclass  Ilolostei .  1 86 

Order  I.  Ginglymodi 89 

Family  27.  Lepidosteida) 89 

49(50).  Lepidosteus  Lac ? 90 

^  Lepidostetu 91 

80.  osseus  L ..  91 

^  CylindroBteua  Ra£ 91 

81.  platystomua  Raf 91 

^  AtraetosteusRaf.    (Addenda)  92,880 

82.  tristcechus  Block  «fe  Schneider 92 

Order  J.  Haleoomorphi 92 

Family  28.  Amiidas 92 

51.  AmiaL 94 

__-     83.  calvaL 94 

Subclass  Physostomi 94 

Order  K.  Nematognathi 9.5 

Family  29.  Siluridai 9«) 

62.  NoturusRaf 97 

^  SehilbeodesBleek 98 

84.  gyrinus  Mitcli 98 

«.">•  leptacanthusJor 98 

86.miumsJor 99 

W.  eleutherus  Jor 99 

88.  exilis  Nels 100 

89.  insignis  Rich , l(^ 

i  Xoturus 100 

90.  flavusRaf 100 

53.  LeptopsRaf.     (Add  uda) 101,881 

91.  olivarisRaf 102,881 

54.  Gronias  Cope 102 

92.  nigrilabris  Cope 102 

55.  Amiurus  Raf 102 

93.  brunneuffJor 103 

94.  platycei)iialu8  Grd 103 

95.  xauthocephalus  Kai 104 

96.  melasRaf ,.  104 

97.  marmoratus  Holbr 104 

98.  catusL 104- 

98  (&).  brachyacan thus  Cope.    (Addenda) 881 

99.  vulgaris  Thomps 105 

100.  natalisLeS 105 

100  (6).  bolli  Cope.     (Addenda) 881 

101.  erebennus  Jor 105 

56.  IctalurusRaf 106,880 

102.  lophius  Cope 107 

103.  albidus  Le  S 107 

104.  lupusGrd 107 

"^  '.               105.  niveiventris  Cope 107 

->-"'-                    106.  nigricans LoS.     (Addenda) 108,882 

107.  i)ouder<)sus  Bean 108 

._„._                    108.  punctatusRaf 108 

109.  furcatue  C.  &  V 109 

57.  AriusC.  &Y 109 

110(111N.  felisL 110,882 

58.  ^lurichthys  B.  &  G 110 

112.  mariuuti  Mitch Ill 


XIV 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


Cl.ass  IV.  Pisces — continued.  .  Page. 

Subclass  Pbysostomi. 

Order  L.  Evcuto},'natln.     (Addeuda) 111,882 

Family  30.  Catostomidte 112 

59(60,Gl).TctiobusRaf 113,882 

^SderogiiathuaC.  &\.     (Addeuda) ft83 

113.  cyprinella  C.  &  V.     (Addenda) 114, 883 

^Tctiobus.     (Addeuda) 115,883 

114.  urusAg 116,883 

115.  bubalus  Raf.    (Addenda) 110,883 

^  Carpiodes  Raf 117,883 

116.  carpioRaf 118,883 

117.  damalisGrd.     (Addenda) 118,883 

118.  thompsoniAs 119,883 

llO.bisouAg 119,883 

120.  cypriuubLeS 119,883 

121.  difformisCope 120,883 

62.  Cycleptus  Raf 1 20 

122.  ^elougatua  Le  S 121 

63.  Pantosteua  Cope 121 

123.  plebeiusB.  &G 122 

124.  delphinus  Cope 122 

125.  bardus  Cope 122 

126.  platyrbynchus  Cope 123 

127.  generosus  Grd 123 

128.  virescens  Cope 124 

64.  Catostomus  Le  & 124 

$  Catoatonnts 125 

129.  discobolus  Cope 125 

130.  latipiunis  B.  &  G 125 

130  (6).  guzmaniensis  Grd 120 

130  (o).  nebulifer  Garm.     (Addeuda) 883 

131.  retropinnis  .Tor 126 

132.  longirostris  Le  S 126 

1.33.  tahoensis  Gill  »fe  Jor 127 

^  Dccaclylus'Rai 127 

134.  arajopus  Jor 127 

135.  labiatus  Ayr 127 

136.  macrocbilus  Grd 128 

137.  occidentalis  Ayr 128 

138.  bernardiui  Grd 128 

139.  ardens  J.  &  G 128 

140.  fecuudns  Cope  «fe  Yarrow 120 

141.  cypboLock 129 

142.  comniersoni  Lac 129 

143.  insignisB.  «fe  G 130 

144.  clarkiB.  &G 130 

$  Hypenielium  Raf 130 

145.  nigricans  Le  S 130 

65.  Chasuiistes  Jor 131 

$  Chasmiates 13i 

146.  liorusJor 13'.> 

$  Lipomyzon  Cope 13'i 

147.  brevirostris  Cope 13'J 

148.  luxatus  Cope 13'J 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XV 


Class  IV.  Pisces — coutinuod.  P»ge. 
Subclass  Pliysostomi. 
Order  L.  Evcntognatlii. 

Family  ;W.  Catostomida;. 

6(5.  Erirayzou  Jor 132 

149.  sucetta  Lac 13:i 

150.  goodeiJor 134 

67.  Minytrenia  Jor 135 

151.  melanopsRaf 13<; 

68.  Moxostoina  Raf 13<> 

152.  papillosBiu  Cope I'.fT 

1.53.  velatum  Cope 138 

154.  bucco  Cope li{8 

155.  piuiense  Cope 138 

156.  coregonns  Cope 139 

157.  albumCope 139 

158.  thalassinum  Cope 139 

159.  carpio  C.  &.  V i:59 

160.  niacrolepidotum  Le  S I4O 

161.  aureblum  Le  S 140. 

162.  crassilabre  Cope.. 140 

163.  conus  Cope 141 

164.  anisnrum  Raf 141 

165.  pcBcilnrum  Jor 14i 

166.  albidum  Grd 141 

167.  cervinum  Cope 142 

69.  Placopharynx  Cope 142 

168.  carinatus  Cope 143 

70.  Qiiassilabia  Jor.  «&  Brayt. 143 

169.  lacera  J.  &  B 144 

Family  31.  Cyprinidae 144 

71.  Campostoma  Ag ,. 148 

170.  omatiim  Grd 149 

171.  auomalura  Raf 149 

172.  prolixum  Stor 150 

173.  formosulum  Grd 150 

72.  Acrochilus  Ag 150 

174.  alutaceus  Agassiz  «Sr,  Pickering 150 

73.  OrthodonGrd 1.51 

175.  microlepidotus  Ayr 152 

74.  Lavinia  Grd 152 

176.  exilicauda  B.  &  G 153 

75.  Chrosomus  Raf 15.3 

^177.  erythrogaster  Raf 153 

•              178.  oreas  Cope 154 

179.  eos  Cope 154 

76.  Zopheiidum  Jor 154 

180.  siderium  Cope 155 

181.  plnmbeum  Grd 155 

77.  HybognatliuB  Ag 155 

.     182.  michalisAg 156,968 

182(5).  argyritis  Grd.     (Addenda) 968 

183.  amariis  Grd 156 

184.  flavipiunis  Cope 156 

185.  n'grota)uiat.us  Cope 156 


mmt 


MMMM 


XVI 


TABLE   OF   C02ITENTS. 


!     . 


Class  IV.  Pisces — continued. 
Subclass  Physosiomi. 
Older  L,  Eventognatlii. 
Painily  31.  Cypriuidte. 

186.  placitusGrd..... 

187.  episcopus  Grd 

188.  fluviatilis  Grd 

188  (t).  punctifer  Garni.    (Addenda) . 

189.  melaaops  Grd 

78.  Coliscus  Cope 

190.  parietalis  Cope 

79.  Pimepha^es  Raf 

191.  proiuelas  Kaf 

80.  Hyborhyncliiis  Ag 

192.  confertus  Grd 

193.  notatus  Ruf 

194.  sup.  rciliosus  Cope , 

80  (6).  Tirodon  Hay.     (Addenda) 

194  (2)).'  amuigenus  Hay.    (Addenda) 

81.  Exogloesum  Eaf 

195.  maxilliugua  Lo  S 

82.  CocMognathus  B.  &  G 

19b.  omatus  B.  &  G 

197.  biguttatus  Co'^to 

83.  Hemitreniia  Cope 

$  Jlemitremia 

108.  vittata  Cope , 

$  ChriopeJoT 

199.  bifrenata  Cope  ....,- 

200.  maculata  Hay 

201.  heterodon  Cope , 

84.  CliolaGrd 

$  Miniellus  Jor , 

202.  tuditana  Cope.. 

203.  taurocephala  Hay 

204.  htematura  Cope 

205.  spectnincula  Cope 

20().  nubila  Forbes 

207.  frotensis  Cope 

208.  longirostris  Hay 

209.  straminea  Cope  

210.  volucella  Cope 

211.  microstoma  Raf 

212.  lineolataAg , 

213.  missuriensiB  Cope 

214.  procne  Cope. . . , 

$  Cliola 

215.  vigilaxB.  &G 

«^    '  216.  chlora  Jor , 

«J  Tiaroga  Grd 

^__  :„_-  217.  cobitisGrd 

218.  siiua  Cope , 

^  JIud»oniH»  (inl , 

219.  saludana  Jor.  «fc  Brayt , 

220.  storeriaua  Kirt 


Pago. 


157 
167 
157 
884 
157 
158 
158 
158 
158 
151 
159 
159 
160 
968 
968 
160 
160 
161 
161 
161 
162 
162 
162 
162 
162 
162 
163 
163 

165 
166 
166 
166 
167 
167 
167 
167 
168 
168 
16« 
168 
169 
169 
169 
169 
170 
170 
170 
170 
170 
171 


Clas 
Su 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


XVII 


157 

lu7 

157 

8H4 

157 

158 

158 

158 

158 

151 

159 

159 

160 

968 

968 

160 

160 

161 

161 

161 

168 

16B 

168 

162 

162 

162 

163 

163 

165 

166 

166 

l(i6 

167 

167 

167 

167 

16H 

168 

168 

168 

169 

l()l) 

16l> 

i6y 

170 
170 
170 
170 
170 
171 


Class  IV.  Pisces— continued. 
Subclasa  Physostomi. 
Order  L.  Eventognatbi. 
Family  31.  Cyprinidro. 

221.  hudsouia  Clint 

S22.  curyopa  Be-'u 

f  Codoma  Grd 

22S.  iris  Cope 

224.  jngalisCopa 

225.  vittata  Grd 

226.  ornata  Grd 

227.  callisenmJor 

J  Moniana  Grd 

228.  gibbosa  Grd 

229.  forbesi  Jor 

239.  loonina  Grd 

231.  hitrensis  B.  &  G 

232.  delicioBa  Grd 

233.  anrata  Grd 

234.  foruioaa  Grd 

§  Cyprinella  Grd 

235.  iinibrosa  Grd 

236.  bdbalina  B.  &  G 

236  (&).  rubripinna  Garm. 

237.  gunnisoiii  Grd 

238.  suavis  Grd 

239.  lepidaGrd 

240.  billingaiana  Cope... 

241.  macrostonia  Grd 

242.  ludibunda  Grd 

213.  notataGrd 

244.  vonusta  Grd , 

245.  cnlliura  Jor , 

246.  ■wbipplci  Grd 

$  Photogeim  Cope 

247.  analostana  Grd , 

$  lirogala  Jor 

248.  galactura  Cope 

eurystoma  Jor 

nivea  Copo 

callistia  Jor 

trichroistia  J.  &.  G  . 

253.  stigmatura  Jor 

254.  ca>rulea  Jor 

255.  chloristia  J.  «&.  B  ... 

256.  zonataAg 

257.  xicnura  Jor 

258.  pyrrhomolas  Cope  .. 

259.  hypHoloptora  Gibr.. 
MiuuiltiM  Kaf 

ij  Luxilua  Raf 

260.  conmtuH  Mitch 

261.  solone  Jor 


(Addenda) . 


249. 
250. 
251. 
252. 


85. 


262. 
263. 


coccogoui 
zoniHltuB 


Copo. 
Jor  .... 


Pago. 


171 
171 
172 
172 
172 
172 
173 
173 
173 
174 
174 
174 
175 
175 
175 
175 
17(5 
176 
176 

as4 

176 

176 

177 

177 

177 

177 

177 

178 

178 

178 

179 

179 

179 

179 

180 

180 

181 

181 

182 

loa 

183 
183 
184 
184 

184 
185 
186 
186 

188 
188 
18b 


Bull.  Nat.  Mu8.  No.  10 u 


XVIII 


TABLE    OF   COKTENTS. 


Ji 


'I 


j  1 


Class  IV.  Pisces — contimied. 
Subclass  Physostomi. 
Order  L.  Eventognathi. 
Family  31.  CyprinidaB. 

§  Alburnopa  Grd 

264.  roseus  .Tor 

^  265.  riibricroceus  Cope 

266.  Intipinnis  Jor.  &4Prayt. 

267.  lihloroceplialns  Cope 

268.  cLUiticns  Cope 

5j69.  chalybaiusCope 

•  270.  chrosomus  Jor 

,  .         271.  xffinocephalus  Jor 

272.  plumbcolus  Cope 

273.  lacertosns  Cope 

274.  shumardi  Grd 

275.  blennius  Grd 

276.  cercostigiua  Cope 

$ 

277.  ariomraus  Cope 

278.  scabriceps  Cope 

279.  jejunus  Forb 

280.  leuciodus  Cope 

;  281.  altipinuis  Cope , 

282.  amabilisGrd 

'  283.  megalops  Grd 

284.  bivitratus  Cope 

285.  timpanogensis  Cope 

§  Lythrurus  Jor , 

286.  cyanocephalns  Copeland 

287.  atripes  Jor 

288.  dipliBinius  Raf 

289.  ardens  Cope 

290.  pnnctnlatiis  Hay , 

291.  rubripinnis  Hay , 

,  292.  belliisHay , 

293.  inatntiiiiis  Cope 

294.  liriis  Jor , 

^  Minnilua 

296.  oligaspis  Cope 

297.  nmbratilis  Grd , 

298.  Hccpticus  J.  &  G , 

299.  pbotogenis  Copo 

300.  tnloscopns  Cope 

301.  BtilbinsJor 

302.  porcobronius  Cope , 

303.  rnbollnsAg 

304.  dincmns  Raf , 

-y-      ~  30.5.  rtibrifrons  Cope , 

306.  joinezauiiH  Copo 

_;_.... — :,:_       307.  luicropteryx  Cope 

86.  Prof  oporns  Copo 

308.  doinni mis  Cope 

87.  Ericyniba  Copo 

309.  buccata  Cope , 


PaRe. 


189 
189 
189 
190 
190 
191 
191 
191 
192 
192 
192 
192 
193 
193 
193 
194 
194 
194 
194 
195 
195 
195 
195 
196 
196 
19(5 
197 
197 
198 
198 
198 
199 
199 
199 
200 
200 
200 
200 
201 
201 
201 
202 
202 
20l> 
202 

2o;$ 

203 
203 
204 
204 
204 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XIX 


PaRe. 


189 
189 
189 
190 
190 
191 
191 
191 
192 
192 
192 
192 

19:'. 
19:j 

193 

194 

194 

194 

194 

195 

195 

195 

195 

19(5 

19H 

19(5 

197 

197 

198 

198 

198 

199 

199 

199 

200 

200 

200 

200 

201 

201 

201 

20'i 

202 
20'i 

20;{ 
2o;? 

2(« 
204 
201 
204 


CJass  IV.  Piscea— contiuned.  c  ■-,.^.^?r..  '^■-:i.'-:  ^*8*^ 

Subclass  Physostomi.  ,   ,^         ■..;•-. -vi 

Order  L.  Eventognathi.  •     ..fj  l!j/!: 

Family  31,  CyprinidiB.  ._      ^  .^,.,  / 

88.  Pbenacobius  Cope 205 

310.  teretulus  Cope 205 

311.  mirabilis  Grd •. 205 

311(6).  scopifer  Cope 205 

312.  catostomus  Jor 206 

313.  uranops  Cope 200 

89.  Rhinichthys Ag 206,884 

314.  cataractmC.  &  V 207,885  - 

315.  maxillosus  Cope 207,885 

313.  transinoutamis  Cope 207,885 

316  (6).  dulcis  Grd.     (Addenda) 885 

.317.  obtususAg 208,8a') 

318.  atronasus  Mitch 208,885 

318  <,6).  badiua  Garni.    (Addenda) 886 

318  (c).  siinus  Gann.     (Addenda) 88(5 

318  (d).  meleagris  Ag.    (Addenda) 886 

318  (fl).  arenatus  Garm.    (Addenda) 886 

90.  AgosiaGrd 208 

319.  chrysogaster  Grd 209 

320.  metallicaGrd 209 

91.  Apocope  Cope 209 

321.  carringtoni  Cope 209 

322.  nubila  Grd 210 

32.3.  vulnerata  Cope 210 

324.  heusliavii  Copo 210 

325.  osculaGrd 211 

^        326.  ventricoaa  Cope 211 

92.  Ceratichthys  Baird 211 

327.  bignttatusKirt 212 

328.  niicroi)ogon  Cope 212 

329.  eymmetricus  B.  &  G 213 

330.  cumingi  Gtbr 213 

331.  lumens  Jor 213 

332.  amblopsKaf , 214 

333.  nibrifronsJor 214 

334.  hypaiuotiiB  Cope 215 

335.  dissimilis  Kirt 215 

336.  sterletua  Cope 216 

'-'',[  337.  ffistivalisGrd 210 

J  338.  golidus  Grd 216 

^  339.  labrosnsCopo 217 

340.  zaneinns  Jor.  &  Bray t 217 

,.  341.  mouacliua  Cope 217 

^    '  93.  Couesiiia  Jor 218 

T-^ —  342.  ^qnamilontua  Cope nr**'*f "^^^ 

343.  diaainiilia  Grd .....1 21,^ 

344.  proatheiniuH  Cope 219 

345.  phyaignathua  Cope 219 

94.  Platygobio  Gill 219 

346.  gracilis  Rich 219 

347.  palllduH  Forbes 220 


XX 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


Class  IV.  Pisces — continned.  Vuga, 
Subclass  Physostomi. 
Order  L.  Eventognathi. 
Family  31.  Cyprinidfe. 

95.  SemotilusRaf .20 

::                                ^Semotilua 221 

____________  347(6),  corporalis  Mitch 221 

348.  thoreanianus  Jor 221 

V                                $  Leucoaomus  Heck 222 

349.  bullarisRaf 222 

96.  Symmetrurus  Jor - 222 

V  *;                         350.  argyriosus  Grd 222 

v"                   97.  Pogonichthys  Grd 223 

",                           351.  raacrolepidotus  Ayres 223 

::           ■       97  (ft).  Stypodon  Garm 223 

; ;.                         352.  signifer  Garm .    224 

98.  MylocbilnsAg 224 

,;•!                        353.  caurinus  Rich.     ...      224 

'                   99.  Mylopharodon  Ayres 225 

;;                         354.  conocephalus  B.  &  G 225 

■;.,                   100.  Ptychochilus  Ag 225 

;'                         35.5.  oregonensis  Rich 226 

/;v                         356.  rapaxGrd 226 

;;                         357.  harfordiJ.&G 226 

■:.:,;■                         358.  lucius  Grd 227 

^,                   101.  GilaB.  i&G 227 

.359.  elegansB.  &G 227 

360.  robu8taB«&G 228 

;                           361.  grahamiB.  &G -. 228 

;.                           362.  affiiiis  Abbott ....  229 

■-/:''.■               ■    363.  gracilis  B.  & G .#...  229 

364.  enxorii  B.  «fc  G 229 

'        •                     365.  iiacrea  B.  «fe  G 230 

j|,                          366.  Beminnda  Cope  &  Yarrow 230 

102.  SqualiusBon 230 

-,;                                 ^  Clinoaiomua  Gt6. 231 

367.  elongatusKirt 232 

'-'■;:                         368.  vaudoisulus  C.  «fc  V 232 

369.  estor  Jor.  &  Bray t 232 

■^     .           ^       370.  fnndnloides  Grd 233 

;  v;                                 %  TigomaGrd 233 

371.  hydrophlox  Cope 233 

372.  tceuia  Cope 234 

373.  montaniis  Cope 234 

374.  humboldti  Grd 234 

375.  cruoreus  J.  &  G 234 

376.  ardesiaciis  Cope 235 

377.  pandora  Copo 235 

•         378.  margaritus  Cope 235 

7::'"         379.  gulaCope 236 

380,  pulcherGrd 23() 

...          .j^j    egrogiusGrd 236 

382.  linoatusGrd 236 

383.  gracilis  Grd 237 

384.  couforniisB.  -&  G 237 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XXI 


Class  IV.  Piscea— continued.                                                                     .  Page. 
Subclass  Physostomi. 
Order  L.  Eventognathi. 
Family  31.  Cyprinidae. 

385.  bicolorOrd 237 

386.  obesusGrd .' 23*/ 

387.  purpureus  Grd 238 

388.  pulchellus  B.  ifc  G 238 

■                :        389.  inwnnediusGrd 238 

■            390.  aliciaBJouy 238 

391.  copei  J.  &  G 238 

/     "v     302.  nigerCope , 239 

-•■                         393.  consjersuH  Garm 239 

^  Sibo-Tia  Girard 239 

394.  gibbosus  Ayres 239 

-'                   ^  Squaliua 240 

395.  rbomaleus  J.  &  G 240,880 

396.  squamatus  Gill 241 

397.  atrariusGrd 241,886 

398.  crassns  Grd 241 

•                  ^CheondaQtA 241 

399.  cosruleus  Grd 241 

400.  cooperi  Grd 242 

•401.  nigrescens  Grd 242 

402.  modestus  Garm 242 

103.  Phoxinus  Agassiz 242 

403.  neogjBua  Cope 243 

404.  flammeus  J.  &  G 243 

405.  milnerianus  Cope 243 

406.  phlegethontis  Cope 244 

104.  Myloleucus Cope.    (Addenda) 244,887 

407.  tincellaC.  &V 245 

408.  obesusGrd 245 

409.  formosusGrd 245 

410.  bicolorGrd ^ 246 

41x.  ant  icus  Cope 246 

412.  boucardi  Gthr 246 

105.  Opsopoeodus  Hay 1 246 

413.  emiliffl  Hay : 247 

106.  Trycberodou  Forbes 247 

414.  megalops  Forbes 247 

107.  NoteniigonuB  Raf 248 

415.  gardoneus  C.  &  V 249 

416.  lucidusGrd 249 

417.  leptosonms  Grd 249 

418.  oocideutalis  B.  «&  G 250 

419.  cbrysoleucuB  Mitch 250 

420.  ainericanus  L 250 

108.  Richardsouins  Girard 251 

421.  balteatus  Rich 251 

422.  latoralisGrd 251 

109.  Lepidoiuedn  Cope 251 

423.  vittataCope 252 

424.  jarrovii  Cope 252 

110.  MedaGirard , 252 

425.  fulgidaGrd 252 


XXII 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS. 


/  C'>V^ 


Class  TV.  Pisces— contimted.  • 

Subclass  Physostomi. 
Order  L.  Eventognathi. 
Family  31.  Cyprinidaj. 

111.  Plagopterns  Cope 

42G.  argentissimus  Cope 

112.  Carassius  Nilsson 

427.  aiiratus  Linn 

113.  Cyprinus  Linn 

428.  carpioL 

Family  32.  Characinida) 

'  114.  Tetragonoptems  Ciiv 

$  Astyanax  B.  &  O 

429.  argentatus  B.  &G 

Order  M.  Isospondyli 

Family  33.  Alepocephalidie 

115.  Alepocephalus  Kisso 

430.  bairdiiG.  «&B 

Family  34.  Albulidaj 

116.  Albula  Gronov  : 

431.  viilpes  L 

>  Family  35.  HyodontidiB 

,  117.  Hyodon  Le  Sueur 

432.  alosoides  Raf ! 

-433.  tergisus  Le  Sueur 

4.34.  selenops  Jor.  &  Bean 

Family  36.  Elopidis 

118.  ElopsL 

,  .  ♦  435.  saurus  L 

V  V  119.  Megalops  Lac 

Q  436.  atlanticus  C.  &  V.     (Addenda) 262 

Family  37.  Clupeida) 

120.  Etrumeus  Bleek 

437.  teresDek 

121.  Spratelloides  Bleeker 

>,  ,,  438.  bryoporus  Cope 

122.  ClupeaJi 

$  Clupea 

_______ 439.  hareugus  L 

''^    440.  mirabilis  Grd 

I  -  $  Sardinia  Poey.     (Addenda) - 

441.  sagax  Jen 

■■.-     441  (6).  pseudohispauica  Poey.     (Addenda) 

$  Pomolobus  Raf 

,  442.  chrysocliloris  Raf 

n      0    ff  443.  mediocris  Mitch 

<i-c.'^£jlii___,  444.  venialis  Mitch 

445.  iBStivalis  Mitch  

$  Jiosa  Cuv 

__ — ^ 446.  sapidissima  Wils 

123.  Harengula  C.  &  V 

447.  pensacolaB  G.  «fcB 

124.  Opisthouoma  Gill 

448.  thrissa  Osbeck 


253 
253 
253 
253 
254 
254 
254 
255 
255 
255 
256 
257 
257 
257 
258 
258 
258 
259 
259 
259 
260 
260 
260 
261 
261 
261 
687 
262 
263 
263 
263 
264 
264 
264 
265 
265 
887 
265 
887 
265 
266 
26(5 
267 
267 
267 
267 
2';.i 
268 
268 
268 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS. 


XXIII 


Class  TV.  Pisces — continued.  Page. 
Subclass  Physostomi. 
Order  M.  Isospondyli. 
Family  37.  Clupeidse. 

125.  Brevoortia  Gill 269 

449.  patronus  Goode 269 

450.  tyrannusLatr 269 

Family  38.  DorosomatidsB 270 

126.  Dorosoma  Raf 271 

451.  cepedianum  Le  S 271 

451  (ft),  mexicanum  Gthr.     (Addenda) 887 

Family  39.  EngraulididsB 271 

127.  Stolephorus  Lac 272 

452.  ringens  Jen 272 

V          453.  browni  Gmel 273 

....        454  (&).  mitchilli  C.  &  V.     (Addenda) 888 

455.  perfasciatus  Poey 273 

456.  delicatissimus  Grd 274 

457.  compressus  Grd 274 

Family  40.  Alepidosauridie 274 

128.  Alepidosaurus  Lowe 276 

^  Alepidosaurua, 276 

458.  ferox  Lowe 276 

..           458  (&).  sesculapius  Bean.     (Addenda) 888 

I  Caulopu8  Gill 276 

459.  borealis  Gill 276 

Family  41.  Paralepididse 276 

129.  Sudis  Rafiuesque 277 

^Sudia 277 

460.  ringens  J.  «fe  G 277 

$  Para  Zepis  Risso 278 

461.  borealis  Reinh 278 

462.  coruscaus  J.  <i  G 278 

Family42.  Scopelidoe 279 

130.  SynodusB.  «fcS 279 

^  Synodua 280 

463.  foEtens  Linn 280 

464.  Incioceps  Ajres 281 

464  (6).  intermedins  Spix.     (Addenda) 889 

^  Trachinoccphalua  Gill 281 

465.  myops  Forster 2H1 

13L  MyctophumRaf 281 

:';                        466.  crenulare  J.  ifc  G 282 

467.  glaciale  Reinh 283 

Family  43.  Stornoptychidai ...  rr. 283 

132.  Miiurolious  Cocco £83 

468.  borealis  Nilss 284 

Family  44.  Chauliodoutldte 284 

133.  Chauliodus  Bl.  «&  Schn 284 

469.  sloani  Bl.  &  Scbn 2a5 

Family  45.  Stomiatidie 285 

134.  StomiasCiiv 286 

470.  ferox  Roinh 286 

135.  Echiostoma  Lowe 2n6 

471.  barbatum  Lowe 287 


XX17 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS. 


Jr. 


•-  (IC 


m 


jl'tv- 


'  KCi 


m 


Class  IV.  Pisces — continued.  Page. 
Subclass  Physostomi.                                                                    < 
Order  M.  Isospondyli. 

Family  45.  Stomiatidse.  ■ 

136.  Malacosteus  Ayres 287 

472.  nigerAyres 287 

ia7.  Astronesthes  Rich 287 

473.  nigerRich 288 

«                Family  46.  Salmonidio 288 

138.  Microstoma  Cuvier 289 

:!                          474.  grcpnlandicum  Reinh 290 

140.  MallotUH  Cuvier 291 

,,;,,^,,^..                       476.  villosus  Miill 291 

*  -"*                141.  Thaleichthys  Girard 291 

477.  pacificus  Rich 292 

>  •                    142.   Osmerus  Linnajus 292 

1                                478.  thaleichthys  Ayrea 292 

,^/  \i^ivv                     479.  attenuatus  Lock 293 

■■■■■r-    ■ ■ 480.  mordax  Mitch 293 

Vvs&'                         481.  dentex  Steind 294 

143.  Hypomesus  Gill 294 

482.  pretiosusGrd 294 

iV,                           483.  olidus  Pallas 295 

ii,                   144.  Argentina  L 295 

'  ::'^v                                 ^Silna  Reinh 295 

-:.                           484.  syrteusium  G.  &  B . 295 

.-;.                   145.  Hyphalonedrus  Goode 296 

y           ,                485.  chalybeius  Goode 296 

146.  Coregonus  Linnteus 296 

.iUt                                 $  Prosopi , m  Milner 297 

486(487).  williamsoni  Grd 297 

488.  qnadrilateralis  Rich 298 

489.  kennicotti  Milner 298 

*>                                  ^Coregomie 299 

-^''           490.  clupeiformic  Mitch 299 

,.                          491.  labradoricus  Rich 299 

492.  hoyiGill 299 

^  Ar^jrosomus  kg ^ 300 

493.  merki  Gthr 300 

493  (6).  laiiretttB  Bean.     (Addenda) 889 

—• — 494.  artedi  Le  S 301 

495.  nigripinuis  Gill 301 

^  AUosonms  3ov 301 

496.  tullibee  Rich 30) 

147.  ThymallusCnv 302 

497.  signiferRich 302 

•     .      148.  Stenodus  Rich 304 

498.  mackenzii  Rich 304 

149.  Oncorhynchus  Siickley 304 

499.  gorbuscha  Walb 305 

500.  ketaWalb 305 

—501.  tchawytcha  Walb.     (Addenda) 306,890 

502.  kisutsch  Walb 307 

-              503.  nerka  Walb 308 

150.  Salmo  L 309 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


XXV 


Class  rV.  Pisces— continued.  -r. ;.    ,'  .    ,.    •    •    pag^ 

Subclass  Physostomi.  '      v    .  •  - 

Order  M.  Isospondyli. 

Family  46.  Salmonidse.  >     '    --»  '-         > 

'                                  ^Salmo 311 

__^ 504.  salarL 311- 

$farioC.  «feV 312 

^     505.  irideus  Gibbons 312 

506.  gairdneri  Rich » 313 

507.  spilurus  Cope 314 

508.  purpuratus  Pall 314 

151.  Salvelinus  Rich 816 

.;-                                   $  Cristit'ower  Gill  «fc  Jor 317 

509.  namaycush  Walb 317 

'''""(J    ^                     ^Salvelinus 318 

f'^'-L^            510(511).  oquassaGrd 318 

■      ■    '"                512.  arcturusGthr 319 

513.  malma  Walb 319 

—    514(515).  fontinalis  Mitch 320- 

*                           516.  rossi  Rich 32l 

517.  nitidus  Rich 321 

518.  stagnalis  Fabr 321 

Family  47.  Percopsidae 322 

152.  Percopsis  Ag 322 

519.  guttatusAg 322 

OrderN.  Haplomi 323 

Family  4b.  Amblyopsidse 323 

153.  Amblyopsis  DeK •        324 

620.  spelseus  De  K 324 

154.  Typhlichthys  Girard 324 

521.  subterraneus  Grd 325 

155.  Chologaster  Agassiz ". 325 

: -^             •■•         522.  corn utus  Ag 325 

!                          523.  agassizi  Putuam 325 

:  523  (6).  papillifer  Forbes.     (Addenda) 325, 890 

Family  49.  CyprinodontidiB 326 

156.  Jordanella  G.  «fe  B 327 

524.  floridsB  G.  &  B 328 

157.  Cyprinodon  Lac 328 

ti  525.  variegatns  Lac 329,890 

526.  bovinus  B.  &  G.     (Addenda) 890 

526(6).  eximins  Grd.     (Addenda) 890 

527.  latifasciatus  Garm 329 

528.  elegans  B.  «fe  G 329 

529.  californiensis  Grd 330 

*                       530.  macularins  B.  &  G 330 

.'J31.  carpio  Gthr 330 

168.  Fundulus  Lao 331 

$  Hydrarffi/ra  Lao 332 

532.  majalis  Walb... • 332 

533.  Hwampiuus  Lac 382 

534.  similisB.  &G 333 

535.  zebrinus  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 333,891 

536.  parvipinnis  Grd 333 


XXVI 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS. 


I.'  t 


'il 


Class  IV.  Pisces — continued.  ^  T$§». 

Subclass  Physostomi.  - 

Order  N.  Haplomi.  .>. 
Family  49.  Cyprinodontidse. 

^  Fundulm 334 

537.  seminolisGrd 332 

538.  diaphanus  Le  S 334 

539.  confluentus  G.  &  B 334 

540.  menona  Jor.  &  Copel 335 

541.  adinia  J.  &  G 3a') 

542.  nigrofasciatus  Le  S 335 

542  (ft),  ocellaris  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 891 

'     "  543,  heteroclitupL 336 

543  (6).  grandis  B.  «fe  G.    (Addenda) 891 

^  Xeniama  Jot 336 

544.  catenatus  Storer 337 

545.  stellifer  Jor 337 

$  Adinia  Grd.     (Addenda) 892 

-••f'  545  (6).  xenicus  J.  &G.     (Addenda) 892 

J59.  Zygonectes  Ag    3:^8 

546.  rubrifroua  Jor 338 

547.  henshalli  Jor 338 

548.  floripinnis  Cope : , 339 

549.  lineatus  Garm 339 

550.  notatusKaf 339 

552.  inurus  J.  4t  G.     (Addenda) 340,892 

>  653.  dispar  Ag 341 

553  (ft),  craticula  G.  &  B.     (Addenda) 892 

:'  554.  brachyptorus  Cope 341 

.."  555.  sciadicus  Cope 342 

556.  chrysotus  Gtbr 342 

557.  zonatus  Mitch 342 

558.  cingnlatus  C.  &  V 342 

"•^-  160.  Lucania  Girard 342 

559.  venustaGrd 343,893 

560.  parvaB.  &  G 343,893 

561.  goodeiJor 343 

•,  '  161  GambusiaPoey 344 

562  (563)  (565).  patruelis  B.  «fe  G 345,893 

564.  arlingtouiaG.&B 345 

566.  nobilis  B.  &  G 346 

566  (ft\  senilis  Grd.    (Addenda) 894 

162.  MollienesiaLe  Sueur 346 

567.  latipiuna  Le  S 347,894 


163. 


164. 


h 


567  (ft),  lineolata  Grd 
PceciliaBl.  &  Scbn  .... 

568.  couchiana  Grd 

Girardinus  Poey 

9.  formosus  Grd 

0.  occidentalia  B.  &  G 
Family  50.  UmbridsB 

165.  Umbra  MUller 

- 57L  limiKirt 

166.  DalliaBean 

572.  pectoral  is  Bean 


(Addenda). 


570 


894 
•17 
348 
348 
349 
349 
349 
350 
350 
350 
361 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


xxvir 


Clasa  IV.  PisccB— continued.                  «  Page. 
Subclass  PhysoHtomi.                                                            •       _ 
Order  N.  Haplomi. 

Family  51.  Eaocidii' » 351 

167.  EsoxL 352 

$  rirnrellm  Raf 352 

'      573.  nJiiericanus  Gmel 352 

*  •       574.  uiiibrosus  Kirt.   (Addenda) 352,894 

57fe.  reticulatus  Le  S 353 

i  Enox 353 

576.  lucius  Linn 353- 

^  ifascahngus  Jot 353 

577.  nobilior  Thompson 353- 

Order  0.  Ax)odes 354 

Family  52.  Murtenidae 355 

168.  Miirroua  Linn 355 

^  Murcena 355 

578.  retifera  Goodo  «fe  Bean.     (Addenda) 894 

'■;  i  SideraKanp.    (Addenda) SiiG.geU 

579.  raordax  Ayres 3.^)6 

580.  ocellata  Agassiz 356 

580  (,6).  afra  Bloch.     (Addenda) 895 

.'380  ((■).  raoringa  Cnv.   (Addenda)... 895 

Family  53.  Anguillida; 357 

168  (ft).  Letharchus  Goode  «&  Bean.    (Addenda) 896 

580  (/>).  velifer  Goode  &  Bean.    (Addenda) 896 

169.  CoiculaVahl 358 

^  Callechehjs  Kan\}.     (Addenda) 

581.  ecnticarisG.  «fe  B 358 

581  ,<>).  t  res  Goode  «fe  Bean.     (Addenda) 897 

170.  MnrffiuopsisLeS.     (Addenda) 358,969 

582.  raordax  Poey.   (Addenda) — . .  897 

583.  triserialis  Kaup 359,897 

583  (ft),  macrurns  Poey.     (Addenda) 898 

-         '     ,        583  (c).  chrysops  Poey.    (Addenda) 898 

'^           584.    ocellatusLeS 359 

"   f      170  (6).  Ophichthys  Ahl.     (Addenda) 899,969 

584  (ft),  longns  Poey.     (Addenda) 899 

171.  MyrichthysGirard 360 

.')85.  tigrimis  Grd 360 

171  (ft).  Myrophis  Liltken.     (Addenda) 899 

.                         585  (&).  himbricus  J.  »fe  G.     (Addenda) 899 

,                     585  (c).  microstigraius  Poey.     (Addenda) 900 

.    ;                172.  Neoconger  Girard 360 

586.  mucronatns  Grd 360 

173.  Anguilla  Thunberg 361 

. 587.  rostrataLeS 361. 

174.  Leptocephahis  Gmelin.    (Addenda) 362,969 

588.  conger  L.     (Addenda) 362,969 

588  (6).  candictila  Bean.     (Addenda) 900 

175.  Simeaclielys  Gill 363 

589.  parasiticus  Gill 363 

Family  54.  Synapliobranchidae.. 364 

176.  Synapbobranchus  Johnson 364 

590.  piunatUB  Gron S64 


XXVIII 


TABLE   OJ'   CONTENTS. 


J 


e-tl 


Class  IV.  Pisces —continued.  •'    ■ 

Sulicluss  Physostomi. 
Order  O.  Apodes.  ivi-i'     '" 

Family  55.  SaccopharyngidtB 365 

177.  Saccophavynx  Mitch 365 

591.  flagelluui  Mitch 365 

Family  56  (a).  Nemichthyidu* 365 

178.  Nemichthys  Rich 366 

.    i       '            592.  scolopaceus  Rich 366 

593.  avocetta  J.  «fe  G 367 

Sub-class  Physoclisti - 367 

Order  P.  Opisthomi 368 

Family  56  (fr).  MastacembelidiB  368 

179.  Ptilichthys  Bean 369 

594.  goodei  Bean 369 

'           Family  56.  (c).  NotacanthidsB 370 

;■                180.  Notacauthus  Bloch : 370 

'^                         595.  chemnitzi  Bloch 370 

595  (6).  phasganorus  Goode.     (Addenda) 900 

OrdorQ.  Synentognathi - 371 

Family  57.  ScomberesocidaB 371 

■'■--''-                 181.  Tylosurus  Cocco 372 

>  596.  hians  C.  «fc  V 373,901 

:>.  597.  caribbaiusLeS.     (Addenda) 373,901 

•.                         698.  notatus  Poey 373 

599.  marinus  Bl.  &  Schn.    (Addenda) 374,902 

600.  exilis  Grd 374 

600  (6).  gladius  Bean.     (Addenda) 901 

y  _Z/'                 182.  Scomberesos  Lac 374 

"'''V« .^-  601.  saurusWalb 375 

602.  brevirostris  Peters 375 

183.  Hemirhamphus  Cuvier 376 

$  Hemirhamphus 376 

603.  unifasciatus  Ranz 376 

604.  rosa)  J.  «fc  G 376 

604  (6).  brasiliensis  L.     (Addenda) 902 

$  Euleptorhamphua  Gill 377,903 

605.  longirostris  Cu v 377 

183  (6).  Chriodorus  Goode  «fc  Bean.     (Addenda) 903 

605(6).  atherinoides  Goode  &  Bean.     (Addenda) .'....  903 

184.  Halocypselus  Weinland 377 

606.  evclans  Linn .' 377 

e07.  obtusirostris  Gthr 378 

185.  ExoccetusL 378 

607.  (6).  hillianus  Gosse.    (Addenda) 903 

,     608.  califoinicus  Cooper 379 

609.  rondeletii  C.  i&  V.     (Addenda) 379,904 

.610.  noveboracensis  Mitch.     (Addenda) , 904 

611.  exiliens  Gmel 380,904 

186.  Cypselurus  S wainson '380 

612.  furcatus  Mitch 380 

613.  comatuB  Mitch 381 

Order  R.  Lophobranchii , 381 

Family  58.  Syngnathidje 382 

187.  Siphostoma  Raf 382,905 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS. 


y.xix 


C*v 


t,rc 


e(fe< 


tltC 


Class  IV.  Pisces — continued.  Pagei 
Suliclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  R.  Lopbobranchii. 

Family  M.  Syngnatbidie.  '■■'■■ -y,' 

}  Siphoatoma 383 

614,  lusciim  Stor 383,906 

614  (6).  aSBnis  Gtbr 383,904 

615.  louisianiE  Gtbr 383,906 

615  (6),  floridiB  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) j  905 

________ 616.  californiense  Stor .>84,1H)6 

ii^iS^-^Ui/             616  (ft),  griseolineatuni  Ayr.     (Addenda) 905 

616(c).  bairdiannm  Dum.     (Addenda) 905 

*  617.  leptorbyncbns  Grd 384,906 

'  617  (ft),  auliscns  Swain.    (Addenda) 384,905 

$  Dermato8tethu8  Gill 385 

618.  punctipinue  Gill 385,905 

906 

906 

385 

386 

386 

907 

907 

907 

907 

386 

387 

387 

388 

388 

388 

389 

389 

390 

390 

390 

390 

391 

391 

391 

392 

393 

393 

393 

394 

394 

394 

395 

, 395 

395 

, 395 

396 

396 

396 


^  Corythrichthya  Kaxvp,    (Addenda). 

618  (ft),  zatropis  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) . . . . 
Family  59.  Hippocampida3 

188.  Hippocampus  Raf 

619.  beptagonus  Raf 

619  (6).  punctulutus  Guich.  (Addenda). 
619  (c).  bndsonius  Dek.  (Addenda).. .. . 
619  (d).  stylifer  J.  &  G.  (Addenda).... 
619  (e),  zosterai  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 

620.  ingens  Grd 

Order  8.  Hemibrancbii , 

Family  60.  Centriscida) 

189.  Centriscus  L 

621.  scolopax  L 

Family  61.  Fistnlariidie 

190.  Fistularia  Linn , 

622.  tabaccaria  L 

6'i3.  serrata  Cuv 

Family  62.  AnlostomafcidiB 

191.  Aulostoma  Lacepfide , 

624.  maculatum  Val 

Family  63.  Aulorhyncbidaj , 

192.  Aulorhyncbus  Gill , 

625.  flavidusGill 

Family  64.  Gasterosteidue 

193.  Gasterostens  L *.... , 

^  Pygosteus  Btbv 

626.  pungitius  L , 

^  ^Eucalia  Jor 

627.  inconstans  Kirt 

$  Gaaternateua 

628.  microcephalus  Grd 

629.  biaculeatus  Shaw 

630.  atkinsii  Bean 

631.  aculeatus  L ^ 

631  (6).  catapliractuH  Pall 

Apeltes  Dek 

632.  qaadracus  Mitch 


194. 


XXX 


TABLE   0^   CONTENTS. 


!■  1 

'm 


■.>~.X' 


.^l. 


Class  IV.  Pisces — continued.                                                           i(,^„..j- v!^S  Page. 
Subclass  Physoclisti.                                                               ,'      •i„.[.-4V<., 

OrderT.  Aeauthoptcri J .■....?!'...'...".  397 

Family  65.  Mugilida) 401 

195.  MugilL 402 

634(0:J3).  albulaL 403 

'                    635.  brasiliensis  Ag 403 

Family  66.  AtheriuidiE. 404 

196.  AtherinaL 40'. 

636.  Carolina  C.  &  V 405 

637.  velianaG.&B 405 

197.  LeurestLesJ.  &G....1 405 

638.  teuuisAyres 405 

198.  Labidcsthes  Cope 406 

639.  siccnlns  Copo 406 

199.  MenidiaBonap 406,969 

640.  laciniata  Swain.    (Addenda) 407,908 

Id)         •        p    ;     '      64).  vagransG.  &B 407 

1^.       ,^.  ritecU<j^  g^2    notataMitch. : 407 

742  (/*).  audens  Hay.     (Addenda) 908 

643.  beryllina  Cope 408 

644.  b-sciC.  &V.    (Addenda) 408,909 

645.  pcrinsulai  G.  «&  B 408 

•   -                     200.  AtheiinopsisGrd 409 

J^.0,?            ^^^-  californicnsis  Grd 409 

201.  Atherinops  Steind 409 

647.  afflnisAyres 409 

Family  67.  Sphynenida^ 410 

202.  Sphynena  BIocli 410 

648.  argentea  Grd 411 

649.  spotHauy 411 

650.  guagnaucho  C.  &  V 411 

650  (fc).  piouda  Bl.  «t  Schu 412 

Family  68.  Polynemidae 412 

203.  Polynemus  Linn 413 

650(c).  plumicri  Lac 413 

650  (d).  octofilisGill 413 

651.  octonemus  Grd 413 

.;    J   ^    Family  69.  AmmodytidiB    414 

'^.r^  ^X#!-KTt,         204  (205).  AmmodytcsL 414,909 

-    652  (653,  656  f ).  americiinus  DeK 414, 415, 909 

654.  alascanus  Cope ; ,, 415 

655.  dubins  Tieinh 415 

Family  70.  Echoneididic 416 

206.  EclieneieL 416 

(U)7.  naucrates  L 416 

206  (fc).  Phthirichtbys  Gill 9(i9 

657  (ft).  lincatuH  Monzies.    (Addenda) 9()9 

206  (o),  KumoraGill.     (Addenda) 417,90i> 

-____^  658.  squaliiieta  L.  Id.     (Addenda) 417,909 

659.  bradiyptcra  Ljwp 417 

207.  RhombochiruH  Gill , 417 

600.  osteochir  Cuv 418 

Family  71.  Elacatidiw , 41H 

208.  ElaoBteCuv 41H 

601.  oauadttL 413 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS.  XXXI 

Class  IV.  Pisces— continued.                                                 -    '     '  Paget 
Subclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  T.  Acauthopteri.                                                                   :     ' 

Family  7'i.  Xipliiivlao 419 

aoy.  Xipluas  L 419 

6()->.  Kladins  L 420 

210.  Tetraptiirus  Raf 420 

(J6;5.  indicns  €.  &  V.     (Addenda) 420,909 

064.  [av:i)ln8  Poey] 420 

21!.  Hiatiopborns  Lacopede 421 

665.  gladius  Bvonss 4«5i 

Family  73.  TiichiuridiB 421 

212.  TricbiurusL 422 

666.  lepturnsL 422 

212(6).  Centhodesmus  G.  &  B.    (Addenda) 910 

(Hk)  (ft),  elongatus  Clarke.    (Addenda) 910 

Family  74.  ycombridis 422 

213.  ScomberL 423  . 

667.  pnenmatoi»horn8  Dclaroche 424,910 

667  (ft),  colias  Gmel.     (Addenda) 910 

668.  scorabnis  L 424  ■ 

214.  Anxis  Cuvier 424 

669.  tbazardLac.     (Addenda) 425,911 

215.  Scomberomorus  Lac 425 

670.  concolor  Lock 425 

671.  macv.latns  Mitcli 426 

672.  regalis  Blocb 426 

673.  caballaC.  &  V 427 

216.  Sarda  Cuvi«r 427 

\/-bA::3Mo^V       674.  mcditerranea  Bl.  «fe  Sclin T  427 

67i>.  cbilensisC.  &V 428 

217.  Orcynns  Cnv.... 428 

676.  alalongaGmel 428 

677.  thynmisL 429- 

1           218.  EutbynnusLUtken 429 

't-'^->ki<//           ^^^'  alliteratus  Raf 430 

" 1                      679.  pelamysL 430- 

Family  75.  Carangidiu 430 

219.  Tracbnrus  Raf. 431 

6e0.  pictnratus  Bowd.     (Addenda) 432, 911 

681.  saurusRat' 432,911 

220.  Decapterus  Bieok 432 

682.  punctatns  Ag , 4'.W 

683.  macarellns  C.  «fc  V 433 

221.  CaranxLao 433,970 

684.  criimenopbtbalmnH  Blocli 434 

6a5,  cbrysns  Mitch.     (Addenda) 435 

686.  caballnsGthr 435 

^     687.  cibiPney 430 

688.  beani  Jor 43«l 

-—~—^—'        fi89,  amblyrhyncbusC.i&V.    (Addcudo) 436,912 

690.  fallax  C.  &  V 437 

691.  hippos  L i'.YT 

222.  '      idiarlsCnv 438 

()ji.  crinitus  Akerly 438 


XXXII 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


Class  IV.  risces — coutiuued.      .  Page. 
Subclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  T.  Acantliopteri.                           " 
Family  75,  Carangidae. 

•                 223.  Selbne  Lac 439 

^Selene 439 

C93.  vomer  L 439 

■'                             ^  Vomer  Cuv 440 

(594.  setipiunis  Mitch 440 

224.  Chloroscombrua  Grd 440 

y    ;     ■                  695.  chrysurus  L 441 

225.  Trachj'notus  Lac 441 

696.  carolinasL 442 

697.  ovatns  L 442 

698.  goreensisC.  &V. 442 

699.  glaucns  BlocU 443,970 

^     ^                 226.  Naucrates  Faf 443 

'       \.,^                  700.  diictor  L 443 

;''^           227.  Seriola  Cuv 444 

701.  dorsal  is  Gill.    (Addenda) 444,912 

701  (&).  ^alandi  C.  &  V.    (Addenda) 912 

■               70:/,  nT..        iC.i&V 444 

•'"                  702  (£»).  liilcata  C.  &  V.   (Addenda) 913 

'    ■  703.  caroliuensis  Holb.     (Addenda) 445,913 

*                      ^"                  704.  zonata  Mitch 445 

705.  fasciata  Bloch 445 

228.  ElagatisBenn '146 

706.  pinnnlatus  Poey 446 

^       #      929.  Oligoplites  Gill.     (Addenda) 446,913 

707.  occidentalis  L 447 

Family  76.  Pomatomida5 447 

230.  Poniatomus  Lac 448 

708.  saitatrix  L 448 

Family  76  (6).  NomcidsB - 448 

231.  NomensCuv 449 

709.  gronovii  Gmel • ^ 449 

Family  77.  StroinateidiB.        - 449 

232.  StromatensL 450 

^  Rhombus  JL  Vi€         .       451 

;  "  710.  paruL.    (Addeui  ■    451,914 

^  Slromattna 451 

711.  similliinns  Ayres 451 

!")                                  $ /'<)r«Ho/««  Gill 451 

a^.t'-i'--''^  i 712.  triacanthus  Peck 451 

\^^\^                  233.  LirnsLowe , 4.^)2 

713    perciformis  Mitch 452 

Family  78.  Lampridida) 453 

S34.  Lampris  Retz 453 

'      "          714.  giittatu«  IH'u 453 

Family  79.  Coryplui'ni«>ti> 454 

235.  Cory phiena  L 454 

715.  equisotis  L.   (Addenda) 454,914 

716.  hippnrns  L.    (Addenda) 455,914 

Family  80.  Bramidie 455 

236.  Pteraclis  Oronow 465 

717.  carolinus  C.  &  V 466 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS.      «  •       XXXIII 

Class  IV.  Pisces— contiaued.  Page. 
Subclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  T.  Acanthopteri. 

Family  80.  Bramidse.  '  »    •• 

233  (b).  Bram?.  Bloch  &  Schn.     (Addenda) 915 

',                   717(6).  rajiBloch.     (Addenda) 915 

Family  81.  Zenidai 456 

237.  Zeuopsis  Gill 456    ; 

718.  ocellatus  Storer 457 

Family  82.  Berycidaj 457 

238.  Hoplostethus  C.  &  V 458 

719.  mediterraneus  C.  &  V 458 

239.  Holocentrum  Bloch 459 

720.  pentacanthura  Bloch 459 

Family  83.  AphredoderidtB 460 

240.  Aphredoderus  LeS 460   . 

721.  sayenus  Gilliams 460 

Family  83  (6).  Elassomatida) 461 

241.  Elassoma  Jordan 401 

•'  722.  zonatnm  Jor 461,915 

Family  84.  Centrarcbidai 462 

242.  Centrarchus  C.  &  V 463 

723.  macropterus  Lac 463 

243.  PomoxysRaf 464 

724.  annularis  Raf 464 

^ 725.  sparoides  Lac 465  ~ 

244.  Arcboplifes  Gill 465 

726.  interruptus  Grd 466 

245.  Ambloplites  Raf 466 

727.  rupeetrisRaf 4(56  . 

246.  Ch.-enobryttus  Gill 467 

728.  antietius  McKay 467 

729.  gulosus  C.  &  V 468 

217.  Acantbarchns  Gill 468 

730.  pomotis  Baird 469 

248.  Enneacautbus  Gill 469 

';;  731.  eriarcbns  Jor 469 

*    732.  obesus  Baird 470 

733.  gloriosus  Holbr 470 

'             734.  sinnilans  Cope.... 470 

249.  Mesogonistius  Gill 471 

73.'j.  chiotodon  Baird.... 471 

'        2.50.  LepimiisRaf 472 

$ /Ipomofts  Raf 473 

736.  cyanellus  Raf 473 

737.  symmotricus  Forbes 473 

738.  pbmiax  Cope  &  Jor 474 

-     '"'                        %  Lepomis 474 

739.  iaobyruH  Jor.  «$r.  Nelson 474 

. 740.  macrocbirus  Raf 4V5 

741.  niystacalis  Cope 475 

742.  elougatus  Holbrook „..., 475 

743.  mnrinns  Grd 475 

744.  puuctatns  C.  &  V 476 

Bull.  Nat.  Mu8.  No.  10 in 


mm.mimm^^!mmmtf^m^ 


i^' 


XXXIV  TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 

...  ■,  -( 

Class  IV.  Pisces — continued. 
Subclass  PhysocUsti. 
Order  T.  Acantliopteri. 

Family  84.  CeutrarchidsD. 

;/  745.  miaiatus  Jor 

:a  •,  746.  auritus  Linn 

,"  ,;  747.  megalotis  Raf 

.!  748.  marginatus  Holbr 

749.  bombifrons  Ag 

;  J  ^  Helioperca  JotAslu 

;  750.  humilis  Grd 

751.  pallidus  Mitch 

C:      '  $  XyatropUtea  Jor 

<!  752.  heros  U.  &  G 

753.  euryorus  McKay 

754.  albulusGrd 

$  Eupomotia  Gill  &  Jor 

755.  holbrooki  C.  &  V 

;    ;  756.  uotatus  Ag 

757.  gibbosus  L 

758.  lirus  McKay 

>;:  251.  Micropterus  Lac 

____—— 7.'')9.  salmoides  Lac 

. 760.  dolomiei  Lac 

Family  85.  Percidaj 

252.  Ammoci-ypta  Jor 

761.  beani  Jor ,. 

762.  pellucida  Baird 

762  (ft),  vivax  Hay.     (Addenda) 

763.  asprella  Jor 

253.  loa  Jor.  &  Bray 

764.  vitrea  Cope 

764(6).  vigilis  Hay.    (Addenda) 

254.  Boleosoma  DeKay 

-  765.  olmstedi  Storer 

766.  nigrum  Raf 

767.  effiilgens  Grd 

768.  vcxillare  Jor 

769.  iBsopuH  Cope 

255.  Vaillaii'ia  Jor 

770  (771).  camura  Forbes 

256.  Ulocentra  Jor 

772.  phlox  Cope 

773.  htigmo^a  Jor 

774.  atripinuis  Jor 

775.  simotera  Coi)e 

257.  DiplesiumRaf 

776.  blonnioides  Raf 

'      258.  Cottognater  Putnam 

777.  copelandi  Jor 

778.  putnami  J.  &  G 

259.  Iinostoma  Jordan 

779.  shuinardi  Grd 

260.  Porcina  Haldnman 

780.  caprodes  Raf 

780  (6).  manitou  Jor 


Page. 


476 
477 
477 

478 

478 

479 

479 

479 

480 

480 

481 

481 

482 

482 

482 

482 

483 

484 

484 

485 

486 

488 

489 

489 

97(1 

490 

490 

490 

971 

491 

49'^ 

49^ 

49:i 

493 

493 

493 

494 

491 

49.") 

49r) 

49.'t 

49(i 

49() 

497 

497 

49.^ 

49H 

49H 

49.'^ 

40!l 

49!t 

500 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS 


XXXV 


Page. 


47G 

477 
477 

478 

478 

479 

479 

479 

480 

480 

481 

481 

482 

482 

482 

482 

483 

484 

484 

485 

480 

488 

489 

489 

970 

490 

490 

490 

971 

491 

49^ 

492 

49:; 

49:'. 

49:! 

49:1 

491 

494 

49:. 

49.") 

49". 

49(i 

49(1 

497 

497 

49s 

49H 

49H 

49f< 

4911 

499 

500 


Class  IV.  Pisces— contiuned.  Page. 
Subclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  T.  Acanthopteri. 

Family  85.  Percidie.  -  / 

.    .                261.  Alvordius  Girard 500 

^  ,                        781.  macrocephalus  Cope 501 

782.  i)hoxocephalu8  Nelson 501 

,                           783.  aspro  Cope  &  Jor 501 

784.  iievisensia  Cope 502 

785.  crassus  Jor.  «&  Brayt 503 

',             786.  variatnsKirt 503 

787.  evides  Jor.  &  Copel 503 

788.  fasciatns  Grd 504 

262.  Hadropterus  Ag 5a> 

789.  aiirantiacus  Cope 506 

790.  nigrofasciatus  Ag 506 

263.  Nothonotus  Agassiz 506 

791.  cainurus  Cope 506 

792.  sanguiflnus  Cope 507 

793.  maculatus  Kirtl 508 

794.  rufilineatus  Cope 508 

795.  vulneratns  Cope 508 

796.  tessellatusStorer 509 

797.  ciuerews  Storer 509 

264.  Nanostoina  Putnam 509 

798.  zonale  Cope 510 

799.  elegans  Hay 510 

800.  thalassinum  Jor.  &  Brayt 511 

801.  tessellatum  Jor 511 

802.  inscriptum  Jor.  &  Brayt 512 

265.  Etheostoma  Raf 512 

803.  lineolatum  Ag 513 

804.  flabellareRaf 1.  513 

805.  sqnamicops  Jor 514 

266.  Poecilichthys  Ag 514 

^  Pacilichthya ., 515 

806.  virgatus  Jor 515 

807.  saxatilis  Hay 515 

808.  punctulatus  Ag 516 

809.  artesiiB  Hay 510 

810.  lepidnsB.  &G 517 

811.'  cojruleus  Storer 517 

812.  spectabilis  Agassiz 518 

813.  asprigenis  Forbes 5l8 

J                        814.  jessiiB  Jci'.  &  Brayt 518 

;                                $  7?o;eic;i//ii/«  Grd 519 

815.  butlerianuH  Hay 519 

816.  barrattii  Holbr 519 

817.  fnsiforrais  Grd 520 

818.  erochrouH  Cope 620 

Ad.  eo8  Jor.  &  Copel 520 

820.  exillsGrd 521 

821.  warreni  Grd 521 

'                        822.  gracilis  Grd 521 

M'"«ri««  Grd 522 

823.  lateralis  Grd 523 


XXXVI 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTI^. 


A  r  ci 

*^'  -^    ^ 

tXv-» 

t-Cv 

c^^C-r.;  V 

O'kA. 

lA^ 

Jt^t.,L 

Class  IV.  Pisces — continued.                                                  ,'•  Page. 
Subclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  T,  Acaiithopteri.                                                      ''•■;^'?          ■ 
Family  85.  Percidae. 

267.  Microperca  Putnam  522 

824.  proBliaris  Hay 522 

825.  punctnlata  Putnam ^ 523 

268.  PercaLinn 523 

— -826.  americana  Scbrauck 524 

269.  Stizostedium  Raf J 525 

827.  vitreumMitch 525 

828.  canadense  Smith :. 526 

Family86.  SerranidtB 526 

•;                    270.  CeutropomnsLac 527 

829.  undeciinalis  Bloch 527 

271.  RoccnsMitch 527 

%  Hoccus 529 

830.  lineatus  Bloch 529 

,-   831.  chrysops  Raf 529 

%  MoroweGill 530 

832.  interrnptus  Gill 530 

833.  americanus  Gmel 530 

272.  Stereolepis  Ayres 531 

834.  gigas  Ayres 531 

273.  Polyprion  Cuvier 532 

835.  oxygenius  Bl.  &  Schn 532 

273  (6).  Creolus  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 916,972 

835  (6).  furcifer  C.  &  V.    (Addenda) 916 

274.  Serranns  Cnv 532 

%  Centropristia  Cuv 533 

\            836.  atrariiis  L 533 

836  (6).  nigrescens  Bl.  &  Schn.     (Addenda) 916 

837.  trifurcusL 534 

$  Diplectiiim  Holbr 534 

838.  formosus  L.     (Addenda) 534,971 

^  Prionodes  Jen.    (Addenda) 535,917 

839.  subligarius  Cope 535,917 

"                     $  Paralabrax  Grd 535 

'    840.  clatbratus  Grd 535 

841.  maculofasciatus  Steiud 536 

842.  nebulifer  Grd 536 

274  (6).  Hypoplectrus  Gill.     (Addenda) 937,917 

843.  nigricans  Poey.     (Addenda) 537,917 

275.  Trisotropis  Gill 537 

844.  stomias  Goode  &  Bean.    (Addenda) 538,918,971 

845.  falcatusPooy 538 

846.  microlepis  G.  &  B f>38 

846  (ll»).  potrosuB  Pooy.     (Addenda) 918 

^  276.  Epinephelus  Bloch 539 

847.  atlauticus  Lac.     (Addenda) ^ 539,918 

848.  drummoud-hayl  G.  &  B 540 

849.  uiorio  Cuv 640 

850  (853f).  uigritus  Holbr 540 

850  (ft),  striatus  Blooh.    (Addenda) 918 

850  (o).  guttatiis  Gmel.    (Addenda) 919 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XXXVII 


Class  IV.  Pisces— continued.  ,,  Pagp. 

Subclass  Physocliati. 
Order  T.  Acantliopteri.  ,,     , 

Family  86.  Serranidae.  • 

851.  niveatus  C.  &  V 541 

"  r  853.   ;  guasa  Poey  (nigritust) 542,9*^0 

•276(6).  Bodianus  Bloch 541,911> 

852.  punctatus  L 541 

852  (6).  tajii'lops  C.  &  V.     (Addenda) H19 

278.  [DulesCuvier] 542 

854.  [aurigaC.A  v.] 542 

279.  Rhypticua  Ciivier 543 

$  Promicropterus  Gill 543 

8.55.  maculatna  Holb .543 

-      .  856.  [nigripinnis  Gill.  1    (Addenda) 543,920 

857.  pituitosus  G.  &  B 543 

Family  87.  Priacanthidie • 544 

280.  Pri acanthus  Cuv 544 

^  Priacanthua 544 

S'Sa  arenatua  C.  &  V.     (Addenda) 544,971 

^  Paeudopriacanthis  Bleek 545 

859.  altus  Gill 545 

\      Family  88.  Sparidaj 545 

281.  XeuistiusJ.  &  G.     (Addenda) 546,920 

860.  californieusis  Steind .547,920 

282.  Lutjanus  Bl.  &  Schn 547 

$  Ocyurua  Gill 548 

861.  chrysurns  Bloch.     (Addenda) 548,921 

^  Lutjanns 548 

8()2.  caxis  Bl,  &  Schn 548 

862  (6).  caballerote  Bl.  &  Sclm.     (Addeiwla) 921 

862  (c).  cami)eclii'uiu8  Poey.     (Addenda) 549, 92 1 

863.  blackfordi  G.  &  B 549 

864.  stearusi  G.  &  B 549,9-22 

864  (6).  aynagm  L.     (Addenda) 922 

^  lliiombopUtes  G\U 549 

865.  aurorubens  C.  &  V ...  549 

282  (&).  Conodon  C.  &  V.     (AtWenda) ,550,923 

866.  uobilisL .550,923 

283.  Pomsulasys  Lac 5,^j0 

^  Ortho2)nfitiH  Grd .551 

;  867  (868).  fulvomaculiitus  Milch 551,923 

^  All isofremuH  Gi\h     (Addenda) 923 

"    "■  869.  davidsoni  Stfciud ,551 

?  870.  virginicns  T/ ' .552 

871.  bilineatiis  C.  A  V ,552 

871  (6).  intemiptua  Gill.     (Addi^mla) l..'3 

__^  284.  Diabasis  Deam 5.53 

'  872.  plnmiori  Lac.    (Addenda) i 553,971 

872  (6).  elegans  C.  &  V.     (Addenda). 923 

873.  chrysopteruH  L 553,924 

673  (ft),  ehromis  BrouHS.     (Addenda) 1>24 

873  (f).  albus  C.  &  V.    (Addenda) l>24 

874.  fromebnndu8G.&n...» ,554 

874  (ft),  jeniguano  Pooy.     ( Addomla) 925 

875.  trivittatus  Bl.  &  Sclm 554 


^i^.'imr^ 


JBISseiiS*.*^-**?"*!'. 


XXXVIII 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


;  I  ■  ■ 


Class  IV.  Pisces — continued.  P»gp. 
Snbclaas  Physoclisti. 

Order  T.  Acantbopteri.                                                                                 ,_  • 
Family  88.  Sparidae.                               ,-„     . 

285.  LobotesCuv 554 

''      ,              876.  siirinamensis  Blocli 555 

'-  '   ■           '       285  v'6).  Calamus  Sw.     (Addenda) 925 

■■•    •             87(5  (I)),  megaceplialus  S\r.     (Addenda) 926 

876  (c).  bajonadu  Bl.  &  Schn.     (Addenda) 926 

876  (d).  macropa  Poey.     (Addenda) 927 

876  '*!)•  S'rctifrous  Goode  »&  Bean.     (Addenda) 927 

87b  v/).  medius  Poey.     (Addenda) 928 

877  milneri  G.  «&  B.     (Addenda) 556,928 

j:-                    286.  Sparus  L 556 

•*''*'                                ^  PagrusQwv 556 

^^<-'                           878.  pagrusL 556,923 

286(6).  StenotomiA  Gill.     (Addenda) 557,929 

880.  chrysopsL 556,929 

881.  versicolor  Mitcb.     (Addenda) 557,929 

881  (&).  caprinus  Bean.    (Addenda) 929 

286  (c).  Lagodon  Holbr.    (Addenda) 558,929 

882.  rhomboides  L » 558 

287.  Diplodus  Raf .'■)57,929 

'—                           ^  Archoaargus  QiW 558,929 

883.  probatocephalus  Walb 558 

^  Dlplodns 559 

884  (885).  bolbrooki  Bean 559 

885  (6).  caribbajus  Poey.     (Addenda) 9:10 

288.  GirellaGray 560 

'''                     886.  nigricans  Ayres 560 

289.  Cyphosus  Lacfepddo    (Addenda) 560, 972 

887.  bosqui  Lac 561 

290.  Scorpis  Cuv.  &  Val ,562 

$  C(B8io8oma  Kaup U\2 

888.  californiensis  Steind 562 

Family  89.  Apogouidae 56:? 

219.  Apogon  Lac 5615 

$  Apogon 56;{ 

[889.  americanus  Castelnau] 56:< 

■                 889  (6).  maculatns  Poey.    (Addenda) 930 

;:.                ^  Apogonichthya  BlGok.     (Addenda) 931 

'    :    ■      889(c).  aluinsJ.&G 931 

i  Gloasamia  Gill 564 

890.  pandionis  G.  «Sr  B 564 

Family  90.  Mullida) 564 

.'•                    292.  MullusL 56'i 

891.  barbatusL 565,931 

293.  Upeneus  Cuvier 565 

i  Pscudupcneus  Bleek ,  5(55 

892.  maculatna  Bloch 565 

Family  91.  Sciienidie 5(56 

294.  Haploidonotus  Raf 567 

__  893.  gruuuiens  Ra."^" 567 

295.  Pogonias  Lac 568 

894.  cbromisLinn 568 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


XXXIX 


Class  IV.  Pisces— continued.                                                  *-^-^  Fag& 
Subclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  T.  Acanthopteri. 

Family  91.  Sciieiiidte.  /^v-  u-i^tttm 

29t>.  ScitonaL. 569 

'    '                               ^  SlelliJeruK  Star^ • 5C;> 

895.  lanceolata  Holbr.     (Addenda) 569, 931 

'  •          '•                   i  Bairdiella  GUI 570 

'»•  896.  ChrysuraLae.    (Addenda) 570,931,93;$ 

•  -  5  Ophioscion  Gill 

•;             897.  jacobi  Steind 571 

^  Scicena 571,931 

'••    r-    898.  ocellataL 571 

■        -     296.  (6.)  Roncador  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 572,931 

899.  steamsi  Steind 572 

296  (c.)  CorvinaCuv.     (Addenda) 93;J 

^  Corvina * 572 

•V     900.  saturnaGrd 572 

^  "areques  Gill 573 

901.  acuminata  Bl.  &.  Sclin 573 

•      296.  (rf).  EquesBloch.     (Addenda) 932 

901  (M.  lanceolatus  Gmel.     (Addenda) 932 

297.  LioBtomus  Lac 573 

902.  xanthurus  Lac 57# 

298.  Genyonemus  Gill 574,932 

903.  liueatuB  Ayres 574 

299.  Micropogon  Ouv.  &  Val 575 

904.  undulatus  L 575 

300.  Umbriua  Cuvier 575 

905.  roncador  J.  &G 576 

906.  broussoneti  C.  &  V 576 

'  301.  Menticimis  Gill '       576 

907.  nebulosus  Mitch 577 

908.  littoralis  Holbr 577,93;] 

909.  albumusL 577 

,           910.  undulatasGrd 578 

302.  Larimus  Cnv.  &  Val 578 

911.  fasciatns  Holb 57 

303  (:104).  Cynoscion  Gill 57i> 

^  AtractoscionGUl,    (Addenda) 579 

912.  nobile  Ayres 579 

^  Cynoadon 579 

913.  parvipinne  Ayres 580 

"             914.  nothum  Holb 580 

"                ;            915.  regale  Bl.  &  Schn 581 

•'                          916.  thalassinum  Holb .' 581 

"'                           917.  niaculatum  Mitch 581 

'!  ';j;i              305.  Scriphus  Ayres 582 

918.  politns  Ayres 582 

Family  92.   Gerridie 582 

'  306.  GorresCnvier 58;',935 

$  Gerrea 583 

919.  plumieri  C.  &  V 583 

919  (5).  olisthostoma  Qoode  &  Bonn.    (Addenda) 934 

$  Diapterua  Ranz 583 


XL 


TABLE    01^   CONTENTS. 


h 


Class  IV.  Pisces— continued.                                                 ^^■_.,  Page. 
Subclass  Physoclisti.                                              n 
Order  T.  Acanthopteri.                                       ■*      .       j 
Family  92.  GerridiB. 

,..    ,       920.  gula  C.  &  V.     (Addenda) 584,934 

921.  homonymns  Goode  &  Bean 584 

., ,..                    921  (6).  ciuereiis  Walb.  (Addenda) 'd'X^ 

922.  harengnlus  Goode  <&  Bean 584 

—Family  93.    Embiotocido) 58o 

307.  Hysterocarpus  Gibbons 58H 

-w                          923.  traski  Gibbons 587 

'1:;                   308.  AbeonaGirard 587 

'    .)  :,                         924.  minima  Gibbons 587 

.,  ,                          925.  aurora  Jor.  «fe  Gilb 588 

y  308  (ft).  Brachyistius  Gill,     (Addenda) 589,93H 

^               't'.:                        926.  frenatusGill 589 

,^i;                     •  927.  rosaceus  Jor.  &  Gilb 589 

,       y,                   309.  Micrometrus  Gibbons 588 

928.  aggregatus  Gibbons 590 

310.  Holconotus  AgiLssiz.    (Addenda 590,93(5 

;-                                 $  J3>/|)Oori<icft</ij/«  Gill 591 

929.  analis  A.  Agassiz 591 

$  fliiperprosopore  Gibb 591 

§                             930.  argenteus  Gibbons.     (Addenda) 591 

931.  agassizii  Gill 592 

$  Hoi conotua  Ag  592 

932.  rbodoterus  Agassiz 592 

.  ,  .■:                  310(6).  Amphistichus  Agassiz 593 

933.  argenteus  Agassiz 593 

...                   311.  Hypsurus  A.  Agassiz 593 

934.  caryi  Agassiz 593 

312.  Ditrema  Schlegel 594 

^  EmMotoca  Ag 594 

1            935.  lateriilo  Agassiz 594 

I             936.  jacksoni  Agassiz 595 

j                    $  Ditrenia 595 

,'         ''         937.  atripes  Jor.  «&  Gilb *,  595 

938.  furcatum  Grd 596 

313.  Rbacbochilns  Agassiz 596 

939.  toxutes  Agassiz 596 

314.  Damalichthys  Grd 597 

940.  argyrosomus  Grd 597 

Family  94.  Labridse 597 

315.  Ctenolabrus  Cuv.  &  Val 599 

$  Tautogolabrua  Gthr 599 

—       941.  adspersus  Walb 599 

Oh^  iU'C<i'<y€    o'-'^/      316.  Hiatula  Lac.   (Addenda) 599,93() 

^               942.  onitisLiun 600 

317.  Lacbnolujmu  )  Cuv.  «&  Val 600 

__..„            943.  falcatns  Linn 601 

318.  Harpe  LacdpMe 601 

944.  rufa  Linn 601 

318(6).  Trochooopus  Gthr.    (Addenda) '. 602,9;?6 

ij  Pimelometopon  QUI 602 

945.  X)ulcber  Ayres 602 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS.  XLi 

Clftss  IV.  Pisces — coutiuued.  Page. 
Siil)cla.s8  Physoclisti. 
Order  T.  Acanthopteri. 
Family  1)4.  Labridip. 

31U.  I'latyglfissu.s  Bleeker 602 

'                           94(5.  radiatuH  Linn 603 

*  "  947,948.  bivittatus  Bloch.     (Addenda) 603,936 

948  (6).  caiulalis  Poey.     (Addenda) 937 

949.  semiciuctus  Ayres 603 

320.  Pseudoj nils  Bleeker 604 

^  Oxi/jul'w  GUI <)04 

950.  uiodestns  (Jrd ■- t304 

32L  Xyrichthys  Cuv.  &  Val 605 

951.  vermiculatusPoey 605 

952.  lineattis  Cuv.  &  Val 605 

322.  Calliodon  Gronow 606 

953.  ustns  Cuv.  &  Val 606 

323.  Scams  Foiak.     (Addenda) 006,938 

^Scarua.     (Addenda) 606,938 

954.  gnacamaia  Cuv.  and  Val , 607 

954  (h).  croicensis  Bloch.     (Addenda) 9.38 

^  Sparisoma  Sw .     (Addenda) 938 

954  (c).  sqnalidus  Poey.    (Addenda) 938 

954.  (d).  radians  C.  &  V.     (Addenda) 939 

Family95.  Cicblidic  607 

324.  HerosHeckel 608 

'                           955.  cyanoguttatus  B.  &  G 608 

955  (6).  pavonaceus  Garm.    (Addenda) 939 

Family  96.  Poniacentridie 609 

325.  Pomacentrus  Lac  .     609 

^  Pomacentrus 610 

956.  lencostictus  Miiller  »&  Troschel 610 

^  Hiipsi/popa  Gill (510 

957.  rnbicuudns  Grd 610 

325  (&).  GlypUidodon  Lac.    (Addenda) 610.939 

958.  declivifrons  Gill.     (Addenda) 611 

9.'>9.  saxatilirt  Linn 611 

326.  ChroniisL 611 

^  Fur caria  Voey.    (Addenda) 939 

960.  punctipinnis  Cooper 611 

'            '                      achromia 611 

'            ■             961.  insolatus  Cuv.  &  Val 612 

961  (6).  enchrysurus  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 940 

'"^^           Family  97.  Epbippidai 612 

327.  Chietodipterns  Lac 613 

962.  faber  Brouss 613 

Family  98.  Chietodontidm 614 

^•*                 328.  Chrotodon  Linn 014 

963.  inaculocinctns  Gill 615 

963(&).  bimacnlatus  Bloch.     (Addenda) 940 

963  (c).  capistratus  L.     'Addenda) 940 

329.  Pomacanthns  Lac 615 

i  Holacaiithna  Lac 615 

964.  ciliaris  Linn... 615 

964  (6).  tricolor  Bloch.     (.\ddenda) 941 


XLII 


TA 


OF   CONTENTS. 


Class  IV.  Pisces — continued.                                                                        '  P«8<>- 
Subclass  Physoclisti.                                                                                , 
Order  T.  Acantbopteri.                                                            ....'. 
Family  9d.  Cbajtodontidie. 

*^i;*                                 ^  Pomacanthua 615 

^"         "*             965.  arcnatus  Ij 616 

Family  99.  Acantburidie 616 

;i30.  Acantburus  Bl.  &  Schn 617 

9()6.  cbirurgus  Bl.  &  Scbn 617 

966  (ft),  nigricans  L.     (Addenda) 941 

966  (c).  tractus  Poey.     (Addenda) 941 

967.  coemleus  Bl.  &  Scbn 617 

Family  100.  Tracbypterida? „ 617 

;i3l,  Tracliypterus  Gonan 61H 

968.  altivelisKuer 618 

Family  101.  Icostcidaj 619 

332.  Icoslens  Lock 620 

''■                        969.  iunigmaticHS  Lock 620 

333.  Icicbtbys  J.  &  G 621 

970.  lociiingtoni  J.  «fe  G 621 

334.  Batbymaster  Cope 622 

971.  signatns  Coi)e 623 

Family  102.  Latilidte 623 

335.  Lopbolatilus  G.  &  B 624 

972.  cbamajleouticeps  G.  &  B 624 

336.  Caulolatilus  Gill 625 

97      princepsJen 625 

f          hrysopsC.i&V 626 

Familyl         ,.  Tricbodontid.-B 626 

337.  Tricbodou  Stellar 627 

975.  stelleri  C.  &  V    627 

Family  103.  Uranoscopidaj 627 

338.  Astroscopus  Brevoort 628 

976.  y-grajcura  C.  &  V 628 

977.  anoplusC.  &  V 629 

Family  103  (&).  Opistboguatbidaj.     (Addenda) 942 

338  (6).  Gnatbj-pops  Gill.     (Addend.i) 942 

977  (&).  niaxillosus  Poey.     (Addenda) 942 

•     338  (c).  Opistboguatbus  C.  «&  V.     (Addenda) 943 

977(0).  scapbiurus  Goode  «fe  Bean.     (Addenda) 94:5 

977  (d).  loncburua  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 943 

Family  104.  Gobiidai 629 

339.  Gobiomorus  Lac.     (Addenda) 630,972 

978.  dormitator  Lac 631 

340.  Eleotris  Gronow 631 

979.  gyriuus  Cuv.  &  Val 631 

341.  Dormitator  Gill 631 

980  (981).  maculatus  Blocb.     (Addenda) 632 

341  (6).  Cnlins  Bleeker.     (Addenda) 944 

981  (ft),  amblyopsis  Cope.     (Addenda) 944 

342.?  Evorthodus  Gill.     (Addenda) 632 

987.  wUrdemanni  Grd.     (Addenda) 632 

(343)344.  GobiusL 633 

^Eiicteiiogobiua  Gill 633,945 

983.  lyricus  Grd 633 

983  (ft).  encaBomus  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 945 


TABLE    OF   CONTESTS. 


XLIII 


Class  IV.  Pisces— continued.  P«ge. 
Subclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  T.  Acautbopterl. 

Family  104.  Gobildaj.  *  .  ^    .  ^ 

^  Gobiun 6:tt 

;  984  (1)82, DSTj).  soporator C.  &  V.     (Addenda) 632,634,945 

ij  Coryphopterua  G\l\ 635 

987  (&).  boleosoiua  J.  &  G.      (Addenda) 946 

987  (c).  stigiiiatnrus  Goodo  »&  Bean.    (Addenda) 94G 

987  (d).  uicholsi  Bean.     (Addenda) 946 

988.  glaucofra-num  Gill 635 

":                 345.  GobioncUnH  Grd 635 

:;        '                989.  oceanicus  Pall 636 

989  (ft),  stigmaticus  Poey.    (Addenda) 947 

346.  Gillichtbys  Cooper 636 

900.  minibilis  Cooper 636 

347.  Lepidogobius  Gill 6,'W 

^  Lepldogobius 637 

991.  gracilis  Grd 637 

'                  ^  Eucyclogobius  Gill 637 

992.  ucwberryi  Grd 637 

992  (fc)  (986).  gulosus  Grd.    (Addenda) 634, 945 

992  (c).  thalassiuus  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 947 

i^                   348.  Gobiosouia  Grd -^ 638 

{:  993  (994).  bosci  Lac.     (Addenda) 638, 948 

994  (ft),  ios  J.  «fc  G.     (Addeuda) 948 

.1                  349.  Typblogobins  Steind 639 

995.  californiensis  Steind 639 

350.  Tyntlastes  atln- , 639 

996.  sagittaGtbr 639 

350  (ft).  loglossns  Bean.     (Addenda) 948 

996  (ft),  calliurus  Bean.   (Addenda) 949 

Family  105.  Chix-idie 640 

:J51  (o).  Pleurogrammus  Gill.     (Addenda) 642,949 

i''                        997.  mouopterygius  Pall 642 

351  (6).  Hexagrammus  Steller 641 

•,'        998.  ordinatuv  Cope 642 

*;                          999.  asper  Steller 643 

4/ft.>Vtvv6            999  (ft),  scaber  Bean.     (Addenda) 949 

/    „    p                1000.  auperciliosus  Pall 644 

-  ■»..>*  ' 1001.  decagrammus  Pall 645 

352.  Opliiodon  Grd 646 

<\^sMl^-^       1002.  elongatus  Grd 646- 

AiUO*^'     353.  ZaniolepisGrd 647 

'    ^ 1003.  latipinnis  Grd 647 

''-■''  354.  OxylebiusGill 648 

1004.  pictusGill 648 

355.  Myriolepis  Lock 649 

1005.  zoniferLock 649 

356.  Anoplopoma  Ayres 649 

1006.  limbria  Pallas 650 

Family  106.  Scorpajnidop 650 

357.  Sobastes  Cu\ier 651 

.1007.  marinus  Linn 651 

358.  Sebastodes  Gill 652 


XLIV 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS 


\,    vti" 


C!us8  IV.  Pisces — coutimied,  •         i  ' 

Subclass  Pbysoelisti.  '  .'    '       ,'  ' 

Order  T.  Acanthoptcri. 

Family  10(5.  Scorpivnida?. 

$  Schaatodea , 

1008.  pancispinis  Ayies 

^  SebaatoHomiia  Gill 

1001).  llavidus  Ayres 

1010.  luelanops  Grd 

1011.  eiliatns  Tiles 

1012.  luystiuna  .Tor.  &  Gilb 

lOi:?.  entomelas  J.  &  G 

1014.  ovalis  Ayrcs 

1015.  proriger  J.  &,  G 

;.     1016.  atrovirens  J.  &  G 

1017.  piijiiiger  Giil 

lOld.  iiiiniatns  J,  &  G 

^S  Stbmlomua  Gill 

-^  1019.  ruber  Ayres 

1019(6).  u:nbro8U8  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 

1020.  constfcilatus  J,  &  G '. 

1021.  rosaceus  Grd , 

1022.  rliodocbloris  J.  &  G 

1023.  clilorostictus  J.  &  G - 

1024.  elougat us  Ayres 

1025.  rubrivinctus  J.  &  G 

^  Sehaatichtliiia  Gill , 

102iJ.  auriculatusGrd 

1027.  rastrelli^'or  J.  &G 

1028.  cauriuus  Rich : 

1028  (ft),  vexillaris  J.  &  G 

1029.  maliger.J.  &.  G 

10:50.  cavnatus  J.  &,  G 

lOlU.  ohrysoHH  las  J.  &  G 

10:52.  nebuIosuH  Ayres 

101515.  serriceps  J.  &  G 

— ; ■ ■ 1034.  uigrociuctus  Ayres 

,0'.  .  j.;>.  .       259    ScorpaumL 

10:55.  dactyloptera  De  La  Rocho 

10:5().  guttata  Grd 

10157.  i)luniieri  Hloch 

10:»(L<  (/>).  steariiHi  Gocde  &  Bean.     (Addouda) 

103N  (c).  calcarata  Goode  A,  Bean,     (Addenda) 

360.  Se  archuB  Johnson 

l'/;59.  parniatus  Goodo 

Family  107.  Cottida* 

361.  lieniitripterns  Cuvitr 

— ~~ — _  1010.  anuiricanus  Gm 

1041.  cavifrons  Lock ., , 

.362.  Ascelichthys  J.  &  G , 

1042.  rhodorusJ.  &U , 

V  303.  Psychrolutcs  Gllntlmr , 

1^  1043.  ])aradoxus  Gthr 

.;;;,,  364.  CottuncuhisOoUett , 

.5,^.  1044.  !nicrops  Collet t 

1045.  torvns  Uuodu , 


Page. 


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687 
688 
688 


TABLE  OP  CONTENTS. 


XLV 


Class  IV.  Pisces— contiuiied.                                                  ^    •      ''  Page. 
Subclass  Physoclisti.                                                                            !       ■        ' 
Order  T.  Acanthoptori.                                                           '  '         "                   ^ 
Family  107.  CottidJB.                                                   '!      ■'     :                 ' 

365.  IcelusKroyor 689 

^ArtedhiaGrd 689 

1046.  lateralis  Grd 689 

1047.  notospilotns  Grd .*.  , 690 

^  Icebis 690 

1048.  haniatns  Kroyer 691 

1049.  qnadriseriatiiaLock 691 

$  Chitono1u8l.ock 691 

1050.  r  ogacephalns  Lock 692 

1051.  pugettensis  Steind 692 

5 

1052.  uncinatus  Reinh (593 

1053.  bicomis  Reinb 693 

366.  Uranidea  De  Kay 693 

$  Tauridea  Jor.  &  Rice 694 

1054.  riceiNelson.     (Addenda) 694,953 

^  Cottopsis  Grd 694 

1055.  aspera  Rich 694 

1056.  semiscabra  Cope 695 

1056  (6).  rbothea  Rosa  8iuitb.     (Addenda) 953 

$  roiamocoiti>8  Gill 69> 

1057.  gnlosa  Grd 695 

1058.  punctulata  Gill 6SMt 

1059.  bendivei  Bean 696 

1060.  riibardsoni  Agassiz <)96 

t                        1061.  wheeled  Cope 697 

$  Uranidea ...  698 

1062.  cognataRich , 698,953 

1062  (ft),  spilota  Cope.     (Addenda) 954 

1062  (c).  pollicaria  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 954 

1063.  DiinutaPall 698 

1064.  niarginata  Bean 698 

1065.  viscoaa  Hald 698 

1066.  gracilis  Heck 699- 

1067.  gobioidesGrd 699 

1068.  boleoidesGrd 699 

1069.  franklini  Ag 699,954 

l069(/»)-  I'ormosa  Grd.     (Addenda) 955 

1070.  hoyi  Pntn 700 

367.  CottnsL 700 

i  ,,             1071.  bnbalisL 701 

_i  i-'l'Jji_^_      1072.  octodecinispinosns  Mitch 701 

.      1073.  fi'nons  Mitch 701 

<      Jj^.      1074.  Bcorpioides  Fabr 702 

'^'    '"'               1075.  Bcorplus  L 702 

1076.  polyacanthocophalua  Pall 703 

1077.  lahrndoricus  Grd 704 

1078.  tieniopterns  Kner 704 

__                 1079.  qnadricornis  L 704 

"^              1080.  humilis  Bean V05 

108l.jaokC&V 705 


XLvr 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS. 


'^A'fr^^r 


/ 


Class  IV.  Pisces — contiuucd.  Page. 
Subclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  T.  Acanthopteri. 
Family  107.  Cottidaj. 

1082.  axillarisGi'i 706 

1083.  polaris  Sab 706 

V'                        1084.  platycephalus  Pall ." 706 

1085.  verrucoses  Bean 707 

1086.  niger  Bean 707 

j,                           1087.  quadrifilisGill 707 

J    '                 368.  Gymnacanthus  Sw 708 

'■"                           1088.  pistilliger  Pall 708 

1089.  galeatusBean 709 

369.  Triglopsis  Grd .' 709 

1090.  thompsoni  Grd 709 

370.  EnopbrysSw 710 

1091.  bison  Grd 710 

1092.  diceraiisPall 711 

109:?.  claviger  C.  &  V 711 

371.  LiocottnsGrd 711 

1094.  hirundoGrd 712 

872.  Triglops  Reinb 712 

1095.  piugeliReinb 713 

373.  Leptocottns  Grd 713 

1096.  armatusGrd 713 

374.  Hemilepidotus  Cuv 714 

1097.  spinosus  Ayr 714 

1098.  jordani  Bean 715 

1099.  trachurus  Pall 715 

375.  MelletcsBeau -^6 

1100.  papilio  Bean 716 

376.  Scorpjeuichtliys  Grd 716 

1101.  marnioratus  Ayr 716 

377.  Oligocottns  Grd 717 

$  C?iwoco«it8  Gill 717 

1102.  analis  Grd 717 

^Oligocottns 718 

1103.  niaciilosus  Grd 718 

i  Blenmcottus  Gm „ 718 

1104.  globiceps  Grd .' 718 

■   j^  ,               378.  Blepsias  Ciiv 719 

'IZ:^J~- 1105.  cirrhosnsPall 719 

^A      ,\,                   1106.  bilobnsC.  &V 720 

^                        .379.  NauticblbysGrd 720 

^'                            1107.  oculofasciatuH  Grd 721 

380.  RbampliocottusGthr 721 

1108.  riclinrdsoni  Gtlir 722 

Familj  108  (a).  Agonidie    722 

,^,       '               381.  Aspidopboroides  Lac 724 

,,                            1109.  nionopttrygins  Bloch 724 

1110.  inormisGtbr 725 

382.  Sipbagonns  Steind 726 

nil.  barbatns  Stoind 725 

383.  Leptagoniis  Gill.    (Addenda) :....  726,956 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS. 


XLVII 


Class  IV.  Pisces— continued.  Page. 
Subclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  T.  Acanthopteri. 

Family  108  (a).  AgonidiB.  ;    . 

'^                               ^  Brachtjopsia  Gm 726 

1112.  rostratus  Ti!e8 72(5 

1113.  verrucosus  Lock 726 

':                         1114.  xyosternua  J.  &  G 727 

^  Leptagonva  (Addenda) 955 

1115.  decagonus  B.  &  S 727,955 

[384.  Agonus  B.  &  S] 728 

[1116.  cataphractus  L] 728 

385.  Bothragonus  Gill 728 

1117.  swani  Steind 729 

386.  Odontopyxis  Lock.... 729 

1118.  triaplnosus  Lock  fc 729 

387.  Podothecus  Gill 729 

1119.  vulsHs  J.  «fe  G 730 

1120.  acipenseriniiH  Tiles 730 

Family  108  (6).  Triglidie 731 

388.  Peristedinm  Lac 732 

1121.  miniatuin  Goode 732 

[389.  TriglaL.] 733 

[1122.  cuculusL.] 733 

390.  Prionot^  Lac 733 

^  Ornichthya  Bw 734 

1123.  scitulus  J.  «fe  G.    (Addenda) 734,95(5 

1123  (ft),  punctatus  Bl.     (Addenda) 956 

1124.  palmipesMitch 7.34 

$  Prionottia 735 

1125.  tribulus  C.  &  V 735 

1126.  evolansL 735 

1127.  stephanophrys  Lock X 736 

391.  Cephalacanthus  Lac 737 

1128.  volitansL.     (Addenda) 738,95- 

Family  109.  Liparididos 738 

392.  Amitra  Goode 739 

1129.  liparina  Goode 739 

393.  Careproctus  Kriiy 740 

1130.  gelatinosusPall 740 

1130  (6).  reinhardi  Kroy.     (Addenda) 957 

394.  LiparisL 740 

^  AcHnochir  QiW 741 

1131.  major  Walb 741 

$  Lipnria 740 

1132.  pulchella  Ayr 741 

1133.  gibba  B(>iin 741 

1135.  tunicatalMnh 742 

"            '              1136(1134).  linoata  Lepochin 742 

1137.  ranula  G.  &  B 742 

— ■ — 1138.  montagui  Don 743 

1139.  oalliodon  Pall 743 

1140.cyolopu8Gt.hr 743 

^  NooUparia  Steind  744 

1141.  umuosA  Ayr 744 


I 


r  ■' 


n- 


i 


V'  ■'. 


i '  '. 


t 

XLVIII  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

Class  IV.  Pisces — continued.  Page. 
Subclass  Physoclisti.                               ' 
Order  T.  Acanthoptori. 

Family  110,  Cyclopteridfc 744 

395.  Cj'clopterichthys  Steind 745 

"                          1142.  vontricosus  Pall 745 

;^'         ^             1143.  stellori  Pall 745 

395  (6).  Eumicrotremus  Gill.     (Addenda). 746,957 

1144.  spiuosus  Miill 74G 

-•;     '            390.  Cycloptenis  L 74() 

1145.  lumpns  L , 747 

Family  111.  Gobiesocidie 747 

397.  GobicsoxLac 748 

1146.  reticulatus  Grd 749 

1147.  strumoaus  Cope 749 

1147  (ft),  virgatnlus  J.  «&  G.     (Addenda) 957 

1148.  ihessodouR.  Smith 749 

Family  112.  Batracliidai 750 

398.  Batrachus  B.  «fc  S 750 

1149.  tan  L...     750 

1149  (b).  pardi.s  G.  &  B 751 

399.  Porichtbys  Grd 751 

1150.  margaritat us  Rich.    (Addemla) 751,958 

1150  (ft),  plectrodon  J.  &  G.    (Addenda)  „ 958 

Family  113.  Leptoscopidai * 752 

400.  DactyloscopnsGill..-. 753 

1151.  tridigitatus  Gill 753 

Family  114.  Blenniidio 753 

401.  Ophiobleuuius  Gill 756 

1152.  webbiVal 7.')6 

402.  ChusmodesC.  &  V 756 

1153.  boK-inianus  Lac 756 

1154.  qnadrifasc'iatua  Wood 757 

1154  (ft),  sabnrric  J.  «fc  G.     (Addenda) 958 

403.  IsesthcsJ.&G 757 

1155.  gilberti  Jor.     (Addenda) 757, 959 

1155  (ft).  geutilisGrd.    (Addenda) 959 

1156.  punctatus  Wood 758 

1156(ft).  lumtzlLeS.     (Addenda)  9(50 

1156(0).  iontlms  J.  &,  G.     (Addenda) 960 

1156  (rf).  scrutator  J.  &  (J.     (Addenda) 960 

404.  Ilypleurochilus  Gill 758 

1157.  multinilHGrd 758 

1158.  geniinatuH  Wood 759 

405.  Bleniiius  L 759 

^  ISlenniiia 759 

[1159.  fiiconim  C.  »Sr  V.l 759 

1159  (6).  Btearnsi  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 961 

1159  (r).  favosus  Goodo  &  Bean,     (Addenda) 961 

1159  ((/).  astcriaa  Goodo  &  Bean.     (Addenda) 961 

„:._„-_            ^  PholisVnv 760 

1160.  earolinus  C.  &.  V 760 

406.  NeoclinusGrd 760 

1161.  satiricns  Grd 761 

1162.  blanchardi  Grd 761 

407.  ClinusCuv 701 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XLIX 


Class  IV.  Pisces— contiiined.                         .   ;        ;;  •  Page* 
Subclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  T.  Acanthoptori. 

Family  114.  BlcuiiiidiB.  j'v     A-vv.; 

.  .,                             ^  LabrosomusSw 762 

11G3.  michipiunis  Q.  &  G 782 

$  Gibhansia  CooTp 763 

1164.  evides  J.  &  G 76:t 

408.  Heterostichus  Grd 761* 

1165.  rostratus  Grd 764 

409.  Cremuobates  Gthr  764 

1166.  integripinnis  R.  Smith 764 

1166  (&).  marmoratus  Steind.     (Addenda) 362 

'               410.  ChirolophusSw 765 

1167.  polyactoceplialus  Pall 765 

411.  Murajnoides  Lac 766 

5  Murwttoides i 767 

.,   1168.  gunuolliis  L 767 

1169.  fasciatus  B.  &  S 767 

1170.  oniatus  Gi-d 767 

1171.  maxillaris  Bean 7(58 

1172.  dolichogastcr  Pall 7(58 

^  Astvrnopterfix  Rul^l> 7(59 

1173.  gunislliformis  KUpp 769 

41.2.  Apodichthys  Grd 769 

1174.  flavidus  Grd 769 

1175.  fucorum  J.  &  G 770 

413.  Anoplarchus  Gill 770 

1176.  atropnrpnrcus  Kittl 771 

1177.  alectrolophus  Pall 771 

414.  XiphisterJor 771 

1178.  chirns  J.  &  G 772 

1 179.  mncosns  Grd 772 

1180.  mpestris  J.  &  G 7-,:{ 

415.  Cebedicbthys  Ayres 77'i 

1181.  VI  jlaceus  Grd 774 

410.  EuinesogrammnH  Gill 774 

1182.  praicisus  Kniy 774 

1183.  subbifurcatns  Stor 775 

417.  Sticbania  Reinh 775 

j                     1184.  puiiPtatus  Fabr 775 

418.  Notogrammus  Bean 776 

1185.  rothrocki  Bean 776 

419.  Lumpenus  Keinh 776 

',.'^                            ^ LeptocHiiua  QUI 777 

,J                   1186.  niaculatns  Fries 777 

i  Anisarchua  G'\\l 777 

1187.  meirius  Reinh 777 

:"        ^"^                ^  Lnmpenua 777 

1188.  angnillaris  Pall 777 

,-               1189.  fabricilC.&V 77H 

420.  LeptoblenninnGill 778 

1190.  nubilnsRIch 778 

1191.  serpent  inns  Stor 778 

1192.  larapetrieformls  Walb 779 

Bull.  Nat.  Mu8.  No.  10 iv 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Class  IV.  Pisces — continued.  Page. 
Snbclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  T.  Acauthopteri. 
Family  114.  BlenniidiB. 

421-  Delolepis  Bean 779 

fl    5   0                 1193.  virgatus  Bean 779 

^vL  i/t-.  !Cii>fi\fi\;  .         422.  Cryptacanthodes  Stor 7S0 

1194.  maculatus  Stor 780 

423.  AnarrhichasL 7HI 

_1195.  lupus  L 781 

1196.  minor  Olafs 7.1 

1197.  latifrons  Steensinip  &  Halgrimsson 782 

'  ;^                        1198.  lepturus  Bean 7»*3 

424.  Anarrhichthys  Ayres 782 

V                          1199.  ocellatus  Ayr 782 

"i             Family  115.  Lycodidas 783 

425.  Zoarces  Cuv 784 

; : — 1200,  angnillaris  Peck 784 

^>ve,  t(^  <JAc4  tri  .  42H.  Lycodopsis  Coll 784 

1201.  pacificus  Coll 785 

/'                           1202.  paucidens  Lock 785 

.     427.  Lycodes  Reiuh 785 

'"                         1203.  paxillus  G.  &  B 785 

'                           1204.  verrilli  G.  &  B 786 

1205.  vahliReinh 786 

'                         1206.  esmarki  Coll 786 

1207.  reticulatus  Reinh 787 

1208.  semiundus  Keinh 787 

1209.  nebulosus  Kroy 787 

1210.  coccineus  Bean 787 

,                   428.  Lycodalepis  Bleeker 788 

1211.  niucosus  Rich 788 

'     ■                      1212.  turueri  Bean 788 

'                        1213.  polaris  Sab 788 

420.  Gymnelis  Reiuh 789 

1214.  viridis  Fabr 789 

1215.  stigma  Benu 789 

430.  Urouectes  Gtlir 789 

1216.  parrii  Ross 789 

.                Family  116  Congrogadidai 790 

431.  Scytaliua  J.  &  G 790 

1217.  cerdale  J.  &  G 790 

Family  117.  Fierasferidie 791 

432.  Fiora8fftrCu\  791 

1218.  dubiusPuln 791 

;-■            Family  118.  OpbidiidiB 792 

433.  Ophidium  L 792 

,                     ^Ophidium 792 

_          1219.  marginatum  Dek 792 

,7     ^               1220.  josophi  Ord  793 

1221.  bolbrooki  Pntn 793 

— -T        1221  (&).  graiJllsi  Poey.     (Addenda) 963 

1222.  tayloriGrd 793 

$  Lvptophidium  Gill 793 

1223.  profuudornm  Gill 793 

433  (6).  Genypterne  Philippi .    (Addenda) 963 

1223  (&).  omob  igma  J.  &  G.    (Addenda) 9«>3 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


LI 


Class  IV.  Pisces— continued.  Page. 
Subclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  T.  Acanthopteri. 

Family  120  (119).  GadidsB 794 

434.  Uythites  Reinh 795 

1224.  fuscusReiuh 795 

435.  Dineniaticlithys  Bleek   795 

^  Brosmophycia  G'lM.     (Addenda) 796,963 

1225.  marginatus  Ayres 796 

436.  OnosRisso 796 

^  Bhinonemua  GWl 707 

1226.  cimbriusL 797 

^Ono8 797 

1227.  reinhardti  Kroy 797 

1228.  eusis  Reinh 797 

437.  Phycis  B.  &  S 798 

1229.  regiusWalb 798 

1230.  earlli  Bean 798 

1231.  chussWalb 799- 

1232.  tenuisMitch 799 

1233.  chesteri  G.  «fc  B 799 

438.  Haloporphyrus  Gthr 800 

1233  (fc).  viola  G.  ife  B 800 

439.  Physiculus  Kaup 800 

1234.  dalwigkii  Kaup 801 

440.  MolvaNilss 801 

1235.  vulgaris  Flem .' 801 

441.  Lota  Cuv 801 

._.,^ — ; —  12156.  maculosa  LeS 802  ■ 

.^s^i,...A/.'~    ^'^i^    BrosniiusCuv , 802 

—7,-7             1'^^'-  brosmeMUlI 802 

3Li<'r^^      443    GadusL 803 

$  MelanogrammuH  Gill 803 

1238.  a^glilinusL 803. 

Jtii^'      "-"                 ^  Gadua 804 

->, — ^. 1239.  callariasL 4. 804, 

#f'. ''xt-                    ^lileaiaSw 804 

1240,  gracilis  Tiles 804 

^  AliorogadaH  GiU 805 

^"/■'cd      l'^41.  proximus  Grd 805 

[..^JJ::::..^^  :\       1242.  tomcod  Walb 8C3  ■ 

:}j,n  ef'tifvo^,            J  VoUachmaKilm 806 

1243.  virensL 806 

1244.  chalcoerammus  Pall 807 

J  lioreogadm  Gthr  807 

1245.  saida  Lepechiu 807 

444.  Hypsicometes  Goode 808 

1246.  gobioldes  Goodo 808 

445.  MerluciusRaf 808 

1247.  bilinoaris  Mitch 809 

1248.  smiridnsRaf 809 

^,  1249.  productus  Ayres 809 

Family  120  (ft).  Chiasmodontidie.    (Addenda) 964 

446.  Chiasmodon  Johns 810 

1250.  niger  Johns , 810 


Ln 


TAijLE   OP   CONTENTS. 


[\n 


tr 


! 


Class  IV.  Pisces — continued.  Page. 
Subclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  T.  Acanthopteri. 

Family  121.  Macruridse S... 810 

'  '                  447.  Macruru'}  Bloch 811 

1251.  fabricii  Sundev 811 

'               1252.  carminatus  Goode 812 

1253.  bairdi  G.  &  B 812 

'      448.  Coryphteno'des  Gimuer 612 

1254.  rupestris  Gunner 812 

Order  TJ.  Heterosomata 8i;i 

Family  122  (123).    Pleuronectidaj 813 

^       I     i    .,         449.  BotlmsRaf. 8K) 

j^(,  f->^  »U<^>-^-u. ^  j^.j._  maculatus  Mitch '. 815 

450.  Citbarichthys  Bleek 81<) 

^  Hemirhombus  Blee^ 816 

1256.  psBtul us  Goodo  «fe  Bean.     (Addenda) 810,964 

rVv  1256  (6).  ocellatus  Poey.     (Addenda) 817,964 

"                                  ^  Citharichthya 817 

'*                         1257.   sordidusGrd 817 

>'                           1257  (6).  stigmaius  J.  &  G.     (Addenda) 965 

'*                          1258.  spilcpterusGthr 817 

-'                        1259.  arctifrous  Goode 818 

^      '"                          1260.  unicornis  Goode 818 

'                    451.  Hippofflossus  Cuv 818 

_'   \            1261.  vulgaris  Flem 819 

i,>v  *,cCy                  453.  Platysomaticlithys  Bleek 819 

f                           1262.  hippoglossoides  Walb 819 

.    :      ;'    '                 453.  Atberesthes  J.  &  G 820 

•'•  -                         1263.  stomias  J.  &  G 820 

454.  ParalichthysGrd 821 

>    ■                                  ^  ParaUchthya 821 

12f.4  californicns  Ayr , 821 

-  1265.  oeellaris  Dek.     (Addenda) 822,972 

:\j^   j\  [\--^ 1266.  dentatus  L :...  822 

1267.  albigntta  J.  «fe*G '..  •       823 

"                              1268.  squamilentus  J.  &  G *  823 

1269.  oblongns  Mit 824 

1270.  ommatns  i.  &  G 624 

^  Xyatrvurya  J .  &.  Q 826 

'              -          1271.  liolepis  J.  &  G 825 

'                   455.  Hii)poglo88oide8  Gottscbt; 825 

i  0  *•<**                                     ^  llippoglosKoidva 826 

"^tf'^H^-'           _    _    1272.  platessoides  Fabr 826 

— —--rT'             "         1273.  elassodon  J.  &  G 826 

J.c^tv^..                       1274. .jordani  Lock 827 

'•             '            1275.  exilis  J.  «&.  G 827 

$  I'se.Uichthys  GvA 828 

1276.  niolanostictus  Grd 828 

->:.                456.  ^lourouicbMiys  Grd 828 

1277.  decurrouHJ.&O 829 

'"            1278.  vorticalis  .1,  &  G 829 

1279.  ccenosusGrd 830 

457.  Hypsopsetta  Gill 830 

1280.  guttulataOrd SIM) 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS.  LIII 

Class  IV.  Pisces— continued.  .   '  ^*««- 

Subclass  Physoclisti.  ,:,.., 

Order  U.  Heterosomata.  .:   .  .>.' 

Family  122  (123).  Pleuronectidse.  -^.-^^^j  ;,;<<' 

458.  Pleuronectes  L 831 

^  Parophrya  GtA 831 

1281.  vetulusGrd 831 

^  hopaeita  hock 832 

1282.  isolepis  Lock 832 

1283.  ischyrns  J.  «fc  G 832 

r^Uoj/fip  $  Lepidopaetta  Gill 833 

_1j 1284.  bilineatusAyr 833 

§  Limanda  Gottsche 8:i4 

1285.  ferrugineus  Stor 834 

1286.  asper  Pall 8:» 

1287.  beani  Goode 835 

j^  ^  ^  Platichthya  Gvd 8:55 

fr'^l^-:^   1288.  stellatus  Pall 835 

^Pleuronectes 836 

''")4(v     ^^^'  q'^i^^rital^erculatns  Pall 836 

''-      jll3—     1290.  glaberStor 836 

—~-^'"'  1291.  glacialisPall 837 

5  Pscudop/ettronec/es  Bleek 837 

^.ay.^j,47v:::,  1292.  americanus  Walb 837 

■s-'"""'     459.  Glyptocoplialus  Gottsche 837 

f  ^.f'J/'  .  VHd'^.  cynoglosaiis  L 838 

'* i."  I  i(  i^  ■  1294.  zachirus  Lock 838 

'    '^  460.  Cynicoglossus  Bonap 838 

1295.  paciticus  Lock 839 

461.  EtropusJ.  &G 839 

1296.  crossotuaJ.  &G 839 

462.  Thyris  Goode 840 

1^97.  pollucidiis  Goode 840 

,.  ;,        463.  Monolene  Goode 840 

'  1298.  Hessilicauda  Goode 841 

463  (fe).  Bajostoiua  Bean.     (Addenda) 965 

1298  (6).  brachiale  Bean.    (Addenda) 965 

464.  Achirne  Lac 841 

-  1299.  lineatusL 841 

465.  Apboristia  Kanp 842 

1300.  atricauda  J.  &  G 842 

1301.  plagiusa  L 643 

Order  V.  Pediculati 843 

Family  124.  Lophiida) 844 

466.  LophinsL 844 

i::'02.  piscatorins  L 844 

Family  liij  (a).  Antennariida      845 

466(0).  Pterophrynoides  Gill 845 

1303.  histrio  L 845 

467.  Antennarins  Lac 845 

1304.  annulatns  Gill 846 

1305.  pleurophthalmus  Gill 846 

468.  Cbauuax  Lowe 846 

1306.  pictns  Low§ 847 

Family  125  (6.)  Ceratiidue 

169.  Ceratias  Kitiyer 847 


LIV 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS. 


Class  IV.  Pisces — continued.  Fag«. 
Subclass  Physoclisti. 
Order  V.  Pediculati. 

Family  125  (ft).  CeratiidsB. 

1307.  holbolli  Kroy 847 

470.  Mancalias  Gill 848 

1308.  uranoscopus  Murray 848 

471.  OnirodesLUtk 848 

1309.  eschrichti  LUtk 848 

472.  Himautolophus  Beinh 840 

1310.  grcpnlandicus  Reinh 849 

1311.  reinhardti  LUtk 849 

Family  126.  Malthidie 849 

473.  Malthe  Cuv 850 

.,              1312.  vespertilio  L 850 

1313.  cubifrons  Rich 850 

474.  Halieutichthys  Poey 851 

1314.  aculeatus  Mitch 851 

475.  Halieutffia  C.  «&  V 851 

1315.  senticosaGoode 851 

Order  W.  Plectognatbi 852 

Family  127.  Ostraciidse 852 

476.  OstraciumL 853 

$  tactojjfir^s  Sw 853 

1316.  trigouum  L a53 

1316  (ft),  triquetrnm  L.    (Addenda) 965 

1317.  quadricorue  L 854 

Family  128.  Balistidis 8^i 

,477.  Balistes  L 854 

1318.  vetulaL 855 

,   .                        1319.  capriscus  Gmel 855 

-                           1320.  poweli  Cope 855 

478.  Monacanthus  Cuv 656 

t    ,                                ^Monacanthus 856 

i                        1321.  occidentaliaGthr 856 

^  Stephanole2n8  Gill 856 

1322.  hispidus  L.     (Addenda) 856,9Gr) 

1323.  davidsoni  Cope 857 

.)                         1324.  spilonotus  Cope 857 

^  Cantherines  Sw 858 

1325.  puUus  Ranz 858 

479.  Alutera  Cuv 858 

1326.  schffipffl  Walb 858 

1327.  scripta  Osb 859 

Family  129.  Tetrodontida) 859 

480.  Lagocephahis  Sw 859 

1328.  laivigatusL 860 

481.  Tetrodon  L 860 

1329.  politns  Grd 860 

1330.  testndiut'us  L 861 

133L  spengleri  Bl 861 

1332.  turgidus  Mitch 861 

1332  (ft).  nepheluM  Goode  «&  Bean.     (Addenda) 9CG 

1333.  trichocephaias  Cope j 862 

482.  Trichodiodon  Bleek 802 

1334.  pilosusMitch 862 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS.  lV 

Class  IV.  Pisces — continued.  _ 

Subclass  Plij'sociisti,                                                                                     ,  **^*' 
Order  W.  Plectognathi. 

Family  129.  TetrodontidsB. 

483.  DiodonL g^2 

1335.  hystrix  L "'"  qq-> 

1336.  liturosus  Shaw.     (Addenda) 863  966 

484.  Chilomycterus  Bibron ]^ 'gg3 

1337.  geoinetricus  B.  &  S "  g^.j 

1337  (ft),  fnliginosus  Dek gg^ 

1337  (c).  rcticulatus  L.     (Addenda) "  qqq 

Family  130.  Orthagoriscidse or  a 

485.  Molacaothus  Sw '"  oar 

1338.  nummularis  Walb '  cu-e. 

486.  MolaCuv .".."..".."...!!!]"..!!.* 865 

1339.  rotunda  Cuv '"  ggg 

487.  EanzaniaNardo.     (Addenda) ...'.'.''.'..'.  966 

1340.  truncata  Retz.    (Addenda) 966 


LIST  OF  NEW  GLAEM  AND  SPECIES. 


The  following  specific  and  generic  names  appear  as  new  in  the  present  work.  A  nnnir 
ber  of  other  descriptions  of  new  species  in  the  Addenda  are  ahridged  from  niannscripts 
and  proof-sheets  of  the  ciin'ent  volume  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  United  States  National 
Museum.  It  is  probable  that  in  all  cases  the  date  of  their  publication  in  these  pro- 
ceedings will  be  previous  to  the  issue  of  the  present  volume. 

Page. 

Minnilus  scepticus  J.  &G 200 

Platygobio  pallidus  Forbes 220 

Trycherodon  Forbes 247 

Try chiProdou  megalops  Forbes 247 

Coregonus  kenniootti  Milner 298 

Fundulus  adinia  J.  &G SST) 

Euthynnus  Liitken 429 

Lepomis  symmetricns  Forbes 4711 

Cottogaster  putnami  J.  &G 49H 

Poecilichthya  bullerianus  Hay 519 

Bothragonus  Gill 728 

Cottimculus  torvus  Goode (588 

Isesthes  J.  &G 757 

Clinus  evides  J.  «feG 7(i3 

Paralichthys  ophryaa  J.  &G 822 

Paralichthys  ommatiis  J.  &  G 824 

Isopsetta  Lockington 832 

Petromyzou  marinns  dorsatns  Wilder 8(58 

Galeorhinus  zyopterna  J.  &  G 870 

Fundulus  zebrinus  J.  «&G 891 

Menidia  laciniata  Swain 908 

Menidia  audens  Hay 908 

Xenistius  J.  &  G 920 

Creolus  J.  &G 


I.VI 


A  SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  FISHES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


k.    A  nnm- 
lannscripts 
?H  National 
these  pro- 
Page. 
200 
220 
247 
247 
298 
SST) 
429 
47:i 
498 
519 
728 
(588 
757 
7(J3 
822 
824 
832 
8(!8 
870 
891 
908 
908 
920 


M 


Icbthyologj'^  {ix^^'t  fislij  ^''r"^»  a  tliscourKc)  is  the  science  of  fishes. 
A  "fisb,"  ill  the  popular  sense,  is  a  meiuber  of  any  one  of  the  four  classes 
of  aquatic  or  fish-like  vertebrates,  the  groups  here  designated  as  PisceSy 
Elasmohranchii^  Marsipobranchii,  and  Lcptocardii.  A  fish,  in  this  com- 
prehensive and  somewhat  indefinite  sense,  may  be  defined  as  a  cold- 
blooded vertebrate,  adapted  for  life  in  the  water ;  breathing  by  means  of 
gills;  having  the  limbs,  if  present,  developed  as  fins ;  the  fingers  and  toes 
being  represented  by  cartilaginous  rays  connected  by  membrane;  the 
exoskeleton  obsolete  or  developed  as  scales  or  bony  plates ;  and  one  or 
more  fins  developed  on  the  median  line  of  the  body,  usually  composed 
of  rays  connected  by  membrane.  . 

Of  a  "fish"  in  the  popular  sense  one  could  hardly  say  mofe,  without 
the  necessity  of  the  constant  introduction  of  exceptions.  Of  a  "  true 
fish,"  a  fish  in  a  strict  zoological  sense, — that  is,  a  member  of  the  class 
Pisces, — a  definition  will  be  given  further  on. 

Among  the  fish-like  vertebrates,  the  writers,  following  Professor  Gill 
and  other  eminent  authorities,  recognize  ^jwt  classes,  considered  as 
co-ordinate  with  the  classes  Batrachia,  lieptilia,  Aves,  and  Mammalia. 
These  four  classes  have  been  thus  limited  and  characterized:  .  ■> 

ANALYSIS  OF  THE  CLASSES  OF  FISH-LIKE  VERTEBRATES.  r  '■:.  .i1 

"  Skull  undeveloped,  -with  tlio  notocliord  poraistent  and  extending  to  the  anterior  end 
of  the  head.    Braiu  not  distinctly  diliorentiated.    Heart  none. 

Leptocardii,  1. 

•*  Skull  more  or  less  developed,  with  the  notochord  not  continued  forward  beyond 

the  pituitary  body.    Bruin  differeutiatcd  and  distinctly  dcveloj)cd.    Heart 

developed  and  divided  at  least  into  an  auricle  and  a  ventricle. 

t  Skull  imperfectly  developed,  and  with  no  lower  jaw.     Paired  tins  undeveloped, 

with  no  Bhouldor-girdlo  nor  pelvic  elements.     Gills  purse-shaped, 

MARSiPonRANcnii,  2. 

ft  Skull  well  d«veloped  and  with  a  lower  jaw.    Paired  fins  developed  (sonu'tiniea 

absent  through  atrophy) ;  and  with  a  shoulder-girdle  (lyriform  or  furcula- 

shaped,  curved  forward  and  with  its  respective  sides  connected  below), 

and  with  pelvic  elements.    Gills  not  purse-shaped.     (Lyrifera.) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 1  1 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICIITnYOLOGY IV. 

i Skull  without  nuMubruno  bon(?8  (ti  "  rudiincntiil  opon-nlnr  bono"  in  Chhnwra ) ; 
gills  not  freo,  lUo  branchial  opouinnH  MJit-liki',  usually  sj^verul  in  luunber; 
exoskclcton  placoitl,  sonietiiMcs  obsolete;  eggs  lew  and  largo. 

El.ASMOBUAN'CIIII,  \\. 

\X  Skull  with  mcmbiano  bones;  gills  frco ;  branchial  openings  a  single  slit  on 
each  side,  woaetinu's  conlliiei-i  ;  cxoskclelon  various,  not  placuid;  cggM 
coun)aratively  small  and  nunieious 1'jscks,  4. 


Class  !-'•  EPTOCARDII. 

{The  Lanvdcts.) 

Skeleton  iiK'inluiiiio-cartiliiginous;  skull  uiuloveloped,  with  Mio  noto- 
chord  persistent  and  extending:  to  tha  anterior  end  of  the  head.  Brain 
not  dillerentiated.  No  heart;  the  liuietion  ')f  the  heart  beinj;-  performed 
by  pnlsatiny:sinuses.  Blood  colorless.  Kespiratcny  cavity  conllnent  witli 
the  cavity  of  the  abdomen;  branchial  clefts  in  great  number,  the  water 
beinji'  expelled  throuj;h  an  abdominal  pore  in  front  of  the  vent.  Jaw.s 
none;  the  mouth  a  lonjjitudinal  lissure,  with  cirri  on  each  side. 

Small  marine  animals  hij;hly  interesting;  to  the  zoologist  as  exhibiting 
the  lowest  degree  of  development  of  the  vertebrate  type.  Tne  class 
includes  luit  the  single  o\\\v,v  CirroHtomi.  (Aj-ro,-,  thin;  za/<(J{'a,  heart.) 
(Subclass  L('i)tocardii  Giinther,  viii,  513-514.) 

OuDHR  A.-CmROSTOMI. 

{The  Cirt'ostomes.) 

This  order  is  equivalent  to  the  family  Branchiostomaildw.  (Latin, 
cirrus,  a  lock  of  hair;  arona,  month  :  the  mouth  being  surrounded  by  a 
fringe  of  cirri.)     {Cirroatomi  Giinther,  viii,  513-511.) 


.  A .  ■  ■   ■  t 


Family  I.— BRANCIIIOSTOMATID^. 

{The  Lancvlcts,) 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  naked,  colorless,  with  no  fins,  except  a 
rayless  ibid  extending  along  the  back,  around  tiie  tail,  i)ast  the  vent,  to 
the  abdominal  pore.  Mouth  inferior,  a])pearing  as  a  longitudinal  lis- 
sure, surrounded  by  conspicuous,  rather  stiff  cirri.  Ey6  rudimentary. 
Liver  reduced  to  a  blind  sac  of  the  simple  intestine. 

Genera  two,  li ranch iontonia  and   EpigoHoptcrnSj  differing  cliiefly  in 


wmmimmmitm' 


■IV. 

Chimwra); 
II  Milliliter; 

IJAXCIIII,  .■{. 
if^Io  slit  on 
<oid;  fgys 
riSCKS,  4. 


the  rioto- 
.  ]jiaiu 
irt'ornied 
cut  witli 
li'.^  water 
b.    Jaws 

;liibitin{jf 
uo  class 
:,  heart.) 


MAlJSirOBRANCmi.  *     '        3 

the  {greater  (levoh>pnient  of  the  dorsal  fin  in  the  latter.    Species  four 
ov  more,  found  iud)edded  in  the  sand  ou  various  coasts.    {Cirrostomi 
(Ithr.  viii,  513-514.) 
•Dorsal  fold  very  low,  nearly  uniform Buanciiiostoma,  1." 

1.— BRANCIIIOSTOinA  Cost;*,  1834. 
LancelctH. 

(AinjMoxiiH  Yarrell.) 

(Costa,  Cenni  Zoolop;iei  Napol.  1834,  p.  49:  typo  liranchioatoma  htbrlcum  Costa x=  TAmax 
lanceohitita  Pallas.) 

The  characters  of  this  oenns  are  essentially  those  of  the  family  as 
jjivon  above,  the  little  development  of  the  fins  constituthig  its  chief  dis- 
tiiictivci  character.     ((?j»«V;?'«j  gil^s;  «tt«v/«,  motith. ) 

1.  It.  <-arH»M'!lim  .Siindevall. — Anieriean  Lancelct. 

This  species  oecjurs  in  abundance,  buried  in  the  sand  in  shallow  waters, 
aloiij-'  (he  American  coast,  from  the  mouth  of  Chesapeake  IJay  to  the 
West  Indies.  It  has  never  been  fully  compared  with  li.  lanecolutum  and 
otluu-  species  of  the  genus. 

(Praiuhmloma  caribwum  Suudovall,  OeiVers.  Vot.  Akad.  Forhandl.  1853,  11.) 

Class  II.-MARSIPOBllANCHII. 

{The  Mijzonts.) 

Skeleton  cartilaginous;  the  skull  impeifectly  developed,  not  sc^parato 
from  the  vert(^bral  column.  No  ribs,  uo  true  Jaws,  no  lind)s,  no  shoulder- 
f-irdle,  nor  pelvic  elements.  Gills  in  the  form  of  fixed  sacs,  without 
briinchial  arches,  six  or  more  in  nund)or  on  each  side.  A  single  nasal 
apertun;.  IMouth  subinferior,  suctorial,  nearly  circular.  Heart  wilh- 
out  arterial  bulb.  Alimentary  canal  straight,  simi)le,  without  ctecal 
iipjUMidages,  pan(Teas,  or  spleen.  Generative  outlet  jjeritoneal.  Verti- 
cal (Ins  with  fe(>ble  rays,  continuous  arouiul  the  tail.  Naked,  eel-shape<l 
animals,  inhabitii.'/  all  waters,  [juipffirat.v^  a  small  lumeh  or  purse j 
^jtdy^ia^  gills.)     (Subclass  Ci/dostomata  Giinther,  viii,  490-512.) 


onoGns  OF  MAUsu'oniiANcnn. 


t 


"Nasal  duct  tube-liko,  with  cartilnginona  rings,  penetrating  tho  palato. 

ilYJ'KUOTKKTA,  B, 

**  Nasal  duct  a  blind  aac,  not  penetrating  the  paluto lIvrKitoAuriA,  C. 


4         CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

Ordke  B.-HYrEROTRETA. 

{The  Myxinoiil  Fishes.) 

Nostril  tube-liko,  with  cartilajjinotis  rinjjs,  i)enctrjitinjx  the  pahito,  its 
position  at  tlio  oxtreitiity  of  the  lioad,  over  the  mouth  ;  snout  witli  oi;>lit 
barbels;  mouth  without  li])s ;  one  mediari  tootli  on  the  pahite  and  two 
comb-like  series  of  teeth  on  tlu>  tonf^ue.  Ihanehial  ai>ertures  at  a  f;Teat 
distance  from  the  lu'ud ;  a  series  of  mucous  sacs  along  each  side;  of  the 
abdouuMi.  Intestine  without  spiral  valve.  Ef;j?s  larj^e,  with  a  hornj 
case  provid<>d  with  thr<'ads  for  adhesion.  Marine  lamprciy-like  animals, 
burrowini;-  into  the  flesh  of  fishes,  on  which  they  feed. 

There  is  but  one  family,  Mi/.riiil(l<v,  unless  we  assij^n  separate  rank  to 
BdcUostoma  on  ac(u)unt  of  the  «linerence  in  the  j'ill-openiu'j^s.  {u~e/iwaj 
palate;  rpr^Tv-,  perforate.)     (L'anjily  i¥//.i7'«<V/rt' Giiuther,  510-(5J2.) 


Family  II.— MYXINIDiE. 

{The  HagflsheH.) 

The  characters  of  the  family  are  included  above.  Genera  two;  species 
few;  marine  animals,  found  in  all  temi»erate  seas.  {Myxmidw  Giinther, 
viii,  510-512. 

•Branobiiil  aporturea  oiio  on  oacli  sido,  loading  by  six  dncts  to  six  hrancLinl  sacs. 

Myxink,  2. 
•*  Branchial  ai)ortni(?8  six  or  nioiv  on  oacli  nidt),  t^acli  leading;;  directly  to  a  branchial 

sac BOELLOSTOMA,  3. 

3.— WIYXIRfE  LinnaMis,  1758. 
Hng-fisheH. 
(LinnaMis,  Syntenni  Natnra*:  typo  Mjixinc  (lUiiiiumt  L.) 

IJody  eel-shai)ed,  covered  by  a  thin  skin,  which  is  easily  detached. 
Along  the  lower  side,  for  nearly  the  whole  length  of  th<;  animal,  are 
two  rows  of  nuicims  glands,  each  with  an  (»xternal  opening,  from  whi<^h 
exudes  a  quantity  of  mucus  which  renders  these  animals  during  life 
excessively  slimy.  No  eyes.  iJraiu  sunUl,  of  the  normal  fish  type. 
Skull  li*^tle  deveh)ped,  cartibiginous;  the  flexible  notoeh<n'tl  enclosed  in 
its  sheath,  and  extending  from  the  base  of  the  skull  to  the  end  of  the 


2.  MYXINID^E — BDELLOSTOMA.  6 

tiiil  rcprosciiting  tlie  spinal  column.  Mouth  round,  suctorial,  without 
lips  with  ii  piiii'  of  barbcLs  bn  each  side.  Nostril  sinj(U',  larf?e,  on 
the  median  line  above,  and  at  the  very  front  of  the  head,  provided 
with  two  i)air8  of  barbels.  Teetli  strong,  a  single  median  one  on  the 
roof  of  tlie  moutii,  and  two  rows  on  eacli  side  of  tlie  tongue,  wliicih  is  a 
powerful  organ,  with  a  strong  fibrous  ten(h)n  moving  in  a  muscular 
Kheatli.  Alinu'utary  canal  a  simple,  nearly  straiglit  tube.  <! ill  sacs 
placed  on  each  side  of  the  a'sophagus,  lying  directly  against  its  out^r 
Avails.  The  water  passes  into  them  by  a  small  pore  opening  directly 
from  the  o'sophagus  into  each  sac.  It  is  then  passed  out  by  a  du<!t, 
\vlii(;li  continues  backward  ahuig  thc!  outer  walls  of  the  sacs  to  the 
abdominal  wall  at  the  end  of  the  last  sac,  wluao  all  the  duct;i  from  one 
isidi^  unite  in  one,  and  the  water  is  emptied  at  the  branchial  opening  on 
each  side  of  the  median  line.  In  close  4!onnecti(m  with  tlm  branchial 
opening  on  the  left  side  theni  is  a  third  opening  that  leads  by  a  very 
short  du(!t  to  the  oesophagus,  and  heiuie  into  the  branchial  sacs,  at 
times  when  the  suj)ply  through  the  mouth  is  cut  otf  by  the  head  being 
buried  in  the  food  of  the  animal.  Ovary  single,  on  the  .right  side.  No 
oviducts ;  t\w  mature  eggs  falling  into  the  abdominal  cavity  are  exitluded 
through  the  pc^ritoneal  oitening  at  the  side  of  the  vent. — [Vutnam.) 

A  single  species;  colorless,  parasitic  animals,  burrowing  into  the 
bodies  of  tishes,  and  found  in  all  temi)erate  seas.     {.'ii'>^<t,  slinu'.) 

2.  ITI.  {fliitiiiosa  L. — Hag-Jink;  Ilorcr;  Slmtpinarhcn. 

Blue  above,  whitish  below ;  head  3.^  to  4  in  total  length ;  tail  (5^  to  10 

times  in  total  'ength;    lingual  teeth  8  to  11  in  each  row  {Vutnam). 

Coasts  of  Euroi)e  and  America;  not  abundant  on  our  shores. 

(L.  Sy-st.  Natmn);  GiintliRr,  viii,  510;  Pntiuiiii,  I 'io(».  HoHt.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1873,  135: 
Myxine  limom  (jimuil,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sci.  I'hila.  1858,  223.) 


3.— BDELT^OSTOITIA  Mtlllcr,  IKW. 

(Mlillcr,  AbhiUKll.  Akad.  WiHH.  Wicn,  18;>4,  71) :  typo  I'etromjizon  rirrhntui)  VornU'r.) 

This  genus  ditl'ers  from  Myxine  chietly  in  the  structure  of  tlui  bran- 
chial api)aratus,  there  being  six  or  more  sacs  on  each  si*le  whi(;h  receive 
water  directly  ircmi  the  (esophagus  as  in  Myxine^  but  the  emptying 
ducts,  instead  of  passing  ba(;kward  and  downward  to  a  (!omm')n  exUir- 
ual  opi^ning,  as  in  Myxine,  pass  direcstly  through  the  wall  of  the  body, 
so  that  there  are  as  many  external  oixiniugs  as  there  are  gill-saca.  Warm 
seas.    (j5(5^A<l«c,  leech ;  tfrw/xa,  mouth.)  ;■      ;  .,       ^  i^-^^   i    r.. 


6 


CONTRIDUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 


3.  IS.  stOUti*  Lockiugtou. 

"  Eleven  gill  openings  on  each  side ;  ten  teeth  in  the  anterior  and  nine 
in  the  posterior  series.  Fifteen  inches  long." — {LoeJcington.)  Coast  of 
California ;  not  rare. 

(Lockiugtou,  Aiiier.  Nat.  Dec.  1678,  793.) 

Order  C.-HYPEROARTIA. 

{The  Lampreys.) 

Kasal  duct  a  blind  sac,  not  penetrating  the  palate.  This  order  is 
equivalent  to  the  single  family  Petromyzontidce.  {u-^epcua,  i^alate ;  apno:;^ 
complete}  i.  e.,  entire.)     (Pe^rowi^/^^owfidcc  Gimther,  499-509.) 

Family  III.— PETROMYZONTID^. 

{The  Lampreys.) 

Body  eel-shaped,  naked,  subcylindrical  anteriorly,  compressed  be- 
hind; mouth  nearly  circular,  suctorial,  armed  with  horny  teeth,  which 
are  simjile  or  multicuspid,  resting  on  i)apillie ;  those  immediately  above 
and  those  immediately  below  the  opening  of  the  oesophagus  more  or 
less  specialized ;  eyes  present;  brancbial  openings  seven,  arranged  in 
a  linear  series  along  the  sides  of  the  "chest";  nostril  on  the  top  of  the 
head ;  lips  present,  usually  fringed ;  dorsal  fin  more  or  less  deeply  di- 
vided by  a  notch  ;  the  i)osterior  i)art  coumionly  continuous  with  the  anal 
around  the  tail ;  intestines  with  a  spiral  valve ;  eggs  small. 

These  animals  undergo  a  metamorphosis ;  the  young  are  usually 
toothless  and  have  the  eyes  rudimentary.  Such  forms  have,  until  lately, 
been  considered  as  formftig  separate  genera,  which  have  been  termed 
Amiuocd'tcs,  Scolecosoma,  Chiloptcrns,  etc. 

Genera  5  or  G;  species  15  or  20;  found  in  all  waters  in  temperate 
regions.  They  attach  themselves  to  fishes  and  feed  by  scraping  oil'  tlie 
flesh  with  their  rasp-like  teeth.  Among  our  species,  four  groups,  ap- 
parently of  generic  value,  may  be  recognized,  but  the  characters  in 


*  This  wpccics  may  l)o  identical  with  7?.  polytirma  Grd,  from  Chili,  incoiTPCtly  <1o- 
Bcribod  in  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  199,  and  thus  characterized  by  Putnam, 
Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  187:i,  KiO: 

"  Head  about  one  third  of  total  leufith,  and  contained  about  1^  times  in  the  length  of 
the  abdomen.  Tail  contained  7  to  8  times  in  total  length.  Base  of  tontjue  hetwren  ihe 
Bcvcvth  or  vif/hth  pair  of  (jilla.  Gills  ten  on  each  side.  Length  from  13  to  22  inches. 
Habitat:  Coast  of  Chili."  .,  ■  v  ;  r  ;.  .. 


3.  PETEOMYZONTID^ LAMPETRA.  7 

several  instances  need  verification,  especifilly  in  regard  to  the  lingual 
dentition.    {Petromyzontidce  GiintUer,  viii,  499-509.)  ^  =  -  - 

•  Secoud  dorsal  contiuuous  with  the  caiidal. 
a.  Miixilliiiy  tooth  single,  forming  a  crescent-aliapod  plate,  -with  a  distinct  cusp  at 
each  eud,  between  which  is  sometimes  a  median  cusp. 

6.  Dorsal  lius  two,  well  separated  (lingual  teeth  pectinate) Lampktua,  4. 

]}b.  Dorsal  fin  contiuuous,  merely  emargiuate  (liugual  teeth  obscurely  tricusiii- 

.iate) AMMOCffiTES,  5. 

aa.  Maxillary  tooth  double  or  triple,  composed  of  two  or  three  i)ointed  cusps,  close 
together,  not  forming  a  crescent-shaped  jdate  (lingual  teeth  iu  two 
pairs,  the  posterior  pair  at  least  pectinate). 

c.  Dorsal  tin  contiuuous Iciitii yom yzon,  G. 

cc.  Dorsal  lius  eutiiely  separated Petiiom YZON,  7. 

4.— I.AUIPETRA  Gray,  1851. 
Lamperns. 
(Gray,  Chondropterygians,  140:  ty]}G  PetromyzonflmnatiliaJj.) 

Liiini)rey8  of  rather  small  size,  with  the  maxillary  tooth  single,  devel- 
oped as  a  broad  crescent-shaped  plate,  with  a  cusp  at  each  end  of  it,  the 
two  separated  by  a  broad  interspace,  in  the  middle  of  wiiich  is  some- 
times a  smaller  cusp.  Dorsal  fin  divided  by  a  tleep  notch,  which  breaks 
the  <!ontinnity  of  the  fin;  second  dorsal  connected  with  the  caudal; 
iiiandibulary  plate  W'cU  developed,  the  number  and  arrangement  of  its 
tectli  varying  with  the  species;  lingual  teeth  finely  pectinate;  lips 
usually  conspicuously  fringed.  The  species  are  little  known.  One  of 
tliciii,  L.  Jhwiatilis,  is  European,  and  is  closely  related  to  L.  plumhca;  the 
otlier  described  species  are  American.  (Latin,  lampetriij  a  lamprey, 
from  lambcrc,  to  suck ;  pctra,  stone.) 

"  Maxillary  tooth  tricuspid,  a  small  median  cusp  being  T)re8ent;  raandibulary  cusps 
comparatively  few  and  weak.     {rJiitonjilioiiin  Gill.) 
t  Mandibuluvy  plate  with  ilvo  cusps,  the  iniddlo  ones  smaller.  * 

t  Lips  friuged  with  conspicuous  papillie. 

4.  L.  tl'idcnf  sita  (Gairduer)  J.  &  G. — Three-toothed  Lampre;i. 

Lips  thick,  fringed  with  numerous  pai)ilhe,  each  papilla  standing  in 
the  middle  of  a  little  circular  depression  having  a  raised  nuirgin,  Avliich 
is  ])artly  concealed  by  a  rugose  tessellated  idate  investing  the,  inner 
surface  of  the  lips,  an<l  of  the  same  liorny  nature  with  that  which  forms 
the  (uitside  of  the  teeth;  both  are  softened  and  peel  off  in  spirits.  Four 
small,  acute,  conical  teeth  stand  in  a  row  across  the  upj)er  ])art  of  this 
plate,  and  four  larger  ones  occui)y  each  of  its  sides,  the  U])per  and  lower 
pairs  being  bicuspid  and  the  middle  ones  tricuspid ;  these  stand  on  the 


;  , 


8 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHIOLOGY — IV. 


'.  t 


sides  of  the  maxillary  ring  or  inner  orifice,  and  have  their  ends  turned 
toward  it;  the  inferior  margin  of  this  orifice  is  armed  with  a  sh'ghtly 
curved  dental  piece,  having  five  acute  points  or  teeth  (the  outer  being 
larger  than  the  three  middle);  opposite  to  it  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
orifice  is  another  piece  having  two  large,  acutely  conical  teeth,  with 
a  smaller  central  one.  The  tongue  is  also  clothed  with  a  horny-looking 
substance,  which  is  edged  anteriorly  by  a  row  of  about  twenty  fine 
teeth.  The  dorsal  fins  rise  in  oven  curves,  which  are  highest  in  the 
middle;  the  first  is  about  one  third  of  its  own  length  from  the  second. 
Back  and  sides  bluish  gray,  with  irregularly  scattered  yellowish  patches; 
belly  yellowish  white.  Size  rather  large. — {Richardson.)  Pacific  coast 
of  North  America,  ascending  streams. 

{Pvtromyzon  tiklentaius  QiimXiwr,  MSS.;  Ricliarilsou,  F.  B.  A.  293:  Pctromyzon  cilia- 
tM«  Ayns,  Tioc.  Cal.  Ac.  Sti.  18r)4,  44:  I'etromyzon  ciliatua  et  Uvidua  Grtl.  Pac.  R.  R. 
SiU'v.  :{7d,  IJ7'J:  Ichthyomyzuii  IridentatUii  Gtlir.  viii,  50l>.) 

U  Lips  vitliont  friuges  of  papilliB. 

5.  Ij,  ogiiliexodon  (Gill)  J.  &  G. — Six-toothed  Lamprey. 

This  species  is  said  to  difi'er  from  L.  tridentata  in  the  absence  of  a 
fiinge  of  i)apilla}  around  the  buccal  disk,  and  in  the  presence  of  six 
instead  of  four  teeth  in  the  ni)per  transverse  row. — {Girard.)  Sacra- 
mento lliver. 

{I'elromyzon  tridvutatuH  Gnl.  Pac.  K.  R.  Siirv.  377;  not  Rich. :  Entoaphemm  cpihcxodon 
Gill,  I'roc".  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862, 33.) 

ttMaudibulary  i>]ato  witU  six  cusps,  which  are  nearly  equal  in  size. 

6.  li.  nstori  (Grd.)  J.  «fe  G. 

JJps  fringed;  head  G^  in  length;  first  dorsal  lower  than  the  second, 
separated  from  it  by  a  space  nearly  ecpial  to  a  third  of  its  length;  no 
anal  fin;  yellowish  brown,  darker  above. — {Oirard.)    Astoria,  Oregon. 

{Veiromyzon  lutorl Givard,  I'ac.  R.  R.  Surv.  380 :  Ichthyomyzoii  mtori  Giiuthei",  viii,  r)07. ) 

**  Maxillary  jtlato  bicuHjiid,  the  small  median  cusp  wanting;  maudibulary  plate  with 
about  (Mght  rather  strong,  subecpial  teeth.     {Lampetra.) 

7.  L.  l»lumB»ea  (Ayrts)  Gill. — Lead-eolorcd  Lamprey. 

Lii)s  fringed;  head  8^  in  length;  first  dorsal  much  lower  than  the 
second,  and  separated  from  it  by  a  space  e(pial  to  half  of  its  own  length; 
tiiil  tai)ering  to  a  i)oint;'  a  single  bicuspid  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  ori- 
fice of  the  mouth.  Pacific  coast;  a  small  species,  scarcely  distinguish- 
able from  the  European  L.  fluviatilis.  "" ; 

(Petromyzon  plumbcus  Ayros,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Nat.   Sci.  1854,  28:   Pctmmyzon  ayrc*i 
GUuthcr,  viii,  505:  Ammovateii  cibariua  Gkurd,  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  383.) 


3.  PETROMYZONTID^ ICHTUYOMYZON. 


5.— AOTJUOCffiTES  Dumdril,  1817. 

Brook  Lampreys. 

(Duuidril— Cuvler,  R(>gno  Animal  :  type  I'vlromyzon  hra.,clnaVw  L.  =tlio  larval  foiin  of 
rdromijzon  plumrl  Hlocli.) 

Liunpreys  of  siiuill  si;«e,  witli  the  dorsal  lin  contiiiuons,  sometimes 
oinar'nnate,  but  never  divided  into  two  fins,  the  posterior  i)ortion  con- 
tinuous with  the  low  anal  lin  aronnd  the  tail;  maxillary  tooth  single, 
broad,  forming  a  creseenlic  plate,  wiih  Ji  large  blnntish  cusp  at  each 
end  and  sometimes  a  small  median  cusp;  lateral  teeth  very  few ;  tongue 
with  two  broad  transverse  plates,  each  with  a  median  cusp;  species  lew; 
our  single  species  is  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the  connnon  'Tride" 
or  "Small  Lamprey"  of  Europe,  Amvioccetes  branchiaUs.    («///iOT,  sand; 

xoirrj,  to  lie.)  • 

§.  A.  iiigci*  (Rivf.)  Jor. — Small  Ulack  Lampreji. 

Head  moderate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  "chest";  the  mouth  compara- 
tively small;  lips  with  a  conspicuous  fringe  of  papilla^. ;  dorsal  lin  high, 
considerably  depressed  in  front  of  the  vent,  but  not  divided  into  two 
tins;  the  posterior  lobe  highest;  anal  lin  evident;  anal  tube  consjjicu- 
ous  in  the  spring ;  eyes  moderate ;  maxillary  tooth  with  its  cusjis  large, 
trianj;ular,  well  sei)arated;  a  small  jyointed  median  cusj)  usually  present 
iu  the  adult;  in  younger  spcu'inuMis  the  median  cusp  is  obsoh'te,  and  in 
half  grown  specimens  the  tooth  forms  a  curved  iilate  without  distinct 
cusi)H ;  mandibular  plate  curved,  with  eight  to  ten  well  develop«'d  sub- 
ecpial  tooth-like  lobes;  inside  of  it  is  a  plate  bearing  three  teeth;  lingual 
teeth  transverse,  trilid;  a  plate  on  ea<'h  side  of  the  buccal  orilicc^;  the 
remaining  teeth  inconspicuous.  IJluish  black  above;  silvery  below.  Size 
rather  small.     L.  (>  to  10. 

A  small  si)ecies  ascending  Western  streams  in  the  spring  in  great 
muubers  to  deposit  its  si)awn.  Cireat  Lakes,  Ohio  Valley,  and  Upper 
]\lississippi  Region.  It  is  perhai)s  i<lentical  with  the  European  Ammo- 
copies  branehiaUs. 

{Pel roin  1/20)1  niyriim  Raf.  Icli.  Oh.  84;  Joriliui,  :V19.) 

«.— 1CIITIIY0]?IYZ01V  Girard,  1859. 
Silvci'y  Lam})rcys. 

(Girard,  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  x,  HHl :  fyi>o  relromj/zon  argvnteua  Kirtlniul.) 

Lani])rey8  of  rather  small  size,  having  tlui  dorsal  fin  high  an<l  con- 
timious,  with  only  a  shallow  omargination ;  the  teeth  nearly  (>(iual  over 


'■''a 


10      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

Ilio  large  buccal  disk,  the  maxillary  teeth  being  pointed,  two  in  number, 
set  close  together,  without  interspace,  and  not  tbrming  a  crescent-shaped 
plate;  lateral  teeth  all  unicuspid;  mandibulary  with  numerous  close- 
set  pointed  cusps,  appearing  like  tlistinct  teeth ;  lingual  teeth  in  two 
series,  the  posterior  series  finely  pectinate,  with  a  median  suture  dividhi-f 
it  into  a  right  and  left  crescent-shaped  comb;  anterior  series  not  divided; 
the  pectiniB  coalescent.  This  genus  is  most  nearly  related  to  Petromyzon, 
differing  chiefly  in  the  continuous  dorsal.  The  two  known  species  in- 
habit the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Great  Lakes.  {^/O^^,  fish;  /x'^Cw,  to 
suck.) 
*MjiU(libulary  plate  with  seven  teeth. 

9.  I.  ai'genteus  (Kirt.)  Grd. — Silvery  Lamprey. 

Body  stoutish,  compressed  behind;  head  broad,  with  large  buccal 
disk,  which  is  ti'inged,  but  not  very  conspicuously ;  teeth  i)retty  strong 
and  nearly  uniform,  the  two  maxillary  teeth  being  very  similar  to  those 
on  the  rest  of  the  disk ;  mandibulary  teeth  couuivent,  the  middle  ones 
the  longest;  upper  margin  of  dorsal  scarcely  depressed  in  front  of  the 
vent.  Color  bluish;  sides  silvery,  olTten  mottled;  a  small  dusky  spot 
above  or  nearly  above  each  gill-opening,  usually  conspicuous.  L.  12. 
Great  Lakes  and  Mississippi  Valley ;  rather  common ;  ascending  small 
brooks  in  the  spring. 

{Pctromyzon  argcnteus  Kirtland,  Boat.  Joum.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1840,  342,  with  plate. — 
Ammoccctes  concolor  Kirt.  1.  c.  473,  with  plate. — Ichthyomyzon  hirudo  Grd.  Pac.  R.  R. 
Surv.  342. — IcMhyomyzon  hirudo  Gthr.  viii,  507. — Ammocaitcs  argetiteus  et  hirudo  Jordan, 
349-'50.— J )H/HOC<»<<»  a'pyptera  Abbott,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phiia.  1860,  327.) 

**  Mandibulary  plate  with  nine  teeth. 

10.  I.  castnneiis  Grd. — Chestnut-colored  Lamprey. 

Lips  with  short  fringes ;  dorsal  fin  high,  with  a  depression  in  front  of 
the  vent.  A  little  known  species,  differing  from  the  preceding,  if  at  all, 
in  the  number  of  teeth  on  the  mandibulary  plate.    Minnesota. 

{IcMhyomyzon  caataneus  Grd.  Pac.  R.  R,  Surv.  381.) 

v.— PETROMI¥ZOJ¥  LinntBUS,  1758. 

Sea  Lampreys.     , 

(Artedi  Linnajus,  Systoma  Naturuo;  typo  retromyson  marinus  Ti.) 
Lampreys  of  medium  or  large  size,  with  the  maxillary  t«eth  separate, 
pointed,  and  close  together,  not  forming  a  crescent-shaped  plate;  man- 
dibulary plat/O  with  seven  to  nine  cusps;  lingual  teeth  forming  two 
crescent-shaped  plates  on  each  side;  first  dorsal  flu  well  separated  from 


'  '1 


3.  PETROMYZONTID^ PETROMYZON. 


11 


the  second,  which  is  continuous  with  the  caudal.    Species  two — marine, 
ascending  rivers,    {jrirpa,  stone;  m'^»"')  to  suck.)     ■;  :  ;     <  r. 

1 1,  p.  marinus  L. — Great  Sea  iMmprey. 

Ilojid  moderate, but  little  longer  than  the  "chest";  buccal  disk  large, 
with  numerous  conical  teeth,  arranged  in  obliijue  series,  those  nearest 
the  aisoi))iagus  largest  and  partly  bicuspid;  two  pau's  of  lunate,  pecti- 
nate lingiiid  teeth,  one  in  front  of  the  other,  the  serrations  on  the  an- 
terior pair  usually  confluent;  fins  moderate,  the  dorsals  well  separated ; 
the  second  dorsal  with  a  depression  on  the  tail;  lips  moderately  fringed. 
Color  olive-brown,  mottled  with  hlackisli  confluent  patches  ;  dull  brownish 
below.  Size  much  larger  than  any  of  the  other  species.  L.  24  to  30. 
Atlantic  coasts  of  Europe  and  North  America,  chiefly  northward,  ascend- 
ing streams  in  the  spring  to  deposit  its  spawn. 

(rdromyzon  marinus  L.  Syst.  Nat. ;  Gilnther,  viii,  501 ;  Jordan,  348. — Petromyzon 
amcrieuiiuH  Lo  Sueur,  Trana.  Am.  Pliilos.  Soc.  i,  383. — Fetromyeon  amvricanua  Storer, 
Fish  Muss,  251.) 

la.  P.  nigricans  Lo  Sueur. — Lamper-cel. 

Head  very  large,  longer  than  the  "chest",  6 J  in  length ;  depth  about 
13;  body  little  compressed;  dorsal  fins  rather  low,  distinctly  separated; 
eyes  and  mouth  very  large;  mandibulary  plate  with  7  to  9  teeth;  the 
rest  of  the  buccal  disk  covered  with  rather  large  teeth  disposed  in  ob- 
lique cross-rows,  five  or  more  in  each  row,  some  of  the  innermost  bicus- 
pid ;  anterior  as  well  as  posterior  lingual  teeth  pectinate ;  lips  fringed. 
Coloration  nearly  plain;  bluish  black  above,  pale  below,  usually  a  palo 
spot  between  the  eyes  on  the  top  of  the  head.  L.  12.  A  rather  small 
species  fonnd  along  the  Atlantic  coasts  of  our  Northern  States,  and 
ascending  streams  in  the  si)ring  to  spawn,  some  individuals  remaining 
])ermanently  in  fresh  water.  Abundant  in  Cayuga  Lake,  N.  Y.,  from 
which  locality  the  specimens  were  taken  on  which  the  above  description 
was  based. 

(Petromiizon  nigricans  Lo  Siieur,  Trans.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc.  new  series,  i,  385;  Storer, 
FLsh  Mass.  2r)3. — Ammocwtes  Jtuviatilia  Jordan,  349.) 

Tliis  species  is  very  different  from  the  European  Lampetra  flnviatilis. 
It  is  poss.bly  only  a  variety  of  Petromyzon  marinus.  Numerous  other 
Lamprevs  have  been  described  from  our  waters,  but  we  find  them  un- 
recognizable. 


12      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


Mi) 


Class  III -ELASMOBRANCHII. 

(The  Selachians.) 

Skeleton  cartilaginous ;  skull  without  sutures.  Body  with  median  and 
paired  fins;  the  ventral  fins  abdominal;  shoulder-girdle  develoi^ed,  lyri- 
form ;  caudal  flu  heterocercal,  the  upper  lobe  produced ;  gills  attached 
to  the  skin  by  the  outer  margin ;  gill-openings  several,  or  single  leadin;; 
to  several  clefts ;  membrane  bones  not  developed,  except  sometimes  a 
rudimentary  opercle;  skin  naked  or  covered  with  minute  imbricated 
scales  or  hard  plates,  sometimes  spinous;  no  air-bladder;  arterial  bulb 
with  three  series  of  valves ;  intestine  with  a  spiral  valve ;  optic  nerves 
united  by  a  comiiissure,  not  decussating;  ovaries  with  the  ova  few  and 
large,  impregnated,  and  sometimes  developed,  internally;  embryo  with 
deciduous  external  gills;  males  with  prehensile  iutromittent  organs, 
"  claspers,"  attached  to  the  ven  tral  fins.  Sharks,  Skates,  and  Chimseras. 
[Uaffnd:,  a  plate  or  blade;  Pixiyx^a,  giUs.) 

ANALYSIS  OF   ORDERS   OF  KLASMOBRANCIIS. 

*  Gill-opoiiiuss  slit-liko,  5  to  7  in  uumber;  jaws  distinct  from  the  skull.     (Subclasn 
SeXachU.) 

t  Gill-oponings  lateral Squali,  D. 

tt  Gill-openings  ventral liKiM,  E. 

•* Gill-openings  single,  leading  to  fonr  branchial  clefts;  jaAvs  coalescent  with  thu 
skull  (subclass  Uoloccphuli) .Holockpiiali,  F, 

Subclass  SELACHII. 

{The  Sharks  and  Bays.) 

Elasmobranchiates  with  the  gill-openings  slit-like,  five  (rarely  six  or 
seven)  in  number ;  jaws  distinct  from  the  skull ;  no  opercular  nor  pelvic 
bones ;  derivative  rjidii  sessile  on  the  sides  of  the  basal  bones  of  the  limbs, 
rarely  entering  the  articulation. 

As  here  understood,  this  subclass  is  equivalent  to  the  Flagiostomata  of 
authors,  and  includes  the  orders  or  suborders  Raiw,,  the  Rays,  and  Squali, 
the  Sharlvs ;  groups  which  are  perhaps  hardly  worthy  of  ordinal  value. 
[ffi^a/o-:,  a  shark,  from  aiXa'^<K,  cartilage.) 

Order  D.-SQUALI. 

{The  Sharks.) 

Gill-openings  lateral,  slit  like,  five  to  seven  in  number;  general  form 
elongate,  the  body  gradually  passing  into  the  tail.    The  typical  sharks 


If 


4.    SCYMNID-ffi.  IS 

and  skates  differ  much  from  each  other  in  appearance;  but  intermediate 
foriris  connect  the  two  groups  closely.  The  position  of  the  gill-openings 
is  almost  the  only  constantly  diagnostic  char.acter.  (Suborder  Selachoi- 
del  Giinther,  viii,  353-433.)  (Latin,  squalus,  a  shark,  from  the  Greek 
rahd-  a  sbark,  which  comes  from  r^^^irj,  a  weasel,  or  other  musteline 
animal,  from  resemblances  in  habits.) 

ANALYSIS  OF  THE  FAMILIES   OF   SQUALL 

*  PiH'toral  fins  moderate,  without  deep  notch  at  the  base  in  front. 
t  Anal  fin  absent. 

a.  Dorsal  fins  without  spine ScYMNiD^,  4. 

aa.  Dorsal  fmseach  preceded  by  a  stout  spine  (rarely  concealed  in  the  skin). 

SPINACID.E,   5. 
ft  Anal  fin  present. 
b.  Dorsal  fins  two. 
c.  Dorsal  fins  both  without  spine. 

(7.  First  dorsal  fin  behind  the  veutrals Ginglymostomatid^,  6. 

dd.  First  dorsal  entirely  in  advance  of  the  ventrals. 
e.  Caudal  lin  not  lunate,  its  upper  lobe  many  times  longer  than  the  lower, 
with  a  notch  l)elow  toward  its  tip  ;  tail  not  keeled. 
/.  Last  gill-opening  above  the  base  of  the  i)ectoral. 

</.  Tail  moderately  developed,  forming  less  than  ono-third  of  the  total 
length ;  eyes  with  nictitating  membranes. 

h.  Head  normally  formed Galeorhinid^,  7. 

hh.  Head  hammer-shaped  or  kidney-shaped  by  the  extension  of  its 

sides Sphyrmd^,  8. 

gg.  Tail  exceedingly  long,  forming  about  half  the  total  length  ;  eyes 

without  nictitating  membranes Alopiid.e,  9. 

ff.  Last  gill-opening  entirely  in  front  of  the  pectoral. Carchakiid.e,  10. 
ee.  Caudal  fin  lunate ;  caudal  peduncle  with  a  keel  on  each  side, 
i.  Last  gill-opening  entirely  in  front  of  ventrals. 

j.  Gill-openiugs  moderate ;  teeth  well  developed. Lamnid^e,  11. 
jj.  Gill-openings  very  large,  nearly  meeting  under  the  throat; 

teeth  small Cetouiiinid^,  12. 

ii.  Last  gill-ojiening  above  the  base  of  the  pectoral. 

Rhinodontid^,  13 

cc.  Dorsal  fins  each  armed  with  a  stout  spine Heterodontid^:,  14 

hh.  Dorsal  fin  niugle;  the  first  dorsal  obsolete ;  gill-openings  6  or  7. 

Hexanchid-e,  15. 
**  Pectoral  fins  very  large,  expanded  at  the  base  in  front,  this  expansion  separated 

from  the  neck  by  a  deep  notch ;  no  anal  fin .  Squatinid^,  1G. 

SUPEB-FAMILY  SCYMNOIDEA. 

{The  Scymnoid  Sharlcs.) 

„     _       Family  IV.— SCYMNID^. 

{The  Sleeper  SharJcs.) 

Sharks  with  two  dorsal  fins,  both  icitlwut  spine,  and  no  anal  fin;  fins 
all  small  j  gill-open^ags  small,  entirely  in  advance  of  pectorals ;  mouth 


14       CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

but  little  arched ;  a  long,  deep,  straight,  oblique  groove  on  each  side  of 
it ;  spiracles  present.  (The  absence  of  dorsal  spines  chiefly  distinguishes 
this  family  from  Spinacidw.) 

Genera  six ;  species  six  or  more,  mostly  of  the  Atlantic.  (GUnther, 
Spinaeidw,  pt.  viii,  425-429.) 

"First  dorsal  opposite  vontr.il8;  teeth  equal  in  Loth  jaws,  very  oblique;  «kin  ronj^li 
with  tubercles  and  prickles Echinouiiinus,  8. 

**  First  dorsal  much  in  advance  of  ventrals;  the  dorsals  about  equal;  upper  tee-h 
narrow;  lower  quadrate,  with  a  horizontal  edge  ending  in  a  i)oint  directed 
outwards , SoitNiosus,  9. 

8.-ECH|]«ORHINUS  BlainviUe,  1816. 

Spinous  Shar1:s. 
(Goniodus  Agassiz.) 
(BlainviUe,  1816;  type  Squahis  spinosua  Gmelin.) 

Two  very  small  dorsal  fins  without  spine,  the  first  opposite  the  ven- 
trals; no  anal  fins;  skin  with  scattered  large  round  tubercles,  sur- 
mounted by  prickles,  like  those  on  a  bramble,  and,  like  them,  leaving  a 
scar  when  detached.  Mouth  crescent-shaped,  a  labial  fold  around  the 
angle  of  the  mouth ;  nostrils  midway  between  the  mouth  and  the  end  of 
the  snout.  Teeth  equal  in  both  jaws,  very  oblique,  the  point  being 
turned  outwards;  several  strong  denticulations  on  each  side  of  the 
principal  point.  ISo  nictitating  membrane.  Spiracles  small ;  gill-open- 
ings of  moderate  width.  A  single  species  of  the  East  Atlantic,  straying 
to  our  coast.  ( ';??i'»c,  a  hedgehog,  or  sea-urchin ;  ^cviy,  shark.) 
13.  E.  spinosus  (Gmel.)  Blainv. — Spinous  Shark;  BoucU. 

"  Spiracles  behind  the  eye,  behind  the  vertical  from  the  angle  of  the 
mouth.  Teeth  ogS'.o*  Dorsal  fins  close  together.  Each  tubercle  with  a 
small  spine  in  the  centre.  Brownish  violet,  with  or  without  dark  spots" 
[GUnther).  A  large  shark  of  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  Africa;  a  stray 
individual  lately  taken  on  Cape  Cod. 

(iSgitaZus  sptnosMs  Gmelin  Linn.  1,  1500;  Giinther,  viii,  428.) 

9.— SOiUNIOSUS  Lo  Sueur,  1818. 
Sleeper  Sliarlcs. 

(Lwmargus  Milller  &  Henle.) 

(Le  Sueur,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1818,  i,  2^22;  type,  Somniosus  brevipinna  Le 
Sueur  =  iSgwa^Ms  viicroccphah(«  Bloch.) 

Body  elongate;  mouth  transverse,  little  arched,  with  a  deep  straight 
groove  running  backward  from  its  angle ;  nostrils  near  the  extremity  of 
the  snout  j  jaws  feeble  j  teeth  in  upper  jaw  small,  narrow,  conical ;  lower 


"lass^ 


5.    SPINACID^. 


15 


teeth  numerous,  in  two  or  more  series,  the  point  so  much  turned  aside 
that  the  inner  mai;;in  forms  a  cutting  edge,  which  is  entire;  spiracles 
moderate ;  no  nictitating  membrane ;  gill-openings  narrow ;  fins  all  very 
small  the  ventrals  nearly  opposite  the  second  dorsal ;  skin  uniformly 
covered  with  minute  tubercles.  Species  few,  of  the  Northern  Seas. 
(Latin,  somniosiis,  sleepy.) 

14,  S.  SMicroccphalus  (Bloch)  Gill.— Sleeper  Shark;  Nurse. 

Body  robust,  rapidly  tapering  behind;  greatest  depth  about  one- 
fifth  the  length;  head  somewhat  less;  mouth  moderate,  upper  jaw  with 
five  rows  of  small  sharj)  teeth,  which  are  incurved  and  lancet-shaped ; 
lower  jaw  with  two  rows  of  broad,  quadrangular  teeth,  divided  in  their 
centres  by  a  perpendicular  ridge  and  directed  outwards,  about  2G  teeth 
on  each  side ;  spiracles  small ;  skin  rough ;  fins  small,  the  first  dorsal 
about  as  large  as  the  ventrals  and  larger  than  the  second  dorsal ;  pecto- 
rals short;  caudal  short  and  bluntish.  L.  8  to  20  feet  (Storer).  Cape 
Cod  to  the  Arctic  Seas. 

(Sqnalus  microcephnluf  Bloch,  Schn.  135;  Sommosna  breripinna  Le  Siicnr,  Journ.  Ac. 
Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  i, '-^22;  Scymnus  hrevipiima  Storcr,  Fish  Mass.  235;  Lcemaryus  horealia 
Giiuther,  viii,  426.) 

-       Family  V.— SPINACIDiE. 

{The  Dog-Jishes.) 

Body  more  or  less  elongate;  head  depressed;  eyes  lateral,  without 
nictitating  membrane ;  mouth  inferior,  rather  large,  arched ;  teeth  com- 
pressed, variously  formed ;  nostrils  inferior,  lateral,  near  the  front  mar- 
gin of  the  snout ;  spiracles  moderate ;  gill-openings  moderate,  Jive  on  each 
side,  all  in  front  of  the  pectoral  fins ;  dorsal  fins  two,  each  armed  with  a 
sjrine ;  the  first  dorsal  in  front  of  the  pectorals ;  anal  fin  wanting  ;  caudal 
flu  with  the  lower  lobe  small  or  obsolete;  ventral  fins  inserted  pos- 
teriorly. '  - 

Genera  six  or  more ;  species  about  fifteen;  rather  small  sharks,  chiefly 
of  tlie  Atlantic.    {Spinacidw,  part,  Giinther,  viii,  417-425.) 

'  Teeth  eqnal  in  both  j.iW8 ;  dorsal  spines  not  concealed. 

a.  Teeth  very  small,  straight,  pointed,  each  with  one  or  two  smaller  cnsps  on  each 

side Centkoscyllium,  10. 

aa.  Teeth  moderate,  simple,  subquadrate,  each  with  a  nearly  horizontal  cutting 

edge,  and  a  point  directed  outward Squalus,  11. 

•*  Teeth  unequal,  those  in  the  upper  jaw  erect,  triangular,  those  in  the  lr>wer  jaw 
more  or  leas  oblique ;  dorsal  spines  hidden  beneath  the  skin.    Centroscymnus,  12. 


liii 


dt'AlW,''^! 


16      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

lO.— CENTROSC  YLLiIlJITI  Mttller  &  Heulo,  1837. 

Black  Dog-fishes. 

(Miiller  &  Henle,  Systeinatiscbe  Beschreiuung  tier  Plagiostomen,  191 ;   typo  Spinax 
fabricii  Reiuhardt. ) 

Teeth  equal  in  both  jaws,  very  small,  straight,  pointed,  each  with  one 
or  two  smaller  cusps  on  each  side  at  base ;  mouth  crescent-shaped,  with 
a  straight,  oblique  groove  at  its  single ;  spiracles  moderate ;  gill-open- 
ings rather  narrow ;  dorsal  fins  small,  each  with  a  strong  spine ;  tlic 
second  dorsal  entirely  behind  the  ventrals.  One  species,  [xivrpnv,  spine ; 
axulhov,  ScylUum,  an  allied  genus,  from  <r/wAAw,  to  rend  or  tear  to  pieces.) 

15.— C.  fabricii  (R<'iiiliar<lt)  M.  &  H.— Black  Dog-finlu 

Body  covered  with  minute  stellate  ossifications ;  coTor  dark  biown. 
A  shark  of  the  Greenland  Seas,  lately  taken  off  Gloucester,  Mass.,  by 
the  United  States  Fish  Commission. 

{Spinax fahncii'Rv''m\\f>.\-(\X,  Dansk.  Vid.  Solsk.  Forh.  1828,  iii,  yvi;  GUnther,  viii,  425.) 

1 1 .— SQ VAL.US  Liunoeua,  1758.     . 
Dogfishes. 
(JcanZ/iirts  Risso.)  .» 

(Artedi,  Liniia'us,  Syatcma  Nature  ;  typo  Squahts  acanthias  L.) 

Body  rather  slender;  mouth  little  arched,  with  a  long,  straight,  deep, 
obli(]ue  groove  on  each  side;  no  labial  fold  along  the  margin  of  the 
•nouth ;  toeth  rather  small,  equal  in  both  jaws,  their  points  so  mucli 
turned  aside  that  the  inner  margin  forms  the  cutting  edge ;  spiracles 
rather  wide,  just  behind  the  eye ;  gill-openings  naiTow,  in  front  of  the 
jiectoials ;  fins  moderately  devel()[)ed,  the  first  dorsal  larger  than  second, 
much  in  advaiico  of  the  ventral  fins,  Avhich  are  behind  tlie  middle  of  the 
body,  although  in  advance  of  the  sec^ond  dorsal.  Small  sharks,  abound- 
ing in  the  Temperate  Seas.  (Latin,  stiualus,  a  shark.) 
*  Dorsal  spine  not  grooved;  its  insertion  rather  boliiud  inner  angle  of  the  pectorals. 
IG.— ^).  llcailtliiasL. — Picked  Doff-Jinh ;  Dotj-flsh  ;  Bonr  Ihij ;  Skittle-dog;  Hoe, 

Body  slender ;  snout  i)ointed ;  head  0^  in  length ;  depth  about  8 ; 
slate-color  al)ove,  pale  Ix^h,  ',  back  with  whitish  spots,  especially  in  the 
young.    L.  1  to  3  feet;  weight  T.  Ij  jo  poundvS. 

A  snuill  sharj  -toothed  siiark,  ranging  vadely  in  the  Atlautic,  very 
abuiulant  along  the  sho;es  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States.  It  is 
somewhat  viilued  for  its  livers,  from  whi(5h  "  Dog  llsh"  oil  is  extracted. 
American  writers  have  usually  considered  our  species  {kSquolus  ameri- 


6.    GINGLYM08T0MATIDJS. 


17 


cantiii  (Storer)  Gill)  as  distinct  from  the  European,  but  uo  reliable  dis- 
tinctions have  been  ])ointedout. 

(SininliiK  (iranthia»  \j.  Syst.  Nut.;  AvauthitiH  amvricumiK  Storcr.  Syii<>i)sis,  r)C)();  Aran- 
tliias  amcriritnufi  StonT,  FinIi  Muss,  2'Vi;  Acanthuix  vnliinriH  fTiiiillicr,  viii,  418.  Siiitulm 
((i((A7i(  (tinl. )  ^'i")  tVom  Ihf  racifu-  roust  of  the  I'liitt'd  Stutos,  is  cousitU'iiMl  Ity  Ur. 
OiiiitlK'i"  and  others  as  tlie  sumo  si»<«ci('« ;  Spinax  {Aranth'u.H)  suvllii  (t\vi\ri}i,Yviw.  Ac. 
Nat.  Si'i.  I'liihi.  1854,  17(5;  SuHalnn  xurkVu  (Jill,  Proc.  A<-.  Nut.  Sci.  Philu.  1H62,  4l)S>. ) 

12.— CE.\TKOSrYITIlVl'S  l$()ru;;e  &  Capello,  lHt;4. 
(Bocaf^f  &-  Capollo,  Proc  Zool.  Soc.  lH(i4.'.i(>;{ ;  \y\w  ('< ntvoHv\jm>i iix tuiolepix  ]5()C.  &  Cap.) 
Dorsal  tins  each  witli  a  tiphu;  wiiich  is  hiddrti  below  the  sldn;  mouth 
wide,  but  little  arched;  a  lon.^-,  dee]),  straight,  obliiiue  {groove  on  each 
side  of  the  moutli.  Tec^th  of  the  lower  jaw  ol)li(iue,  with  tin:  jmiiit  more, 
or  less  directed  outwards.  lT])per  teeth  lanceolate,  on  a  <|uadranj;uhlr 
base,  with  a  single  cusp.  Spiracles  wide,  behind  the  eye.  Oill openings 
narrow,  {xi-^rfuo,  sinue;  <t/''v'-"'',  an  ancient  nann^  of  soin<'  shark.  Worn 
ffz'V'vr,  a  I'on's  whelj).) 

17.  i\  c«Elol<*pis  l{oiaf<;<>  A.  C'lpcUo. 

Labial  groove  prolonged  forwards,  but  separated  by  a  broad  space 
fntia  that  of  tlu*  other  side.  Tpper  teeth  very  small,  narrow  and  hui- 
ccohUe.  The  distance  between  the  nostrils  is  rather  less  than  I  the 
length  of  the  pirooral  portion  of  tlu^  snout.  TiOwer  angle  of  the  pectoral 
rounded,  not  produced.  Dorsal  fins  short,  especially  the  lir.st,  the 
length  of  which  (without  the  si)ine)  is  onl,  •  about  ^,  its  distance  from 
the  second.  ViXtreinity  of  the  ventials  below  the  tiud  of  the  second 
dorsal.  Scales  on  the  head  and  nai>e  with  stria',  the  others  smooth, 
nitii  a  depression  at  the  base.  Unif<u'm  blax-kish  l)ro\\n.  {(iUnther.) 
Coast  of  Portugal  and  neighboring  parts  of  ihe  Atlantic,  a  specimen 
tiiUcn  near  (iloucester,  Mass. 

(B()i;.'ij?o  A:,  Cu[)«5l!o,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  l'''(>4,  „'»);<;  Criitroiih.irna rrrlolrjiix (iiinthor,  viii,  4i?'J.) 

SlTPRK-FAMlLY  SCYLLTOIDEA. 

{The  Srifllhhl  Sharks.) 

Family  \'I.— (IINGLVMOSTOMA'IM  D^E. 

( The  \i(r.se  Sharks.) 

Sliiirks  with  th"  first  dorsal  nhore  or  hrhiml  the  reiiinds ;  no  spiiuvs; 
anal  tin  |ueso,it;  caudal  tin  bent  upwai'ds,  with  n  basal  lobe;  namth 
iiileiior,  \vit,h  sm  jM  le*'  l>    in  .several  series;  nostril  conllnent  with  the 

iiioiitli ;  musiii  valves  ol  b  »tli  sides  forming  a.  (piadranf;nhu'  llap  in  front 
liull.  Nat.  Mt";.  So.  U\ 1' 


'■< 


m 


18      C0NTRIBU1I0N&,T0  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

of  the  mouth,  each  being  provided  with  a  free  cylindrical  cirrus;  an 

upper  and  lower  lij),  the  latter  not  extending  across  the  symphysis, 

fourth  and  fifth  gill-oi)ening8  close  together;   eye3  very  small.    The 

backward  position  of  the  first  dorsal  distinguishes  this  familj'^  from  all 

others  in  our  waters.    Genera  two;  species  about  four ;  large  shsirks  of 

the  warm  seas.     (8q/Uiidce  pt.  Giinther,  viii,  407-409.) 

"Teeth  iii  both  jawH  in  many  series,  each  with  a  strong  incdiaii  cnsp,  and  cue  or  two 
smaller  cusps  on  each  side GlNOLYMoyTOMA ,  M, 

13.— GIWOLiYllIOfiTOlflA  Miiller  &  Henle,  1837. 
(MUller  &.  tl2i\\v,,  VViegmauu's  Arch.  I8',i7,  p.  — ;   type  Squahtn  drralus  Onu'liu.) 

The  characters  of  this  genus  are  tho.se  of  the  family  above  given,  wilU 
the  addition  of  the  following,  Avhich  distinguish  Ginghjmostoma  from 
Nehrins:  teeth  of  both  jaws  in  many  scries,  each  with  a  strong  njcdiau 
caisp,  and  one  or  tAvo  smaller  cusps  on  each  side.  {YtYr^hiioi;^  a  hhige  or 
hingcliko  joint;  rrzofia^  mouth.) 

18.  «.  cirratum  (Gmel.)  M.  &  H.— Nurse  Shark. 

Uniform  brownish ;  young  specimens  with  small,  seal  tered,  round 
black  spots;  nasal  cirrus  reaching  the  lower  lip;  angles  of  the  fins 
obtusely  vouiuled ;  caudal  fin  forming  nearly  one-third  of  the  total 
length.     L.  (i  to  10  feet.    {Giinther.) 

A  large  shark  of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic,  abundant  in  the 
Gulf  of  IMoxico  and  the  AVest  Indies,  and  occasionally  taken  on  our 
South  Atlanti".  coast. 

(iSgim/Hs  cirmYHs  Gmelia's'LlunirUH,  I,  1492;  Miiller  &  Heule,  23 ;  GUuther,  \-iii,  408.) 


SupsR-FAMiLY  GALEORHINOIDEA. 

{The  Oaleorhinoid  Sharhs.) 
Family  VII.— GALEORHlNIDiE 

{The  True  Sharks.) 

Sharks  with  f'vo  dorsals  and  an  anal  fin;  no  spines;  jjcctorals  mod- 
erate; caudal  fin  not  greatly  (elongated,  not  lunatt?,  mod<n'ately  bent 
upwards,  notched  toward  its  end,  and  with  thti  basal  much  less  (level 
oped  than  the  upper;  caudal  i)edunclenot  kei^led;  i)osterior  giliopening 
above  the  base  of  the  pectoral  fin;  (\veH  witli  nictitating  »jiiend)ranes ; 
head  not  hammei-shaped,  the  snout  being  longitudinally  proib'ced  as 
usual  among  sharks.    A  largo  family  of  twenty  or  more  genera  and  about 


7.    GALEOEHINID^ — MUSTELUS.  19 

sixty  species;  found  in  all  seas.     {Carchariidce  part  {Garchariina  and 
Mustelim)  Gttuther,  viii,  357-380,  and  383-388.) 

» Teeth  Hat  and  paved,  without  cusps  or  cutting  edges ;  spiracles  jjreseut.    {MusteliiKB, ) 

a.  No  pit  at  the  root  of  the  tail ;  lahial  folds  well  developed Mustelus  14. 

*»  Teeth  more  or  less  compressed,  with  entire  or  strrate  sharp  edges.     {Galeorhinina;.) 
b.  Spiracles  present, 
c.  No  pit  at  the  root  of  the  tail. 
d.  Teeth  small,  each  with  a  median  cusp  and  one  or  two  small  lateral  cusps 

on  each  side Triaci8,  15. 

dd.  Teeth  larger,  with  a  siugle  cusp,  oblique,  notched  and  serrated, 

Galkokiiini's,  16. 
cc.  A  pit  at  the  rout  of  the  tail ;  teeth  all  serrate ;  caudal  liu  with  a  double 

notch Galkocerdo,  t7. 

bb.  Spiracles  obsolete. 

e.  Teeth  serrate,  more  or  less  (entire  in  the  very  young  or  very  old) ;  little 
oblique  or  nearly  upright. 
/.  Teeth  well  serrated  (in  the  adult);  those  of  the  ujtper  jaw  com|)ara- 
tively  broad  or  triangular;  those  of  the  lower  narrow  and  clavilorni, 

Carchaiunus,  18. 
//.  Teeth  scarcely  serrated,  constricted  at  base,  narrow,  clavifonu,  and 

straight  in  both  jaws Isogomphodon,  19. 

ee.  Teeth  all  entire. 

g.  Teeth  nearly  upright,  the  points  not  much  directed  towards  the 

sides Aprionodon,  20. 

gg.  Teeth  oblique  and  flat,  the  points  turned  to  the  right  or  left  away 
from  the  centre,  so  that  the  inner  margins  are  nearly  horizontal  and 
present  a  cutting  edge Scoliodon,  21. 

14.— mirSTELVS  Ctivier,  1817. 

{Hound  Sharks.) 

(Bellon,  Cuvier,  Rfegue  Animal:  type  Muntelita  vulgariK  M.  &  H.) 

Body  elongate,  slender,  not  elevated ;  snout  comparatively  lonpf  and 
flattened;  mouth  crescent-shaped,  with  well-developed  labial  folds; 
teeth  small,  many-rowed,  flat  and  smooth,  rhomhic,  arranj>ed  like  pave- 
ment, alike  in  ^>oth  .jaws;  eys  large,  oblonj? ;  sjnracles  small,  just  be- 
liiiid  the  eyes;  pectoral  ttns  large ;  first  dorsal  large,  not  much  l)chind 
pectorals;  second  dorsal  sonu'what  smaller;  anal  opposite  scccmd  dorsal 
and  still  smaller;  ventrals  well  developed;  basal  lobe  of  caudal  almost 
obsolete ;  cmbryc*  not  attached  to  uterus  by  a  placenta.  Small  sharks, 
the  smallest  of  the  American  species,  known  at  once  by  the  smooth, 
l)av<Hl  twth.  (Latin,  muntela,  a  wesisel  or  martin  ;  the  use  of  the  word 
.similar  to  that  of  yaXirj,  yaXsd':.) 

19.  in.  hinnillUS  (niaiiiv.)  J.  &  (J. — Smooth  Hoiniil ;  i>«// .S/irt)7i.— Kmls.sole. 

Uody  slender,  ta[>ering  backward  from  the  dorsal  fin  to  the  louj? 
Hleiidcr  tail;  snout  depressed,  moderately  sharp;  mouth  sruill,  the  teetli 
all  alike,  a  fohl  at  the  angle  of  the  moutli ;  first  dorsal  rather  largUi 


<  'A4  ■ 


■\ 


mm;:,Mm:mMm^<mMsmmsmmm 


iff  ::     ! 


20      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGV IV. 

prolonged  behind,  nearly  midway  between  the  pectorals  and  ventrals ; 
second  doisal  smaller,  but  larger  than  usual  in  sharks ;  anal  slightly 
behind  secv/nd  dorsal,  an«l  much  smaller ;  pectoral  tins  broad  and  large, 
leaching  j)ast  front  of  dorsal ;  back  slightly  keeled.  Smallest  of  our 
sharks;  abuiidant  on  the  Atlantic  coasts  of  both  continents,  especially 
northward.  Si)cciinens  from  Cape  Cod  and  from  Venice  api)arently 
differ  in  no  important  respe<'t. 

{(raltvrhiiniH  lihitndun  BlaiiivilloFaiuu!  Fnu'c.  18'J8,y3;  MiisMun  riilffarin HiiuthtiT  viii, 
:W();  MiislcliLs  t'diiis  Stoicr,  Fish  Mans.  !W7.) 

30.  ]n.  c»lirornicuM  Gill. 

First  dorsal  beginning  over  terminal  third  of  pectoral ;  its  acute  point 
not  reaching  to  insertion  of  ventrals;  anterior  angle  of  dorsal  blunt ; 
second  dorsal  similar  to  lirst,  but  snmller;  snout  rather  more  poinded 
than  in  most  of  the  species.  I).  1.S  +  17;  A.  18;  P.  22.  Coast  of  Cali- 
fornia.   {Gill.}    Scarcely  dift'erent  from  the  preceding. 

(Gill,  Proi!.  Ac.  Nat.  l-'cl.  Phlla.  1804,  148.) 

15.— TKIACIS  Milll.T  &  Heulo,  1838. 

(llhitiotriacis  Gill.) 

{Ti'iakiH  Milller  &  Henlc,  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  vol.  ii :  type  Triakiit  aeyllium 
Miillor  &  Henlc.) 

Body  compressed,  elongate ;  mouth  large,  crescent-shaped,  Avith  well 
developed  long  labial  folds;  teeth  small,  numerous,  similar  in  both 
jaws,  each  with  a  longer  median  cusp,  and  one  or  two  smaller  ones  on 
each  side  ;  eyes  small,  with  nictitating  nu'mbrau"  ;  si)iracles  small,  be- 
hind the  eyes;  no  pit  at  the  I'oot  of  the  caudal;  no  lower  lobe  to  the 
caudal;  tlrst  dorsal  fni  oi)])osite  the  space  between  the  i)ectorals  and 
ventrals.    Pacilic  and  Indian  (hu'ans.    (-/"^fT,  three;    ur,  point.) 

'J I.  T.  M>Hlir:iK<>in.til«  Girard.— Ak/  Shark. 

"  Snout  moderately  ])rodnce(l,  rounded.     Nostril  with  a  broad  anterior 

flap.     The  liist  dorsal  tin  is  nearly  midway  l)(>tween  the  i>ectorals  and 

ventrals,  the  second  is  not  nuuli  smaller  than  the  lirst,  an«l  nearly  in 

advance  of  the  anal.     Upper  parts  with  well  delined  black  cross  bands, 

nanower  than  the  interspaces.     A  row  of  rounded  black  si)ots  along  the 

sides  of  the  body,  altcriuiting  witli   the  iuterdorsal  cross  bars.     Coasts 

of  California."    {Oiinthcr.) 

(Girard,  Proc.  A«'.  Nat.  Si'i.  Phila.  18.')4,  llXi ;  (JUntlwr,  vili,  384.— i/««<fc7M»yWw  AyrcH, 
Proi-.  Gni.  Ac.  Nut.  8ei.  IrtM,  18.) 

*Jii.  T.  henlcKGill)  Pntiiam. 

C'Olor  unilbrm  reddish  brown  above,  pah'  Ix'low,  the  i)ectoral,  ventral, 
and  uiml  llus  nuirgineil  with  i)aler;  snout  luodaced,  slender;  otherwise 


■t:'k:'^A 


7.    GALEORHINIDiE GALEOCERDO. 


21 


essentially  us  in  the  preceeding  {Oill).    California.     A  single  young 
specimen  known. 

{RhinoMachhealei  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  186«J,  486.) 

16.— GALEOEtHlNVS  Hlainville,  18lti. 
Topes. 

(Ga/fiw  CuvuM-.  1H17.1 
(Blaiuville,  1816:  type  Squalus  gaU-^ut  L.y 

First  dorsal  opposite  the  si)ace  between  the  pectorals  and  ventrals ; 
month  crescent-shaped,  with  the  teeth  alike  in  both  jaws,  oblique, 
notched,  aqd  serrated ;  spiracles  present,  small ;  nictitating  membrane 
present;  no  pit  at  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin;  caudal  fin  with  a  .single 
notch.  Tropical  seas.  {yaXio-:,  a  kind  of  shark  colored  like  a  weasel ; 
/k'^Ti,  shark.) 

23.  CJ.  palcus  (L.)  Blainv.— 'ropp, 

A  short  labial  fold  on  both  jaws ;  teeth  ||.  Second  dorsal  fin  only 
one-third  the  size  of  the  first  and  somewhat  in  advance  of  the  anal. 
Length  of  tail  neaily  ecpial  to  distance  between  dorsals.  {Oilntker.) 
Enrope  to  the  Indian  Ocean.     "San  Francisco."    {Giinther.) 

(SqualuH  {idleitx  1..  Syst.  Nat. ;  Galem  canin  GiinlluT,  viii,  :}79.) 

I"?.— OAL.KOCERDOM1111.T&  Honl.',  IKC. 
Tiger  Sharks. 

(MiilltTiS:.  H<Mile,  Wiejiinann'H  Archiv,  18:17:  type  Haleocerdo  /(V/Whh«  Miiller  d  Henlw.) 

Mouth  crescei:t-shaped;  teeth  nearly  equal  in  both  jaws,  oblique,  ser- 
rated on  both  margins,  with  a  deep  notch  on  outer  margin ;  spiracles 
present ;  caudal  fin  with  a  double  notch ;  a  ])it  on  the  tail  alvove  and 
below  at  the  base  of  the  candal  fin;  first  diusal  o])posite  the  space  be- 
tween pectorals  and  ventrals.  Large  sharks,  found  in  most  seas,  [yahu  :, 
a  Icind  of  shark,  marked  like  yakli^s  the  weasel ;  xe^orJw,  a  fox  or  weasel ; 
xlfiiio-^  craft.) 

24.  G,  tiKl'iiiiiM  MiUlor  «Jt  Ilciilt'.— 7V//<t  Shark. 

Color  blown,  with  numenms  dark  spots  larger  than  the  eye;  candal 
lin  forming  abont  one  third  of  the  total  length,  much  longer  than  the 
space  between  the  d()r.sal  llns;  s'»cond  ihu'sal  somewhat  in  advance  of 
the  anal;  a  hmg  labial  fold  along  the  ui>per  jaw.  {Gihither.)  Ca|»e  Cod 
to  Indian  Ocean  ;  a  rather  largii  sharl;,  known  by  its  variegated  i'olora- 
tion. 

(MUUdv  &  Heule,  f>9 ;  GUnther,  378.) 


j^sfr'-HtiaBJfetfw'agaagtiitiim '  '-sl 


d 


:  m 


i'll 


M 
1.1  ' 


C 


22      CONTRIBUnONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

18.— CARCHARIRTIIS  BlainTiUe,  1816. 

Blue  SharJcs. 

{Cynocephalus  Klein,  Gill.) 

(CarcAariaa  Cuvi«r,  not  of  Rafinesque.) 

( Prionodon  Miiller  «fc  Heule. ) 

(Eulamia  G\\\.)  " 

(Blainvillo  181(» :  typo  Careharimm  commersom  Blainville.) 

Large  sharks,  without  spirachis,  with  the  teeth  in  both  jaws  strongly 
serrated  in  the  a<hilt,  those  in  the  upper  jaw  broad,  those  below  nar- 
rower, straight,  and  claviform ;  lirst  dorsal  large ;  second  dorsal  much 
smaller,  usually  not  larger  than  the  anal.  Species  nnmerpus  in.  the 
tropical  seas.  (za/>;^a/>(/r,  rough ;  /Jjvjj,  shark;  abbreviated  from  Carcha- 
rorhinuH.) 

*  Body  and  liead  slender ;    dorsal  tin  inserted  midway  between  pectorals  and  ven- 
trals  ( Carcharinua). 

25.  C.  glaucus  (L.)  .Tor.  &  Gilh.— Great  Bine  Shark. 

"  Snout  very  long,  nostrils  rather  nearer  to  the  mouth  than  to  the 
extremity  of  the  snout ;  no  labial  fold  excei)t  a  groove  at  the  angle  of 
the  mouth ;  teeth  of  the  upi)er  jaw  oblique,  scarcely  constricted  near  the 
base ;  lower  teeth  slender,  triangular  in  young  examples,  lan(!eolate,  with 
a  broad  base,  in  old  ones.  Pectoral  tin  long,  falciform,  extending  to  the 
dorsal,  which  is  nearer  the  ventrals  than  the  root  of  the  pectorals."  {Gun- 
ther.)  A  large  shark  of  the  warm  seas,  occasionally  taken  on  our 
coast. 

{Sqitalus  ghiiicus  h.  Syst.  Nat.;  Carchai'iaH  glauetia  Onnthet,  viii,  364.) 

**  Body  and  bead   stout ;   dorsal  fln  placed  close  behind  tbe  root  of  the  pectorals 
{KuUtmla  Gill). 

96.  C.  obscurus  (,Le  Sneur)  J.  «fc  G.—Diinkji  Shark. 

park  clesir  blue  above,  wMfc  below;  head  rather  ])ointed,  tlnttened 

above  and  below;  tirst  dorsal  rather  large;  second  smaller  than  the 

anal,  and  coiisiilcrably  jn'oduced  behind  ;  pectorals  large,  falciform.    A 

large  sliark,  reaching  a  length  of  nine  or  ten  feet,  inhabiting  tlie  North 

Atlantic  and  freijuently  taken  on  our  coast. 

(SqiialuH  ohKrurtis  Lo  Sn<Mir,  Journ.  Ac   Nat.  Sci.    Phila.    1*^18,  i,  '223;    Carcharian 
obgoiirus  (Tilntb*'!',  viii,  ',M\.) 

97*  €.  milborti  (MiilliT  &  Ilenle)  .lor.  &  Gilb.— 7y/«e  Shark. 

This  species  is  rex)resented  as  having  the  snout  shorter,  blunter,  and 


!'i 


7.    GALEORHINID-E — I80G0MPH0D0N. 


\i  *.f\^''ty%  ■ 


M 


hi<Ther  than  in  the  preceding,  and  with  the  i)ectoral  fins  considerably 

shorter  and  broader,  not  reaching  half  way  to  the  ventral  s. 

Cape  Cod  to  the  Meditenanean  Sea. 

(Carcliarian  {Prionodon)  viilbcrti  M.  &  H.  IW ;  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  1864,  262.— Car- 
charias  caruleus  DeKay,  :}49;  Lamna  caudata  DoKay.  1154. ) 

27.  /*.  C.  lamia  (Ri8.so)  Jor.  &  Gilb. 

This  species  was  provisionally  identified  by  Prof.  Putnam  from  a  tooth 
obtained  on  St.  Peter's  Bank  belonging  to  a  fish  estimated  to  have  been 
at  least  thirteen  feet  in  length.  {Goo(U}  and  llean.)  In  this  species  the 
upper  teeth  are  little  oblique,  serrated,  broad,  and  regularly  trian- 
gular; dorsal  large;  the  second  dorsal  smaller  than  the  anal;  teeth 
2Jr3J.    (Giinther.) 

27 — 30       ^ 
tCarcharias  lamia  Giinther  viii,  1172;  Prionodcu  lamia  Goodo  &  Bean,  Bull.  Essex 

lust.,  isry,  -M.) 


19.— ISOGOMPHODON  Gill,  1861. 

Sharp-nosed  Sharks. 

(Gill,  Auu.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  vii,  p.  410;  type  Carcharias  {Pnotwdmi)  oxyrhynchus 
Miiller  &  Henle. ) 

This  genus  differs  from  Eulamia  principally  in  the  dentition ;  the 
teetli  are  similar  in  form  in  botli  jaws,  constricted  at  the  base,  claviform 
and  straight,  their  edges  scarcely  serrated;  the  snout  is  slender  and 
rather  conic  and  pointed.  Large  sharks,  of  the  tropical  seas.  (fV«T, 
equal ;  r"^'P"'i  ^  "'^-^^  ^r  peg ;  (J<5«uv,  tooth.) 

9§.  I.  limbatUS  (Miiller  &L  Henle)  {iWX.—Sfiolted-fin  Shark. 

"Snout  somewhat  pointed  in  front,  rather  produced,  the  distance 
between  its  extremity  and  the  mouth  being  somewhat  less  than  the 
width  of  the  mouth ;  nostrils  nearly  midway  between  the  extremity  of  the 
snout  and  the  mouth;  teeth  ^^^l^,  similar  in  form  in  both  .jaws,  namely, 
erect,  constricted,  on  a  broad  base,  the  upper  more  distinctly  serrated 
than  the  lower ;  gill-openings  wide,  at  least  twice  as  wide  as  the  eye, 
which  is  small ;  pectorals  falciform,  extending  beyond  the  end  of  the 
dorsal,  the  length  of  their  up|)er  margin  being  nearly  four  times  that  of 
the  lower.  First  dorsal  commencing  ver^'  close  behind  the  axil  of  the 
pectoral;  origins  of  the  second  dorsal  and  anal  opposite  to  each  other, 
the  bases  of  both  being  nearly  equally  long.  Caudal  fin  long,  with  the 
iil)per  edge  slightly  undulated,  its  length  being  equal  to  the  distance 
tetweeri  the  origins  of  the  two  dorsal  fins.  The  lower  side  of  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  pectoral,  and  tlw  extremities  of  the  second  dorsal  am 


I 


24       CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

iiiiii],  and  of  th(^  lower  caudal  lobe  black".   (Giinther.)    Tropical  seas;  a 
stray  fsi»ecimen  taken  at  Wood's  Hole,  Mass. 

;  Carchariat  i  J'rinodon)  limbntHf  M.  «Sc  H.,  49 ;  Cnrvltarinn  Umbatus  Giinther,  viii,  37:5. ) 

JO.— APRIONODOi\  Gill,  IHfil. 

Smooth- toothed  IShorls. 
yAprinn  Miilh'i"  «fc  Henlc,  preoccupied.) 
(Gill,  Auu.  Lye.  Xat.  Hist.  \.  V.  vii,  -HI  :  type  Sqtialua pundatua  Mitch.) 

Snout  more  or  less  jnoduced  and  <*<)nj<; ;  teeth  entire,  without  serrifc 
or  basal  cus])s,  all  of  them  narrowed  on  a  broad  base,  the  lower  erect, 
the  ujtper  erect  or  only  slij^htly  oblique ;  dorsal  more  or  less  posterior, 
oi)posite  tlie  s[)a<rc  between  pectorals  and  ventrals.  (a,  privative;  -/>»«>, 
saw^ ;  odor/,  tooth ;  the  edges  of  the  teeth  being  always  entire.) 

99.  A.  |>llllct:i}llM  (Mitch.)  (i\\\.—SiiiO(>fh-tonlla'd  Shark. 

'"Distance  of  th<'  extremity  of  the  snout  from  the  mouth  equals  th:it 

between  the  nostrils.     Pectoral  tin  subfalciform,  extending  to  the  end 

of  the  dorsal.     Second  <lorsal  nuich  smaller  than  the  first."     {Giinther.) 

Atlantic ;  i)robably  not  common  on  our  coast. 

{iisqualuH  piinctatun  Mit.  Lit.  &.■  Phil.  TraiiH.  N.  Y,  i,  48!>:  Carcharias  iaodon  M,  «Si:  H. 
JW:  Carcharidii piinrtatii)' CAuiilun;  \ui, 'Ml.) 

2I.--8COI.IOBOIV  Miillor  &  Henle,  MW. 
Ohlique-toothed  Sharl's. 

(MiilUr  tt    Hfiihs,  Wic<rniaini's  Archiv  i'.  Niitur<r.  iii  :    type  ScoUodon  latipaitdiiH  M. 
A  H.) 

Sharks  with  the  teeth  entire,  oblique  and  flat,  the  points  directed 
toward  tlic  sides  of  the  mouth,  so  that  the  inner  margins  are  nearly 
horizontal,  and  i)resent  a  smooth  cutting  edge,  those  in  front  more  nearly 
erect;  t<M'lh  not  swollen  at  the  base;  each  of  them  with  a  deep  notch 
on  the  outer  margin  beh>w  the  sharp  point;  no  sjnrades;  a  pit  at  base 
of  tail ;  lirst  dorsal  well  in  front  of  ventrals,  much  larger  than  second. 
(*rx«/("r,  twisted  or  (^'ooked;  oouv,  tooth.) 

30.  S.  t<»rrH*-iiova'  (UnhnrdHon)  GiU. —Sharp-voavd  Shark. 

Body  slender;  snout  depressed, uxxlerately  rounded;  mouth  U-shaix'd, 
with  a  short  labial  groove  at  its  angle,  which  groove  extends  on  the 
ni)per  jaw  as  well  as  on  the  lower;  distance  between  nostrils  greater 
than  distance  from  nostrils  to  end  of  snout;  gill  <>i)enings  narrow;  first 
dorsal  moderate'.,  midway  between  pectorals  and  ventrals;  second  dorsal 
very  small,  slightly  behind,  and  rather  smaller  than  the  anal;  aual  liu 
mu(!h  shorter  than  distance  from  anal  to  ventrals;  a  slight  furrow  along 


'4\ 


1<  'If 


8     SPHYNIDJ?. KENICEPS. 


25 


the  middle  line  of  the  back,  endiiijr  in  a  pit  at  th«'  root  of  the  tail ;  pec- 
toral fins  rather  large;  ventrals  small.  Color  gnxy ;  caudal  tin  with  a 
copspicuous  narrow  blackish  edj^e.  Xewfoundland  to  South  America ; 
common  southward.     Size  rather  small. 

(SqualuH  (CarchariaH)  tcmv-iiorii  Hichanlsoii.  K.  B.  A.  iii,  2H9:  ('arr'iariaii  trrrw-nurw 
CfliutUer,  viii,  M).) 

Family  VlIl— SPHYRNID^. 

[The  Hammer  lu'tided  Shark)/.) 

(reneral  characters  of  the  Galeorhinida',  but  the  head  singuhnly  formed, 
kidney-shaped  or  "•  hammer "-shai)ed  from  the  extension  of  its  sides,  the 
iiostiils  being  anterior  and  the  eyes  on  the  sides  of  the  "hammer"; 
mouth  crescent-shaped,  under  the  •'  hammer" ;  the  teeth  of  both  jaws  simi- 
lar, oblique.  (;acli  with  a  notch  on  the  outside  near  the  b.ise  ;  no  spira- 
<'les;  last  ^ill-opening  over  the  pe«'torals;  lirst  dorsal  aud  pectorals 
large,  the  dorsal  nearer  pectorals  than  ventrals  ;  se<'oiul  dorsal  ard  anal 
siiiall ;  a  pit  at  the  root  of  the  caudal ;  caudal  fin  with  a  single  notch 
toward  its  tip,  its  lower  lobe  developed.  Genera  3 ;  species  5 ;  inhabiting 
most  seas.  Large  sharks,  known  at  once  by  the  singular  form  of  the 
head.     {Carehariidw,  part:  grouj)  Zyffa'nina  Giinther,  iJSO-oS,).) 

*  N'oHtrils  lu-ar  th»>  oyes. 

(I.  Nostrils  simplj',  with  tin'  IVontiil  gro()v»>.s  rudiiiuMitaiy  or  ohsoU'te  ;  lica^l  reiii- 
I'orni,  its  iiuterior  and  hiteril  margins  confluent,  forming  n  semicirclt'. 

Rexiceps,  '22. 

aa.  Nostrils  \ritli  groovt^s  extending  in   front  toward  llie  middle  of  the  head; 

head  trnly  hammer-shaped Spjiyuxa,  23. 

22.— RENICEPS  Gill,  1861. 

Bon  net  headed  Sharka. 

(Gill,  Ann.  Lyr.  Nat.  Hi.st,  N    V.  18()1,  viii,  i>.  \Vi:  type  SquahiH  Hhiiro  L.)  , 

Flead  reniform,  the  anterior  and  lateral  margins  couliuent,  forming 

a  n^gular  semicircle,  the  posterior  uuirgins  of  the  sides  of  the  hammer 

veiy  shoit;    nostrils  close  to  the  eyes,  with  the  grooves   indistinct. 

(Latin,  rena,  kidney  ;  rept<,  head.) 

'Al.  It.  tibllS'O  (li.)  UiU.—Shvrel-hmd  Shark  ;  lioiinel  Head. 

Body  rather  slender,  not  much  (;ompressed;  head  depressed,  semicir- 
cular in  front,  reniform,  the  posterior  tree  margins  short,  the  lateral  nun- 
f^ins  continuous  with  the  anterior;  ])ectorals  large;  first  (hmsal  high, 
mi<hvay  betweiMi  ])ect(mils  and  \eni lals ;  se(!ond  dorsal  much  smaller, 
l)i<>(laced  behiiul,  higher  and  sliortei-  than  anal;  ventral  fins  moderate; 
aiiulal  moderat<^;  mouth  small,  crescentic;  teeth  small,  very  obliiiue, 
with  a  deej)  notch  on  the  outer  margin.    Color  uniform  ashy,  paler 


K^ 


tfi^^i! 


26      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

beneath ;  head  4;^  in  length,  6  to  tip  of  caudal ;  width  of  head  slightly 
less  than  length  of  head.     L.  3  to  6  feet  or  more.    Atlantic  Ocean j 
abundant  southward;  ranging  to  China. 
(SqitaliiH  tibiiro  L.  Syst.  Natunu  :  Zijtjcvna  lihnro  Giiuther,  viii,  382.) 

33.— SPIIFRNA  Rufincsquc,  1810. 
Hammer-head  i^harkn. 

(Ce«<rflcJo«  (Kleiu)  Gill;  Zi/gwiia  Cuwier ;  preoccupied.) 
(R;i<ino8r[iie,  Ciirattcri  tli  Alcuni  Nuovi  Gontai,  etc. :  type  Squalun  zijgana  L. ) 

Head  truly  "hammer"-shaped,  the  anterior,  lateral,  and  posterior  mar- 
gins distinct;  nostrils  near  the  eyes,  the  openings  confluent  with  a 
groove,  which  extends  along  most  of  the  front  margin  of  the  head. 
Species  few,  reaching  a  large  size ;  found  in  ail  warm  seas.  {/T<pijfja,  a 
hammer.) 

3*i.  S.  zygfsena  (L.)  M.  &  H. — Ilanimcr-headed  Shark. 

Width  of  head  about  twice  its  length ;  i'lrst  dorsal  large;  second  quite 

small,  smaller  than  anal ;  pectorals  rather  large;  color  gray.     A  large 

shark,  found  in  all  warm  seas;  common  on  our  coast  from  Cape  Cod 

southward. 

(Squalus  zyga'na  L.  Syst.  Natunn :  Zfigcena  JHa//c«s  Giinther,  viii,  381:  Zygwna  mal- 
leus Storer,  Fish  Ma.ss.  238.) 

SuPEU-FAMiLY  LAMNOIDEA. 

{The  Lamnoid  Sharks.) 
Family  IX.— ALOPIID^. 

{The  Thresher  Sharks.) 

»  Body  moderately  elongate ;  the  snout  rather  short ;  mouth  crescent- 
shaped  ;  teeth  equal  in  both  jaws,  moderate  sized,  flat,  triangular,  not 
serrated;  the  third  tooth  of  the  upper  Jaw  on  each  side  much  smaller 
than  the  others ;  gill-openings  moderate,  the  last  one  above  the  root 
of  the  pectorals;  no  nictitatinf/  membrane;  spiracles  just  behind  eye, 
minute  or  abvsent;  flrst  dorsal  large,  midway  between  i)ectoral8  and 
ventrals;  second  dorsal  and  .inal  very  small;  caudal  fin  exceedingly 
long,  about  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the  body,  a  pit  at  its  root,  a  notch  on 
the  ui)per  lobe  near  its  tip ;  lower  lobe  moderately  developed ;  no  caudal 
keel;  ventrals  rather  large;  pectorals  very  large,  falcate.  A  single 
species,  reaching  a  large  size,  iidiabiting  most  seas  ;  known  at  once  hy 
the  great  length  of  the  caudal  lin.  {Lamnidce,  part,  Giiuther,  viii,  p.  .'393; 
geuiiH  Alopecias.)  ■       ■ 


JH    ! 


:  •       i  10.    CARCHARIID^. CAKCHARIAS.  ^f 

34.— AL.OPIAS  RuiincHque,  1810. 

Thresher  Sharks. 

CAlopeciaa  MUller  &  Hculo;   coiTected  orthojjraphy.) 

^Rafinesniic,  Caratteridi  Alcnni  \.  Qeneri,  etc. :  type  Alopiaa  mttcrourun  Raf.  =Squalua 
rulpes  Gmelin. ) 

The  characters  of  the  genus  are  includ<'(l  .ibovo.  {dkm::6-,  a  fox; 
Latin,  vulpes.   A.  rulpes  was  known  to  the  ancients  as  «/.<uriX!a?  =  fox-li'  e.) 

33.  A.  vulp<*S  (Gmel.)  Bouap. — Thresher;  Fox-Shark ;  SwiiKjlc-lall ;  Long-tail  Shark: 
A  lar{;e  shark,  abounding  in  all  warm  seas,  especially  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  Atlantic.     It  is  also  occasionally  taken  on  our  Pacitic  coast. 
Known  at  once  by  the  great  length  of  the  tail. 

I SqualuH  vulpes  Graolin,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  i,  p.  496;  Alopecius  vulpts  Giintber,  viii,  39.1.) 

Family  X.— CARCHARIIDJi:. 

{The  Sand  Sharlcs.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  the  snout  sharp ;  mouth  crescent-shaped,  wide ; 
tlie  teeth  large,  long,  and  narrow,  subulate,  most  of  them  with  one  or 
two  small  cusps  at  the  base,  their  edges  entire;  gill-openings  rather 
liu-ge,  all  of  them  in  front  of  the  pectorals  ;  two  dorsals,  moderatci,  sub- 
equal,  the  anal  similar ;  tins,  dorsal  well  behind  pectorals ;  caiulal  well 
developed,  with  a  short  basal  lobe  and  a  notch  toward  its  tip ;  no  caudal 
keel ;  pectorals  rather  short ;  no  nictitating  membrane ;  spiracles  minute, 
pore-like.  Genera  1  or  2,  Carcharias 'Rat  {  =  0<lonta8pis  Ag. ;  not  Car- 
vharius  C\iv.  =  Carcharinus)  and  ^^Migomphodus";  .species  3.  Voracious 
sharks  of  moderate  size,  chiefly  inhabiting  the  Atlantic.  {Lamnida;,  part, 
Giinther,  viii,  392;  genus  Odontaspis.) 

*  Teeth  large,  awl-shapod,  all  or  nearly  all  of  them  with  one  or  two  Hiaall  cusps  at  the 

ba«e CAKCHARIAS,  25. 

35.-CAKCI1ARIAS  Ratinesque,  1810. 

Sand  Sharks. 

( Odontasp'iH  Agassiz. ) 

(Riitinesfpie,  Carat teri  di  Alcnni  Nnovi  Genori,  etc. :  type,  and  only  sjyecies  vtentioned, 
Carcharias  laiiriis  Raf.) 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.     [yApxapiK^  rough.) 

*  First  and  fourth  teeth  of  the  ux)por  jaw  and  first  tooth  of  the  lower  simple,  with- 

out basal  cnsps.     ( EHijomphodus  (iill. ) 

34.  C.  americunus  (Mitch.)  Jor.  &,  Gill>.— «SaMrf  Shark;  Shorcl-iiosc. 

Body  elongate,  its  depth  one  fifth  the  length ;  head  rather  pointed, 
about  one  seventh  of  the  length ;  fins  small-  the  first  dorsal  not  much 


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23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTIR,N.Y.  I4SS0 

(716)872-4503 


28       CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 


larger  tlian  the  second,  both  similar  to  the  anal ;  pectoral  fins  short, 

obtuse,  or  truncate ;  color  gray.    L.  4  to  0  feet. 

A  smal'  voracious  shark  with  very  sharj)  teethj  rather  common  on 

our  Atlantic  coast. 

{SquahiH  amcriaiiiiiH  Mitcli.  Trans.  lAi.  «fe  Phil.  Soc.  1H14,  i,  4f'3:  Squalus  UttoraViH 
Mitch.  Am.  Moutlily  Mn^.  ii.    1818,  IWR:  Carcharian  i/riseim  UtoroT,  ViahosMasH.  217 
Odoniaspis  anKTiraiiim  GiintluT,  viii,  ',VJ2:  KugomphoduH  littnmlin  Gill,  Proe.  Ac.  Nat. 
Sci.  Pbila.  I»*fi4,  i>r)0.) 

Family  XL— LAMNID^. 

{The  PorheayleH.) 

Sharks  of  large  size,  with  the  body  stout,  the  mouth  wide,  with  large 
teeth,  and  the  caudal  fm  lunate,  the  two  lobes  being  not  very  unequal, 
the  upper  lobe  strongly  beut  upward;  caudal  peduncle  with  a  keel  on 
each  side ;  gill-openings  wide,  all  in  front  of  the  pectorals,  entirely  lat- 
eral, not  exiendiug  under  the  throat ;  first  dorsal  large ;  j)et;torals  large ; 
ventrals  moderate ;  second  dorsal  and  a/ial  very  small;  a  pit  at  the  root 
of  the  caiulal;  si>iia<'lcs  miiuite  or  absent.  Genera  .'i;  si)ecies  (i  or 
more.  Those  inhabiting  our  coasts  have  been  much  confused  by  authors. 
{LamnUln\  part,  (xiinthoi',  viii,  38!)-;i02.) 

*Tectli  with  cntin^  cdjfcs. 

rt.  Tcclli  without  basal  ciisps,  loiij;-,  llcxnous,  prisiuatic,  and  acute.  .LsURUS,  26. 

«rt.  Tcotii,  or  most  of  tnem.  with  a  small  cnsj)  on  each  si«l(>  at  base,  compressed, 

sharp,  and  somewhat  triangular Lamna,  '27. 

**Teotli  with  serrated  t'dgcs,  coniim'sscd,  ami  Iriiingular  in  iorm..CARCUAaiODON,  28. 

36.— 1SURV§  Ralinosque,  1810. 

Porbeagles. 

(Oxj/rhina  Ag.) 

(Raflnosquo,  Carattori  di  A'cnni  Nuovi  Gcncri :  type  hunin  oriirhjinchm  Raf.=Oj!//r/u'»rt 
fipalhnKtniii  Hon.) 

Snout  rather  long  and  pointed;  first  dorsal  and  ])e<!torals  large;  sec- 
ond dorsal  and  anal  very  small;  caudal  ])eduiu;le  slender;  teeth  hmg, 
lanceolate,  with  shar]>  entire  cutting  edges  an<l  no  basal  cusi)s.  ((Vi*r, 
equal;  oup>i,  tail;  the  two  lobes  of  the  tail  being  nearly  equal,  as  in  all 
the  memlx'is  of  this  family.) 

"First  dorsal  inserted  entirely  behind  poctoralH,  nearly  midway  bctweou  iMictorals  and 
ventrals.     (/Hitro))Hin  Gill.)         .^., ^^s£.._,^_-«..rt-frv--!»r^  "»-' 

39.  I.  Klnu*'HM  (^l-  &  H-)  <J<'»"-  <^  (iill).— .l/acfcor/  Shark. 

This  species,  if  reully  occuiring  on  our  coast,  will  be  known  from  th(> 
other  Inuri  by  the  position  of  the  dorsal,  which  is  distinctly  behind  the 


13, 'a*  li^ 


11      LAMNIDiE LAMNA.      - 

pectorals,  nearly  midway  between  them  and  the  veutrals.  This  position 
is  represented  in  DeKay's  rtsiure  (Xat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  Fishes,  pi.  03,  fig. 
200).    Atlantic  Ocean ;  (Jnba  {Poey). 

(Oxi/rlntia  ijlanva  Miiller  &  Heulc,  Gi):  iMmna  punctuti'.  DuKay  (uot  of  Mitchill), 
1152:  Isiiropnix  dekaifi  (Jill,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  V.  viii,  loli:  Laraui  ijlauca  Glinlher,  viii,  391.) 

**  Dorsal  liu  iusurtisd  clu^ic  hi-hiud   the  loot  of  the  ])cctoiiils,  iiiuch  iicai'er  pectoruls 
than  ventials.     (luiinin,) 

36.  !•  oxyrhynchins  llni'.—  Sliarp-iioni'd  shark  ;  Mackerel  .'^liark. 

"Prieoral  juution  of  the  snont  as  ion};'  as  the  h)n}iitudinal  axis  of  the 
(left  of  the  month,  tetrahedral,  pointed.  Anj^le  of  the  montli  midway 
between  the  jiill-openin^'  and  nostril.  T(H'th  —  on  each  sid«' ;  long,  lan- 
ceolate, with  shini>  lateral  edges,  wiihont  basal  cnsps.  The  third  tooth 
on  each  side  of  the'  npper  jaw  is  much  smaller  than  those  next  to  it.  Gill- 
(il»('iiings  extremely  wide,  Ihc  width  of  the  first  being  rather  more  than 
its  distance  from  tln\  last.  Origin  of  the  dorsal  tin  at  a  very  short  dis- 
tance from  the  base  of  the  ]»ectoral.s,  which  are  falciform,  the  length  of 
their  lower  margin  being  onc^-fourth  of  that  of  the  iijiper."     {(iunther.) 

(St(ner's  ligurc  of  ^'-  Ijamna punctata''''  (Fisli.  Mass.  pi.  .'{7,  f.  1)  repve- 
sents,  so  far  as  the.  position  of  the  dorsal  is  eoiujerned,  the  present 
European  species,  instead  of  the  preceding.  No  mention  is  nmde  of  the 
juosence  of  lateral  cusps  on  the  teeth.  The  occurrence  of  a  true  Lsurm 
oil  our  coast  does  not  seem,  however,  to  have  been  verified,  although  it 
is  not  im]\^'obable.) 

{Ltimna  piiiictatn  Storer,  Fish.  Muhs.  ^25:  Lumna  npullanzanU  (Uirither,  viii,  390: 
huru8  oxyrli'inchiiH  liiif.  Curiitte?!,  etc.) 


li.    '    -* 


27.— LiAMNA  Cuvier,  1817. 

iA  rbeaglcs. 
(Cuvior,  Rfegno  Auiinal,  ii :  tyjio  SqunluH  vorn,ihim»  Gniclin.) 

Botly  short  and  stout,  the  back  (considerably  elevated ;  snout  promi- 
nent, pointed ;  teeth  triaugidar,  pointed,  entiri',  each  one  with  a  small 
cusp  on  each  side  at  base  ;  (one  or  both  of  these  sometimes  obsolete  in 
the  young  on  some  of  th(>  t(reth  ;)  giIl-oi)enings  wide ;  dorsal  and  |)ectora' 
tins  somewhat  falcate ;  second  <lorsal  and  anal  fins  very  snudi,  nearly 
opposite  each  other;  first  «lorsal  (riose  b(>hiiid  the  root  of  the  pectorals. 
(kiiftm,  a  kind  of  shark,  iVom  ^untu^  a  horrible  anthro])ophagous  monster, 
into  whi(^h  a  <luughter  of  Helns  was  <'hanged  by  Juno,  because  she  was 
l)oh)ved  by  Jupiter;  a  bugbear  used  by  the  Greeks  to  frighten  relractory 
children.) 


"^3^!S5?r 


I 


:■■;' 


30       CONTSIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

S"?.  Ij.  cornnltica.  (Gmol.)  Fleming. — Beatimarin  Shark;  Porbeagle  ;  Tope. 

Snout  conical,  pointed,  ratlier  longer  than  the  cleft  of  the  mouth ; 
teeth  -  or  -  on  each  side  (^  or  -  in  European  8i)ecimens,  Jide  Gunther) ; 
the  third  tooth  on  each  side  in  the  upper  jaw  small ;  first  dorsal  begin- 
ning over  the  axil  of  the  pectorals;  color  gray.  A  large  and  fierce 
shark  of  the  Korth  Atlantic,  not  till  lately  recorded  from  our  coast.  (A 
specimen  in  the  Museum  of  Butler  University,  from  which  the  above 
account  was  taken,  w^as  obtained  by  Dr.  T.  H.  Bean  at  Wood's  Hole, 
Mass.) 

{Squahia  cornubivuH  GmviMn,  L.  i,  1497;  Giluther,  viii,  389.) 

2§.-€AKCHAR0I>01V  Sniitb,  18—. 
Cfreat  White  SharJus. 

(Sir  Andrew  Sniitih,  Proc.  G»5ol.  Hoc.  Loudon,  — :  type  Carvharodon  ciipvuain  Smith=iC. 

roinleleti.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Isnniti  chiefly  in  the  dentition,  the  teeth  bein^f 
large,  flat,  erect,  regularly  triangular,  their  edges  serrated ;  first  dorsal 
moderate,  nearly  midway  between  pectorals  and  ventrals;  second  dorsal 
and  anal  very  small ;  pectoral  large,  ventrals  moderate ;  caudal  peduncle 
rather  stout;  spiracles  minute  or  absent.  Sharks  of  ver"  large  size ; 
found  in  most  seas,    {xapyafux;,  rough;  o<J<bv,  tooth.) 

38.  C.  I'Ondeleti  Miiller  &■  Heulo. — Mnn-eater  Shark;  Aiwoo(V8  Shark. 

Body  stout,  de])th  about  5^  in  total  lergth;  mouth  very  large;  both 

jaws  with  live  rows  of  large,  triangular,  serrated  t«erh,  those  in  the 

lower  jaw  iuirrower,  about  -  in  each  row  ;  first  dorsal  somewhat  behind 

})ectorals;   caudal  lin  large  iind  strong.     Color  leaden  gray;  tips  and 

edges  of  pectorals  black  (Storcr).    One  of  the  largest  of  the  sharks, 

reaching  a  length  of  fifteen  fe(^t  and  the  weight  of  nearly  a  ton.    It  is 

found  in  all  tem})erate  and  tropical  svias,  but  is  rare  on  our  coasts. 

American  specimens  have  been  named  C.  atwoodi,  but  are  probably  not 

distinct  from  the  European. 

(Miillor  ife  lltMilc,  Plai;iostoiu(W,  7Uj  GilutiuM-,  viii,  ',VJ'2:  Carehariaa  atwoodi  Storor, 
nshoHMiiMM.  22-^.) 

Family  XD.— CETORHINID^l 

■  {The  Jia.shing  ISlMrhs.)  .,     ,      •     ,i 

Sharks  of  imnu^nsc  size,  with  the  gill  ojjcnings  extremely  wide,  ex 
tending  from  the  back  nearly  to  the  median  lino  of  the  throat;  all  of 
them  in  front  of  the  pectorals;  mouth  moderate,  the  teeth  very  small, 


I*: 

liii 


13.    RHINODONTID^ 


31 


numerous,  conical,  without  cusps  or  serratures;  no  nictitating  mem- 
brane ;  spiracles  very  small,  above  the  corners  of  the  mouth ;  lirst  dorsal 
large,  midway  between  pectorals  and  ventrals ;  second  dorsal  and  anal 
small;  candal  fin  lunate,  the  upi>er  lobe  considerably  the  larger;  caudal 
peduncle  keeled;  pectorals  and  ventrals  large.  A  single  genus,  with 
probablj'  but  one  species ;  the  largest  of  living  sharks ;  inhabiting  the 
northern  seas.    (Lawwitto,  part,  Giinther,viii,  394;  genus  Selache.) 

29.— CETORHIWrS  niainvillo,  1810. 

BnsMng  Sharks. 

(Selache  Cuvior.) 

(Blaiuvillc,  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  1810,  p.  169:  type  Cetorhintis  tjunnetl  Blahiv.  = /SjjtoiMS 
maximus  L.) 

The  characters  (tf  the  genus  are  included  above.  (z>;r(ir,  whale  ;  pivr,, 
•A  shark  {iS(p»afina),  from  /n>r/,  a  file  or  rasp,  the  rough  skin  of  the  shark 
being  used  for  polishing  wood  and  marble.) 

39.  C.  maximus  (L.)  Blaiuvilk'.— Z/aaAi/i*/  Shark. 

Body  rugose,  the  skin  very  rough,  with  small  spines ;  head  snmll ; 

snout  blunt;  eyes  small ;  teeth  iv  six  or  seven  rows  in  each  jaw,  about 

200  in  each  row ;  first  ilorsal  large,  triangular,  over  the  spjujc  between 

pectorals  and  ventrals;  second  dorsal  much  smaller,  rather  larger  than 

anal;  tail  large.     Largest  of  the  sharks,  reaching  a  length  of  nearly 

forty  feet;  found  in  the  Arctic  seas;  straying  southward  to  Portugal 

and  Virginia. 

{Sqiuiliis  maximus  L.  Syst.  Nat. ;  Selachna  maximus  Sturcr,  Fish.  Mass.  22d :  Helavhc 
nMxima  Gllntlier,  viii,  :594.) 

Family  XIII.— RHINODONTID^. 

{The  Whale  Sharks.) 

Origin  of  the  first  dorsal  fin  somewlnit  in  advance  of  the  ventrals;  the 

second  small,  opposite  to  the  anal;  both  without  spines;  a  ])it  at  the 

root  of  the  (jaudal,  with  the  lower  lobe  of  the  caudal  well  deA'(^lo|)ed ; 

sides  of  the  tail  with  a  keel ;  no  nictitating  ni(>mbrain';  spiracles  very 

small;  mouth  and  nostril  near  the  extremity  of  the  snout;  ttieth  very 

small  and  numerous,  conical;  gill-openings  w  de,  the  last  u\u'  above  the 

base  of  the  pectorals.     Large  sharks,  of  warm  sens.    Two  species  ai'e 

known,  Rhi.odon  ijjinrus  from  the  Capo  of  (Jood  lloi)e,  and  the  foUow- 

ing.    {Rhinodontida'  (Jiinther,  viii,  3'.)().) 

'Tooth  oach  recuivod  biuikwanl  ami  aontoly  ])oiuto(l,  swoUon,  and  with  a.  bccl-liko 
projuctiou  in  front  rintug  IVoui  its  bust) Micuibtouub,  30. 


.il. 


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32       CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMIiRICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY-    -IV. 

30.— I?IICRISTO»lJS  Gill,  l-iUT). 

CCrill,  Pror.  Ac.  Nnt.  Sci.  I'liilii.  Irti"),  177:  type  MiciiHloditu  piiiirtotua  (i'\]\.) 

This  j-eims  is  known  from  its  teeth  only.  These  sire  <lescribe(l  as  fol- 
lows: "The  teeth  are  fixed  find  extremely  minute,  th<'  larfjest  little 
mor<'  than  a  line  in  len;j;th  (in  a  shiirk  LM>  feet  lony)  and  deerease 
towards  the  ends  of  the  Jaw;  they  are  disposed  in  regularly  transvers«' 
rows,  of  which  there  are  J 04  to  107  on  ea(;h  side,  while  in  front  there 
are  l.'J  to  1(>  in  each  transverse  row ;  ea(;h  tooth  is  recurved  backwards 
and  acutely  i)ointed,  swollen  an«l  with  a  heel-lilce  }>r()je<'tion  in  froiit 
rising  from  it;>  base." — ( Gill.)  {/uxpu-j  small ;  ifrn')-,  an  ujnight  projection ; 
OfVih':,  tooth.) 

40.  M.  punrtatuM  <4il1. 

Avery  large  spotted  shark  found  in  the  (rulf  of  ('alifornia.  ((Jill, 
Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.  l.S(i5,  177.) 

Family  XIV.— HETERODONTID^. 

( The  Port  Jackfion  Sliarhs.) 

Sharks  with  two  dorsal  tins,  both  ]>rovi(led  with  si)ines;  the  first  (h»r- 
sal  opposite  to  the  space  between  pectorals  and  \'entrals;  the  second  in 
advance  of  the  anal.  Body  elongated,  obtusely  trihedral,  gradually  ta])er- 
ing  fioui  the  anal  region  towards  the  caudal  lin ;  head  high,  with  the  fore- 
head declivous,  little  prominent;  notitrils  confluent  with  the  mrutli; 
mouth  rather  narrow,  the  upi)cr  lip  divided  into  seven  lobes,  the  lower 
with  a  fold ;  spiracles  snnill,  below  the  low(!r  i)art  of  the  eye ;  no  ni(!tit:U- 
iug  memlu'ane;  gill-openings  ratluu-  narrow;  dentition  similar  in  both 
jawH,  viz,  small  obtuse  teeth  in  front,  which  in  the  young  are  pointdl. 
and  jn'ovided  with  three  to  five  ('Usi)s;  th(5  lateral  teeth  hirge,  ])ad-like, 
twi«'e  as  broad  as  long,  arranged  in  obli<pie  series,  one  series  being  formed 
by  mudi  larger  teeth  than  those  in  theothcsr  series;  caudal  fin  moderate. 
Genera  1, 2,  or  .'J ;  species  about  4;  inhabiting  the  PacilicOcean.  Ofnuicli 
interest  toi)aheontol<)gists  from  theii'  supposed  rehition  to  certain  extinct 
types.  [CeHtmvloHlUUv  (liintlu^r,  viii,  417,  41.S;  but  HeteroihmtUH  has 
priority  over  Cestriicioii.'< 

*  Ikunchiai  i'o;fi(Hi  loujfcr  tliaii  lii|L(li,  tlu-  slits  li(\iiig  iihtlu  elongated ;  iiielar  tectli  lljii 
II lid  rlosciy  coMtij^iioiis (lYItoi'l.ia'KODCS,  ;>l. 

ai.-OVKOPl.KL'KODlJSUilMHU-;.       ...--^- 
(tJill,  Vvw.  \v.  ,Niit.  S(  i.  IMiilii.  Ir^'iH,  -IHU;  type  ContrmwH  J'randiirHimm\,) 

Tlio  eharacttns  tlislinguishing  this  grou|)  froii'  //r/c'/v></(>///».s  are  tims 
given  by  Professor  (iill : 


'•  its 


14.  HETERODONTID^ QYROPLEURODU8. 


m 


"In  the  latter  genus,  the  branches  of  the  lower  jaw  are  at  tirst  con- 
ti/;uoiis  and  diverge  from  each  other  at  an  acute  angle,  while  in  front  of 
the  obli«iue  whorls  of  molars,  and  between  the  acute  teetli  of  the  front 
which  encroach  on  the  sides,  a  <!Oi<liform  area  exists.  The  lateral  or 
molar  teeth  are  numerous,  and  arranged  in  obli(iue  whorls,  Avhich  rapidly 
increase  in  size  to  the  ttfth,  behind  which  they  again  decrease.  The 
hninchial  apertures  are  also  comparativ^ely  laige,  the  tirst  being  longer 
than  the  length  of  the  bran(!hial  region. 

"In  Gyropleurodus,  the  branches  of  the  lower  jaw  are  widely  separated 
by  an  interval  rounded  in  front  and  becoming  wider  behind,  the  sides 
themselves  being  curved  outwards;  the  aciute  t(;eth  are  conlined  to 
the  front  and  the  molar  teeth  are  few  and  disposed  in  about  four  whorls, 
the  first  three  of  which  slightly  increase,  while  the  fourth  is  almost 
rudimentary.    The  branchial  area  is  almost  oblong." 

Head  short  an<l  high,  broad,  but  with  subvertieal  sides;  the  forehead 
vciy  declivous  from  eyes,  and  with  the  snout  wide  and  transverse,  but 
prominent;  two  blunt,  diverging  ridges  are  <!ontinued from  each  side  of 
the  snout  and  abruptly  merge  into  the  more  (;ons]>icuous  superciliary 
ri(lg<'s,  the  interval  between  which  is  nearly  plane;  teeth  in  front  digi- 
tated, with  three  or  four  cusps,  (puncuncially  distributed  in  low;;  slightly 
('(diverging  toward  the  middle;  in  tlie  upper  jaw,  on  the  sides,  molars 
(»bh)ng  and  llattened,  arranged  in  about  four  oblique  whorls,  uniform  or 
increasing  backward,  except  the  last,  which  is  smallest;  on  the  sides  of 
th(i  h)wer  jaw,  also,  are  molars  oblong,  with  flattened  crowns,  and  arranged 
in  transvers(5ly  obli<pu'  whorls,  but  de(5reasing  backward  {Oill).  t)no 
species  known.     (;">":,  ring  or  whorl;  rrA  -ww,  side;  ddou^,  tooth.) 


II 


41.  O.  fraiiciMci  (Cinl.)  Oill. 

Dorsal  fins  (M)nsiderably  produced  backward  at  their  jmsterior  angle; 

the  compressed  spine  forming  about  half  of  the  base  of  each  (in ;  anal 

Hn  huge,  din-cted  very  oblicpu'ly  ba«'kwards,  renching  the  root  of  caudal ; 

ciimUd  fin  forming  about  one  fourth  of  the  length;  coh)r  l)rownislj,  varie- 

};ated  with  sparsely  scattered  small  black  spots  all  over  the  body  and 

lins.    C!oast  of  (Jalifornia  {(iUl). 

{('eitracuni  ./Va/ic'i'm  (Jirard,  Proc.  A".  Nat..  Hci.  Pliilu.  1854,  1%;   Cvtracion  J'randaco 
OiinthiT,  viii,  41(i;   Gill,  Pnu;.  Ac.  Nat.  Hci.  Pliilu.  18G2,  492.) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  10 3  •   :     ^ 


'i"; 


TTTTf 


i.'»' 


.•]<;    •  , 


. 


•iilii  "I  I 


34      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IV, 

Family  XV.— HEXANCHID^. 

{The  Cow  SharJcs.) 

Body  elongated,  somewhat  depressed  anteriorly,  tapering  towards  the 
caudal  fin.  Head  depressed,  oblong  and  semi-oval  or  semi-elliptical 
above,  with  the  snout  i)rojecting.  Eyes  submedian  or  anterior,  without 
nictitating  membranes.  Mouth  inferior,  large,  arched  in  front,  no  labial 
fold.  Teeth  in  the  two  jaws  unlike ;  in  the  upper  jaw  one  or  two  pairs 
of  awl-shaped  teeth,  the  next  six  teeth  broader,  and  each  provided  with 
several  cusps,  one  of  which  is  much  the  strongest.  Lower  jaw  with  six 
large  comb-like  teeth  on  each  side,  besides  the  smaller  posterior  teeth. 
Spiracles  small,  on  the  side  of  the  neck.  Only  one  dorsal  Jin,  witlwut  spine, 
opposite  the  anal,  and  similar  to  it.  No  pit  at  the  root  of  the  caudal  fin. 
Giil-openiugs  wide,  six  or  seven  in  number.  Genera  2 ;  sijeciea  4  or 
more;  mostly  ol'the  Eastern  Atlantic.  {Notidanidce  Giiuther,  viii,  397- 
399c)  -  . 
*  Gill-oponingij  seven  on  each  side ..Heptancus,  32. 

32.— HEPTAWCUS  KauDesque,  1810. 
Perlons. 

iNotidanua  CnvieT,  1817 .) 

(Heptranchias    Raflnesque,   Caratteri    di  Alciini  Nuovi   Generi,   etc. :   type    Squalus 
cincreus  Gmelin. ) 

Characters  same  as  those  of  the  family  with  the  addition  of  gill-open- 
ings seven,  which  separates  this  genus  from  Hexancus.  {tTcra,  seven; 
ayxo':,  bend  or  sinus,  for  gill -opening.) 

*Mediaii  tooth  of  lower  jaw  without  central  cusp.     (Notorhynchna  Ayren.) 

43.  H.  indicilS  (Cuvier)  Miiller  &  Heule. 

"  Snout  short  and  rounded ;  cleft  of  the  mouth  broader  than  long.    A 

single  median  pointed  tooth  in  the  upper  jaw ;  the  lower  median  tooth 

with  lateral  cusps,  but  without  central  cusp.    The  first  cusp  of  the  lower 

teeth  is  much  stronger  than  the  others  and  serrated  on  itsouter  margin,"— 

{Giinthcr.)    Dark  bluish  gray,  Avith  many  small  irregular  black  blotches. 

Tail  more  than  one  third  of  total  lengtli.     Size  large.    Cape  of  Good 

Hope  to  California ;  not  rare  at  San  Francisco. 

(XotiduiiHn  iniUcuH  Cuvier,  Regue  Auiniiil:  NoiidanuH  hidkus  Giiuther,  viii,  398:  Xoto- 
rhynchvs  macvlo.lus  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal,  Nat.  Sci.  i,  72 :  Notorhynchua  maculattia  Gill,  Proo. 
Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Philu.,  1862,  49."i,  and  18()4,  149 :  Notorhynchua  borealia  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.  1864,  150. 


;*;l" 


16.   SQUATINIDiE — SQUATINA. 


35 


SuPEE-FAMiLY  SQUATINOIDEA. 

{TJie  Sqiuitinoid  SharJcu.) 
Family  XVI.— SQUATINID^. 

"      *  ■      '     .  \ 

{The  Angel  Sharks.) 

Ray-like  sharks.  Body  depressed  and  flat;  mouth  anterior;  teeth 
conical,  pointed,  distant ;  pectoral  tins  very  large,  expanded  in  the  plane 
of  the  body,  but  free  from  it,  being  deeply  notched  at  the  base ;  ventral 
flns  very  large ;  two  small  subequal  dorsal  fins  behind  the  ventrals  ;  no 
iinal  fin ;  caudal  fin  small ;  gill-openings  wide,  subinferior,  partly  covered 
by  the  base  of  the  pectoral ;  spiracles  wide,  crescent-shaped;  behind  the 
eyes;  nostrils  on  the  front  margin  of  the  snout,  with  skinny  flaps.  A 
single  genus,  with  perhaps  but  one  species.  Sharks  of  singular  appear- 
ance, inhabiting  most  seas.     {Rhinidw  Giinther,  viii,  430,) 

33.— SQUATINA  Diimeril,  1806. 

Angel  SharJcu. 

(Rhinn  Klein.) 

(Aldn)vuudi,  Diim6ril,  Zool.  Anal.   18^5,  :  type  Squalua  mivatina  L.  :=  Squutina  an- 
{lelus  Dnm.) 

The  characters  of  the  genus  are  included  above.  {Squatina,  the  Latin 
name  of  8.  angeltts,  from  aquatus,  skate.) 

43.  S«  ang[elUS  Dnm6ril. — Anyel-fmh;  Monk-fish;  Angel  Shark. 

Bluish  Jish-gray  above,  much  b]otche<l  and  speckled ;  beneath  white ; 
caudal  flu  short  triangular,  lower  lobe  longest ;  dorsal  flns  short  and 
high ;  skin  rough,  with  small  stiff  prickles,  largest  along  the  middle 
line  of  the  back ;  eyes  small.  A  small  shark,  with  expanded  pectorals, 
like  a  ray,  found  in  most  warm  seas,  not  very  common  on  our  coasts. 
Onv  species  has  been  generally  considered  as  distinct  from  th(^  pjuro- 
pean,  under  the  name  8.  dumerili,  but  without  evident  reason.  A  spe- 
cies considered  by  Dr.  Gunther  to  be  identical  Avith  8quatitta  angelus 
also  occurs  on  our  Paeiflc  coast.  .  :_    ,:   -^4^,-       ^     —- 

{Sqvahts  sqnafina  L.  Syst.  Nnt.:  Sqiuitina  angelus  DuniMl,  Zool.  Anal.  lOS :  Squalm 
itimeriU  Lo  Sncinr,  .lourn.  Ac.  Nat  Sci.  Phila.  i,  225:  Shinasqiintinn  G^nthav,  viii,  430: 
Sqnatina  cal\fortiku  Ay  res,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  1859,  29.) 


.^1^ 


in 


*  t* 

*  r 


it? 

h 


36      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NOHTII  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOOY — IV. 


ill 


{The  ItayH.) 

(lill-oponiiigs  iiiifcnor,  slit-Iik«%  tlvii  in  liuiiiIxM';  HpiriicU's  pivKi'iit ;  no 
anal  fin;  dorsal  lins,  if  ])reH<Mit,  InscrttMl  on  the  tail;  body  typically 
disk-like,  broad  and  flat,  the  niarj-in  of  tlu^  disk  b(»in}>'  fornuMl  by  tlio 
expandecl  pectorals.  Tail  eoinparatively  shnder,  the  (^andal  lin  small. 
With  the  exception  of  the  Raii<la\  nuist  or  all  of  the  rays  are  ovo-vivi- 
])aron8.  (Suborder  Jiatoidei  friinther,  viii,  4;M— 108.)  (Latin,  raia  or 
raja,  a  ray.) 

*  Tail  (•ompamtiwly  tliick,  UHiially  with  iii.v«mI  drvHul  jiiid  caiidal   Imih;  no  Horratrd 
caudal  Hpiiic  nor  H(']»»rat<'  cephalic  liuH.     {I'achiiiira.) 
a.  Snout  Haw-like,  much  ]in>duced,  arnicd  witli  Htroujj  lalcrul  teeth  . . I'jusTiD^:,  17. 
Off.  Snout  not  saw-like. 
b.  Dink  paHsinj;  f^radually  into  tli<^  lonjj  Htout  tail ;  ])ectora!H   not  extt^ndinjij  to 

ihe  snout KlllN01»ATlI)/K,  H. 

bh.   DInU  abruptly  c<uitniclcd  at  base  of  liu^  tail. 

c.  Electric  or<^ans  i)reHent ;  disk  perfect  ly  snioot h T()Hi'Kl)iNii>,t;,  lit. 

<r.   Khw'tric  firyaiis  al>.se;it ;  disk  an<l  tail  more  ;ir  Icsh  prickly Raiid.k,  ^(1. 

"Tail  very  sleudtir,  whip-like,  itw  iiuH,  if  any,  huuiII  and  near  its  liaHc.     (.]faHti(uii-ii.) 
(I.  Pectoral  lins  uninterruided,  conllueiit  anuind  the  .snout;  teeth  small. 

Ti{Y(ioNii)/ii;,  \l\. 
(Id.  Pectoral  (ins  interrupted,  the  appendages  on  the  snout  ("  cephalic  tins") 
separate  from  the  pe<'tc.rals. 

0.  Teeth  larfre,  Hal,  tessellated MYr-iouATM)/!!:,  l^i. 

ce.  Teoth  very  snuiU,  Hat  or  ttiltercular (■kimiai.uitkuu)/!';,  2'.\. 

Super-family  PRISTOIDEA. 

(The  PrixtoiU  h'ayn.) 

Family  XVII.— PRISTID.l^:. 

( Thr  Saic-Jishcs.) 

Body  elongate,  de[)ressed ;  i)e(;toral  lins  moderate,  the  front  margin 
(piite  free,  not  extending  to  the  head  ;  snout  produced  into  a  very  lonj;, 
tlnn,  flat  blade,  which  is  strmed  with  a  series  of  strong  tooth-like  pro- 
cesses along  each  edge;  teeth  in  jitws  minute,  obtusr  gill-openings 
moderate,  inferior;  spiracles  wide,  behind  the  eye;  nostrils  inferior; 
no  tenta('les;  no  idetitating  mend)rane;  dorsal  lins  large,  without  s]>ine. 
the  lirst  nearly  opposite  the  ventrals.  daiidal  well  developed,  l)eiit 
upwards ;  a  fold  along  each  side  of  tail.  A  single  genus,  with  five  or 
more  species,  inhabiting  warm  seas,  sometimes  ascen<ling  the  rivers.  A 
nimily  of  sharks,  PriHtiophoHdce,  similarly  armed  with  a  "  saw,"  occius 
iu  the  Pacific  Ocean.    {Fristklw  Giiuther,  viii,  430-43U.) 


v^5^       V*  18.    RHINOBATIDiE — RHINOBATUS.  ;'^  8t 

84.— PRI8TIS  LaMiam,  1794. 

'  Sawjinhea. 

(Liitliiiin,  Trans.   Liuit.  So*!,  ii,  p.  27(5:  typo  Squalun  priatiH  h.^VristUi  autiqiKn^um 
Latham.) 

Tlie  cliiirju'ters  of  tlui  f?orms  arc  incliultd  above.     (;:/>{'«TT)jr,  thci  auci<'nt 

uiuiu'  ot'tlio  saw-ttsli,  from  r/JcVrrr/r,  a  Ha\vy«q'.) 

44.  P.^iiitiquoriiiii  ljiii\nm\.—Saw-JiHli. 

Anterior  dor.sal  opposito  vcntraLs;  caiulal  fin  without  lowca-lobe;  nw- 
tral  ttiotli  in  1(»  to  20  pairs,  nearly  (Minidi.stant,  stout,  i)rovi<ie(l  with  a 
cuttinj.'"  anterior  edge ;  the  size  of  the  t<u'*;h  subject  to  considernbU'  varia- 
tions; eaudal  fin  without  h>w«u-  h>be ;  eoh)r  grayisli.  Jicngth  10  to  lo  feet. 
Atlantic  Ocean  ;  (u>niinon  on  b«»th  shores,  esjx'cially  soulhward  ;  jjrobably 
entering  rivers. 

(SqualiiH  print  in  L.  HyHf.  Nutiirm  :  I'riHlin  anlitjiittnim  [iathaiii,  TraiiH.  Linn.  Hor.  1794, 
ii,  W?;  (JilntluT,  viii,  4:J8.) 

Family  XVIII— RTIINOBATID^: 

{Tlui  Tjouff  nosed  Rayn.) 

Shark-like  rays.  Trunk  gradually  jjassing  into  tln^  long  and  strong 
tail,  which  is  provijled  with  two  well-developeil  d<nsal  lius,  a  eaudal  lln 
and  a  conspicuous  «lernial  fohl  on  each  side;  disk  iu)t  broad,  tin;  rayed 
portion  of  the  pectoral  lius  not  Ix^iug  continued  to  the  snout ;  noi'onspic- 
uous  spines,  the  skin  being  nearly  smooth ;  iu>  electric  organs,  (jrcnera 
.'J  to  o  ;  spe(5ies  about  15 ;  inhabiting  warm  seas.  The  form  of  the  body 
is  as  much  shark-like  as  i«  that  of  the  shark  Hquatina.  {Rhinobatidoi  GUu- 
tlu'r,  viii,  440-448.) 

•  FitHt  (lorsal  much  behind  tho  vimtrals ;  anterior  uuHal  valves  not  confluent. 

KUINOBATUS,  35. 

35.— RHINOBATUS  Hloch  &  8chuci<lcr,  IHOl. 

(Schnoi(l(n'  cd.  Bhxdi,  Ichlhy.  :  type  IlhinobaiUH  rhinobatm  HlcKili  &  Schnci(ler=fl/(tno- 
haiuH  iiranulatuH  Cuv.) 

Body  depressed,  gradually  passing  into  the  tail.  Oanial  cartilage 
produced  into  a  huig  rostral  i)roce88,  the  space  between  the  i)rocess  and 
the  pectoral  fin  being  tilled  by  membrane.  Spiracles  wide,  behind  the 
eyo;  nostrils  oblique,  wide;  anterior  valves  not  confluent.  Teeth  ob- 
tuse, with  an  indistinct  transverse  ridge.  Dorsal  ilns  without  spine ; 
both  at  a  great  distance  behind  the  ventral  ftns.  Caudal  fin  without 
lower  lobe.    {i^ivTq^  a  shark,  Squatina;  fiaro<:^  a  skate.) 


'X 


W 


1  r  ■ 


fr^^ 


I . 


■'^1 


31  ^'     ■■ 


i'^iiiffi 


38       CONTRIBUriONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOOY — IV. 

4ff.  R.  |»i'0«lii<*fiiN  Ay  ION. 

"Tlu»  an((»i'ior  nn.sil  viilvo  is  diljitul   into  a  vim'.v  hjhtow  lattiiul  fold, 

Noarccly  proJtM'tin^  lu\v(>ii<l  tlui  iuinii]  iiiar;;iii.    Tlu>  l(Mi|{tli  (it'tlu^  noNtril 

JH  sli^Iitiy  iiioir  tliaii  its  distance  IVoin   tii(«  latiu'al  niaixiti  of  tlic  head 

and  moiH^  ihixu  i\\o  (listaiwo  between  tin*  iimcrani^U'Mor  (in^  luistiils,  and 

much  less  than  tho  widlh  of  tlu'  mouth,  winrh   iH  very  slightly  arched. 

Snout  prodiu'od,  the  (list4iue«>  bet\ve(>u  iho  outer  an}>;U>s  of  the  nostrilN 

heiii^  K  of  that  betw<>on  the  iiu)uth  and  the  end  of  th<^  snout.     A  series 

of  small,  de|>ress(>d,  polished  spines  alou^  the  median  ridpHiftht^  bark; 

jjroups  of  small,  polished   tubercles  on  th«»  orbital  margin  an<l  on  tlu^ 

shoulder.     A  broad  {groove  betAveen  the  rostral  ritljjes,  which  are  sepi:- 

rated  alonj;  their  entire  lem^th.     Snout  lighter  «'ol<»red  than  the  rest  of 

the  body." — {Streets.)    Coast  of  California  an«l  southwaril. 

(AyroH  MSH.;  (Jiriml,  Vnw.  Ac.  Nat.  Hci.  IMiila.  lHr)4,  l'.H5;  Stro.«ts,  null.  IT.  M.  Nut. 
MilN    vii,  IH77,  .V):   Ithhiohatim  kHcorhyiu'hnu  Ciiiwlhrv,  \iii.   111.) 

SuPEK-FAMiLY  TORPEDINOIDEA. 

{T/ie  Tori)edinoi(l  IfnifH.) 

Family  XIX.— TOIIPEDINID^. 

(^The  NHnihJishcu.) 

Rays  with  the  trunK  broa^l  and  smooth;  the  tail  «H)mparativoly  short 
and  thick,  with  rayed  cauihil  tin,  and  ,'ommouly  two  rayed  dorsal  this 
the  tirst  of  which  is  over  or  behind  t  lu^  vtMitrals ;  a  longitudinal  foUl  on  each 
side  of  tail;  anterior  nasal  valves  continent  into  a  (pnidrangular  lobe; 
an  electric  orjxan  composed  of  hexa^jonal  tjd)es  between  the  i)e(!tora[ 
fins  and  tlui  head.  Cenera  (J;  siuvies  about  15;  larpe  rays,  noted  for 
their  power  of  {fiviiig'  electric  shocks ;  found  in  most  Heas.  ( TorpedinUia' 
GUnther,  viii,  448-455.) 
*l)oiHul  Iiii8  two;  viMitniln  sMpamto;  Hpiraclos  well  behind  the  «\v«'h....Toiu*kdo,  ltd. 

36.— TORPEDO  l)uiu(<ril,  \m\. 

Eteetrie  Rayn. 

(Dum^iil,  Zo(»l.  Aualyt.  p.  lifJ:  lyjx^  liaiit  toi^ivdo  \j.)  , 

-  Electri(!  rays  with  the  disk  very  broad,  abrui)tly  contracitc^  at  tlu> 
tail ;  two  dorsal  tins ;  (!au<lal  tin  well  <leveloped ;  ventral  tins  larjje,  sepa 
rate;  8i)iracles  hufje, placed  behind  thecyes;  mouth  sniall;  teeth  loointed; 
skin  perfectly  smooth.     Large  ruys,  chielly  inhabiting  the  Aijantic. 


■«J- 


80.    RAUDA: RAIA. 


'SO.  T.  OCCldmlnliw  HtcMor. — Ciamp-ftHh  ;   Torpido ;  Numh-Jlth. 

V'uHt  tloinal  iiioH'  tliaii  twi<H'  uh  Imx*'  hh  wc.oihI,  pl>u*(u1  over  tho  von- 
tnilH;  HpiracleH  not  i'iiii;;('il,  tlitMr  cdfjcs  Hiiiootli  ;  color  aliiio.st  uiiiforin 
bliirk,  wiMi  ol)Nnir(Mljirk('r  Hpots;  1m'IM'JI(Ii  wliitf;  h'-u^tli  15  to  5  ('cot; 
iufiidtli  if  of  Ini^tli,  tlu*  ilJNk  v«U',v  l>liiiit  or  aliiioHt  ctiiiirKiiiiilc  iii  front. 
Alliiiitu'  rouHt  ;  not  v(My  roinnion. 

(.stor«<r,  Am.  Jonrii.  .Sci.  AiIh,  Ifi,  p.  l()5 ;  Ht<»n'r,  l''iHh»'H  Mann.  247.) 

IT.  'I'.  «"llliforillril  AytvH.—< 'aHJhrnia  Critinp-jM). 

Dark  ^rayi.sli  brown  al»ov(^,  tbi<'kly  .spotted   witli   bhu'k  ;  dink  broud 
and  roiin(b'(i,  tbrniin^  nioro  tban  half  tb«' 4'ntir(^  U^iif^tb;  t<uttb  Hmall, 
very  »barp.    (!oaHt  ofC'alitornia.     {AyrvM.) 
(Aynm,  I'loc.  CiU.  Ac,  Nut.  Hci.  1854,  70.) 

Super-family  KAIOIDEA. 

{Thv  True  limiH.) 
Family  XX— KAUlJylO. 

{Thv.  Skaien.) 
KnyH  with  tbci  di.sk  broad,  rhombic,  nion'  or  h-nH  mnnonH  or  roujjh ; 
tail  Htoiit,  rathcir  lon^,  with  a,  lon^itndinal  told  on  each  Nid(%  thi^  Hkin 
coniinoidy  ronj^h  with  .spincH;  iiHually  two  dor<(ai  lin.s  and  HoinctinicH  a 
(•an<ial  tin  ]>r<>s('nt  on  tlu^  tail;  ])(>(;toral  (ins  extending  to  the  Hnout; 
vcntraks  lar^o;  no  .s(Trat('(l  .spino  on  tho  tail;  Jio  oleotrio  organn;  ovi- 
parons,  thct'jj^H  b(>in(r  laid  in  lar<;o  Icatlu'ry  <';^jj-<!a.si'S,  Coni- nnfjlcd,  with 
twolon}^"  tubnlar  " hornn" atoaoh  ond.  (}on<aa  1  or  nuin!;  Hpcc,i<'H4(), numt 
of  thoni  belon^jinj^  to  tho  gtMi-.m  Huia.  Skatew  of  goncrally  small  Hizo; 
fiaintl  in  all  so.a.s. 

'Ciuidal  I'm  nulimcritary  or  ubwiiit ;  jinctoralH  not  conflnent  around  tho  unoat;  von- 
trulH/looply  nottiliod • Raia,  37. 

37.— RAIA  LinnujUH,  17.'iH. 

Rays. 

(Artcdi — Liiinm«8,  HyHf.  Niit.  :  iy\H^  liain  ('Uumta\i.) 

This  jjonns,  a.s  here  understood,  (■()mi)ri.s('s  all  thoso  Itaiidw  which  havo 
tho  pectoral  IhiH  not  contiiined  around  the  Hnout,  the  ventrals  dcioply 
notched,  and  the  caudal  Hn  little  dev<'lo|)ed  or  wanting-;  tJa^  tail  is  very 
distinct  from  the  disk,  and  is  providcil  with  two  rayed  dorsal  fins;  the 
skin  of  the  body  is  usually  more  or  lesH  spijious ;  tln^  dentition  differs 
in  the  two  sexes,  and  the  male  is  usually  provi(h!d  with  a  ditferentiat«d 
patch  of  spines  on  eacli  i)ectoral.    Species  numerous. 


-I 


.'lU 


■  m 


■}•! 


1 


■(-!'i 


m 


■^2 


"'•  ^  li 


t  , 


40      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

Our  tnowledge  of  the  Americ{?ii  species  Las  been  in  a  state  of  great 
confusion  until  very  lately,  the  first  careful  comparison  of  the  speciex 
having  been  made  bj'  Mr.  Garnian  in  1874.  On  his  excellent  paper*  the 
following  account  is  based.  {Raia  or  Bajn,  the  Latin  name  of  fishes  of 
1  his  genus.) 

1. — Atlantic  Species.  n 

*  Outline  of  tho  disk  anterior  to  the  apirac]''8  r<»nn«leil,  not  forming  an  angle  at  the 
tip  of  the  snout. 
tRowa  of  teeth  about  ^g.  i         •   ,  mi 

4§.  R.  crinacea  Mitchill. — Commor  Skate ;  Little  Skate;  Tobacco-box. 

Form  rlionfooid,  with  all  the  angles  rounded;  spines  largtstonthc 

anterior  extensions  of  the  pectorals,  where  they  are  clos<5-s(^t,  strong, 

laterally  <;oini)res8ed  and  hooked  backwards ;  smaller  ones  ari^  scuittercd 

over  the  head,  abov^e  the  spiracles,  above  and  in  front  of  the  (^yes,  on 

the  back,  the  median  line  of  which  is  comparatively  smooth,  without 

larger  median  s«»ries,  except  in  the  young.    A  triangular  patch  on  tlic 

shoulder  girdle;  inner  jwsterior  angles  of  the  pectorals  nearly  smooth ; 

in  the  males  near  the  exterior  angles  of  the  pectorals  are  two  rows  of 

large  erectik^  hooks,  jjoiuting  backwards.    Females  with  groups  of  small 

scales  on  each  side  of  the  vent;  teeth  small,  the  middle  ones  sharjj  in 

the  males ;  all  blunt  in  the  females ;  jaws  much  curved ;  each  side  of  tail 

with  a  dermal  fold ;  caai'al  lius  rough,  not  separate  to  the  base,    i  jlor 

light  brown,  with  small  round  spots  of  dark  brown ;  femalei;  larger  than 

t!»e  males.    L.  1  to  2  feet  {Oarman.)    The  smallest  and  conunonest  of  our 

.  kates ;  abimdant  on  oiu*  coast,  esjiecially  northward. 

{liaia  (friiiacva  Mitchill,  Am.  .louru.  Sci.  Arts,  xi,  290,  18'2r>:  liaia  eglantcria  GUnther, 
viii,  4<)5J;  (iarmun,  1.  e.  17(5.) 

tt  Ki>WH  of  teeth  'i'i  {^  t<»  H9)- 

49.  H.  ocellatn  mU'.hill—OaUated  Ray ;  liig  Skate. 

General  form  and  a]>])earance  of  the  pr'cceding;  the  arrangement  of 
spi?ies  Mmilar,  excei)t  that  additional  rows  of  spines  are  present  down 
the  ba"k  and  along  the  siih'sof  the  tail;  .;au(lal  fin  ]U)t  separate,  rough 
with  small  ,si>ines;  Jaws  curved.  Oolor  light  brown,  with  rounded  dark 
spots ;  a  translucent  si>;ice  on  each  side  of  the  snout ;  near  the  posterior 
angle  of  the  pectimil  tlu're  is  usually  (but  not  always)  a  large  white 
ocellus,  with  a  dark  si)ot  in  the  centre  and  a  ilarker  bordc^r ;  two  smaller 
similar  spots  often  present  {Garman).    Sizti  very  much  larger  than  thi^ 

*  On  tli;.>  Skates  (Kajie)  of  tho  Kastern  Coasts  of  the  llaiteil  Htates:  By  H.  W.  Out- 
man.     <Proc.  Host.  Soe.  Nat.  Hist,  xvii,  Nov.  4,  1874,  pp.  170-181. 


iil  i'v\; 


-''^l .'  'J^ 


RAIIDiT: RAIA. 


41 


preceding  specien,  reaching  a  length  of  nearly  three  feet.    Tlie  egg- 
cases  are  more  than  twice  as  large  an  those  of  the  suialler  species. 

(Mifchill,  TiiuiH.  Lit.  &■  Pliil.  Soc.  i,  477,   18ir>r  Baia  diapharten,  pt. ;  Storer,  Fish. 
Mass.  240;  Garmaii,  1.  c.  177.) 

"Outline  of  thndiHk  iiiitorior  to  thii  8;)iiiM!l»'.s  forming?  n  inoro  or  less  markt'd  angle 
at  the  tip  of  tbo  8nouf . 

(Angle  at  tip  nf  Riiout  Hhort  and  obttiMo;  rows  of  teetli  ^8;  body  and  tail  with 
large  bucklers. 

50.  M.  radiatll  Donovan.— .S<«rr^  Uay. 

In  addition  to  the  spines  on  the  pectorals,  head,  back,  and  tail  common 
to  the  preceding  species,  this  species  is  marlced  by  the  presence  of  large 
spinous  plates  or  bucklers.  Tliese  are  large  strong  spines,  with  broad 
stellate  or  shield-like  bases.  They  are  arranged  as  follows :  One  or 
two  in  front  of  ea"h  eye ;  one  on  each  side  between  the  eye  and  the 
spiracle ;  a  ])air  on  th(!  shoulder,  the  smaller  in  front ;  and  fourteen  or 
more  forming  a  dorsal  row,  boginning  just  back  of  tlie  head  and  extend- 
ing to  the  caudal.  An  irregidar  row  of  spines  on  euch  side  of  the  tail, 
separated  from  the  .nembrane  by  a  band  of  shagreen ;  males  witli  tv^o 
or  more  rows  of  claw-like  sjjines  on  the  pectorals.  Teeth  with  a  long 
sharp  point,  rising  from  the  middle  and  hooking  backwards  in  the  male, 
blimtish  in  the  female;  females  larger  than  the  males  and  ujore  spinous. 
{Oarman).  Size  medium.  L.  lito2feet.  North  Atlantic;  fou^d  both 
in  America  and  Europe. 

(R'tia  radiata  Donovan,  Hist.   Brit.   FiHli.  v,  pi.  114,  18^0;  Gilnther,  viii.  4(50;  Oar- 
mnii,  I.  c.  177:  Idna  amcrkana  DeKay,  2(!0. ) 

tt  Anglo  at  tip  of  Hnoni  acute,  moderately  produced;  rowH  of  teeth  JJ. 

31.  R.  esclutntcrin  Jia(!^p<>de.— /inVr  Ray. 

Prickles  comparatively  small  and  very  sharp,  most  numerous  on  the 
anterior  portion  of  the  pectoral,  over  the  hea<l^  on  the  snout,  on  the 
middle  of  the  back,  and  '>n  the  tail  botw<'en  the  ix>ws  of  larger  oi.es ; 
enlarged  spines  present  around  the  eyes  air.l  spiracles,  on  the  middle  of 
the  snout,  in  a  median  row  along  the  back,  and  in  two  rows  along  each 
side  of  the  tail ;  these  spines  very  shar]),  larger  and  smaller  ones  alter- 
nating in  the  rows;  a  large  spine  in  the  middle  of  each  shoulder;  a 
spine  between  the  caudal  llns.  Color  brown,  with  ban<!s,  bars,  lines, 
blotches,  and  spots  of  darker  in  the  middle  of  the  pectoral ;  a  translu- 


'  >' 


«  ■• 


4 


CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICTHYOLOGY — IV. 

cent  splice  on  each  side  of  the  rostrum.     (Oarmtm.)    L.  about  2  feet. 

Atlantic  coasts  of  the  United  States  ;  not  very  common. 

{Raia  etjlanteria  Bosc,  MSS;  Lac(5p5de,  Hist.  Nat.  dos  Poiss.  ii,  103:  Raia  desmareatia 
Le  Sucnr,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  iv,  100 :  Raia  chantenag  Lo  Sueur,  1.  c.  103 ;  Garinan,  1. 
c.  179.) 

tt  Anglo  at  tip  of  .snout  mncli  producod,  blunt ;  rows  of  teeth  §^. 

53>  K«  ISBVis  Mitchill. — Barndoor  Skate. 

Angles  of  the  disk  more  acute  than  in  any  of  the  others;  muzzle 
much  produced,  somewhat  shovel- shaj)ed  at  tip.  Spines  of  the  body 
very  few  and  small.  Some  present  above  the  eyes  and  spiracles,  on  the 
snout,  along  the  anterior  border  of  the  pectorals,  and  on  the  back ;  those 
on  the  back  very  small.  A  median  dorsal  row  of  larger  hooked  spines 
extending  along  the  median  line  of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  back 
and  the  tail.  Usually  two  lateral  rows  on  the  tail.  Female  rougher,  as 
usual  among  rays.  Color  variable,  brownish,  with  paler  spots,  which 
are  usually  ringed  with  darker.  The  largest  of  our  Atlantic  species, 
reaching  a  length  of  about  four  feet.  Virginia  northward  j  not  uncom- 
mon. 

(Mitchill,  Amor.  Monthly  Mag.  ii,  327,  1817;  Storer,  Hist.  Fish.  Masa.  18(57,248; 
Garnian,  1.  c  180.) 


93.  B.  y^raneilata  Gill. 

"  A  remarkable  species,  with  the  back  and  ventral  surface  covered 
with,  mifiute  sharp  granular  ossifications,  obtained  by  Capt.  Joseph  W. 
Collins  on  Le  Have  Bank.  A  species  of  the  same  type -as  B.  lavisj  and 
having  30  to  31  teeth  on  each  side;  the  back  granulated  and  slate 
colored;  the  ventrals  distinguished  by  reticulate  markings,  and  the 
claspers  slender  and  scarcely  expanded."    {Oitl.) 

(Gill  MS.;  Goode  &  Bean,  Bull.  Eaaox  Inst,  xi,  1879,  28.) 

2. — Pacific  Species. 

A4.  Vt,  cooperi  Oirard.—liuj  Skate. 

iJisk  broad,  its  widest  part  behind  the  middle.  Snout  long,  regularlj 
long-acuminate,  but  not  very  sharp  at  tip,  the  anterior  outline  of  the 
pectoral  not  nuu^h  undulated,  and  little  concave.  Interorbital  space 
very  broad,  almost  flat,  slightly  depressed  in  the  middle.  Supraocular 
ridge  scarcely  elevated.  Eyes  small,  shorter  than  the  spiracles.  Spines 
on  body  small  and  few.  Two  or  three  small  spines  around  the  eye.  One 
or  two  near  the  centre  of  the  back.  Otherwise  none  on  median  line  of 
back,  in  front  of  bane  of  ventrals,  where  a  serie.s  of  spines  begins,  feeble 


iv    i  20.    RAIID^ RAIA.  ;  :; 

anteriorly,  but  growiug  larger  backvyaM.  Females  (as  in  other  species) 
with  lateral  series  of  spines  on  the  tail.  Upper  surface  mostly  covered 
with  minute  prickles,  which  are  largest  on  the  median  line  of  the  back, 
on  the  tail,  and  the  front  of  the  pectorals.  Disk  smooth  below,  except 
anteriorly.  Teeth  about  ^f,  the  jaws  rather  strongly  arched.  Disk 
one-flfth  broader  than  long,  its  width  twice  the  length  of  the  tail. 
Snout  3J  in  length  of  disk,  2^  interorbital  width.  Color  brown,  with  a 
(lark  ring  at  base  of  i)ectorals.  Upper  surface  everywhere  with  round 
pale  spots.  The  largest  of  our  skates,  reaching  a  length  of  over  six  feet. 
The  egg-case  nearly  a  foot  long.  Abundant  on  the  Pacific  coast  from 
Monterey  to  Sitka. 

(Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Exp.  Fish.  372 ;  Jordan  &.  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus- 

1880,135.) 

a.  R.  rhina  Jor.  &.  Gilb. 

Disk  broad,  the  outer  pectoral  angle  sharp,  farther  forward  than  in 
R,  cooperi.  Anterior  outline  of  pectoral  somewhat  undulated  and  ex- 
ceedingly concave,  so  that  the  snout  is  very  long,  acuminate,  and  taper- 
ing to  the  extreme  point.  Interorbital  space  quite  narrow,  little  con 
cave.  Supraocular  ridges  slightly  elevated.  Eyes  large,  much  longer 
than  spiracles.  Spines  on  body  comparatively  strong;  five  to  seven 
above  the  eyes ;  two  or  three  near  the  middle  of  the  back ;  none  on 
the  median  line  of  the  back  until  opposite  the  posterior  end  of  ventrals, 
where  a  series  of  rather  sharp  spines  begins.  Prickles  on  body  above 
rather  large,  shaq),  strongly  stellate;  those  on  the  snout  largest  and 
most  stellate.  Skin  above  everywhere  prickly  in  the  female;  the 
inickles  small  and  sparse  on  the  base  and  edges  of  the  pectorals  and  on 
ventrals ;  larger  ou  the  median  region  of  the  disk.  Male  with  bases  of 
hus  smooth,  and  the  prickles  generally  fewer  and  smaller;  anterior 
edge  of  pectoral  M'ith  sj)ines.  Under  side  of  disk  almost  every  wuere 
prickly  in  the  females,  smooth  posteriorly  in  the  males.  Mouth  some- 
what arched.  Teeth  |^.  Color  light  brown,  nearly  plain,  with  a  dark 
ring  at  base  of  j)ectorals,  which  grows  obscure  with  age.  Disk  one- 
tiMith  broader  than  long,  its  breadth  twice  the  length  of  the  tail.  Snout 
iK'urly  one-third  the  length  of  the  disk,  3,^  times  the  interorbital  width. 
L  2^  feet.    Monterey  to  Puget's  Sound ;  not  rare.  __  _.^,  .,  , , ., 

(Jordan  &  Gilhort,  I'roc.  U.S. Nat. Mus.  1880,  —.) 

5tt.  R.  bJiiocillntn  Girard.— Common  Skate  (of  California;. 

Disk  broad,  its  widest  part  well  forward;  outer  angle  of  pectoral 
blunt ;  posterior  edge  convex ;  anterior  margin  of  pectoral  uudulated,  not 


44     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

strongly  conoavo ;  .snout  rather  point«Ml  luul  projectinff  al  tip,  but  not 

vory  lonp;,  it.s  aouniiiuition  boinfjf  connntMl  to  its  anterior  half.     lnt<ir 

ocular  spaw  narrow,  jleoply  and  unilbrnily  coiu'avt'.     ICycM  large,  longer 

than  spiraeleH.     Supraocular  ridge  prominent.     Spines  on  body  rather 

stmnger  than  in  related  speciies.     Four  or  live  over  the  eye;  five  or  six 

(rarely  fewer)  along  the  nie<lian  line,  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  hack. 

A  series  of  very  small  spines  along  the  ntiddle  of  the  buck,  changing 

opposite  the  middle  of  the  ventrals  into  a  series  of  rather  strong  hooked 

spines.     Tail  with  a  stiong  lateral  series  in  females  only,  as  usual  in  tlui 

genus.     Prickles  on  the  body  snmll  and  few.     A  small  band  of  si)arse 

])rickles  near  the  median  Vuw  of  back  on  each  sid«»  of  tlu^  median  series 

of  si)ines.     Snout  and  intiMorbital  spac(s  i)rickly.     No  prickles  on  the 

shoulders  o«'  on  the  flns,  except  the  anterior  e«lgei  of  tlu>  j)ectorals.     He 

low  smooth,  excei)t  the  snout  and  front  of  ])eetorals.    Teeth  ■\%.    Jaws 

somewhat  curved.     (Jolor  light  brown,  slightly  mottled;  a  bhickish  ring 

at  base  of  pectorals,  which  beiHunes  faint  in  the  adult.    A  snuill  dusky 

spot  at  base  of  ventrals  and  on  posterior  edge  of  pe<'torals.     Disk  one 

tenth  broader  than  long,  its  brea<lth  twice  tlu^  length  of  the  tnil.    Snout 

one-fourth  the  length  of  the  «lisk,  three  times  the  niteivrbital  width. 

L.  2  feet.     Coast  of  (Jalifornia,  from  Monterey  to  Cape  Mendocino; 

abundant. 

(Girurd,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nut.  8ci.  Philii.  1854,  196:  Umptmi  hiiioculata  (Jimrd,  U.  8.  Pftc. 
R.  R.  Expl.  Fislu's,  :i7:i ;  GiinUi.T,  viii,  -1(54.) 

Vrtr.  incrmis  .Ionian  «Sr  Gilhort  (var.  iiov.). 

Difters  in  the  small  nund)er  aiul  feebleness  of  the  spines  and  prickles, 
and  in  the  presence  of  a  band  of  small  i)rickles  (in  the  females)  on  the 
posteror  ly.a't  of  the  [)ect<)rals,  ))arallel  with  the  edge.  Sujjraocular 
spines  almost  obsolete.  Tw»)  or  three  minute  prickles  oft-en  present  at 
the  shoulder.  A  series  of  minute  stellate  prickles  beginning  near  the 
middle  of  the  back,  be(H)ming  hooked  spines  on  the  tail.  Lateral  caudal 
spiiu's  scarcely  ditVerentiated.  A  band  of  snmll  prickles  on  posterioi- 
l)art  of  the  back.     Males  almost  smooth.     Santa  Barbara,  Cal. 

ftT.  B.  Stelllllnfa.Tonlan  iV  (iilbort.  "" 

""Disk  much  broader  than  long,  anteriorly  broa<lly  arched  ;  the  snout 
vory  obtuse,  but  its  tip  slightly  exserted  an<l  acutish  ;  anterior  margin 
of  pectorals  somewhat  undulated  and  (convex;  posterior  nuirgin  very 
convex.  A  row  of  stout  supraocidar  sjunes ;  about  six  spines  on  the 
scapular  region,  and  a  median  row  of  strong  spines  on  the  tail.  Entire 
upper  surface  I'ougli  with  strong  stellate  prickles;   these  large  C  on 


^..:..„  ,,...^  .::,,;  .U.-r-JV^:  ■    81-    TRYGONIDiE.     \;ir,.%  :/,:,.-;::-■  v.:V,:_^,..  ...      46 

head,  middle  of  buck,  and  on  tail,  lliider  Hide  smooth  except  nnU^ 
riorly.  Teeth  ^|f.  (Jolor  brown,  everywhere  Htrongly  varicKJit^Ml  with 
li^'ht  and  .lark  colorH;  a  bhick  .spot  at  l>aMe  of  eacli  pccNmil,  .snri'ounded 
by  a  pale  rin^,  and  this  by  a  bhu;k  rin^  ;  nuineronM  black  wpots  of  varionH 
hIzivs,  Mome  of  them  ocellated,  Hcatt^jred  over  the  body;  head  with  black 
cr(»s.s-bar.s. 

Di.sk  one  llfth  broader  than  hmin  ;  the  lenj^th  of  tail  more  than  half 
(ho  width  of  dink;  lh(i  Hiiont  4A  in  lenjjth  ofdi.sk,  and  IJ^timeHthe  inter- 
(nl)ital  width  ;  the  «nont  in  as  lon^  a.««  in  hhioculala,  i)nt  mnch  wider, 
appcarinj^  blunt  and  nliorl.  L.  li<J  feet,  iiay  of  Monterey,  California; 
locally  iibun<l}iiit. 

(.JonliHi  &Um>oit,  I'vw.  U.  .S.  Niil.  Miih.  IHHO,  VX\.) 

Family  XXI.—TRYGONIDiK. 

{The  mhiy  Hmin.) 

Disk  u.sually  inon^  or  less  broader  than  lon^  ;  the  pectoral  linHunint<*r- 
niptedly  confluent  in  front,  forininj;  the  tip  of  the  snout;  tail  variously 
formed,  usually  whip  like,  .souuitimes  short  and  stout,  Mometimes  bearin;; 
a  sinji;le  «lor.sal  or  (caudal  lln,  but  never  with  two  d<u-.sals.  Usually  on<M)r 
more  vertical  fohls  of  skin  on  the  tail,  rarely  a  htteral  fohl.  Tail  {generally 
armed  with  a  larjic,  sharp,  riitrorsely  scurate  spiiH'.  on  its  upper  surfmse, 
toward  the  ba.se  (two  or  thn^e  spin^vs  occasionally  present).  Ventral 
liiis  not  (^maTginate.  Hkin  snu)(>th  or  variously  prickly  or  spiiu>us,  rough- 
est on  the  adult.  No  din'erentiattMl  spines  on  the  [tectorals  in  the  nuiles, 
the  sexes  beint;'  similar.  Mouth  rather  small.  Teeth  small,  paved,  usu- 
ally mor<(  or  less  pointed  or  tubercular.  Nostrils  near  together;  nasal 
valves  forming  a  rectangular  tlap,  which  is  joiiu'.d  to  the  upper  jaw  by 
a  narrow  frenum.  Hpiracles  large,  |)Ia.(!ed  clo.se  behi ml  the  eyes.  Skull 
not  elevated,  the  eyes  and  s|>iracles  superioi'.  Ovoviviparous.  Genera 
about  10;  species  i5().  Found  in  most  warm  seas,  some  of  them  in  the 
fresh  waters  of  (Central  and  Houth  Ameiica.  The  large  spine  on  the 
nmscular  tail  is  capable  of  inllictinga,  si^'creajul  even  dangcirous  wound. 
(7'n/f/«nif/(if(iilnUnir,  viii,  i71-'IHH.) 

•Tail  HtioiU,  provided  with  ii  ntycd  «'aii(liil  fiti nuoi.oiMIUH,*  3W. 

•*Tiiil  HidiitUir,  without,  r-auilal  liii. 

tTail  very  Hhoit,  shorter  \\uu\  the  Itroad  (IIhU PTKlu»tM,ATKA,  :i!>. 

trrail  whiii-liii(s  hniKer  than  ihit  ilink Dahvatis,  40 

• 

*  Til  tlio  koy  to  the  fainilieH  of  UaUv,  on  jiaf^e  IMi,  the  ehnracter  !iHsiniie»l  to  Trytjovidn!, 
"Tail  very  Hh^iider,  wlup-like,  itHlliiH,  if  aiiy,Hinall  and  near  itHluiHe,"  does  not  apply 
to  ilie  K»"i»iH  Urolophim,  and  Hhould  he  niodilled.  All  the  "  t'achytua"  luive  two  «lor- 
niiIh  and  a  traou  at  Umnt  of  aeandai  tin.  In  tint  "  MaHti<;nra"  one  or  inoro of  theso  Huh 
are  ohaolute,  and  a  aorrated  candal  Hpiuo  Ih  guuurally  prcHont. 


■i 


it 

Til' 
r 


■     t 


:M 


46      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ^IV. 


3§ IJROLOPHUS  MUUor  &  Henle. 

Round  Sting  Bays.      '        ■ 


if'  '1 1 


(Miiller  &  Heule,  Plagiostouicu,  1837,  173  :  type  Urolophus  aarantlacus  Miiller  &,  Henle 
:=  Raia  critciata  LacdpMe.) 

Disk  oval  or  rhombic,  the  length  and  breadth  not  very  unequal. 

Snout  rounded  or  slightly  prominent.    Skin  smooth  or  somewhat  prickly. 

Tail  rather  short,  little  if  any  longer  than  the  disk,  muscular,  provided 

with  a  distinct  rayed  cpudal  fin  ;  no  dorsal  tin.    Upper  part  of  the  tail 

with  a  strong  serrated  spine.    Warm  seas.,   Size  small.    {<ii'>pd,  tail; 

A«^«r,  crest.)  .    -  . 

*  Skill  perfectly  smooth.  ;  ;     .. 

58.  U.  Iialleri  Cooper. 

Disk  nearly  round,  a  little  broader  than  long,  with  the  anterior  mar- 
gins straightish,  meeting  in  a  slight  angle.  Snout  (from  the  eyes)  longer 
than  the  width  of  the  interorbital  space.  Tail  somewhat  shorter  than 
the  disk.  Skin  without  spines  or  prickles.  ikAor  light  brownish,  with 
marbliugs  and  wavy  lines  of  yellowish  and  dusky,  sometimes  with 
yellowish  spots,  occasionally  with  wide,  obscure  dusky  streaks,  which 
are  crossed  by  similar  transverse  streaks.  Belly  yellowish  tinged. 
Coast  of  California,  from  Point  Concepcion  southward ;  exceedingly 
abundant  in  sheltered  bays.  L.  12.  The  smallest  of  our  sting  rays. 
Closely  related  to  the  Australian  U.  cruciatm,  if  not  identical  witl)  it. 

(Cooper,  Proc.  Ciilif.  Ac.  Nat,  Sci.  iii,  95, ) 

89.— PTEttOPLATEA  Miiller  &.  Henle, 
(Jlilller  &  Henle,  Phif^iostomen,  1837,  168:  type  Raia  altavela  L,) 

Disk  much  broader  than  long,  its  anterior  margins  meeting  in  a  very 
obtuse  angle,  its  outer  angles  more  or  less  acute.  Tail  very  short  and 
slender,  shorter  than  the  disk,  without  tin,  usually  armed  with  a  small 
serrated  spine.  Skin  smooth  or  very  nearly  so.  Size  moderate  or  rather 
large.     Warm  seas.     {7:T£/>aj  fins ;  Trlaria,  broad ;  nrepmtXarsia,  an  ancient 

'Spiracle  without  tentacle.        *•  ,„,  -  ^,>-,         * 

59.  P.  ilUK'.liiru  (Lo  Sueur)  Miiller  &  Htiule. —IMtei'flu  Ray.  1  ..lll'l' 'j^Ji  ' 
Disk  scarcely  twice  as  broad  as  long,  covered  with  perfectly  smooth 

skin.  Tail  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  disk,  with  a  very  slight  der- 
mal fold  above  ami  below.  Snout  a  little  projecting,  so  that  the  anterior 
edge  of  each  pectoral  is  somewhat  concave.  Color  brownish  olive, 
lonely  marbled  with  grayish,  and  finely  speckled.    Anterior  edge  of  disk 


ai.    TRYGONID^ DASYATI8. 


47 


with  half  spots  of  paler.  Tail  with  four  dark  blotches  above,  forming 
half  rings.  (Caudal  spine  wanting  in  all  the  specimens  examined.)  Vir- 
ginia to  Brazil ;  not  uncommon. 

{Ilaia  maclura  Le  Sueur,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1817,  41 ;  Duui^ril,  Hist.  Nat. 
Poiss.  i,  614 ;  Giluther,  viii,  487.)  ,  ' 

60.  P-  niarmok'ata  Cooper. 

Disk  about  twice  as  broad  as  long,  covered  with  perfectly  smooth  skin. 
Tail  3f  in  length  of  disk,  with  a  rather  small  cutaneous  fold  above  and 
below,  the  lower  fold  the  longer,  the  upper  about  as  deep.  Interor- 
bital  space  a  little  shorter  than  the  snout.  Snout  slightly  prominent, 
but  forming  a  very  obtuse  angle.  Olive-brown,  finely  mottled  every- 
where with  darker,  the  dark  forming  rciiculations  around  pale  roundish 
spots.  Toil  without  dark  rings.  Caudal  spine  much  smaller  than  in 
other  sting  rays  ;  present  in  all  specimens  examined.  Coast  of  Califor- 
nia from  Point  Concepcion  southward ;  common. 

(Cooper,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  iii,  112.) 


40.— DASYATIS  Ratiuesque. 

■  .  *  ■  ^ 

Sting  Bays. 

( Try ffQii  Aiianson.) 

(Ratinesque,  Caratteri  di  Alcuni  Nuovi  Geu.  1810, 16:  type  Dasyatis  ujus  Raliue8que  = 
Rata  pastitiaca  Linuicus.) 

Disk  oval,  flat,  with  rounded  angles.  Tail  very  long  and  slender, 
whip-like,  without  tin,  but  often  with  one  or  two  vertical  membranace- 
ous folds.  A  strong  serrated  spine  toward  the  base  of  the  tail.  Skin 
more  or  less  spinous  or  prickly,  rarely  smooth.  Teeth  small,  i)aved. 
A  few  ])apilla;  usually  i)resent  in  the  mouth  behind  the  lower  jaw. 
Sting  rays  of  large  size,  abundant  in  warm  seas.  Many  of  the  spinous 
species  are  nearly  or  quite  smooth  when  young,  {ihtrrn-,  shaggy  or 
rough;  /3«t£'c,  a  skate ;  hence  properly  i>as?y/M/i.'?.)  ;•       vr' 

*  UpiMT  candul  fold  obsolete;  lower  well  dovdopod.     {Ilcmitriffion  MUUcr  «fc  Hculoi.) 

<il.  D.  cciltruil'll$i(MitcIiill)  Jordan  »feGilbert. — Common  Utiiifj  Jiay  ;  Clam  Cravkir; 
Stinganr. 

Disk  a  little  broader  than  long,  its  anterior  angle  obtuse.  Tail  rel- 
atively stout,  about  one-third  longer  than  the  disk.  A  well  developed 
fold  below,  but  the  ui)per  fold  reduced  to  a  mere  trace.  Disk  perfectly 
smooth  in  the  young,  with  more  or  less  of  tubercles  along  the  median 
Hue  of  the  back  an<l  the  scapular  region  in  the  adult.  Buccal  papillsB 
3.    Width  of  mouth  about  half  its  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  snout. 


CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

Caudal  spiue  1^  times  width  of  mouth.  Spiracles  very  large.  Color 
nearly  uniform  brownish.  L.  8  feet.  Cape  Cod  to  Florida ;  common. 
(Perhaps  includes  more  than  one  species.)  .,:-;., 

(liaia  centrura  Mitchill,  Trans.  Lit.  &  PhiL  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  471) :  Pastinaca  ha«talu  De- 
kay,  New  York  Fauna,  Fishes,  373 :  Trygon  hastata  Giintber,  viii,  476. ) 

Ujiper  and  lower  caudal  folds  well  developed.     {Daayatia.) 

63>  D.  sayi  (Le  Sueur)  Goode  &  Bean. 

Disk  rhomboidal,  a  little  broader  than  long,  the  muzzle  moderately 
promiiieut.  Width  of  mouth  contained  about  2i  times  in  the  length  of 
the  snout.  Tail  with  two  well-developed  folds,  the  lower  fold  consider- 
ably the  larger,  both  smaller  than  in  Z).  diptenirm.  Tail  slender, 
prickly,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  disk ;  its  spiue  extremely  long ;  its 
length  2J  times  the  width  of  the  mouth.  Skin  smooth  in  the  youn^^, 
becoming  roughish  with  age.  Several  rather  strong  recurved  spines 
along  the  middle  line  of  the  back.    Spiracles  moderate.    Buccal  papillic 

5  (7).    Color  brownish.     South  Atlantic  States  to  Brazil. 

(liaja  say  Le  Sueur,  Jomu.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1817,  42 :  Trygon  myi  Dumdril, 
Elasraobrauch.  603:  Trygon  pastinaca  part  GUuther,  viii,  478.) 

63.  D.  dipterurus  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 
Disk  rhomboid,  slightly  broader  than  long,  anterior  margins  nearly 

straight,  meeting  anteriorly  in  a  very  obtuse  angle ;  posterior  margins 
curved ;  lateral  angles  rounded ;  tail  nearly  half  longer  than  the  di«k, 
with  a  conspicuous  cutaneous  fold  below  and  a  smaller  but  evident  one 
above;  jaws  considerably  arched ;  buccal  papilhe  3;  teeth  |^.  Young 
perfectly  smooth.  Adult  with  a  row  of  low  but  rather  stout  tubercles 
on  the  median  line  of  the  scapular  region  and  two  others  on  the  humenil 
region.  Tail  with  small  prickles.  Caudal  spine  long,  its  length  nearly 
3  times  the  width  of  the  mouth.    Color  bluish  brown,  nearly  plain.    L. 

6  feet  or  more.     Bay  of  San  Diego,  California ;  abundant. 

(DaayhaUa  dipteriiruH  Jordan  «&  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  31.) 

64.  D.  tuberculatlis  (Lac6p.)  Goodo  &  Beau. 
Disk  rhomboidal,  a  little  broader  than  long ;  anterior  borders  scarcely 

concave,  the  posterior  almost  straiglit ;  external  angles  rounded ;  muz- 
zle pointed ;  tail  below  with  a  cutaneous  fold,  higher  and  longer  thaii 
the  upper  fold,  covered  for  its  posterior  two-thirds  with  small  ossifica- 
tions ;  tail  nearly  2^  times  length  of  disk.  All  the  middle  of  the  upper 
surface  of  the  body,  from  the  posterior  region  of  the  head  to  the  base 


iiMi 


■MM 


-•^  88.    MYLIOBATIDJE. 

of  the  tail,  covered  by  an  armature  composed  of  a  very  great  number 
of  small  bony  tubercles.  Along  the  median  line  an  irregular  series  of 
tubercles  with  the  base  enlarged,  jilmost  quadrilateral,  the  points  directed 
backward ;  a  tubercle  on  the  shoulder  girdle  on  each  side  of  the  median 
Hue.  Five  pnpillai  in  the  mouth.  Jaws  strongly  arched.  Very  young, 
almost  smooth.    Uniform  brown.     {Dumcril.)    Florida  to  Brazil. 

{liahi  iuhcrcnlutu  Lac^pi>d(»,  lli.st.  I'oiss.  ii,  lOG:  Tryyon  tnberculata  DumtSril,  Elasmo- 
braucli.  60.'):  Tnjgon  tuhcrciilata  Giintbcr,  viii,  460.) 

63*  D«  sabiiius  (Lc  Sueur)  Goode  &  Bean. 

Disk  oval-rhomboidal,  scarcely  longer  than  broad,  the  anterior  bor- 
ders lightly  concave,  united  by  rounded  angles  to  the  posterior  borders, 
^hich  are  longer  and  a  little  convex;  snout  projecting;  tail  twice  as 
loug  as  the  body ;  upper  part  of  the  he  1  rough  with  small  spines ;  on 
the  middle  of  the  back  a  row  of  tubercles  commencing  behind  the  head 
luid  prolonged  on  the  base  of  the  tail ;  5  buccal  papilla> ;  two  siiines  on 
each  side  oi  the  shoulder  girdle ;  tail  rough,  with  two  short,  low  cutane- 
ous folds;  uiouth  strongly  arched.  Color  uniform  yellowish  brown. 
[DnmSril.)  "  Distinguished  from  D.  ccntrurus  by  the  shape  of  the  disk, 
tbfl  shape  of  the  caudal  spine,  and  the  wing-like  membranes  on  the 
tail"  {Goode  in  lit.).    Perhaps  '.dcntical  Avith  the  preceding. 

(Tnjgon  sahina  ho  Bnenr,  Jouru.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1824,  iv,  109:  Tri/gon  sahina 
Duui6ril,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  i,  007:  Irygon  tnberculata  Giiutlicr,  viii,  480,  i)art.) 

Family  XXII.— MYLIOBATID^. 

{The  Eagle  Rays.) 

Disk  broad ;  the  pectoral  fins  not  continued  to  the  end  of  the  snout, 
but  ceasing  on  the  sides  of  the  head  and  reappearing  in  front  of  the 
snout  as  one  or  two  fleshy  protuberances  (cephalic  fins),  which  are  suji- 
ported  by  fin  rays.  Tail  very  long  and  slender,  whip-like,  with  a  single 
dorsal  fin  near  its  root,  behind  which  is  usually  a  strong,  retrorsely 
serrated  spine.  Nasal  Aalves  forming  a  rectangular  fh'p,  with  the  pos- 
terior margin  free,  attached  by  a  frenum  to  the  upper  jaw\  Skull  less 
depressed  than  usual  among  rays,  its  surface  raised  so  that  the  eyes  and 
spiracles  are  lateral  in  position.  Teeth  hexangular,  large,  flat,  tessel- 
lated, the  middle  ones  usually  broader  than  the  others.  Ovoviviparous. 
Xo  differentiated  spines  on  the  pectorals  in  the  males,  the  sexes  being- 
similar.  Ventralsnoteniarginate.  Genera  3 ;  species  about  20.  Large 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  10 4  r       . .      ,  -      v 


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50        CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

sting  rays ;  inhabiting  warm  seas.    Similar  in  habits  to  the  Trygonid(H. 
(Group  MijUohatina  Giiiithcr,  viii,  488-495.) 

•  Muzzle  entire. 

a.  Teeth  iu  a  siuglo  series,  very  broiid Aetobatis,  41. 

aa.  Teeth  in  severiil  series,  the  middle  series  very  broad Myliobatis,  4'2. 

•*  Muzzle  emarginatc ;  cephalic  fins  below  the  level  of  the  disk ;  teeth  in  several 
series RiiixoPTEnA,  43. 

41.— AETOBATIS  Miiller  &  Ilenle. 

Bishop  Bays.  ^ 

(BlainvUle;  Miiller  &  Henlo,  Plagiostonxen,  1837:  type  Rnja  narinari  Euphrason.) 

General  form  of  Myliohatis.  Muzzle  entire.  Teeth  flat,  broad,  form- 
ing a  single  series  corresponding  to  the  middle  series  in  Myliohatis^  there 
being  no  small  lateral  teeth,  tipper  dental  lamina  straight,  lower 
curved,  the  latter  projecting  beyond  the  upi)er.  Free  border  of  the 
nasal  valve  deeply  emarginate.  Skin  smooth.  Tropical  seas,  {airo-^ 
eagle;  ftariq,  ray. 

66.  A.  iiariiiaB'i  (Enphrasen)  Miiller  &  Henlo. 

Disk  twice  as  broad  as  long,  its  anterior  borders  a  little  convex,  pos- 
terior concave,  outer  angles  pointed.  Cephalic  fin  about  one-third 
broader  than  long.  Teeth  of  the  lower  jaw  straight  or  more  or  less 
angularly  bent.  Tail  3  or  4  times  length  of  disk.  Brown,  with  small 
round  pale  spots.  {Dnmvril.)  Virginia  to  the  Indian  Ocean;  not  very 
common  on  our  coast. 

{Baia  narinari  Euphrasen,  Vet.  Ak.  Nya.  Handl.  1790,  xi,  217 :  Baia  flagellum 
Bloch,  Schn.  301;  GUnthcr,  viii,  492;  Diimeril  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  i,  G42.) 

42.— MYL.IOBATIS  C.  Dumdril. 

Eagle  Bays. 

(Dnm6ril  iu  Cuvicr  R^guo  Animal,  ii,  ed.  1,  137,  1817  :  typo  Baia  aquila  Linnaius.) 

Disk  broad,  the  outer  angles  Jicute ;  cephalic  fins  forming  a  soft  con- 
vex appendage  in  front  of  the  snout;  jaws  about  equal;  median  teetli 
very  broad,  nuich  broader  than  long  in  the  adult,  i)roportionally  nar- 
rower in  the  young ;  several  series  of  narrower  teeth  on  each  side  of 
the  median  series.  Free  edge  of  the  nasal  valve  not  deeply  emarginatc. 
Tail  very  long  and  slender,  with  a  small  dorsal  fin  and  one  or  more  ser- 
rated spines.  Skin  smooth  or  nearly  so.  Size  large.  In  all  warm  seas. 
(/xyAt'ac,  a  grinder ;  /ISrtV,  ray.)  ,    ,  ,        ,  •„,    _,  .   . 


22.    MYLIOBATID^ RHINOPTERA. 


m 


67.  Itl*  frcminvillei  Lc  Snciir. 

Disk  broader  than  long,  the  breadth  equal  to  the  length  of  the  tail. 

Skin  entirely  smooth.    A  blunt,  whitish  i)r()niinence  over  each  eye. 

]\Iuz/le  prominent.    Teeth  of  the  main  row  4  to  G  times  broader  than 

long ;  small  teeth  in  three  rows,    lleddish  brown.    Tail  nearly  black. 

Cape  Cod  to  Brazil ;  not  uncommon. 

(Lc  SmMir,  Jonrn.  Ac.  N;i'.  Sci.  Phila.  iv,  111:  MtiViohath  fcis/x'nosHS  Dutn6ril,  Hist. 
Niit.  Poiss.  t)37:  Myliobalis  a  (ttoStorer,  Hist.  FiHlj.    Mass.  "J  15.) 

6N.  I^.  californicus  CAW.— California  Sting  Hay;  ISalfixh. 

Disk  not  quite  twice  as  broad  as  long;  the  wings  anteriorly  convex,  po.s- 
tcaiorly  somewhat  concave.  Cephalic  fin  very  blunt,  nearly  4  times  as 
broad  as  long.  Tail  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  disk.  Ventral  large, 
broader  than  long.  Lateral  teeth  in  3  to  5  series  on  each  side;  median 
teeth  only  3  to  4  times  as  broad  as  long,  even  in  the  adult.  Skin  wholly 
smooth.  Color  dusky  brownish,  the  young  somewhat  variegated.  San 
Francisco  southward ;  very  common  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

(RhinojytiTa  vcapertilio  Girard,  Boston  Journ.  N.'it.  Hist.  I<i7,  5-14:  UolorJiiniis  rc/tper- 
filio  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.  18G">,  3;U  (not  Myliohatia  vespertiUo  Blocker); 
Gill,  Anu.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1865,  viu,  137.) 

43.— RHINOPTERA  Kuhl. 

Cow-nosed  Bays. 

(Kiilil,  Miillcr,  Abliandlungen  Ak.  Wiss.  Berl.  1836,  237 :  type  Rhinoptera  brasiliensis 
Miiller=:  Myliobatis  jusaieui  Cuvier.) 

Disk  broader  than  long,  with  the  anterior  angles  more  or  less  acute. 
Snout  more  or  less  emarginate  on  the  median  line.  Cephalic  fln  emar- 
oinate  and  placed  on  a  i)lane  below  the  level  of  the  pectorals,  the  snout 
thus  appearing  four-lobed.  Free  border  of  the  nasal  valve  not  emar- 
ginate. Teeth  in  3  to  20  rows,  the  median  teeth  more  or  less  enlarged, 
but  often  smaller  than  in  Myliobatis.  Tail  long,  whip-like,  with  a  small 
dorsal  fin  and  a  serrated  spine.    Tropical  seas,    {/nv,  snout ;  r.repuv,  fin.) 

69.  R.  quadrilo1>a  (Le  Suenr)  Cuvier. 

Disk  one-third  broader  than  long;  anterior  borders  almost  straight, 
posterior  undulated  ;  muzzle  deeply  emarginate.  Teeth  in  seven  rows, 
the  median  teeth  four  times  as  broad  as  long.  Tail  very  slender,  a  lit- 
tle longer  than  the  disk.  Skin  smooth  or  nearly  so.  Color  brownish. 
Cape  Cod  to  Florida;  not  rare.    Attains  a  large  size.         ^^   -,    .-- ^~ 

[Rixw  qitadriloba  Le  Sueui,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  44 ;  Giiutber,  viii,  494;  Dum^ril, 
Hist.  Nat.  Fkiisa.  i,  648. 


m 


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( 


I'  ■ 

_t  1 1.'  t /i  : 


i 
I 


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..'  !-.> 


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.••fi:**?  ..i-r  jpf!:«-i*T,.«»l" 


52       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


..-il 


Family  XXIIL— CEPIIALOPTERID^. 


{TJie  Sea  Devils.) 

Rays  of  euormoiis  size,  with  tho  disk  broader  than  long  and  the  pec- 
toral lins  not  continne'l  on  the  sides  of  tl.e  head,  the  anterior  or  eephalio 
portion  developed  as  two  long  ear -like  appen<fages.  Mouth  wide,  tcr 
min.al  or  inferior.  Teeth  very  small,  Hat  or  tuhercidar,  in  many  series, 
those  of  the  upper  jaw  sometimes  wanting.  Eyes  lateral.  Nostrils 
widely  separated,  their  valves  united,  forming  a  tlapas  wide  as  the  cleft 
of  the  mouth.  Tail  long  and  slender,  whip  like,  with  a  single  dorsal  liu 
at  its  base,  and  with  or  without  a  serrated  spine.  Ventral  fins  not 
emarginate.  Skin  more  or  less  rough.  Males  without  differentiated 
spines  on  the  pectorals,  the  sexes  similar.  Ovoviviparous.  General*; 
species  about  7.    Largest  of  all  rays  and  among  the  largest  of  all  fishes. 

Found  in  the  tropical  seas. 
(Myliobatidce,  group  B.  Ceratoptcnnn  GUnthcr,  vili,  496-498.) 

*  Teeth  in  lower  jaw  only ;  mouth  terminal Manta,  44. 


B  I 


44.— ITIANTA  Bancroft. 

{Ceratoptera  Milller  Sc  Ilcnlc.) 

(Bancroft,  Zool.  Journal,  1828-'29,  iv,  444:  type  Ceplmloptcra  manta  Bancroft  =  i?am 
birostris  Walbanm.) 

Disk  broader  than  long,  its  exterior  angles  acute,  the  posterior  mar- 
gins of  the  pectorals  concave.  Head  truncate  in  front ;  the  cephalic 
fins  long,  turned  forward  and  inward.  Moutli  large,  terminal.  Teeth 
minute,  present  in  lower  jaw  only.  Tail  whip-like,  often  (always?)  with 
out  serrated  spine.  Skin  rough,  with  small  tubercles.  Two  species 
known.  {Manta,  blanket,  "a  name  used  at  the  pearl  fisheries  between 
Panama  and  Guayaquil  to  designate  an  enormous  fish  much  dreaded 
by  the  divers,  whom  it  is  said  to  devoiir  after  envelojnng  them  hi  ita 
vast  wings.") 

70,  m.  birostris  (Walbanm)  Jordan  &  Gilbert.— iSea  Devil;  Devil  Fish;  Maiifa. 

Disk  not  quite  twice  as  broad  as  long.  Tail  about  as  long  as  the  disk. 
Teeth  in  about  100  longitudinal  series,  which  are  separated  by  distinct 
interspaces.  Skin  of  body  and  tail  everywhere  covered  with  saiall 
stellate  tubercles,  reuderiug  the  surface  very  rough.    Brownish,  the 


24.    CUIM^RID^. 


53 


iiiargius  of  the  disk  darker.  (Dumcril.)  Tropical  waters  of  America; 
uortli  to  North  Carolina  and  San  Diego,  lieadics  a  width  of  about  20 
feet. 

C^liaia  birostria  Walbjiuin  " :  Cephaloptera  rampiiruH  Mitcbill,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N. 
Y.  If'A  '"^•':  DiaholkhihyHdllotii  IIolinoH,  Proc.  Elliott  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1H56,  :{9 :  Cn-atop- 
tcra  vampyrus  Dumcril,  Hist.  Nat.  Puias.  i,  G6U :  Ceratoptera  tampyrua  UUuther,  viU,  498.) 


Subclass  HOLOCEPHALI. 

{The  Chimccras.) 
The  characters  of  the  single  order. 

OuDER  F.-IIOLOCEPHALI. 

{The  Chimccras.) 

Skeleton  cartilaginous.  Gill-cavity  witli  four  clefts  within,  but  having 
one  external  opening  only,  which  is  covered  by  a  fold  of  skin,  within 
which  is  a  rudimentary  cartilaginous  operculum.  No  spiracles.  Mouth 
inferior.  Jaws  without  separate  teeth,  but  armed  with  bouy  plates. 
Intestines  with  a  spiral  valve.  No  air-bladder.  Jaws  and  palate 
coalesceut  with  the  skull.  Derivative  radii  sessile  on  the  sides  of  the 
basal  bones  of  the  limbs,  separated  from  the  articulation.  Pectoral  fins 
normally  developed,  placed  low.  Ventral  flns  abdominal.  Tail  taper- 
ing. Skin  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  its  uuiciferous  system  well  developed. 
A  single  family. 

{Holocepliala  Guuthor,  viii, 348-352 ;  bXoc,  solid;  Ke<pa?i7i,  head.) 


'fj 


.'lii 


Family  XXIV.— CHIM^RID^. 

{The  Chimccras.) 

Body  elongate,  rather  robust  anteriorly ,  tapering  posteriorly.  Head 
compressed.  Mouth  inferior.  Upper  lip  deeply  notched.  Nostrils 
confluent  with  the  mouth,  separated  by  a  narrow  isthmus.  Jaws  with 
the  teeth  confluent  into  four  bony  laminje  above  and  two  below.  No 
spiracles.  Males  with  a  peculiar  cartilaginous  hook,  armed  with  prickles 
at  the  tip,  autl  turned  forward  on  the  uppcir  part  <if  the  snout.  Pectoral 
tins  free,  placed  low.  Ventral  fins  abdominal,  many-rayed,  provided  in 
the  male  with  claspcrs.  Dorsal  fin  usually  divided ;  anteriorly  with  a 
very  strong  spine,  which  is  grooved  behind.  Caudal  fin  low,  fold  like. 
Skin  naked,  rarely  somewhat  prickly.  Lateral  line  present,  usually 
with  numerous  branches  anteriorly.    Three  free  gills  and  two  half  gills, 


^    ; 1,4  . 


:lii 


'm 


I  iPi 


ii" 


'4    Vi 


immi 


54     coxTUiimrioNs  to  nouth  amkuican  ichthyology — iv. 

Olio  on  each  sido.  Istliiuus.  iuoil<»r,U»^;  uill  rakoi's  sinsill.  Ovipamns, 
thi»  ojijr-oaM's  lonjj,  olliptioal.  with  -silky  llIaimMils.  (lonora  *J  ((7uwi(r»<i 
ami  Cfillorhunrlfu.'i);  spooios  about  .^.  Ahoumliiiji  in  tho  soasoltonipor- 
ato  and  ooM  iv}ii»>ns. 

•8uou(  (<oft,  not  tonuinsUiuji  in  a  »ut:n\i-ousl1;ip;  Jail  not  lioiU  uinvanl..CniM,i;K.v,  1,V 

<ia.-riiikn.i<:H;i  MimaMis. 

(liinnaMiH,  Mus.  lN>jii.<>.  Ail.  l'ri<l.  i,  r>;l;  Sjn^t.Nat. :  lypi'  ('Atm<im  »M<tM.>»/nM»<>  1,.) 

Hoa»l  souiowhat  ooiupivssiMl,  the  snout   l>hiuiish.  pn)trudinsj,  lh\sliy. 
not  arnuMl  ai  tip  with  an  appordaji'o.     Kyos  vory  hir.uo,  laloval.    Tooth 
-rathiM'  s«n>nji'.     1-ips  (luoUish,  tho  h>wor  with  a  fiXMiuni.     Latoral  lino 
vsimplo  on  tin*  body,  but  forkiu};  aiitoiiorly,  fonninj;'  sovoral  sovios  o( 
nnu'ous  tnboson  tlio  hcatl.     Malo  with  a  «'hib  sliapod,«'aitilajiint  us  luntk 
on  tho  hoad,  abovo  (Iso  snt>nt.     This  hook  is  ourvoil  forwanl  and  down 
war!,  and  is  arniod  at  its  tip  with  doourvo«l  N[)inos.     Its  tip  lits  intti ;» 
dopivssion  in  front  of  Iho  oyos.     (till  oponin.ii  small.     Pool  orals  niotl 
orafo.     Vontrals  ralhor  laruo.  with  larjio  bilid  or  trilid  olaspors  in  tlic 
inalo.     IMalo  also  with  n>u^h  appondajjos  at  tho  baso  of  tin*  v«M\traIs. 
pixttrudinji"  lVon>  a  shoath  ot'skin.     First  dorsal  trianiiular,  prooodod  by 
a  stiXHiij  spino  whioh  is  uroovod  bohind  ami  .sorratod  on  its  odjios.     ^^H• 
ond  dorsal  ami  «'audal  tins  low,  ottiui  moro  or  loss  notohod.    Tail  o\ 
tondinu  in  tho  hno  of  tlio  axis  of  tho  body,  somi>tinu»s  pi\>dnood  in  ;> 
inainont.     Skin  snu)oth.     Fishos  of  sinjjnlar  appojuanoo;  mostly  of  tiio 
mnthorn  soas;  not  valuod  for  food.     (.M/uit/xi,  Chim<nn,\\  fabulous  mon 
stor,  with  tho  homl  of  a  lion,  body  of  a  j?oat,  ami  tail  of  a  sorponl.) 

«.  Clii»i>oi-s  in  lh«>  male  (rilitl.     ^C^iwum.) 

Tl.  4\  iiliiinlMMi  (<i1l. 

"A  Cliinurra  wi.h  tho  snout  aouloly  produood  :  tho  antoorbital  tloxuiv 
of  Iho  suborbital  lino  oxtondinj?  litllo  abovo  tho  lovol  of  tho  infiMuu- 
inar.'iin  of  iho  t>rbit  :  tho  ^h>rsals  oloso  topothoi';  tho  ilorsal  spino  with 
its  antorioi"  surf;n<»  ronndod  ;  tho  vontrals  trian.u"«ilar  ami  pointod  ;  tlio 
pootorals  oxtonding  to  tho  outor  axil  of  tho  v«>ntrals:  ami  tin*  oolor  nni 
forinly  plmnbt-ous."  ((till.)  Atlantic  ooa^^t  ft\>ni  Capo  Co»l  mirthwanl; 
in  tloop  water. 

(Gill,  Tixw.  Philos.  Soo.  Wa-Mluu«t«>u,  lVc.*A»,  1H77.) 

«l,  CliWpoN  In  fho  malo  MtM.     ( Iliidiiilnfitm*  (^ill.) 

-  -•      '•"  1 ■ Tin       MTI-t       -I  I  ■  II         I      » ail 

•<<m,  V\w.  Ao.  \a(.  Sii.  Pliila.  IS(5i2.  XW  :  typo  rkimoni  colHci.    ((^W,  wfttor;  A.j).V, 
hari)  i  iViHU  tho  form  uf  tho  Uj^ks  auil  tooth.) 


34.    ClMM.V.Uin.K 


HIM.KUA. 


m 


1%,  C'  COlllirl  IVunott. — luii-fKh  :   h:'cfihtint-ji.->h.     — —- -      " ^^-.— -^ «^. 

luxly  ;njlrriorl\  stontisli.  toiuMiuii'  into  a  sloiulor  tail,  which  is  not 
ni^uliu'otl  in  a  filivmoi.l.  IVotorals  about  UvS  lonj;-  ;ks  ho;ul.  Doisal  spino 
3  tho  ItMijith  of  <ho  hoa«l.  SooonU  tlorsal  U>\v,  hiuhost  in  ftinit,  thou 
ry  low,  th'M\  lnjih«M\  tMuiiui;-  abnii>tly  Just  holoro  tho  iH'jjinninu:  of  tho 
»jUM' oaiuhil  foUl.     A  small  fohl  botwivn  tlvst  and  vsoooud  dorsal,  fi^H> 


Y» 


»1 


ft»tn  botli.     l.owor  o;nulal  foUl  lii.uhoi"  than  nppor,  noitlu  v  quito  ix^aoh- 
iuji"  tho  tip  of  tho  tail.    No  tUstinot  i\\\\\\  tin.    C\>lor  siiayivsh,  with  nn- 
iuon>us  nmnd  whito  spots.     Uolh  dorsals  odjiod  with  blaokivsh.     L.  2 
ftH't^    Taoillo  ooast,  fmm  >K*r.ton\v  northwanl;   vory  abundant, 
(nonnott,  lUn^ohoy's  Voy.  Z»H>1.  Tl ;    DnimTil.  r,liU>4i:iobnuiohos,  (>8l>;  (lUnthcr,  vill, 


;>;»' 


,0.) 


/ 


„/ 


U^^^'  i'^"*^^  ^.t)-;-*^ 


1.^.? 


^ 


/  ■ 


\j 


O'nMrA** 


U  h  < 


^vv 


at 


tui 


/ 


<"     .^ 


I 


/Ic^.Vi    Ap^     /'^^^'     ('■"'■' '*^     ^^^■<-'^ 


T^ T 


f  .7 

^  A 


4.:... 


* 


1.  I 


'!    I 


1                 , 

'i- 

1 

^   ii 

'ii 

1 '  || 

1  ' 

uk 

V 

■1 ! ' 

ll 

mm- 

ii 

1 

^Bh 

^^^H< 

^^^K 

HE    ■  '''^ ' 

APDKNDA     TO      M  A  KSI  I  »<  )mrA  N(  H  1 1  J,      i^l.AH- 

MoliKANCJIIII,  lyVii. 


.■f'i 


Nmi'I). — Tlio  (IihI  I'oiiy  oih)  |nijrrH  «»r  llni  pf^'Hcriti  woil<  w«m«i  |»riiil<'«l  in 
\\\v  Mpiiii^  ni'  IH7i>,  iiioi'(^  tliiiri  >i  your  iM'loi'n  work  wiih  rcHiiitMMl  ttu  tiio 
ri'iriiiiiiitiK  purl.  Mraiiwliiln  iiiiiiicioiih  mMilioiiH  iiiivr  Imm^ii  iii}mI«i  tootir 
lisi  of  mIiiii'Um,  wliioli  intty  liii  nolicnl    licro,.     A  I'liw  ♦•rroiH  riiiiy  uUo  lni 


('uiriM 


l«<(l. 


I'tijio 'J,  IiihI  Ihio:  For  " /'//;/V/o»o///rr«/«"  hmkI  /'//>///</» />///////«". 

I'iim^  .'I:  l''(>r  " //.  (7»» ''y^rxm"  rcinl  "I,  It.  hi  iwrolal  innH'uUnH)  iUiiy^\ 
'I'lio  Ltiiirrlrl  orrin'H  iiIho  on  (li«^  coiiHt  of  HoiiMi<<rn  <!iiJiiorni)i. 

I'li^o  (h    l''or".'l.   II.  nIoiiH  l/(»rkinulun  "  roiul  : 
>':|.  II.  (loilllMVVl  Mlllln. 

^' rinin  <'<»lor  or  pin  pliMli,  ||i(M>:il({(t  of  Mm*  low<'r  (old  only  piil<>.  (lillH 
iiHiiiiily  I'J'II.  'r«M<(li  i(>  In  (MM'.ii  HcrlcH.  Ij.  'JO  inclicH.  Mnout  1^0  Wuwh 
ill  loliil  UmikII*;  IkmmI  to  llrHt,  {{ill  opening  lj|;  briiiM-liiiil  rr^ion  H;  tuij 
H.  <!oiiMr  oiTiilU'orni)!  iinij  Honlliwiinl  ;  iiot<  riirr,  lUwiowin^  t'vitiii  the, 
{lill  opcniii^M  or  tlir  rycM  into  I<Im>  IIchIi  of  liu'i^c,  DhIm^h,  nnd  Koon  lc;i.viri(; 
ii'illiln;;  rxrrpl.  IJic  IidmI,  Hkin,  iind  Hkrh^ton. 

"(ildHlrolirttiirhr  il it iii In \j  l,(ii'. ;  Mllllci,  Mr^rii,  ilo  YSnyA.  iSirliii,  iKil,  HO;  lUli.Uniilinna 
jmljilrniiii  (Jril.;  clo.)" 

I'lij^ci  7  :  honipvlta  {I'UilnHjihriuiH)*  hidrnhUnH  find  //.  jtlnnihro,  nrc  p<',r- 
liiipK  ^rncrii'iilly  diHiiiicI,  >ih  IIm^  liii/^inil  Icclli  in  llicJornM^riirc.  pccMruiti) 
iiikI  in  Mhi  lidlrr  ohNcinrcly  triciiHj)idiil().  Tlio  diH^noHJM  ol'  humpvira 
HJioiiM  Ito  niodilird  iiccordtn^jy. 

J*UK(^  H:  "5.  h.ritilu:rtHloii^^i\.\u]^^ii.  //.  ««/or/"  Hlionld  lie  siippn-HHod, 
iihIIh\v  llr(^  piohiibly  idnitinil  willi  I'J.  IrhlrvfalVH, 

I'lilfo  l.'J:  l''or  "(liN()i,YM(»HToMATii)/io"  rrjMJ  "  HcYUJiD/i;";  tirid 
iiiMlcr '*/"  for  "vcntriilH"  mid  "  pcctoriil". 

\\\\i,i\  15:  SonniioHHH  PiirnHrpliiihiH  Is  nlMindniit- on  t\w.  Viwittv,  c/mihI 
ridiii  rnpci  I'lallcry  norlliwiird.  'rwrlClli  lino  Iroin  t  lie.  hot  torn :  For 
"ptM'lorulH"  rend  "vi'.ntridH". 

I'lijjfci  17:   hiHtcnd  ol'  "  h'tiniily  Vf. — flhfilymoNfnmnh'dfr^^  etc.,  rcful : 

*(»lll,  MHH.  Pror.  Ac.  Nut.  He),  riillii.  IWI'i,  :v.\,  not,  «tliiirn«;tiii/,««l.  (tvror,  within  J 
ttpiv,  wt'dun;  Cniiii  Mio  Niiiiin  iiiiixllliiry  toolli  w«-(1k«'»I  In  botwiuui  tlu!  oIIk'Th.) 

w 


l>  * 


J:y 


1      -'hi 

:  '1   i! 


58       CONTltlUUTlONS   IH)    NOltTIl    AMlUilCAN    ICHTllVOLOaV — 17. 

"  Family  VI.— S(!VLI.II  Dyl^l. 

"(77<(t  lumssrltrn.) 

"Sliiirk.s  \vi(li  (nvo  dorsiil  Ihis,  willioiil  N|)iin>s.  i\u\  1\\'hI  iibovo  or  Im>- 
liiiwl  (li<^  vtMiti'iils.  Aniil  tin  prcsiMit,  n.suiill.y  Ix^low  (ho  mccoikI  (hu'Niil; 
ciiiKliil  iiii  nitluM'  loii^,  with  or  without,  a  Itasiil  Io1m\  Tiiil  not  k«>rl<>(l. 
Hpiriii'h's  proscnt.  No  niclitiitin^;'  nHMnhnin(>.  !j;iNt.  ^iill  opcnio};'  iibovo 
tho  root  of  th(>  pectorals.  INIoutli  nsinill.y  hroiul,  with  sniiill  t(M>lh,  Ni'v- 
oral  Not'ios  bcin^'  in  t'nnrtion.  Trclh  with  a  nuMlian  <'ii.sp,  and  I  to  t 
.sn»all  ont'M  on  oach  Ni<l(>.  I'sini'il.v  a  <lislinct  t'nnow  at  tho  aiij,Mo  of  tla; 
nn)nth.  Nostiils  noar  tho  month,  MoiiH'liintvs  conlliM'nl.  with  it,  some- 
tinu's  prox  iih'd  with  rini.  Oviparons.  (l(»Iora(ion  ol'ton  varicjiatt'd. 
Tho  Of»}i:  cast's  jpiadrato,  with  pl•ohonsih^  tnhcs  at  th^^  aii};h>H.*  HInirks 
of  the  warm  soas.    (ionora.  8  or  0 ;  Hpccitvs  alxml  .'tO. 

"{SrnllihUr,  (JllnniiT,  viii,  KMMU.) 

'"*  NoNtrils  coiitliioiil  with  llu>  nioiUh  ;  cuutliil  IumiI  iiiiwunls,  with  ItiiHiil  loho.     (din- 
Hhimostumatiiuv.) 
•'(I.  'I'oi'th  ill  hotli  JawH  in  tunny  N»>rioH,  (>iii'h  wilii  iiHlniii^^nKMliiiii  ciin)),  tiinl  one  dv 

two  Niiiiillt-r  iMispH  on  omli  sido  ;  imsiil  ririi  pr«'Ni>iil (Jinoi.yskksi'uma,  |;i. 

«  »»  Nostrils  not  conllniMit  with  Iho  moutli  ;  t'luuliil  not  hriit  ii|nviir<lH.     (.SVi/Z/i/fKr.) 
"ft.  NoHti'ils  si'panitiMl  by  tin  isthniiis;  no  niiHtil  t'iiri ;  tail  not  H<«rnil(>ii. 

Wi;yi.i,h)M,  l:»  (/)). 

"  ISl.  -<;ilIV4a.VITIOKTO!TIA  Millh-r  iS:  llonlo."     (Soo  jmih'i  IH.) 

"  i:i  (ft).— 8€VLIilllI?l  Oiivior. 

"(Oiivior  l\i'>;>n('  .\niiiial  cil.'J,  IS',".):  \y\\oSi'!iUium  r<tl>ihiHVn\ .  Si/ikiIiih  ,s/(7/(((in(Jiiu'I,) 
"  lUuly  ratiior  stont.  Iload  moro  or  h>ss  NlM>rti  aiul  broail,  tho'iioiil 
low' and  bhiid.  I\lontl»  rathor  larjjo.  'lV»v(li  small,  sharp,  trit-iispid,  in 
abont  I'onr  rows.  Labial  I'ohl  small  or  obsol(>to.  Nostrils  imt.  conlliiciil 
with  tho  month,  soparatod  by  a  broad  isthmns  from  oai^li  othor,  cadi 
with  a  froo  tlap  aiul  n«)  cirrus.  Spiracle  nuidcratc,  clo.so  behind  tlic 
oyo.  First  «lor.sal  bcoitmin};:  over  vent rals;  secon«l  dorsal  nearly  over 
anal.  Tail  slendt>r,  not  much  beid  upwards.  S|)ott(>d.  NVarnu>r  parts 
of  tho  Atlantic  and  Tacitlc.  As  hero  undcrstoo«l,  distin^ui.slied  from 
ISvylliorliiiius  iUainvillc,  ISIO  {8.  caniculits  Ij.),  by  tho  scparatti  nasal 
valves,  {trxiikktov^  a  shark  from  irxiiHUo,  (o  tear.) 
•'*lIoiul  vory  bwadaiul  dopivasml,  broador  than  loiijif.     {Cci)huJo,i<\iiHiitm\  (Jill.) 

•In  HctatuUmtidd'  t ho •<jrK-«'»»«'«  '""o  without  tcntacU's  and  spirally  twistod.  Exc(>i>t 
tln<  SrjiHiUiv  and  llctci'tuhuituhv,  «)nr  sharks  ar«>  all  ovovivi)>aroiiH. 

tC.ill,  Ann.  I^yo.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  l«il.  4l'J:  typo  SciiUiitm  ;aN'a;/)N  l)uin(<rll.  (Kc^a^v, 
head;  OKiiAhiir,  Soyllfuiu.) 


Ani)KNP\    TO    MAUHII'OIUlANOIIir,    KI^AHMOnRANCinr,    KT(J 


10 


•»  |H  ('»)•  W.  vcnIrloNlliil  Oiiriiintt.— .S'i(T/f  .V/»«rfc. 

^'(ii'iiyiHli,  (iii);:(Ml  lirlow  wilJi  ycillowiHli.  Ilaitk  witli  hhwk  cross  htirH, 
ii|>|M>r  purlH  with  l)tr^<^  i'oiiikI  hhwU  Npnts;  sidrN  iiImo  with  hiiiiiII  whitish 
H|)otH.  11(^11(1  very  hroiid  iirid  <[.  )>n>SH(Ml,  luoiuhtr  Ihnii  hui;^',  iiiiil  iioUiiilf 
lis  ilcop  us  lii'oiMl.  Snout,  V4>i'y  l><iiiit,  projecting  lit  t  hi  beyond  the  rnontli. 
Month  very  broiid,  htt.le  iirclied,  witli  only  a  UwAt  of  hiltiiil  lohl.  Teeih 
Hiiiiiiiir  in  botii  Jsiwh,  Hunili,  tricnspiil,  in  iibontf'our  series,  J|y  in  nnniber. 
|<'irst' (lorsiil  be^innin^  over  iniihneoI'ventriilM;  second  dorsal  be<^nnnin^ 
hcliind  front,  of  nnid  ninl  <'nilini;  before  ernl  of  xnal.  When can;;ht,  this 
Nliark  inflates  its  stomach  with  itir,  like  the  'l'rtrniltnu!'l(i!,  fill  its  diam- 
eter is  on(5-t>hir<i  ifs  whole  len|rth.  II,  will  then  lloat,  belly  n|)wa,rd  on 
the  watiH".  \j.  15iJ  WH.  Motderey  to  (!hili;  very  ubnndant  in  IHu.da 
Kai'bara  Channel.  A  sniall,  voracious  shark,  often  taken  in  lobstcr- 
pol.s, 

"((Jiirniiiii,  Hull.  MiiH.  (!(>iii|i.  'AimA.  \'\,  1(>7:  |HH(»,  M  Sciflliiim  lulUcpH  \\\\r  |)iiiii<'iiil, 
K(«\.  el  Mux.  /'<•<'!•  If^r>;',  Hi,  |»l.  H,  IIk- -i-  <'i'l'li<ili>n(jilliiim  laticvpH  .Ionian  iV  (iill)(  if,, 
I'n.c.  II.  H.  NaL  Miih.  IHrtO,  40.)" 

ViiliU'i  It),  in  key,  after  "a",  add: 
"  I/.  I'liiilii'.yo  not,  ut,lHi,li<)<l  l,o  llioutoriiHlty  u  |thii;oiil,ii;  t,(t«t,ji  all  oliUiso,  willuMtl,  haHiil 

«)UH|IH Mll.HTia,IIH,    I 'I. 

'■)///.  Kiiibryo  al,l,u(rli<Ml  to  ilto  iitoriiH  l>y  a  iilu(;«)nt,u;  moiik;  of  Mio  tiol.li  |)oiiit.fil,  i.ai'h 
wiMi  oiidor  l,w<»  buHal  cnHpH IfiUNoruiAciH,  It  (/;)," 

After  "/"<"1<1: 
";.  I'ltHli  do'/Nul  iioaroi-  v»ut,n.lH  tJiaii  poctoralH  ;  omitryo  not,  atlaolusd  (,o  tlm  iiIitiih  liy 

a,  platMMita ('AitcnAiti,M;H,  IH. 

";r.  Fli'Ht,  (loiHal  lUMirnr  |M>ol>oralH  tliaii  vittitralH;  (^tiihryo  aMaclit-d  (<»  iiltriiH  liy  a  [da- 

i'vuin EULAMIA,  IH  (/;)." 

After  ".//"add: 

*'///•  'I'ooMi  ill  upiHir  jaw  Hctrruto  at  hnm\  in  lowor  Jaw  oiilini If  vi'oi'iifo.v,  lit  (b)." 

Pan(i2():  Eraser  "L'O.  MuHtvlm  aali/ornicuH''^  whi(;h  is  doubtless  id(;ri- 
tical  with  Mmtclns  hinwduH,  and  add  : 

"I'l  (/;).-Klldl^OTIIIA(;i8  Uill. 
"  ( VkimwrimyUm  (iill,  1H(;4. ) 
"((iill,  rro(5.  Ao.Nat.Sol.riiila.  \mi,  Am-.  iy\w  IthUiotrimiH  hmlviVM.) 

"Charaetcirs  of  tln^  {^enus  MmfduH,  ex<!epl,  that  eacli  CMid)ry()  is  at- 
tached to  the  uterus  by  a  jdacenta.    The  teeth  are  sharper,  some  of  them 
bcin}>-  |)ointed,  and  with  one  or  nu)rc  short  basal  cuspH.    Warm  Heus. 
(/If.-,  snout;  Tfieinxt<;j  Triaciis.) 
«'20.-R.  hciilcl  Uill.'' 

(Seo  text,  "22.  T.  henleV^;  coast  of  Californm;  not  uncommon.) 


I 


^  '■.  J. 


r 

I 

t 


fgggH 


IHil^Kl 


li   i 


t  ,;.  '    I 


60        CONTKimiTlONS   TO    NOUTII   AMERICAN    ICIITIIV3L00Y — IV. 

**20  (/').  U.  IlKViM  (UiHHo)  Jonltiii  &,  (iillu>rt. 

"A  small  .shark  rcstMiibliiifj;  Mmtelus  liinintliiH  junl  li.henlei,  hwt  dilJVr- 
mg  from  tho  I'ormor  in  tho  Uoiititiou  ami  in  tlui  attimlimcnt  of  Mic  cm 
I  ryo  to  tho  ntcrns  by  u  placenta,  and  from  thci  latter  in  the  blnntcr 
teeth.  Only  those  in  the  posterior  part  of  the  npperjaw  have  a  basal 
cusp,  and  these  usually  but  one  only.  This  species  is  found  on  tln^ 
coast  of  Europe  and  Africa,  and  is  accredited  to  our  Atlantic  fauna  by 
Gilnther  (viii,  380). 

"(.WuntchtK  lirrix  Ki.sso,  Kiiropo  Mt^Midioiiiilc,  iii.  Vi7  :  ^flls^(■hls  hvrin  (Jiliitlicr,  viii,  ;?sr>: 
I'h'iiraa'omnlon  IwriH  (iill,  rnic.  Ac.  Nat.  Hci.  I'liila.  lH(i4, 118;  not  of  Jurduu  iV,  (iilbert, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  I8H0, 52,  —  lUiiHotriaciH  hcnlei.y 

Page  21:  Oalcorrhinus  yalcmj  the  "Oil  Shark",  is  very  abundant  on 
the  coast  of  California,  especially  soutliward.  Its  teeth  are  coarsely 
serrated  on  the  outer  margin  near  the  base  only.  Galcocerdo  tigrinm 
also  ranges  nortliAvard  to  San  Diego  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

l*ages  23 :  Carchnrinm  <jlancns  oc(!urs  on  the  coast  of  California. 

Page  22:  Instead  of  "**"  insert: 


IS.  .   -1  ' 


..j: 


"  1§  (/>).— EIJLABIIA  Gill. 
"  (Gill,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  18^51, 401 :  typo  Carcharias  lamia  Risho.) 

"Body  rather  robust,  the  head  broad  and  depressed  ;  mouth  inferior, 
with  the  teeth  in  both  jaws  strongly  serrated  in  the  adult;  less  so  or 
entire  in  the  y«)ung;  those  in  tho  upper  jaw  broad,  those  below  narrow, 
straight,  and  nearly  erect.  No  spiracles.  I*'irst  dorsal  largi',  i)lace(l  not 
far  behind  i)eetorals.  iVctorals  falcate.  SecoTid  dorsal  small.  lOiii- 
bryos  attached  by  placenta',  to  the  uterus  as  in  ScoUodon  and  Rh'motria- 
ck,*  (In  CarcharinuH  ijlacentai  are  not  developcKl,  according  to  Augnsto 
Dumeril,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Poiss.  i,  2 14.)  Species  numerous,  ^ew,  well ; 
Xaiua,  Lamia  or  Lamna,  a  fabuU)us  monster,  from  Xat/id-y  devouring 
hunger.)" 

Page  22 :  The  species (»f  ^^J'Julamia^^  should  stand  as: 

"2(}.  E.  ohmtm  (Le  S.)  Cill",  "27.  JE7.  milberti  (M.  &  U.)  Cill",  and 
"27  {b  .  /';.  lamia  (Kisso)  Gill". 

Page  23:  Under  "K. /<m»rt"  add: 
"ai  (/').  E.  lumia  (Risso)  UiW.— Hay  Shark. 

"  Body  robust,  the  back  elevated.    Uead  broad  and  Hat ;  tho  snout 


*  So  far  as  known  to  hh,  t.l:?  embryos  in  all  onr  ovovlviparous  Hlmrks  except  Eula- 
mia,  Scaliodon,  uud  liluHotriacia  ui'O  without  x>laucuta. 


ADDENDA   TO    MAKSIPOmiANCIIII,    ELASMOIJRANCHII,    ETC.      61 


loiif?,  but  wide  lunl  r()Uii<l(Ml,  its  Ic^iiKth  from  inouth  greater  tlmn  rtiH- 
tiuiee  between  no.strilH,  wiiicli  are  iiean^r  Hiiont  tJuiii  aiigh^  of  the.  mouth. 
Ky*^  inocU'iate.  Teeth  ^JI,  th<!ir  form  as  in  J'J.  lamia, ilm  np[K5r  n^gularly 
trii'-iguhir,  without  noteh,  nariow  in  Ihe  young,  the  lower  narrowly  tri- 
angular, ereirt,  on  a  broad  l)a.s(s,  all  tlu!  teeth  diHtinctly  an«l  evenly  Her- 
rated.  First  dorsal  beginning  at  a,  distane(i  a  litl.le  less  than  its  own 
l)as(>  behind  tin;  peetorals,  and  (ending  at  a  ]>oint  a  little  more  tlian  its 
own  base  behind  the  venirals.  Jleight  of  first  <lorsal  two-thirds  the 
depth  of  the  body;  piH'toral  reaching  jiast  first  dorsal.  Second  dorsal 
very  small,  not  one-sixth  the  height  of  the  first,  smaller  than  anal  and 
nearly  ojtposite  it.  Tail  .'{^  in  length.  Color  i>lain  light  gray.  Warm 
Bcas  north  to  Sail  Diego  Bay. 

''Our  spiMMinens  «liffer  from  descrij)tions  of  E.  lamia  in  not  having 
the  first  dorsal  higher  than  *hc  body,  and  insisrted  (!lose  behind  the;  root 
of  the  jieetorals.  In  E.  ohscura  and  U,  mUberti  the  upper  teeth  are 
deeply  notched  on  tluitmter  margin". 

rage24:  After  ^^Inogomphodon  UmhatiiH^^  udd: 


"19  (/>).— II YPOFRIOIV  MiilNT&HciiK 
"  ( Ifypojmonodon  (Sill.) 
"(MiillfT  A.  II<Mil<>,  rifiKioHtoTiicn,  1H37,  ;?4:  typo  CarchariaH  mnrloli  MiiHor  &  Ilonlo.) 

"(yharaeters  essentially  as  in  TJulamia,h\\t  with  the  Imcer  tcath entire, 
the  upper  teeth  coarsely  serrated  at  base  only,  on  one  or  botli  sides ; 
lower  teeth  erect.    (n;r<),  below j  7r/n'«v,  saw;  the  upper  teeth  being  ser- 
rated at  base.) 
"ttM.  II.  brcvii'OKti'iN  IVx^y.  • 

"Snout  obtuscs;  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  with  the  base  serrate  on  both 
sides  I  jiectoral  tins  moderate,  llluish,  fins  without  black  sjiots.  {Povy.) 
West  Indies;  occ;iMional  on  our  Clulf  coast. 

"(l'(M\Vi  HynopsiH  Vm\  CubonHinm,  IHfJB,  451:  Carcharian  hrcviroHtriH  (i\h\t\u)T,  viii, 

•M.y 

Pag(»s  2({,  20,  .'{0,  .'{1 :  Sphyrna  zyr/wna,  Lamna  eornuhica,  Gareharodon 
rondclctiy  Cetorrhinns  maximiin,  and  a  species  of  Innrns  (i)robably  I.oxyr- 
rhyiwhm)  occur  on  the  coast  of  California. 

Pago  34 :  For  the  key  to  genera  substitute : 

"*Gill-opcnin{j;HRix  on  oacli  sido TlEXAxruffl,  31  (h.) 

'•''*0ill-<>pt;inng8H«vcu  on  each  eido IlEPTHANcniAS,  32. 


,  -r 


(■ 


J       t  I* 


iif 
1 


V,    4' 


'         "I! 
!;'       3'. 


'ii; 


62       rONTliimrTFONH    TO    NOUril    AMKKH'AN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

"ttM'').- llKXAI^C'IHrH"   KiitlicHriiio. 

"{XotlflamisVwx'wr.) 

" {]in(\noHi\\u\  Cnn\Hvr\  <li  Alciiiii  Niiovi  (•ciutI,  rtc.   into,  14:  <y|ti>  StiiioUiH  grificii» 
IiimiiiMiH.) 

"  rnjiticlii;)!  nportuiVH  «/,p«mo!i('Ii  nh1<>;  olli(<rwi.s»>oHS(MitlnlIy  jim  in  Thp 
tr<t)iclii(f.s.    Two  sixM'ioH  known.     (?^,  hIx;  rtj'X(»T,  ImmhI  or  situiN;  lor  gill 
ojMMiin.u'.) 
**ll  (l')t  II.  coa'InuiH  Jordan  ^  (tilltort,— ■^ftfMrf-nosrrf  iSVifjfH*. 

"i'olijr  almost  black,  iinsi)ol«('(l ;  ii  ji:r!i.viMli  liilrnil  striMik.  llrad 
lar}j:o,  broad,  dj^prcsscd  and  blnnl.  No  median  loodi  in  upper  Jaw, 
About,  HJx  pointed  tcetli  in  iVont  of  upper  jaw,  all  entire  and  willioul 
basal  <'nsi)s.  Kext.  tlire<i  teeth  with  (Mitiro  edges  and  a.  sinj;le  <'usp  on 
the  outer  margin.  HiMuaining  teetl|  of  u|)p«M'  Jaw  serrate  on  the  inixM- 
margin,  and  with  two  or  more  basal  ei;s])s  on  theoutcM*.  INIetlian  eusp 
of  low<M'  Jaw  very  small.  Other  tetnh  with  six  etisps,  the  llrst  tla^ 
largest,  the  others  regularly  smaller,  the  inner  «>dge  in  tluuidulls  ser- 
rated. Tail  h>ng,  twiee  as  long  as  head,  ii  little  less  tlnin  one  tliii'd  tli(> 
total  length.  JSealcs  on  upper  odijo  of  tail  euhirged.  Monterey  to  Tu- 
got's  Sound. 

'•(.lordiiii  A:.(.;ilb«Ml,  Troc.  IJ.  H.  Nut.  Miih.  IrifiO.IlG'i.) 

"Jia.  IIKPTRAlMrillAM  Uiiiliiomino. 
' '  ( XoUvh>it«'h  IIS  AyroH. ) 

"(UiifinoHqiio,  CariiitiM-i  di  Alcutii  Nuovl  Oonori,  oto.  1810,  III:  iy]w  SqimhiH  oincrcHf 
Gmolin.) 

"(^«ill  «)peuings.srrr«  oneaeh  si«le.    Three  speeies  known,    (^^rri,  sovon; 
Ppay^ia^  gills.    The.  eliaugo of  this  name  to  "  UvptnuvhuH''^  is  hardly  Justi- 
liable.) 
♦♦  l»2.  II.  Bliartililtiis  (AyrcH)  Oirnrd. 

♦'Sandy  gray,  with  sonu^  round  black  spots,  larger  tluui  tho  pujiil, 
rather  sparsoly  placed.  Head  rather  d(»pressed ;  the  snout  broad, 
rounded;  th(»  nostrils  near  its  tij);  spira«'les  large,  nearer  the  gill-op(Mi- 
ing  than  tho  eye;  a  long  furrow  at  tho  anglo  of  th(^  mouth.    No  nuMlian 


*Tho  noo.«s.siU<'N  ol'  iniiiionclahiro  ofloii  riMiiiiro  (lio  H\il)8(itullon  for  tlio  iiainoof 
tlio  <y])i<'Ml  ficniis  ol'  a  I'aniily  of  noiik*  1<>h,s  familiar  but  earlier  Tiatiu\  a»  llmiiirliiiii 
iV)r  \otii{(inu.i,  Cdfchnrias  i'or  OdoiiioKpin,  ?)(i,ii/ft(i/H,v  lV»r  '/Vi/j/o/t,  <'(o.  I(  Ih  i)rohal)ly  iiu- 
lUH'ossary  to  chaiijjo  wi  ll-Uno\vn  iainily  iiaiiieH  toacconl  willi  thoHe  <'1ianK(\s.  Auiomk 
our  sharks  it  \a  jterliaiis  l)otit>r  (o  retain  llie  old  family  names  Odontnspididw,  Notiilnni- 
ihv,  ('fsfnu'ioiilidir,  instead  of  CanhariiiUr,  Jlrxaiichidai,  and  Ihtiiodoutidw,  uh  ^iven  in 
Ihe  text.  The  njinio  Canhariidiv,  UHed  by  varione  authors  for  (ho  (Inlcorrhinidiv,  is  in- 
eligible, bccauso  tho  name  Carcharias  rightfully  belongs  to  a  gonus  of  another  family. 


ADnr.NUA    TO    MAUHII'OIIUANCIIH,    Kr.AHMOnUANCIlII,    KTC.       03 

IcMtlli  in  upper  j!i\v.     TwohiiuiII  \vv\\\  uvuv  iniavihvr  in  front,  niniplr  iiml 

iMiinl*'"! ;    lw<>  a.  liKlo   liirfxcr,   Ix'liinU  ninl  oiilNidc   of   flM-Nc,   tln-ti   two 

oliiciH  diroc'dy  Iirliiinl  llio  (ii.sl,  pair.     Ncixt,  on  cavli  hUU",  a>  luofli  rnncli 

lin'K*')';  p(>iiiN'<l)  ^villi  a  ronspicniHis  rtisp  on  tlui  otitci'  Ni<l()  at  baH<i,  and 

Olio  or  umni  «l<>nH<'nlaii<»ns  iM'side.    TUv  otlicr  <<M't,!i  an^  lar^rr,  Himilar, 

but  >n(»r<'  m'lnilcd  and  nions  olilicpic,  a|>pi'osi<'liin};  llio  lowrr  tr«'tii  in 

form.    1'ln^  nu'diaii  tuotli  in  Mio  lower  jaw  in  broiid,  with  n  small  nicdiau 

(MiHp  and  two  or  tliico  lait,'!^'  latnal  «'iih|^  on  eacli  nidr.     'I'lir  rjtlior 

teeth,  <»  on  each  Hide,  are  tniieli  broiider  than  hi;,di,  with  ahoiit.  l-(»  Hharp 

oiilwanl-direeted  iMispM.     The  llrNt.  ensp  in  loiifjcHt    ami   beiirw  a  Hiiiall 

tooth  near  its  l)ase.     These  teeth  are  <piitei  Himilar  and  iiirieane  Hli^htly 

in  size  iUitwardM.    Tail  lon^r,  L'7  in  total  length,  the  eaiidal  tin  moHtly 

below  it.    Anal  Hinall,  just  bchiii<l  the  Hmall  dorsal.    Coast  of  Calit'oriiia 

Hinl  northwani ;  eoinmon. 

"{XotovliiinrhiiH  mnciilalHn  Ayres,  I'roc.  Cat.  A<iul.  Nut.  Scl.  i,  72 ;  not  NoUdanm  iw^'im 
(!iivl«r,  otc.)"  , 

raue 'U»,  fiMirth  line:  After  "small"  add  "  or  wanting'". 
Under  "  *  ",  after  "  thiek",  instead ol  "  usually  with  rayed",  <;tc.,  read 
"with  two  dorsal  tins", 
tinder  "**"^  instead  of  tlio  text,  read:  "Tail  with  oiio  dorsal  tin,  or 

IIOIH^" 

raj?o  .IS:   A  Her  "  RhinnhafKs  pr(uluo(vn^^  a(hl : 

"}  Aiit.iirifir  iiiiHiil  vnlvo  proloiifriMl  (u  llui  internal  ati^lo  of  Mio  iioHtrilH;   Htioiit  not 
oloiifjato.     {Sjinliinii*  Millhu"  «St.  IFonlc.) 

"Disk  rhombic,  ab(»iit  as  broad  as  h)ng.  The  snout  prominent,  but 
bliintish  at  tip,  anterior  ?narf^in.of  jx-etorals  forming  less  than  a  rij;ht 
iiiijile.  Eyes  rather  larpje.  Rostral  ridges  Hei)arate  their  whole  h-nj^th. 
Tiiil  stont,  depressed,  with  a  narrow  lai«^ral  fold,  npper  siirfaeo  entirely 
(!()vered  with  stont,  elose  set,  sti^llaied  prickles  of  ditVerentsi/es,  lar^<^st 
on  the  bases  of  the  pectorals  and  smalh^st.  on  the  outer  (mI/^cs  of  the  fins, 
tliose  on  the  Hp  of  snout  andanti^rior  e<lf^eof  the  pectorals  noteidar^ed. 
Stout,  bliintish,  sli};htly  recurvcil  Mj)ineH  present  as  follows  :  ihm  at  th« 
upper  anterior  an^jh^  of  the  <\yo  and  two  Ix'hind  it ;  on<',  lar^e  one,  at  tho 
middle  of  tlui  shoulders,  in  iVont  of  whi<',h  are  two  others;  two  Hcries  on 
ilio  shoulders  outside  the  median  line,  the  iniuT  of  two,  the  outer  of  two 
to  four ;  a  serii^;*  of  about  a  do/on  on  the  incMlian  line  of  tlu^  back  and 
tall  J  no  lateral  scries  on  tho  tail.    Soxes  aiuiihir.     Under  side  covered 

•Mllllor  &.  TlcMilo,  PlagloHtoinou,  113:  typo  Syrrhina  oolumnm  M.  &  II,     {iriiv,  to- 
gotlier;  {)iv,  Hiiout.) 


-,  ^' 
i] 

"I 


I 


64      CONTICIIUITIONM    TO    NORTH    AMKUICAN    ICHTHYOi.Oin' IV. 


•h  '■' 


.  •  > 


t    ' 


wKli  shujjnuMi,  imulr  of  tri)in}j;iil!ir  (loprcssihlo  nMpnilloM.  K«»y:loii  IVmu 
tlu»  nostrils  t(»  Mm^  sliouMor  ^irdlo  .siii(»olli,  i'M-rpI  lln«  lowtT  lip.  A  Irw 
otluTsiniill  ii;ik('»l  iiiTiiM  Ik>Io\v.  I'ltpcr  lip«l«>\  riopcil.  'IV«'(li  ij;^,.  Color 
brown,  iii«»ttl(>il  iiiid  l):in-«>«l  willi  Itiiickisli ;  n  hIiicU  liloicli  on  liindiT  pntl 
ofptH-tonils  liclow.  'rnil  rntin>r  slioilcr  I  linn  ilisk.  I'^irst  dorsiil  nod  t'lir 
iM'liind  vcniinls.  Snonl  ono  lll'lli  lln>  l<'n«;tli  of  disk,  (wico  Iho  inln-or 
biliilspiU't .  S;in  !)i<>}i»)  liny  ;  :d)nnd:iid.  Oid.v  .vonn^  sprciinrnH  kiM»\vn, 
bnt'  ii  is  pi-ol)idil.v  ovoviviptwons  sind  lliciotort*  not  n  luiioifl. 

"{I'lotiiihhtit  rxositirnli^  .lonlini  .V  (JilUoii,  l'ro«\  H.  S.  Nat.  Muh.  |HK(»,  ;W:  Xoplrnir 
exaiiiiriiiliiH  .Ionian  «,V  (JillM>r(,  I'n»f.  U.  H,  Niil.  Miin.  |HM(),  r»:i:  I'liiijonothlna  iniMinrnin 
lliiniiaii,  Itiill.  Mils.  ('(inii..  /...".I.  IMSi),  \HK) 

*»l.1(<).  K.  liiM'liaHiN.loiiliin '\-  Oillinl. 

"Disk  hroiid,  ovato,  broiid<«r  tliiiii  \o\\ix.  Tlio  snout  vn-y  blimlly 
roundnl,  not  |>roj(><'linjL^°,  tlio  )in;;l<^  I'oniiod  by  lli<>  poctorids  nntiMioily 
very  obtuse;  iml»Mior  ontlinoof  tln>  poctorjilsslij;lilly  convi^x,  not  niidii 
luted.  'I'iiil  vi'iy  Ntont,  niiuih  Ion;;cr  tliiin  tlio  disk,  its  rd^^os  with  a 
broad  fold,  broailer  than  in  A',  (.nisixiutdis.  INM-tmal  tins  oxtrndiii;; 
iilinost  to  the  tip  of  the  snout;  rostral  ridges  wido  apart,  (Mm  viM'^iii^', 
inclosing;' a  triangular  aroa.  lOyes  small,  wido  apart,  tlio  br<»ad  spirii- 
(■U>s  close  lH>hind  them,  (-aiidal  tin  well  <l(^velop(>d  above  ami  bilow. 
Dorsals  similar,  tlioir  posttMior  fr«'e  marjjfins  very  convex.  Moiilh 
broad,  its  width  nearly  e(pial  to  its  ilistanee  from  lip  of  snout,  a.  de(>|) 
creast^  passinj^  around  it  beliiml,  in  front  of  which  the  lower  lip  lias  thicii 
folds  of  skin  ;  npp(M'  lip  not  d(>velo])e«I,  a.  fold  of  skin  passing'  from  lli<> 
jin^le  of  tlu»  mouth  on  eilln>r  side  to  the  itUKM'  an{;le  (d'  the  nostrils, 
tlnMice  straifihl  across,  inclosin.u"  a  «h'pr»^ss(>d  t  rape/oidal/^-sIiaptMl  avcji, 
bound  beh)w  by  the  curved  outline  o\'  tlu>  upper  jaw.  In  this  are  thrco 
cross-folds  of  skin.  'r<>eth  '^,\].  (Jill-op(>ninf;s  narrow,  rtkin  ev(»ry- 
wlioro,  abov(»  and  below, I'overtul  with  limi  shai^retMi,  tlH^pri<•kleH  coarser 
on  the  aideriorouter  mar};in«)f  the  pt'clora..4  {^)j  wher(^  ar<^  twoor  llnvc 
rows  of  retrorse  spimvs.  l'\)ur  si ron;;' spines  <mi  the  tip  of  tln^  snout, 
forming'  a  rhombic  ti};'nre;  four  or  live  spines  around  each  (^ye.  A  loii^' 
series  of  very  stronj;-  spines  alon^'  the  median  line  of  the  back  and  tail, 
and  a  series  of  similar  ones  on  each  side  of  the  (ail ;  !isin}4l(^stronj,''spiiu' 
on  the  outer  e<l};(i  of  the  shonldiM'-^irdh^  and  two  between  this  and  the 
nietlian  series,  (-olor  li}>iit  olive  brown,  without  distinct  markinj^s.  b.L' 
feet.  ]Jreadth  of  disk  one-t^^nth  more  than  its  len}i:th;  tail  usitnlly  liail 
lon{?cr  than  disk  ;  snout  two-ninths  of  length  of  disk,  not  half  lonfjcr 
than  width  of  interorbital  area.  CoaKt  of  Califcu'uia.  from  Point  ('oncc])- 
cion  southward;  abundant,    lu  spite  of  its  roscmblanco  to  tlio  A'«(oi(l 


ADIHINDA    TO    MAUHM'OHKANCIIII,    KI.AflMOlSliANCIIfl,    KTf!.       05 


minis  I'hitifnliiiin^  tiiiH  H|H'«'M'H  piovcH  U)  1)0  vivi|>nr<)iiH.     II   is,  Mmmt 
lore,  i'<'l*<'i  red  (o  (In'  l\'liiiinhiiti<l(V,  llir  ovipnrily  <»!'  Ilniuhv  \H'\\\\f  Wu^oHly 
cliiinicli'i- ili.stiii<;iiisliiii;r  llir  two  f'iiiiiilifH. 
•  'I^I'Mni'hiiKt  tiimMa  .Innliiii  \  OillMMl,  I'ror.  II.  H.  NiiL  Miih.  IHHO,  3rt.) 

tt.|,'>((/).   II.  loiitiKlllosiiiit  (iiiniiiin. 
'•Oni.visli,  willi  Niiiiill  ptiln*  N|MitM,  iiiiitortn  fx'low.     Oiillinc.  HiriiJliir  fo 

tliiil  of  Ik.  iirntliiiiiiH.  Siioiil.  Inii^j  iiinl  niiirow,  Km  riiljjt'H  rloHc  (oj,'c(Jht 
IIiimii^ImhiI.  IO.vcn  liii';,M',  l\vi«'(>  iiH  Iiiiffo  jih  Hpiriirli-H,  liil<"roil»il)il  HpiuMi 
iiiiirow,  I'oiiciiAc,  IIS  wiilo  iiM  iioNti'ils  or  iUr  iiifcrspiict^  Ix-lwrni  Mmmm. 
DisliiiMMi  holwcni  oiilcr  )iii;^r||.,s  of  iioMttils  iiion-  tliiiii  liiilf  tlic.  niioiiL 
Moiilli  stnii^lit,  ilH  Willi li  not  (jiiili^  Ivvicc  ilic  iiilri-otl)itiil  Hpiicc.  Dors^il 
1111)1  prroniliir  Npinrs  vi'iy  Htiiiill;  5  liii-^cr  HpiiicH  on  tip  of  siioiil.  Sii 
|irii(ii-iiliir)iiiil  Ncapiilni'spitH'sohsolclr.  L.  L'li  itMiirs.  VV'idlti.'i  in  h-ti^^lli; 
liiil  iiitoiil  '2\  snout  lo  llir  iiioiilli  r»].  (loiiHtot'  Moiidu.  {(Jarmnn.) 
"(Hiiriiiiiii,  Mull.  MiiH.  (.'oiiip.  /<.;;i.  jHHO,  KIH.)" 

I'ii;;!^  17,  (,'('11118  DiiNi/nliH:  Tlic.  rollovviii;,'  synopHis  oC  i\u\  Aincricjiri 
spccii'M  <»r  lln^  (iiMiiiN  IhtHjial'iH^  oi'lM'lIrr  DaHibttl'iH,  Iiiih  bci-n  pn-piinrd  (it 
(iiir  i'(M|iirN|.  I>,v  l\Ii-.  tSiininrl  (hiiiiiiin,  of  tliii  Miisoiiin  of  ('oiii|,iirat.iv«r 
/(liilomy.  II  WiiH  n-rcivcd  too  Itilci  for  insrrlioii  in  llic,  U^xV.  W«i,  tlicro- 
loi'c,  itlaci)  it  Ii4ii'«^  in  llir  rorin  in  which  it  wuh  writt't'.n  by  IIh  author: 


I'  ■ 


"?^  <b' 

1  .i  ■ 

'     <! 

TIIIO  AMIOKKJAN  SI'KdIIOS  OF  TIN'}  (JIONDH  DAHIIIATIH.* 

J»Y  Hamiiki,  Oak.man. 

T.'iil  mnrr  llimi  Iwlcf'  Mm  IctiKtIi  of  llio  (HhU, 
lu'i'lcil  1)11  thi^  top  ; 

Hiioul,  Hi'iilr,  poiiitiMl ;  tnil  vory  iorifj,  round Inht.raulaUi 

Niioiil  nut.  )>i'(tiniii<«iil. ;  tnil  cmnpri'HHi^)! Umga 

roiiiKJ  on  tln'  lop,  rompicHHrd,  with  liilcinl  wrifH  of  Inrjrfi  tnlKfredrH; 

(Hiiont  not.  pi'otiiincnl  ;  mil*  rior  1111111; inn  Hlij^lilly  HinnotiH vcnlrura 

HnonI   proniiiunl,  willi  u  HcricH  nf  lon;^,   niirrow,  (IcprtHHcd    tiilxtndim  on  ilie 

middle  <d'  Mm  l)ii,id< Uila 

Tail  IfHN  t  litin  Iwiiit  iind  nioro  lliiiii  ono  uiul  u  lialf  tiniru  l.iio  Icii^Jt  of  Mio  diHk, 
willi  t  \v<t  ('X|(aiiHionH  ; 

(HhU  Hiiliiircniiir  ;  HnonI.  proniiiHMif. miMna 

dJHk  (piudi'!iii;;nl/ii' ;  Hiiont  not,  pronnnent ««;/i 

loMdcd  on  the  top,  willi  an  f.xpaiiHion  Ixdow  ;  with  ilntu;  HcriisH  of  Inhfi-idcs  on  tlm 

HlionldiTH hanlala 

Tail  icHS  Mian  oiid  iind  a  lialf  Mnion  Uio  Iciij^Mi  <if  Mm  dink, 
with  two  (ixpannionH ; 

nioiilli  with  (ivt»  papillin hrmiit 

nioiith  with  tlircd  papillai  diplerura 

*l)nn\jb»h(H  VVail)anin,KIi'iiiii  Iihthy<d.  Knod.  hIvo  Index  rcrnm,  etc.  \1\Y.\,  'Jfj:  typo 
laja paHliiiaaa  L.     Tlii.s  nm;  of  tlin  nanio  lias  iiroccdoncc  of  "Dabyulin"  liuf. 

Bull.  Nat.  Mu8.  No.  If 5 


lh:.].'-ii 


m 


% 

ml 


66       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

DASIBATIS  TUBEKCULATA.       .   ..  • 

Raja  fuhrrrulnfa  I>!ir<<p.  ii,  p.  10(5,  pi.  4,  fi<^.  1.  .  ' 

Jiaja  ti(h<rc:ilat<i  ,Sli;i\v,  Cjt'ii.  Zoiil.  v,  pt.  '2,  p.  290,  pi.  1'27. 

Trytjon  (jumnuru  Miill.  Erriiiiu'.s  Kcuso  iim  die  Krdi',  p.  'Zo,  Taf.  13. 

Tr;i()ou  oationlU'ta  Miill.  1.  c.  i».  25,  Taf.  14. 

Trifi/on  tiihrrciilata  Diinuril,  Ehisniobr.  p.  G05. 

Tri/f/on  tubirculata  Giinlhor,  Cat.  viii,  p.  480. 

Disk  quadniiiguhir,  a  little  wider  than  long.  Snout  produced,  sliaip 
pointed.  Anterior  and  posterior  margins  nearly  straight,  the  anterior 
carved  near  the  outer  angle  to  meet  the  posterior,  and  the  latter  curved 
near  the  hinder  angle  to  meet  the  inner.  Tail  nearly  three  times  the 
length  of  the  disk,  with  a  slight  ridge  above  and  a  narrow  cutaneous 
expansion  below,  roughened  with  small  spines  similar  to  those  on  tlia 
head,  bearing  a  long  serrated  si)ine.  A  row  of  elongated  tubercles  on 
the  dorsum  and  anterior  portion  of  tail  and  one  or  more  smaller  ones  ou 
each  shoulder.  The  posterior  tubercles  of  the  median  row  are  so  much 
elongated  as  to  resemble  the  spine.  Mouth  much  undulated,  with  three 
papilliG.  Teeth  small,  unequal.  Color  yellow  ish  to  olivaceous  brown, 
darkening  with  age.  The  young  are  without  scales  or  tubercles.  As 
the  animal  grows  older  and  the  tubercles  api)ear  a  few  scjittered  asperi- 
ties appear  on  the  head ;  still  later  these  increase  in  number  and  size  to 
sucli  an  extent  as  to  cover  the  head  and  dorsum  with  a  heavy  coat  of 
mail  made  up  of  the  closely-set  flattened  scales.  The  tubercles  of  the 
back  cease  growing  as  the  scales  enlarge,  and  ultimately  there  is  little 
distinction  between  them.  Usually  the  tubercle  ou  the  middle  of  the 
pectoral  arch  is  larger ;  those  on  the  tail  continue  to  increase  in  size 
with  age.  A  young  fenuile  measures  in  length  of  body  9.9,  length  of 
tail  28,2,  and  width  of  disk  U.C  inches. 

Caunavierias,  Surinam,  Para,  Bahia,  and  Rio  Janeiro. 

DASIBATIS  LONGA. 
(Gartnan,  1880,  Bull.  Mus.  'jonip.  ZoJil.  vi,  p.  170.) 

Disk  quadrangular,  about  one-sixth  wider  than  long.  Margins  nearly 
straight,  anterior  meeting  in  a  blunt  angle  on  the  end  of  the  snout. 
Outer  angles  rounded,  posterior  blunt.  Ventrals  rounded.  Tail  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  the  body,  roughened  with  small  asperities,  dc- 
lu-essed  anteriorly,  compressed  behind  the  spine,  keeled  above  the  com- 
pressed i3ortion,  with  a  long,  narrow  cutaneous  expansion  on  the  lower 
side.  IMouth  curved  with  five  papillte.  A  row  of  small  tubercles  behind 
the  head  on  the  shoulder  girdle.  It  is  likely  that  larger  specimens  are 
provided  with  tubercles  ou  back  and  tail. 


ADDENDA    TO    MARSIPOBRANCIIII,    ELASMOBRANCIIII,    ETC.       67 

DistingiiishcMl  from  />.  lata  by  the  shape  of  the  snout  and  disk  and 
tlu'  keel  on  the  tail,  and  from  1).  centnira  l>y  the  straight  margins  of  the 
2)t'ctoials  and  the  keel. 

One  specimen  secured  at  Aeapulco,  ^lexico,  by  Prof.  Alexander 
Ajiiissiz.  One  light-colored,  reddish-brown  si»ecimen  from  Panama  by 
tlie  llassler  Expedition. 

Leiigrh  of  body  11.5,  tail  28,  and  width  of  pectorals  i;}  8  inches. 

Length  of  body  of  second  specimen,  9.3,  tail  21.5,  and  width  of  pectorals 

11.2  inches. 

Dasibatis  centrura. 

Sdja  centrura  Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  p.  479. 

Trillion  centrura  Linsloy,  Silliiiiiin's  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  &  Arts,  47,  1844,  p.  lUG. 

Trijtjon  centrura  Gill  (uume  ouly),  Cat.  Fish.  E.  Coast  N.  Amer.  p.  34. 

Disk  quadrangular,  about  one-fourth  wider  than  long.  Anterior  mar- 
gins siiuious,  concave  opposite  the  eyes,  convex  toward  the  slightly  pro- 
tuberant snout  and  rounded  outer  angles  ;  posterior  straighter,  a  very 
little  convex ;  inner  conv^ex.  Hinder  angles  blunt.  Ventrals  truncate, 
A\ith  rounded  angles.  TAil  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  body,  much 
ct)inpressed,  rounded  above,  with  keel  and  cutaneous  expansion  below, 
with  one  or  more  strong  serrated  spines  at  the  termination  of  the  ante- 
rior fifth  of  its  length,  rough  on  all  sides  with  spines  or  tubercles.  Till 
half  grown  the  young  are  naked;  as  they  approach  maturity  broad 
Ktcllate-based,  conical-pointed,  irregularly-placed  bucklers  api)earon  the 
iiii<ldle  of  the  hinder  i)art  of  the  back  and  on  the  top  and  sides  of  the  tail. 
Very  large  examples  have  the  central  portion  of  the  back  closely  mailed 
Avith  small  llattened  tubercles.  The  bucklers  bear  more  resemblance  to 
those  of  the  Raja;^  radiata  and  clarata  than  to  the  tubercles  of  pnsfinaca, 
hiHt((ta,  or  tnherciilata.  Mouth  arched  forward,  with  five  i)ai)illjx^.  Teeth 
in  (luincnnx,  blunt,  smooth.  Color  of  back  and  tail  olive  brown;  light 
to  white  below.  From  pantinacay  which  this  species  resembles  in  shape, 
it  is  distinguished  by  the  tubercles,  by  the  length  and  compression  of 
the  tail,  and  absence  of  all  trace  of  keel  or  expansion  on  its  ui)per  side. 
A  young  specimen  measures  from  snout  to  tail  13.8,  length  of  tail  30.5, 
and  width  of  pectorals  17.5  inches.  The  largest  specinien  in  the  collec- 
tion has  a  total  length  of  10  feet  3  inches.  Common  south  of  Cape  Cod. 
Occasionally  found  northward.  :.;-.-  ^..-i^-u — ;_-.,. ^,-4. 


■.-  ^■ 


Dasibatis  lata. 

(Garraan,  1880,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  vi,  p.  170.) 

Disk  quadrangular,  one-fourth  wider  than  long.    Anterior  margins 
nearly  straight,  forming  a  very  blunt  angle  at  the  snout,  rounded  near 


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G8       CONTUIUUTiONS    TO    NOUTII   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

tlio  outer  oxtrtMiuf  los  ;  postoiior  convex  ;  inner  stml};lit  a  portion  of  lluir 
length.  Ventrals  truncate,  rMuuted.  Snout  produced,  rorniin^-  a 
rounded  protninenc«i  in  front  of  the  niarf^lns  «)f  tbe  disk.  Iien;;lli  fiom 
tlu^  forehead  less  than  the  width  of  tlie  head.  A  liiu' Joininfj;  tlu'  wider 
portions  of  the  disk  passes  nearer  t«>  t'lo  head  than  to  tiie  sliovdih'is. 
Tail  nu)n'i  than  twice  as  lonj;  as  th«»  body,  without  a  trac«M)f  keel  above; 
u  lou}*' narrow  exi»ansion  below  lias  its  orij;in  o|>posit«'  that  of  the  spiic, 
and  teraunates  in  a  keel  which  contiiuies  to  the  (vxtreauty,  rouf^hciud 
Willi  small  tubercles,  with  an  irregular  series  of  broad-basetl  conicul 
tubercles  on  earh  si«le.  A  pair  of  lar}i«',  compressed,  erect  tubercles 
staiulf^  imaicdiately  in  front  ot  tho  caudal  spine,  ami  a  similar  one  is 
placed  over  tlu'  mitldle  of  the  ]>elvic  arch.  These  sufi^est  a  continuous 
series  in  lar^'cr  specimens.  Thret»  larj;'ei  elongated  tubeix'les,  willi 
points  dircctetl  biU'kward,  similar  to  those  of  />.  lu(st(tt<uovv{\\)yt\w  mid- 
dle of  tlu*  shoulder  {;ir(lle.  JMouth  curved,  six  (;">-<»?)  papilheat  the  Ixtt- 
tom  behind  tlu>  tet'lh;  two  of  these  art>  in  the  ndddle  in  front,  where 
Jisually  there  is  but  one.  Color  li^ht  olive,  jn'obably  j^rcenish  in  life, 
whit«^  ludow.  Distinjiuishcd  from  />.  ccnfrnm  by  the  promiui'nt  snout, 
the  shape  of  the  tubercles  in  the  middle  t)f  the  back,  and  the  uarrowness 
of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  disk.  Lenj;'th  of  body  Ul,  tail  .'55..'?,  and 
width  of  pectorals  1*0.5  imhes.  J?"ut  from  the  Han<lwich  Islands  by 
Amlrew  (Jarrett. 

])At^IllATl«  SAIJINA. 


llPliii    .'i' 


Trillion  .inhiiiii  T,i>sntMir,  ,)i>iir.  Arail.  Nat.  Kci.  I'hil.  iv,  p.  llH>. 
TrjIiHtii  Kiihiiiit  Miill.  ft  lli'iili',  I'lieiiosloiiien,  p.  l(ii». 
Triiijiin  mltina  Diuiu'iril,  Elusmolinmclj.  ]».  HO*. 

Disk  subcircular.  Simut  i>n)dnced,  blunt.  Anterior  marf;ins  of  llie 
pectorals  coticave  near  the  snout,  beco'nin<;'  couv(>x  toward,th(>  broadly 
rounded  outer  extr«'mities;  hinder  and  inner  niarjiins  «'»)nvex.  Upper 
Jaw  wilhadccp  in«lenlation,  receivinj;  it  correspoudinji'  prominemH^  on 
the  lower.  Tet>tli  at  the  sides  of  this  indentation  nnu'li  lartjei',  reseiu- 
blin;;- the  nudars  of  livt  todontus.  IMonth  with  live  jtapilhe.  Tail  hss 
(han  twiciMis  lon}>;  as  th(^disk,  tapcrin;^'  to  a  lliui  point,  rou^^h  with  small 
prickles  sinular  to  those  scat  tiered  over  the  head  aiul  back,  n  cntaiu'oiis 
expansion  abov(\  ami  a  broa*U>r,  longer  (UuWudow.  These  end  nearly 
opposite  each  other,  the  lower  t>xtends  Ibrward  under  tlu*  spine.  AVi'"' 
a  median  row  of  tnluMi^les  on  the  dorsum  and  one  <u'  a  pair  on  each 
shouhh'r.  Distinjiuished  iVtnn  lulx'i'CKhtta  by  the  shape  of  the  snout,  tlu* 
rounded  pectorals^  the  shorter  tail,  the  larj^er  teeth,  the  greater  curva- 


ADDENDA    TO   MARSIPOBUANCIIII,    ELASMOBRANCllII,    ETC.       69 

tiire  ol' jaws,  tho  sniallci' sizo,  and  the  tico  lutanoous  expansions.  Of 
iwcnty  spcciiiuMisllki  av«>ra^'o  proportional  Icnt^tli  of  lunly  aiul  tail  is  as 
Ibnr  and  a  half  to  ei;;ht.  In  no  t'asc  is  tliti  tail  twii'c  as  lonj^us  tho  disk. 
Color  oi'liraceons  brown;  ventral  snrfaro  liyjlit.  .Lrnj^tli  of  body  of  nn 
adall  Mialti  0. 1,  UMi^th  of  tuil  IT),  and  width  of  pei'torals  H)  inclu»s.  Vom- 
iiion  in  tho  rivors  of  Florida  alonj;  tho  (Julf  roast.  Several  spt'eimeiis 
ill  the  oolleeti»>n  were  eaptnreil  iu  Lake  Monroe,  at  a  distanci>  from  the 
suit  water,  by  Conut  i'oiirtales. 

Dasihatis  savi. 

Itajii  niiii'i  lii'siKMir,  Jour.  Acad.  Naf.  Sci.  I'liil.  i,  p,  -I'.*,  li>;. 
Milliohatia  Mdi/i  !>:!\a\,  Ntnv  Vitrk  I'aiuia,  I'i.sli.  p.  H7(i. 
/Vi///<i»  Mii'i  Miill.  rt  lltiilc,  riiijjiitsttiinou,  p.  l(U>. 
MllliohitliH  Hiiyi,  Stonr,  Syn,  l'"i.sli.  N.  Amor    j>.  "JdJ, 
Dnijoti  miyi,  Diiiuoiil,  Jllasmoliniiich.  p.  dO',.    - 

Disk  tpiatlranjjfular,  iibout  oiu^-sixth  wider  than  Ion «;,  anterior  nnirjrins 
nearly  straij^ht,  postt^rior  and  inner  bordt^rs  eonvex,  outtM'  and  posterior 
uncles  rounded.  Snout  not  ijrotrudin;^:  beyond  th^^  lines  of  the  inarji'ins. 
\iiitrals  roun«led.  Tail  strong',  rather  more  than  om^  and  a  half  tinu's 
the  ler.ji'th  of  tlu^  disk,  witli  a.  strong'  serrated  spin**,  bearinj^-  a  short, 
li»\v  ('uttvneons  expansion  behind  tho  spino  on  the  np.per  side,  and  a. 
liMijicr,  little  wider  onc^  below,  eiidinj;  nearly  op])osite.  Upper  Jaw  undii- 
liiled ;  lower  i)rominent  in  the  middh*.  Teeth  small,  smooth  in  youn;; 
;uitl  females,  sharp  in  adult  males.  Threes  papilla^  i't  the  bottom  of  tlu^ 
mouth,  and  onl^  at  each  side,  lltxly  and  tail  naked.  Color  olive  brown 
ill  adult,  r«>d<lish  or  yellowish  in  youii}^ ;  lowej-  snrfat'^^  whitish.  This 
speeies  closely  re.><embles  the  ICuropean  spi'ei«'s  itastinaca.  A  eonn)ari 
son  (»f  speeinu'us  discovers  tht*  following;  ditleremees:  in  Saj/i  the  ante- 
rior margins  form  ii  nion^  blunt  an^h^  at  tti(>  end  of  the  snout,  w  hieh  is 
less  piominent  at  tlu^  ap»>x,  the  outt'r  and  pt)sttMior  (>xtren\ities  of  the 
lieetorals  ar«>  roumler,  the  posterior  margins  are  more  eonvex,  the  disk 
is  hroatler  toward  tins  V(>ntrals,  aiul  llit^  tail  ia  lonjjer;  in  jKititiiiavii 
tl:e  lateral  an«l  himler  an};les  of  the  pet'torals  and  the  lateral  anj^h^  of 
(lie  ventrals  are  marked  by  blunted  roriuM's.  A  sinj^'le  snnill  rounded 
tiibei'ele on  tlu^  mi«ldh^  of  the  back.  There  are  speeimens  in  the  col- 
lection tVom  y<*w  York,  I'ensacnda,  llahia,  and  Kio  .laujMro.  A  youn<j 
rciiiiihv  measured  from  snout  to  tail  7.1,  length  of  tail  11,  and  width  of 
lurtorals  8.2  inches. 


iJfr'hv 


r 


i,-/v. 


70      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


1^^ 

II 


ri 


^IM    '    r 


Dasibatis  iiastata. 

Ti'jigon  hantata  DcKay,  New  York  Fauna,  Fish.  p.  375,  pi.  65,  fig.  214  9.         l- 
Trygon  hanlula  .Storer,  Syii.  Fish.  N.  Amer.  p.  2G1. 
3V(///0H /las/ttto  Dimidnl,  Filasmobranch.  p.  502. 

Disk  quadraugular,  about  one-fourth  wider  than  long;  anterior  mar- 
gins  nearly  straight,  meeting  in  a  blunt  angle  on  the  end  of  the  snout, 
curved  near  the  outer  angle  to  meet  the  slightly  convex  posterior  mar. 
gins ;  inner  borders  convex ;  outer  and  hinder  angles  rounded.  Veu- 
trals  ahnost  entirely  covered  by  the  pectorals,  hinder  margins  convex. 
Tail  more  than  one  and  a  half  times  the  length  of  the  disk,  low-keelod 
on  the  upper  side,  a  long,  broad  membranous  expansion  below,  rougii- 
ened  with  small  asperities,  one  or  more  serrated  spines.  Body  smooth 
in  young,  very  old  with  scattered  small  asperities.  A  row  of  narrow 
compressed  tubercles  along  the  middle  of  the  back  and  on  the  base  of 
the  tail;  the  j)oints  of  these  tubercles  are  depressed  and  directed  back- 
ward.  On  each  shoulder,  parallel  with  the  median,  there  is  a  shorter 
row,  the  length  of  which  varies  according  to  the  age  of  t!)'^  ■  'idual. 
Mouth  witli  three  papilhc.  Jaws  with  more  curvature  than  those  of 
ccntrura  and  less  than  those  of  sahina.  Young  without  tubercles. 
Color  bluish  or  olivaceous  brown,  darker  on  dcu'sum  and  tail,  light  on 
lower  surface.  Measurement  of  a  young  specimen  :  length  of  disk  8.o, 
width  10,  and  length  of  tail  14  inches.  An  adult  male  measured  20 
inches  across  the  pectorals  and  10  in  length  of  body.  The  museum  con- 
tains specimens  from  Florida,  Cuba,  rernambuco,  and  Kio  Janeiro. 


Dasibatis  brevis. 

(rrarmnn,  18H0,  Riill.  Mns.  Comp.  Zool.  vi,  171.) 

Disk  (inadrangular,  a  little  wider  than  long.  Anterior  margins  ne. 
straight,  curved  near  the  outer  extremities  to  meet  the  conve}^j)ostei()i 
meeting  in  a  blunt  angle  on  the  end  of  the  snout.  Outer  and  posterior 
extremities  of  pectorals  routul,  wit^hout  trace  of  angles.  Ventrals  brond, 
triuicate,  with  angles  rounded.  Tail  less  than  one  and  a  half  times  tlic 
length  of  the  di.sk,  tapering  to  an  acute  point,  depressed  as  far  as  to  tlio 
«l)im>,  thence  compressed  to  the  end  of  the  cutaneou.s  fold,  and  round 
from  this  point  to  the  tip,  with  a  sliort  elevated  membraneous  oxpansioii 
beliind  the  s])ine,  and  a  longer  and  wider  one  (Hi  the  lower  side,  exli'id- 
ing  below  the  former  and  the  si)ine.  The  exi)ansions  have  their  hii;  icr 
extremities  opposed;  they  end  quite  abruptly  and  are  widest  near  tlio 


ADDENDA    TO   MAESirOBRANCIIII,    ELASMOBRANCIIII,    ETC.       71 

termination.  Moutb  with  five  papillic,  outer  small.  Teeth  small,  blunt. 
Upper  jaw  indented  in  the  middle;  lower  with  a  prominence  in  front, 
Disk  naked  in  the  joung.  Adult  specimens  have  three  rows  of  tubercles 
on  the  middle  of  the  back  disposed  as  are  those  of  D.  haHtata.  A  large 
specimen  from  Payta  has  three  large,  erect,  broad-based  tubercles  in 
front  of  the  caudal  spine,  and  the  tail  rough  with  smaller  ones.  The 
short  rows  on  the  shoulders  contain  from  three  to  four,  and  probably 
increase  in  number  with  age,  as  is  the  case  with  the  closely  allied  Atlan- 
tic coast  species.  Color  light  grayish  or  olivaceous  brown,  reddish  near 
the  edges,  white  below,  with  round  spots  of  brownish  under  the  base  of 
the  tail.  Compared  with  D.  haatata  this  species  differs  in  the  shorter 
tail,  rounder  extremities  of  the  disk,  and  the  shape  and  size  of  the  tu- 
bercles and  membraneous  fins.  D.  hastata  has  no  expansion  on  the  top 
of  the  tail,  and  that  on  the  lower  side  is  very  long,  of  moderate  width, 
and  tapers  gradually.  Those  of  B.  hrcvis  are  comparatively  short  an<l 
broad ;  they  rise  gradually  und  terminate  abruptly.  From  D.  sayi  this 
si)ecies  is  to  be  distinguished  by  the  great  development  of  the  caudal 
expansions,  their  shape  and  length,  and  by  the  tubercles  on  shoulders 
and  tail.  A  large  female  measures  in  length  of  body  17,  tail  23,  and 
widtli  of  pectorals  18  inches.  A  young  male  in  length  of  body  8.1,  tail 
12j  and  width  of  pectorals  9.2  inches.    Peru. 

Dasibatis  DIPTERURA. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  1H80,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  IMus.  31.) 

Disk  rhond)oidj  slightly  broader  than  long;  anterior  margins  nearly 
straight  forwards,  meeting  in  a  very  obtuse  angle;  posterior  margins 
curved ;  lateral  angles  rounded.  Tail  nearly  half  longer  than  disk,  with 
a  consi)n'.u()us  cutaneous  fold  below,  and  a  smaller  but  evident  one  above. 
Upper  jaw  considerably  curved,  with  a  slight  convex  protuberance  in 
front,  which  lits  into  a  slight  cmargination  in  the  lower  jaw,  Avhich  is 
convex,  its  outlines  corresponding  to  the  curves  of  the  upper  jaw. 
IJands  of  teetli  wider  in  front  than  laterally.  Inside  of  mouth,  belnnd 
the  b>v.cr  jaw,  with  three  lleshy  i)roce88es.  Teeth  abou^;;  HJ^;  about  8  in 
ji  cross-series  in  tlm  u])i)er  jaw,  and  10  in  the  lower.  Color  light  brown, 
Nomewhat  '""arbled  with  darker,  but  without  distinct  spots  ;  tail  black- 
isli ;  belly  white.  Skin  everywhere  perfectly  smootli  in  the  young ;  adult 
with  small  tubercles  ah>ng  the  back.    San  Diego,  Cal. 

Of  the  nine  speeioa  enumerated  above  as  belonging  to  American 


U 


i  O  ^^ 


-   ~t 


'  ;* 


msB 


72       CONTKinUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

waters  one  has  been  described  from  the  Sandwich  Islands.  It  is  in  view 
of  the  i)robabiUtj^  of  its  occurrence  as  an  occasional  visitor  on  our  West- 
ern coasts  that  it  is  introduced. 

As  already  noticed,  in  Volume  VI,  page  172,  of  the  Bulletin  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  the  species  recently  described  by  l)r, 
(liinther,  Trijffon  bravhyurtis  and  Trygoii  retictilatus^  beh)ng  to  the  genus 
Poiamotrygouj  wliich  includes  the  i>eculiar  species  of  the  family  inhabit- 
ing the  rivers  of  South  America, 


»7— 7^r^  *-;-»■;-:  "i-trr-f- 


Class  IV.-PISCES. 


{The  Tnu3  Fishes.) 

Skeleton  bony  or  cartilaginous.  Skull  with  sutures ;  a  lower  jaw  pres- 
eut ;  membrane  bones  developed  in  connection  with  the  skull ;  gill-open- 
'iigfs  a  single  slit  on  each  side,  sometimes  confluent ;  gills  attached  to  bony 
arches,  normally  four  pairs  of  them,  their  outer  margins  free.  Median 
and  paired  fius  usually  developed;  a  lyriform  shoulder-girdle.  Exo- 
skcleton  various.  Ova  comparatively  small.  Ko  " (;lasj)ers ".  Brain- 
lUllerentiated  and  distinctly  developed,  lleart  developed,  divided  into 
au  auricle,  ventricle,  and  arterial  bulb. 

As  here  understood,  this  group  includes  tlie  great  majority  of  recent 
fishes,  and  is  e(]uivalent  to  the  Teleostci,  Gauoklel,  and  Dipnoi  of  most 
recent  writers,  the  Actinopteri,  CroHsopicrijgla^  and  Dipnoi  of  Professor 
Cope.  Omitting  all  notice  of  the  Dipnoi  and  the  Crossopterij(jla,  all  the 
iiicinbers  of  which  groups  are  extralimital  and  <'onflned  to  the  fresh  waters 
ot'tiie  tropics,  it  will  be  convenient  to  divide  the  American  representa- 
tives of  the  class  of  rinccs  into  four  series  or  subclasses — ChomlroHtel, 
Holostel,  Thy Hontoml,  iiud  Fhiisocllat I,  tha  first  and  second  including  most 
of  the  Qanoldcl  of  Miiller,  the  second  and  third  the  Telcontei.  These 
jirou])8  are  evidently'  of  nnequal  value,  the  Physostoml  and  the  Physo- 
cUsti  being  very  intimately  connected,  and  the  relations  of  the  Holostei 
with  the  DhysoHioml  are  [>robably  more  intimate  than  their  relations 
with  tlie  other  Ganoids,  as  has  been  shown  by  Professor  Coi)e.  Never- 
theless, these  groups  exist  in  nature,  and  their  recognition  under  one 
name  or  another  is  convenient. 

ANALYSIS  OF  THE  SUBCLASSES  OF  PISCES. 

a.  Artci'ittl  Imlb  imiHciilar,  with  nnrKU'ouB  valvos;  optic  norvcs  f()rmiii<^  a  cliiasnm  ; 
ventral  Huh  abduininal;  uir-bladdcr  witlia  dncfc  ;  tail  lu'tcroceiral. 

(St'iies  (tANoidki.*) 
h.  Ventral  fln  witU  an  entire  series  of  basilar  segments;  skeleton  carlilaf^inonH. 

CUONDUOSTKI. 

Vb.  Ventral  fln  with  the  basilar  segments  rndimental;  skeleton  bony..  Holostei, 


:■•  .•••■. 


!.• 


yivof,  splendor ;  from  the  enamelled  scales. 


73 


'ill I'' '  'i ;!'- 

.jiiiii 


m'i 


■"►',. 


74       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

aa.  Arterial  bulb  with  a  pair  of  opposite  valves ;  optic  nerves  not  forming  a  cbiasina. 

(Series  Tkleosti;i.  ' ) 
c.  Air-blaildcr  (if  present)  connected  by  an  air-duct   with  the  stomaeli  ov 
a'sopliagus;  ventral  tins  (if  present)  abdominal,  their  basihir  segmuuts 
rudimental,  iisually  without  spines ;  parietal  bones  usuiJly  united. 

PlIYSOSTOMI. 

cc.  Air-bladder  without  duct ;  ventral  fins  (if  present)  usually  thoracic  or 
jugular,  without  basilar  segments ;  siiines  usually  present,  at  least  in  tli« 
dorsal  and  ventral  liua;  parietal  bones  separated  by  the  supraoccipitnl. 

PllYSOCLlS>lI. 


ARTIFICIAL  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES  OF  PISCES. 

The  following  key  is  intended  simply  to  facilitate  tlie  identification  of 
species^  Ifo  attempt  is  made  to  indicate  the  natural  characters  or  rela- 
tions of  the  families,  and  only  those  species  of  any  group  which  occur 
within  the  limits  of  the  United  States  are  taken  into  consideration. 

I.— VENTRAL  FINS  PRESENT,  ABDOMINAL. 

•  Dorsal  fins  2,  the  anterior  chiefly  of  soft  rays,  the  posterior  adipose. 
A.  Body  naked. 
B.  Head  with  4  to  8  long  barbels ;  dorsal  and  pectoral  fins  each  with  a  spine. 

SlLUUID^,  29. 
,      BB.  Head  without  barbels ;  fins  without  spines. 

C.  Teeth  st  rong ;  dorsal  fin  many-rayed Ai.epidosaurid;e,  40. 

CC.  Teethminute;  dorsal  fin  short STKUXorTyciUD.i;,  lU. 

AA.  Body  scaly. 

1).  Teetli  broad,  incisor-like , CuAi{ACiNiD,E,  33, 

DD.  Teeth  (if  i)resent)  i)ointed. 
E.  IMargiu  of  upper  jaw  formed  by  the  premaxillaries  alone. 
F.  Dorsal  fin  nearly  median. 

G.  Body  with  phosphorescent  spots Scopelid.e,  42, 

GG.  Body  without  iihosphorescent  si)ot8. 

IF.  Head  scaly ;  scales  cycloid ;  teeth  cardiform Scopelid;e,  4..*. 

IIII.  Head  naked;  scales  ctenoid ;  teeth  villiform..rEitC()PSiD.E,  17. 
FF.  Dorsal  fin  posterior;  teeth  unequal;  body  elongate..  l'AiLVLEPil>ii;,41. 
EE,  Margin  of  upjier  jaw  formed  by  maxillaries  posteriorly. 
J.  Body  with  phosphorescent  sjiots ;  gill-rakers  none. 

CnAULIODONTIDiE,  44. 

JJ.  Body  without  iihosphorescent  siiots ;  gill-rakers  present. 

V      r  SALMOXID.Ii:,  4G. 

••  Dorsal  fin  single,  preceded  by  free  spines. 

K.  Body  scaleless,  naked  or  with  bony  plates. 
~-  L.  Ventral  fins  I,  1,  the  spine  strong ;  snout  moderate. 

Gasteuosteid.e,  64, 

','_ LL.  Ventral  fins  I,  5,  the  spine  slender;  snout  prolonged. 

AuLOUnvNCHiD;K,  (!;i 
KK.  Body  scaly ;  snont  tubular AuLOSTOMATiDiE,  (W. 

•  rt^cof,  perfect ;  bareov,  bono. 


KEY    TO   FAMILIES   OF   PISCES.  ?§ 

•**  Dorsal  fina  2,  the  anterior  of  spines  only,  the  jiosterior  cliiefly  of  soft  rays. 

M.  rectoral  flu  with  5  to  8  lowermost  rays  tletaebeil  and  fila- 

mcutoUS POLYNEMlDiE,  6d. 

MM.  Pectoral  flu  entire. 
•  N.  Snout  tubular,  bearing  the  short  jaws  at  the  end;  body 

'    »  compressed Ckntuiscid^,  60. 

]NN.  Snout  not  tubular. 

O.  Teeth  strong,  unetiual ;  lateral  line  iirosent. 

'SpiIYUiENID^,  67. 
00.  Teeth  small  or  wanting;  lateral  line  obsolete. 
P.  Dorsal8i)iue84,  stout;  analspinesS.-MuGiLiD^E, 65. 
PP.  Dorsal  spines  4  to  8,  sleuder ;  anal  spine  single. 

AxnEKiNiDJi,  GG. 
••"•Dorsal  fin  soft-rayed,  followed  by  a  series  of  detached  finlcts. 

SCOMBEHESOCID^,  57. 

•****  Dorsal  flu  single,  of  soft  rays  only  or  with  a  single  spine. 
a.  Tail  evidently  heterocercal. 
b.  Body  n;-.!  ed;  snout  with  a  sjiatulato  blade;  mouth  wide,  without  barbels. 

POLYODONTID^,  25. 

bh.  Body  with  5  series  of  body  shields ;  mouth  inferior,  toothless,  pnieeded  by  4 

barbels Acu'ENSeuiu^,  aii. 

hhb.  Body  scaly. 

0.  Scales  cycloid ;  a  broad  bony  gnlar  plate ;  dorsal  fin  many-rayed. 

AMiiDit;,  28. 

cc.  Scales  ganoid ;  no  gnlar  plate ;  dorsal  fin  short Lepidos rEiD.E,  27. 

art.  Tail  not  evidently  heterocercal. 

d.  Body  naked. 

e.  Throat  with  a  long  barbel ;  no  caudal  filament ;  mouth  large. 

Stomiatid^,  45. 

ee.  Throat  without  barbel ;  caudal  fiu  with  a  long  filament ;  mouth  small. 

FiSTULARIID/E,  Gl. 

ece.  Throat  without  barbel ;  no  caudal  lilaro     b;  gill  membranes  joined  1o 

the  isthmus C ypiuxid.e,  151. 

dd.  Body  scaly. 

/.  Pectoral  fins  inserted  near  the  axis  of  the  body;  low#  pharyngeal 

bones  fully  imited  ;  lateral  line  along  the 

sides  of  the  belly..  .ScoMREKEsociDiE,  57. 

ff.  Pectoral  fins  inserted  below  the  axis  of  the  body ;  lower  ph.iryngeala 

separate. 

g.  Vent  in  front  of  ventral  fins;  eyes  concealed Amblyopsid^e,  48. 

gij.  Vent  behind  ventral  fins;  eyes  normal. 

/(.  Head  scaly,  more  or  less. 

i.  Upper  jaw   not  protractile,  its  lateral  margin  formed  by  the 

maxillarics. 

"  j.  Teeth  cardiform  ;  jaws  depressed,  prolonged EsociDiE,  51. 

^  jj-  Teeth  villi  form ;  jaws  short IJMniiiDiE,  50. 

a.  Upper  jaw  prot.actile,   its  margin  formed  by  premaxillaries 

alone CYPKINODONTIDiE,  49. 

""  ftft.  Head  naked. 

Jc,  Gill-opening  separated  by  an  isHinms;  mouth  toothless; 
lower  pharyngeals  /"alciform, 

I.   Dorsal  fin  with  a  serrated  spiue Cyprinid^,  31. 

21.  Dorsal  fin  without  serrated  spine. 
m.  Dorsal  fin  with  (usually)  less  than  10  (developed)  rays; 
pharyngeal  teeth  few  (less  tlian  8). 

Cypuinid^,  31. 


i 


t-     -; 


-4 


ii^ 


JG      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICIITnYOLOGY IV. 

■  :   mm.  Dorsal  flu  with  (usually)  more  tlian  10  rays;  pTiarynpcal 

teeth  nnrm-rouH Catostomid.e,  ;!(). 

■  kk.  Gill-openings  not  separated  by  au  iathiuns ;  lower  pharyn. 
geal  bones  not  falciform. 
«.  Throat  without  barbel ;  no  phosphorescent  siiots. 
o.  Lateral  line  present. 
p.  Lower  jaw  with  a  gnlar  plate;  teeth  villiforni; 

lins  with  scaly  sheaths Elopid/E,  ^(5. 

*  pp.  Lower  jaw  without  gular  plate, 

g  ff.  Tongue  with  canine  teeth ;  maxillary  extending 

beyond  eye HYODCNTiDyE,  3o. 

qq.  Tongue  without  canines. 
r.  Mouth  black  within ;  teeth  all  pointed. 

Alkpocp:     amdjE,  33 
IT.  Mouth  pale  within ;  teeth  on  roof  and  lloor  of 
mouth  blunt  and  granular . .  ALisuLiDyE,  ;i4. 
00.  Lateral  line  obsolete. 

8.  Lower  jaw  much  shorter  than  upper. 

t.  Mouth    small,   toothless;    maxillary  not 

reaching  beyond  eye..  Douosomatidji:,  38. 

tt.  Mouth  very  wide,  the  maxillary  reaching 

much  beyond  eye ENGKAULiDyE,  39. 

88.  Lower  jaw    scarcely  shorter  than   upper ; 

maxillary  compound Cl  J'EID.e,  37. 

nil.  Throat  with  a  long  barbel ;  sides  with  phosphores- 
cent spots Stomiatid^,  45. 

IL— VENTRAL  FINS  PRESENT.  THORACIC  OR  JUGULAR. 

A.  Eyes  unsymmctrical,  both  on  the  same  side  of  the  head Pleubonectidje,  lii3. 

AA.  Eyes  symmetrical. 
B.  Gill-openings  in  front  of  the  pectoral  fins. 
C  Body  more  or  less  scaly  or  armed  with  bony  plates. 
D.  Ventral  fins  completely  united ;  gill  membranes  joined  to  the  isthmus. 

*  GOBIID.!;,  101. 

DD.  Ventral  tins  separate. 
E.  Ventral  rays  I,  5. 
F.  Suborbital  with  a  bony  stay,  which  extends  across  the  cheeks  to  or  to- 
ward   the    preoperclo;    cheeks 
'  sometimes  entirely  mailed. 

G.  Pectoral  fin  with  2  or  3  lower  rays  detached  and  free. 
|(  Triglid^,  108. 

GG.  Pectoral  fin  entire. 
H.  Slit  behind  fourth  gill  small  or  wanting. 

I.  Anai  spines  3 Scorp^nid^e,  IOC. 

II.  Anal  spines  obsolete COTTID^;  107. 

HIT.  Slit  behind  fourth  gill  largo ChiuiDvE,  lOf). 

FF.  Suborbital  stay  AV.'iiUting  ;  cheeks  not  mailed. 

J.  Spinous  dorsal  transformed  into  a  lamoUated  sucking  disk. 
^  ECHENEIDID.E,  70. 

'~~~  JJ.  Spinous  dors.al  (if  present)  not  transformed  into  a  sucking  disk. 

K.  Din-sal  spines  all  or  nearly  all  disconnected  from  each  other. 

L.  Body  elongate,  terete E/ACATiDdi,  71. 

LL.  Body  oblong  or  ovate,  compressed. 
M.  Caudal  peduncle  very  slender,  the  lln  widely  forked. 

CAllANGIDii:,  75. 


HiMlHMH 


KEY   TO    FAMILIES   OF   PISCES.  77 

MM.  Caudal  peduncle  stontish,  the  fin  little  forlvod. 

KTUo.MATKin.t:,  77. 
.    ..s  ,.  KK.  Dorsal  spines  (if  present)  all,  or  most  of  them,  connected  by 

membrane. 
,,.  N.  Pectoral  fin  with  4  to  9  U)\vermo3t  rays  detached  and 

filiform I'OLYNEMID^,  (jH. 

NN.  Pectoral  fin  entire. 

O.  Dorsal  and  anal  with  detached  finlets. 

P.  Anal  preceded  by  *2  free  spines Carangid^,  75. 

.,'...-   '   ,  PP.  Anal  not  preceded  by  y  free  spines. 

SCOMUUID/E,  74. 

00.  Dorsal  and  anal  without  finlets. 

Q.  Lateral  line  armed  posteriorly  with  keeled  plates; 
1        ,       ,       .  2  free  anal  spines. 

,,       ;      .  CAUANGIDiE,  75. 

QQ.  Lateral  line  unarmed. 
R.  Throat  with  2  long  barbels  (placed  just  behind 

^  chin) MULLID^,  95. 

ER.  Throat  without  long  barbels. 
S.  Vomer  with  teeth. 
:i  ,  "  T.  Dorsal    tin    continuous,   without    distinct 

spines. 
U.  Caudal  fin   deeply  forked ;    no  pseudo- 
branchiie..  .CouYPn.KNii).E,7d. 
UU.  Caudal  fin  rounded;    pseudobranchiio 

Itresent Icostkid.e,  101. 

TT.  Dorsal  fin  with  a  dillerentiated  spinous 

part. 

V.  Gill  membranes  joined  to  the  istlunus ; 

no  lateral  lino. ..  GoBiiD^E,  104. 

W.  Gill  membranes  free  from  the  isthmus. 

W.  Eyes  lateral. 

*  •   X.  Anal  fin  preceded  by  2  free  spines. 

-  Scales  cycloid,  minute. 

Caiiangid/E,  75. 
—  Scales  ctenoid,  moderate. 

I'<).MATO:MIl)yE,  76. 

XX.  Anal  fin  not  i)receded    by  free 
spines. 

Y.  Tail  keeled Cauangid^,  75. 

.         ,  YY.  Tail  not  keeled. 

Z.  Anal  spines  none.  ' 

^       .,  ,  8EunAXiD.E,  86. 

ZZ.  Anal  spines  1  or  2. 

•  Scales  largo,  deciduous ;  mouth  nearly  vertical Apogonid^,  89. 

,"  Scales  smaller,  adherent;  mouth  nearly  horizontal. 

tAnal  rays  more  than  20 Pomatomid.t:,  76. 

ttAnal  rays  less  than  20 1'ercid.e,  85. 

ZZZ.  Anal  spines  3. 

t  PHeudobranchin^  small,  glandular,  covered  by  skiu CENTUARCHiDiE,  84, 

tt  PseudobrunehiiB  large,  exposed.  •    r  :   /, 

H  Front  teeth  ineisor-like,  compressed Sparid^,  88. 

HIF  Front  teeth  all  pointed  ;  no  incisors. 
^  Maxillary  slipping  under  preorbital  for  its  whole  length. 

PuiSTIPOMATIDiE,  87. 


m 


78       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTIIYOLOOY IV. 

$$  Maxillary  not  slipping  under  preorbital  i»osteriorly SEURANiDji:,  8G. 

ZZZZ.  Anal  spines  4  to  10. 

CENTRAKCIIIDiE,  8t. 
WW.  Eyes  superior ;  nioiitli  nearly  verti- 

cal UitANOScopiDj;:,  Ka 

SS.  Vomer  without  teeth. 

a.  Tail  with  a  strong  spine  on  each  side;  teeth  incisor-like TEUXiiYDiDiE,  d'J. 

aa.  Tail  without  spine, 
b.  Anal  i)receded  by  2  free  spines ;  gill  membranes  free  fron*  isthmus. 

Carangid^,  75. 
hh.  Anal  without  free  spines, 
c.  Teeth  setiform;  soft  parts  of  vertical  fins  completely  scaly  ;  body  compressed 

"  and  elevated;  anal  spines 3  or  4. 

(1.  Dorsal  fin  continuous C'Hi^ETODONTiD^,  l)s. 

(Id.  Dorsal  fin  deeply  notched EPHIPPID^,  \)7. 

cc.  Teeth  not  setiform.  • 

e.  Lateral  line  obsolete. 

/.  Gill  membranes  joined  to  the  isthmus GOBIID^,  104. 

ff.  Gill  membranes  free  from  the  isthmus CKNXRAKCUiDiE,  84. 

ee.  Lateral  lino  present. 

().  Dorsal  fin  without  distinct  spines ;  no  anal  spines Icosteid^,  101. 

f/g.  Dorsal  fin  with  distinct  spines. 
/(.  Anal  spines  1  or  2. 
i.  Lateral  line  interrupted ;  no  slit  behind  fonrth  gill. 

POMACENTRIDiE,  96. 

ii.  Lateral  line  complete,  extending  to  the  tip  of  the  caudal  fin ;  head 

scaly SciiENiDiE,  91. 

Hi.  Lateral  line  complete,  extending  to  the  base  of  the  caudal. 
j.  Upiier  jaw  with  posterior  canines;  dorsal  fin  continuous. 

Tkaciiinid^,  lO-i. 

jj.  Upper  jaw  without  canines  ;  dorsal  fins  2 PERCiDiE,  eo. 

hh.  Anal  spines  3. 
i.  Anal  with  more  than  15  soft  rays. 

j.  Treoperclo  entire Embiotocid^,  9;). 

jy.  Preopercle  serrate Stromateid^,  77. 

ii.  Anal  with  less  than  15  soft  rays. 
k.  Dorsal  spines  9  or  10. 

/.  Cheeks  and  upercles  scaly GERRin.^,  92. 

?/.  Cheeks  and  opercles  chiefly  naked Labrid.*;,  95, 

hk.  Dorsal  spines  11  to  15. 

..  m.  Upper  jaw  with  posterior  canines LABRiDiE,  95, 

vim.  Upper  jaw  without  posterior  canines. 

*  Jaws  with  incisors  or  molars,  or  both Sparid^,  88. 

**  Jaws  with  pointed  teeth  only PRiSTiPOMATiDiE,  87, 

^ '•^•.  Dorsal  spines  17  or  more ;  anterior  teeth  canine-like. 

LABRIDiE,  95. 

hhh.  AnalspinesB CiCHLiDiE,  94, 

-— -        EE.  Ventral  rays  more  than  I,  5. 

n.  Caudal  fin  wanting;  scales  spinous.. MacruriDjE,  121. 

;:iJ  .  :_    .   —  ^  . nn.  Caudal  fin  well  developed. 

o.  Tail  isocercal ;  ventrals  jugular Oadid^,  120. 

00.  Tail  diphycercal. 
""'-;':'■'"{.'•' '-^'-'S/  ^,  Ventral  rays  about  15;  dorsal  fin  single,  elevated. 

:'■  ;  Lampridid^iE,  80. 


KEY    rO    FAMILIES    OF   PISCES.  71) 

•  p2>.  VcmraVrays  about  I,  7. 

j.'i'     .;,     ;  .  q.  Dors.il  spiues  ;J  or  4;  vent  anterior. 

-;      :         .  Apiiredodeiud.-e,  83. 

gq.  Dorsal  siiincs   about   11;   vent  normal;  scales 
^^  ■  large,  very  rougli. 

BKRYCIDiE,  82. 

qqq.  Dorsal  spines  about  10;   vent  normal;   scales 

minute Zknid.e,  81. 

EEC  Ventral  fins  with  or  without  spine  ;  tlie  numberof  soft  rays  less  than  5. 
■1  r.  Dorsal  liu  composed  of  spines  only. 

8.  Dorsal  liu  extremely  high Buamid^e,  79. 

88.  Dorsal  fin  low BLKNXiiDJi;,  112. 

rr.  Dorsal  iiu  of  si)ine8  anteriorly,  of  soft  rays  pos. 
teriorly.  « 

t.  Pectoral  fins  entire, 
tt.  Body  entirely  covered  with  series  of  bony 

plates TlJlGLlDiE,  108. 

««.  Body  not  mailed, 
t'.  Suborbital  with  a  bony  stay. 

COTTID^,  107. 
'  •  vv.  Suborbital  without  bony  stay. 

Bi.ENNIIDiE,  112. 
tt.  Pectoral  fin  divided  to  the  base  in  two  un- 
equal parts TUIGLlDiE,  108. 

rrr.  Dorsal  fin  of  soft  rays  anteriorly,  of  low  spines 

■  posteriorly ZOARClDiE,  115. 

rrrr.  Dorsal  fin  of  soft  rays  only. 

tv.  Dorsal  fin  very  short ;  body  mailed. 
.  '  '  TUIGLID^,   108. 

•     •  .  WW.  Dorsal  fin  very  long ;    body  with 

'  ■  ,  small  scales. 

X.  Dorsal  and  anal  joined  to  the  cau- 
dal ;  pseudobrauchifD  i>resent. 
y.   Gill  membranes  joined  to  the  isth- 
mus  ZoAUCiDiE.  lir>. 

yy.  Gill    membranes  free  from   the 

isthmus OriiiDiiD/E,  118. 

,    OCX.  Dorsal  and  anal  free  from  the  cau- 
dal or  nearly  so ;    no  pseudo- 
branchiae. 
e.  Tail  isocercal ;  chin  usually  with 

a  barbel Gauid^e,  1'20. 

zz.  Tail  diphycercal,  no  barbel. 

Brotulid.e,  119. 
CC.  Body  scaleless,  smooth  or  armed  with  tubercles,  prickles,  or  scattered  bony 

plates. 

•Broast  with  a  sucking  disk.  * 

A.  Gill  membranes  free  from  the  isthmus  ;  no  spinous  dorsal Gobiesocid^,  111. 

AjV.  Gill  membranes  joined  to  the  isthmus. 

B.  Skin  smooth Liparidid^,  109. 

BB.  Skin  with  tubercles  or  spines , CYCLOPTERiDiE,  110, 

"Breast  without  sucking  disk. 

C.  Ventrals  completely  united GoDllDiE,  104. 

CC.  Ventrals  separate. 


'1 


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i 


l'.i,ii. 


11  :■).  'i  I  .3- 


S^^liii 


80      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

D.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  followed  Ijy  finlotH. 

K.  Free  anal  siiines  2 CauangiD/E,  T'l. 

EE.  Free  analspiuos  none ScoMBRiD^,  74. 

'  DD.  Dorsal  ami  anal  witliont  finhits. 

F.  Upper  jaw  prolon;^ed  into  a,  "sword" XiPiiiiD^,  72. 

FF.  Upper  jaw  not  prolonged  into  a  sword. 

G.  Suborbital  with  a  bony  stay CoTTiDiE,  107. 

GG,  Suborltital  without  bony  stay. 
U.  Anal  fin  absent;  caudal  tin  rudimentary  or  directed  upward. 

TUACaVPTKIUli^,  100. 
HH.  Anal  lin  present ;  caudal  developed. 

I.  Ventral  rays  less  than  I,  5. 

J.   Dorsal  sjjiues  none  at  all ;  lateral  line  with  prieklo.q. 
,  leOSTKID/E,  101. 

J  J.  Dorsal  spines  very  few  (less  than  6) Batuaciiid.e,  114. 

3,1  J.  Dorsal  spines  numerous IJHiXNilDiE,  112. 

II.  V<^ntrals  thoracic,  I,  5,  or  more. 

K.  Dorsal  with  ii  seri<!s  of  bony  plates  at  base Zenid^,  81. 

KK.  Dorsal  without  bony  plates  at  base. 

L.  Anal  ])receded  by  2  free  spines CauanoiD/E,  75. 

LL.  Anal  with(»ut  free  spines Tuaciiiniu/E,  102. 

BB>  Gill-oiieuings  small,  behind  the  pectoral  fins,  Avhich  are  more  or  less  pedic- 

nlate. 
M.  Gill-openings  in   or  behind   upper  axil   of  pectorals; 

mouth  small  —  Maltiieida:,  r2(i. 
MM.  Gill-openings  in  or  behind  lower  axil ;  mouth  large. 
N.  Head  compressed ;  no  preudobrauch'". 

A"        XAniiD/E,  125. 
NN.  Head  depressed  ;  pseudobranchi  "ut. 

LiOPIIIIDiE,  )24. 

III.— VENTRAL  FINS  ENTIRELY  WANTING. 

A.  Gill-openings  ventral,  confluent  iii  a  longitudinal  slit ;  body  eel-shaped. 

SYNAPIIOBUANCHIDiE,  54. 

B.  Gill-openings  lateral,  or  not  confluent. 

C.  Gill  membranes  united  to  the  isthmus  (J.  c,  gill-openings  8ei)arated  by  an 

isthmus). 
D.  Dorsal  fin  single,  of  spines  only. 

E.  Molar  teeth  present AxARmiicnADin-E,  1111. 

EE.  Molar  teeth  none Blexxiid/E,  112. 

DD.  Dorsal  lins  two,  f?'lv nor  spinous,  posterior  soft ;  teeth  ineisor-like. 

BALISTIDiE,  128. 
DDD.  D^'    .1  iln  undivided,  the  spines  feeble  or  none. 
F     Miout  tubular,  bearing  the  short,  toothless  mouth  at  its  end  ;  hodj' mailed. 
F.  Caudal  fin  iireseut;  head  in  the  lino  of  the  axis  of  the  body. 

•  Syngnatiiid^,  58. 

FF.  Caudal  fin  wanting;  head  not  in  line  of  axis  of  body. 

HlPPOCAMPlD^,  59. 
EE.  Snout  not  tubular. 

"T:.^  G.  Body  elongate,  eel-shaped.        --  --^-- -_-_.. ^ — ..__..., — 

H.  Pectoral  lins  wanting.  . 

V,  r-     ,  , ,  I.  Gill-openings  very  small Mur^nid.e,  52. 

II.  Gill-openings  moderate ANOUiLLlDiE,  53. 

HH.  Pectoral  lins  present. 


KEY   TO   FAMILIES   OP   PISCES. 


81 


J.  Jaws  attenuate,  forming  a  long,  snipe-like  bcnli. 

Nemiciitiivid^,  56. 
J  J.  Jaws  not  attenuate. 

K.  Tail  tapering  into  a  filament SACCOPiiAHYNGiUiE,  54. 

KK.  Tail  not  filamentous. 

M.  Maxillarics  and  premaxillaries  (listinv^t ZoARCiDiE,  115. 

MM.  Mamillaries  and  X'l^maxillaries  uipru  or  less  eoaleaccut 

with  vomer  aud  palatines. 

AxauiLLiD^.  53. 
GG.  Body  not  ccl-sbaped. 

N.  Breast  with  a  sucking  disk. 

O.  Skin  smooth LiPAniDiDjE,  109. 

00.  Skin  tubercular Cycloi>tkiud^,  110. 

NN.  Breast  without  sucking  disk. 

P.  Teeth  in  each  jaw  confluent  into  one. 

Q.  Body  compressed,  rough Ortiiagoriscid.e,  131. 

QQ.  Body  not  compressed,  spinous.. DioDONTiD^,  130. 
V  PP.  Teeth  in  each  jaw  confluent  into  two. 

■    ",      '         -  TETUODONTIDiE,  189. 

r  '■    '     PPP.  Teeth  separate. 

\''-:'.Ai^''..'-y..:-,^^  /■'■■:'-■."-  K.  Body  enveloped  in  a  bony  box...  OstuaciiDjE,  127. 

RR.  Body  not  mailed STSOSt ateid^,  77. 

CC.  Gill  membranes  free  from  the  isthmus. 

8.  Vent  at  the  throat. 
>  T.  Vertical  fins  confluent ;  body  eel-shaped. 

FlERASFEBIDiE,  117. 

TT.  Vert    al  fins  separate ;  body  oblong. 

AMBLYOPSIDiE,  48. 

SS.  Vent  posterior. 

U.  Caudal  fin  wanting ;  body  naked. 

Tkichiurid^,  73. 
UlT.  Caudal  fin  present. 
V.  Upper  jaw  prolonged  into  a  sword. 

XiPHiiD^,  72. 
■^     •     ,,  W.  Upper  jaw  not  prolonged  into  a  sword. 

W.  Body  ovate,  much  compressed. 

Stkomateid^,  77. 
WW.  Body  oblong  or  elongate. 
X.  Gillmembranes  broadly  united;  teeth 
present. 
Y.  Dorsal  fin  of  spines  only. 

BLENXIIDiE,  112. 

YY.  Dorsal  fin  of  soft  rays  onl}'. 

Congrogadid^,  116. 
YYY.  Don>al  fins  2,  anterior  spinous, 

posterior  soft CoiTiDiE,  107. 

XX.  Gill  membranes  separate. 

Z.  Jaws  toothless,  the  lower  jaw 
projecting. . . .  Ammodytidjs,  69. 
ZZ.  Jaws  with  teeth,  lower  not  pro- 
jecting   Ophidiid^,  118. 

Bull.  Nat.  MU8.  Ko.  16 6 


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CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


Subclass  OHONDROSTEI. 


i*,* 


■.1-J' 


.V-         {The  Sturgeons.)         '   ,    >    ,   .     -as-' 

Skeleton  partly  cartilaginous.  Ventral  fin  abdominal,  with  an  entire 
series  of  basilar  segments.  No  suboperculnm  or  preopercnlum.  Branclii. 
ostegals  (single  or)  wanting ;  a  pnecoracoid  arch  ;  no  syinplectic  bone. 
Mesopterygium  distinct  j  interclavicles  present.*  Arterial  bulb  with 
several  pjvirs  of  valves.  Optic  nerves  forming  a  chiasma.  Intestine 
with  a  si>iral  valve.  Air-bladder  connected  by  a  duct  with  the  oesopha- 
gus. Tail  heterocercal,  its  fin  with  fnlcra.  Skin  naked  or  armed  with 
bony  i)lates.    This  group  comprises  two  orders. 

(Order  Chondrostd  Giintber,  viii,  332-347.     ;j;5yfSpof,  cartilage  ;  uariov,  bono.) 

ANALYSIS  OF  ORDERS  OF  CH0NDR08TEI 

Maxillary  and  iutcroporcio  obsoloto;  skin  naked;  brancbiliyals  cartilaginous;  air- 
bladder  cellular Sklaciiostomi,  G, 

Maxillary  and  interoi)orclo  present ;  skin  witli  bony  shields ;  brancbiliyals  osseous; 
air-bladder  simple Glaniostomi,  II, 

Okder  g.-selaciiostomi. 

{The  raddle-fishes.) 

A  praicoracoid  arch ;  no  sympiectic  bono ;  premaxillary  forming  mouth 
border ;  no  suboperculnm,  preoperculnm,  nor  interoperculnm  ;  mesop- 
terygium distinct;  basihyals  aud  superior ceratohyai  not  ossified;  inter- 
clavicles i)re8ent;  maxillaries  obsolete;  brancbiliyals  cartilaginous. 
This  order  contains  but  one  family,  Polyodontidw.  {a^Myr^,  shark ;  (rtfJ/ju, 
mouth.)  J 

Family  XXV.— FOLYODONTIDiE. 

■  {The  Paddle-fishes.)        ' 

Body  fusiform,  little  compressed,  covered  with  mostly  smooth  skin. 
Snout  prolonged,  expanded  into  a  thin,  flat  blade,  the  inner  portion 
formed  by  the  produced  nasal  bones,  the  outer  portion  with  a  reticulate 
bony  framework,  the  whole  somewhat  flexible.  Mouth  broad,  termi- 
nal, but  overhung  by  the  spatulate  snout,  its  border  fornu'd  by  the  i)ro- 
maxillaries,  the  maxillaries  being  obsolete.    Jaws  v/ith  nmny  fine  deiid- 


Tlie  ONte<dogical  characters  bore  aud  elsewhoro  in  this  work  are  juostly  taken  from 
Col)(^'H  "  Couiribution  to  the  Ic^hthyology  of  the  Lessor  Antilles".  Trans.  Am.  riiil. 
Boo.  1U70. 


pons  teetl 
present, 
acute  fla]) 
rakers  Ion 
iiuMubranc 
mus.  A  s 
base  of  bl 
brauches. 
farther  ba 
so  tliat  the 
tail  armec 
torals  mo( 
bladder  cc 
branching 

Two  gei 
{fular  fislu 
They  feed 
it  up  with 

(I'olyodon 

*Gill-rakor£ 


Lac6p^do,  I 

Gill-rak 

(hil  fulcra 

States.    ( 


25.   POLYODONTIDiE — ^POLYODON. 


8S 


t'oua  teetb.  Similar  teeth  en  the  palatines.  ITo  tongue.  Spiracles 
present.  Opercukmi  riulimentary,  its  skin  produced  behind  into  a  long, 
acute  lla]>.  No  psendobranchiaj  nor  oi>ercular  gill.  Gills  4J.  Gill- 
riiUers  long,  in  a  double  series  on  each  arch,  the  series  divided  by  a  broad 
mombrane.  Gill  membranes  considerably  connected,  free  from  the  iath- 
imus.  A  single  broad  branchiostegal.  No  barbels.  Nostrils  double,  at 
biise  of  blade.  Lateral  line  continuous,  its  lower  margin  with  short 
branches.  Dorsal  iiu  well  back,  of  soft  rays  only.  Anal  similar,  rather 
ftirtlier  back.  Tail  heterocercal,  the  lower  caudal  lobe  well  developed, 
so  that  the  fin  is  nearly  equally  forked.  Sides  of  the  bent  portion  of  the 
tail  armed  with  small  rhombic  plates.  Caudal  fin  with  fulcra.  Pec- 
torals moderate,  placed  low.  Vontrals  abdominal,  many-rayed.  Air- 
bladder  cellular,  not  bifid.  Pyloric  cceca  in  the  form  of  a  short,  broad, 
branching,  leaf-like  organ.    Intestine  with  a  spiral  valve. 

Two  genera  known,  Polyodon  and  Pscphurus,  each  of  one  species.  Sin- 
gular fishes,  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  the  United  States  and  China. 
Tlioy  feed  chiefly  on  mud  and  minute  organisms  contained  in  it,  stirring 
it  up  with  the  spatulate  snout. 

(/'o/i/otioMtida;  GUuthor,  viji,  346-347.) 

•Gill-rakors  very  fliio  iiiul  numorous;  caudal  fulcra  small  and  uuinorous. 

Polyodon,  J6. 

46.-POLlfODO]V  Lacdpfede. 
TaMle-finhes. 

(S/}a<M?an'a  Shaw :  P?at»rostra  Lc  Sueur.) 

Lacdptido,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  i.  402,  1798:  typo  "Polyodon  feuillv"  =  P.  folium  Blocb.) 
( I  ill-rakers  exceedingly  luimerous,  very  slender ;  spatula  broad.    Cau- 
dal fulcra  13  to  20  in  number,  of  moderate  size.    Rivers  of  the  United 
States.    (;r«AuT,  many ;  «5(bv,  tooth.)  .      .     y,  ' 

13.  P.  spathula  (Walb.)  J.  &  Q. —-Paddle- fish  ;  Spoon-bill  Cat;  Duck-hill  Cat. 

Color  olivaceous,  rather  pale.  Opercular  flap  very  long,  nearly  reach- 
ing to  ventrals.  Spatula  broad.  Premaxillary  extending  far  behind 
the  small  eye.  Slt.in  smooth,  or  nearly  oO,  except  the  rhombic  plates  on 
the  sides  of  the  tail.  Ventrals  near  the  middle  of  the  body ;  dorsal 
well  behind  them;  anal  mostly  behind  the  dorsal,  and  somewhat 
larger ;  these  fins  somewhat  falcate.  Fin-rays  slender.  Spiracle  with 
a  minute  barbel.  Isthmus  papillose  in  the  young.  Spatula  2  J  to  4  times 
ill  length.  Whole  head,  with  opercular  flap,  more  than  half  length. 
Head,  without  spatula  or  flap,  about  5.    D.  50-GOj  A.  50-05;  V.  45* 


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CONTRIBUTIONS   TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

L.  5-6  feet.    Mississippi  Valley  and  rivers  of  the  Southern  States ;  gen- 
erally abundant. 

(Squalus  epathula  Walbanm,  Artedi  Piac.  1792,  522:  "Polyodon  /cutKc"  Lac6I)^(lo, 
Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  i,  402 :  P.  fol'mm  Schneider  ed.  Bloch,  Syst.  Ichth.  457 :  Spatulana 
reticulata  Shaw,  Geu.  Zool.  1804,  v,  362 :  Platirostra  edentula  (adult)  Le  Sueur,  Journ. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci,  Phila.  227 :  P.  folium  Gunther,  346.) 

Obdeb  H.-GLANIOSTOMI. 

{The  Sturgeons.)  - 

A  proecoracoid  arch.  No  symplectic  bone.  Maxillary  present.  No 
suboperculum  or  preoperculura.  Interoperculum  present.  Mesoptcry. 
gium  distinct.  Interclavicles  present.  Basihyals  and  superior  cerato- 
hyal  not  ossified.  Branchihyals  osseous.  This  group  is  composed  of  the 
single  family  Acipemeridce.    (yka-n^^  a  cat-flsh,  Silurus ;  aro/m,  mouth.) 

Family  XXVI.— ACIPENSERIDJ5. 

{The  Sturgeons.) 

Body  elongate,  subeylindrical,  armed  with  five  rows  of  bony  bucklers, 
each  with  a  median  carina  which  terminates  in  a  spine.  A  median  dor- 
sal scries,  and  a  lateral  and  abdominal  series  on  each  side,  the  abdomi- 
nal series  sometimes  deciduous.  Between  these  the  skin  is  rough,  with 
small  irregular  plates.  Snout  produced,  depressed,  conical  or  subspjit- 
ulate.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  protractile,  with  thicken'id  lips.  No 
teeth.  Four  barbels  in  a  transverse  series  on  the  lower  side  of  tlio 
snout  in  front  of  the  mouth.  Eyes  small;  nostrils  largo,  double,  in  front 
of  eye.  Gills  4.  An  accessory  opercular  gill.  Gill  membranes  united 
to  the  isthmus.  !N"o  branchiostegals.  Maxillary  bone  distinct  from  the 
I)remaxillary.  Head  covered  with  bony  plates  united  by  sutures.  Fin- 
rays  slender,  all  articulated.  Vertical  fins  with  fulcra.  Pectorals 
idaced  low.  Ventrals  many-rayed,  behind  middle  of  body.  Dorsal 
placed  posteriorly.  Anal  somewhat  behind  it,  similar.  Tail  heterocer- 
cal,  the  lower  caudal  lobe  developed.  Air-bladder  large,  simple,  con- 
nected with  the  (esophagus.  Pseudobranchiie  small  or  obsolete.  Stom- 
ach without  blind  sac.  llectum  with  a  8X)iral  valve.  Pancreas  divided 
into  pyloric  appendages. 

Large  fishes  of  the  seas  and  fresh  waters  of  northern  regions.  Most 
of  the  species  are  migratory,  like  the  salmon,  which  are  found  in  the 
same  waters.  Genera  2,  species  about  20,  although  more  than  llvo 
times  that  number  have  been  described.    The  American  species  especi- 


»•  Spiracles  obi 


'  M.  Duiudril 


26.    ACIPENSERIDiE — ACIPENSER.  85 

ally  have  been  unduly  multiplied,  particularly  by  Auguste  DumiSril, 
who  has  found  upwards  of  forty  of  them  in  the  museum  at  Paris. 
The  actual  number  of  American  sturgeons  does  not  exceed  7,  and  is 
inoro  likely  still  less.  The  changes  with  age  are  considerable;  the  snout 
in  particular  becomes  much  shorter  and  less  \cute,  and  the  roughness 
of  the  scales  is  greatly  diminished;  the  ventral  shields  sometimes  disap- 
pear altogether  The  number  of  plates,  although  one  of  the  best  spe- 
cific characters,  is  subject  to  considerable  variations.     .  ^  > 

(Jci;)fn«end(B  Giinthor,  viii,  332-345.)  v;  A:> -v  /    .;v     ilk  - 

•  Spiracles  present ;  snout  subconic ;  rows  of  bony  shields  distinct  throughout. 

ACIPKNSER,  47. 
•»  Spiracles  obsolete ;  snout  subspatulate ;  rows  of  bony  shields  confluent  on  the  tail. 

SCAPIlIRUHYNCnOPS,  48. 

4».— ACIPENSER*  Linnseus. 

•     Sturgeons. 
(Ariedi,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat. :  type  Jcipcneer  aturio  L.)  . 

Snout  subconical,  more  or  less  depressed  below  the  level  of  the  fore- 
head. A  small  spiracle  over  the  eye.  Caudal  i)eduncle  moderately 
long,  deeper  than  broad,  the  rows  of  bony  bucklers  distinct  to  the  base 
of  the  caudal  fin.  Tail  not  produced  into  a  filament,  its  tip  surrounded 
by  the  caudal  rays.  Gill-rakers  small,  narrowed  or  lanceolate.  Pseu- 
ilobranchiai  present.  Species  numerous.  (Latin  acipenser,  a  sturgeon ; 
from  «x{c,  point ;  jrevra,  five  ?) 

yi.  A.  sturio  L. — Common  Sturgeon. 

Snout  rather  shari^,  nearly  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the  head,  becoming 
comparatively  shorter  and  blunter  with  age.  Barbels  nearly  midway 
between  mouth  and  tip  of  snout,  shortish,  not  reaching  the  mouth. 
Gill  rakers  small,  slender,  pointed,  sparse,  not  longer  than  the  i)upil. 

»M.  Dmudril  (Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  ii,  89)  divides  this  group  into  six  subgenera,  as  fol- 
lows : 
a.  Spines  of  dorsal  shields  situated  near  their  middle.    {Mcaocentrei.) 
b.  Stellate  plates  none. 

c.  Scutella  (between  largo  shields)  disposed  without  order Huso. 

cc.  Scutella  disposed  in  quincunx Acipenskh. 

6fi.  Stellate  ])late8  nunioroiis Antackus. 

flo.  Spines  of  dorsal  shiehl  at  the  posterior  extremity.    {O^iathocentrea.) 

.     d.  Stellate  plates  none. 

e.  Lip  emarginate Stkrletus. 

ce.  Lip  entire LlONlscus. 

dd.  Stellate  plat«8  numoroUi"* IlELOPS. 

The  same  species  at  dilTcreut  ages  niuy  frequently  belong  to  two  or  more  of  these 
Bubgoiiora. 


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86     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

Fulera  rougliish,  not  enlarged.  Lower  lobe  of  tail  rather  sharp.  Sides 
of  tail  with  regular  rhombic  plates.  Plates  mesocentrous,  rather  rough. 
Anal  smaller  than  dorsal,  placed  mostly  below  it.  Anterior  rays  of 
pectoral  thickened.  "Skin  with  voiy  small  rough  points  in  vcrj' 
young  examples ;  in  older  ones  these  ossifications  are  broader,  rougli, 
substellate,  and  more  or  less  regularly  arranged  in  oblique  series."  D. 
40-44  J  A.  20-30.  Dorsal  plates  11-14;  lateral  27-36;  ventral  plates 
11.  Atlantic  Ocean ;  ascending  rivers  of  Europe  and  North  America. 
Var.  oxyrrasynchus  (Mitchill),  the  American  Sturgeon,  has  the  num- 
ber of  lateral  plates  generally  fewer — 27-29  instead  of  29-36,  as  in  Euro- 
liean  examples.  The  stellate  ossifications  are  also  said  to  be  some- 
"what  rougher  than  in  the  Euroi)ean  form.  Massachusetts  to  Florida; 
abundant. 

(L.  Syst.  Nat. ;  Giintlier,  viii,  342 :  Acipenaer  oxyrhynohua  Mitcliill,  Trans.  Lit.  & 
Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  462,  and  of  most  American  writers.) 

7 a*  A>  transmontanus  Richardson. — White  Sturgeon;  Columbia  River  Sturgeon; 
SaoramerJo  Sturgeon. 

Color  dark  grayish,  scarcely  olive-tinged,  and  without  stripes.  Dor- 
sal shields  mesocentrous,  with  a  compressed  bluntish  spine,  which  is 
anterioHy  often  serrated,  and  followed  behind  by  a  compressed  keel. 
Lateral  shields  rather  opisthoceiitrous.  Skin  with  stellate  roughnesses, 
but  smoother  than  in  A.  medirostris.  Snout  sharp  in  the  young,  be- 
coming rather  blunt  and  short  in  the  adult,  when  it  is  confjiderably 
shorter  than  the  rest  of  the  head.  Barbels  rather  nearer  to  the  tip  of 
snout  than  to  the  mouth.  Gill-rakers  comparatively  long,  more  than 
3  times  as  high  as  broad,  about  26  in  number.  Upper  lobe  of  tai[ 
with  rhombic  plates.  First  caudal  fulcrum,  above  and  below,  enlarged 
and  granular.  Lower  lobe  of  caudal  rather  sharp  and  long,  not  much 
shorter  than  upi)er.  Dorsal  plates  12 ;  lateral  36-49,  usually  about  44; 
ventral  10.  Anal  fin  mostly  below  dorsal.  D.  45 ;  A.  28.  Depth  7  in 
length ;  head  4.  Pacific  coast,  south  to  Monterey,  ascending  the  Sacra 
niento,  Columbia,  and  Eraser's  Eivers  in  large  numbers  in  spring. 
Reaches  a  weight  of  300  to  600  pounds,  and  is  used  as  food. 

(Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amor.  iii,  278,  1836:  Aoipenscr  hrachyrhynchus  and  aciiti- 
rosWs  (young)  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1854,15,10:  Acipenser  transmoiUanut 
anil  bravhyrhynchus  Qiinther,  viii,  336, 337.) 

70.  A.  medirostris  Xyrea.— Green  Sturgeon. 

Color  olive-green,  with  an  olive  stripe  on  the  median  lino  of  the  belly 
and  one  on  each  side  above  the  ventral  plates,  these  stripes  ceasing  op- 
posite the  vent.    Shields  generally  opisthocentrous,  with  a  stroDgly 


■IHHiMli 


26.   ACIPENSERID^ — ^ACIPENSEE. 


87 


iy 


hooted  spine.  Skin  very  rough.  Snout  about  as  in  A.  transmontanus, 
sharp  in  the  young,  becoming  blunt  with  age,  usually  rather  shortei 
than  the  rest  of  head.  Barbels  nearly  midway  between  snout  and 
mouth.  Gill-rakers  scarcely  higher  than  broad,  about  17  in  number. 
Upper  lobe  of  tail  with  some  scattered  plates.  Caudal  fulcra  not  en- 
larged. Lower  lobe  of  caudal  short  and  blunt,  little  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  upper.  Dorsal  plates  10;  lateral  28-30;  ventral  9.  Anal 
fin  about  half  below  the  dorsal.  D.  37 ;  A.  30.  Depth  7J  in  length ; 
bead  4^.  Pacific  coast,  ascending  the  rivers  from  San  Francisco  north- 
ward, reaching  a  large  size.  Less  abundant  tiian  A.  transmontamis; 
not  used  for  food,  being  reputed  poisonous. 

(Ayrea,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  15;  GUnthor,  viii,  342:  Acipenacr  agaasizi  Giiuthor, 
viii,  344 :  Acipenaer  acutiroatria  GUnther,  viii,  344 ;  not  of  Ayres.) 

77.  A.  rubicundus  Le  Sueur. — Lake  Sturgeon;  Ohio  Sturgeon;   Black  Sturgeon; 
Stone  Sturgeon  ;  Hock  Sturgeon. 

Blackish  above,  sides  paler  or  reddish.  Body  comparatively  elongate ; 
snout  slender  and  long  in  the  young,  becoming  quite  blunt  with  age, 
when  it  is  considerably  shorter  than  the  rest  of  the  head ;  shields  large, 
rongli  with  strongly  hooked  spines,  becoming  later  comparatively 
smooth.  Skin  with  minute  rough  plates.  Ventral  shields  growing 
smaller  with  age,  and  finally  deciduous.  Dorsal  shields  13  (11-10); 
lateral  shields  (34)  30-39;  ventral  plates  8-10.  D.  35;  A.  26.  L.  6 
feet.  Weight  50  to  100  pounds.  Mississii)pi  Valley,  Great  Lakes,  and 
northward.  Our  common  tresh- water  sturgeon,  usually  not  descending 
to  the  sea. 

(Le  Sncur,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  i,  1818, 388:  Acipenaer  maculoaua  Lo  Suour,  l/ans. 
Amcr.  Pliii.  Soc.  i,3U3:  Adpenaer  rupertianua  Kicbardsou,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.  iii,  311: 
Aiipenser  carbonariua,  Iwvia,  and  rhynchaua  Agassiz,  Lalco  Superior,  271,  276:  Acipenaer 
riihicumhia,  maculosua,  and  Ho2)elli8  Guntlicr,  viii,  338, 339, 341 ;  Miluer,  Kept.  U.  S.  Fish 
Com.  If7:i-'73,C7.) 

7§,  A,  hrcvirostris  Lo  SuGVLT.—Short-noaed  Sturgeon. 

"  Snout  very  short  and  obtuse,  about  one-fourth  of  the  length  of  the 
head.  Barbels  short,  simple.  Osseous  shields  rather  small  and  distant 
from  one  another,  finely  radiated  and  granulated ;  8-10  on  the  back, 
22-28  on  the  sides,  6-8  along  the  abdomen.  Skin  very  sparingly  cov- 
ered with  minute  prickles  and  very  small  scattered  ossifications.  The 
greater  part  of  the  anal  below  the  dorsal.  D.  30."  {O'dnther.)  Cape 
Cod  to  Florida. 

(Le  Sueur,  Trans.  Amer.  PhiL  Soo.  i,390;  GUnther,  viii,  341.) 


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CONTEIBUTIONS   TO  NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTnYOLOGY — IV. 

4§.— 8CAPinRBHiriV€HOPS  GilL 

8hovel-no86  Sturgeons.  ,■      :.  • 

(Scaphirhynchua  Heckel,  Ann.  Wiener Mus.  Naturgesch.  i,  1835,71;  preoccupied  in  oruf. 

thology.) 
{Scaphirhynchops*  (Gill,  MSS. )  Jordan  &  Copeland,  Ball.  Buff.  Sec.  Nat.  Hist.  1876, 161 ; 

type  Acipenser  platorynchus  Kafinesque.) 

Snout  broad,  depressed,  subspatulate  or  shovel-shaped.  No  spiracle. 
Caudal  peduucle  very  long,  strongly  depressed,  broader  than  deep. 
Rows  of  bony  bucklers  confluent  below  the  dorsal  fin,  forming  a  com- 
plete coat  of  mail  on  the  tail.  Tail  produced  in  a  filament  beyond  the 
caudal  fin.  Gill-rakers  somewhat  fan-shaped.  PseudobranchisB  obso- 
lete. Species  about  4,  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  the  United  States 
and  Central  and  Eastern  Asia,  {ffxd^rj,  spade;  ^oyx'K,  snout;  wi/',  appear- 
ance.) 

79.  S.  platyrrhyocllUS  (Kafinesque)  Gill. — Shovel-nosed  Sliiryeon;  White  Sturgeon. 
Body  elongate,  tapering  into  a  slender,  depressed  tail,  which  extends 
beyond  the  caudal  fin  in  the  form  of  p.  filament.  This  filament  is  long 
and  slender  in  the  young,  but  is  frequently  lost  in  the  adult.  Bony 
shields  opisthocentrous,  sharply  keeled,  the  series  confluent  below  tlie 
dorsal,  obliterating  the  smaller  plates  between.  Two  occipital  plates 
with  short  keels.  A  spine  in  front  of  eye,  and  one  at  the  posterior  edge 
of  the  rostral  "  shovel " ;  snout  in  the  young  with  a  few  spines.  Barbels 
nearer  mouth  than  tip  of  snout.  Greatest  width  of  head  about  half  its 
length.  None  of  the  fulcra  enlarged.  Dorsal  and  anal  small.  Anal 
partly  below  dorsal.  Gill-rakers  small,  lamellate,  somewhat  fim-shaped, 
ending  in  3-4  jjoints.  Dorsal  shields  15-18 ;  lateral  41-40;  ventral  11- 
13.  Head  4  in  length.  L.  5  feet.  Mississippi  Valley  and  streams  of 
the  Western  and  Southern  States ;  common. 

(AclpeHHer platorhynchus  Rafinesquo,  Iclith.  Oh.  1820,  80:  Scaphirhynchua  raftnesqud 
Heckel,  Ann.  Wiener  Mus.  Natuvgescli.  i,  1835, 71 :  Scaphirhynchua  cataphractua  Giiutber, 
viii,  345.) 

"  Subclass  HOLOSTEl  --. 

"■•'"'  {The  Bony  Ganoids.) 

Skeleton  bony.  Ventral  fin  abdominal,  with  the  basilar  segments  riuli- 
mentsiry,  as  in  ordinary  fishes.  Primary  radii  of  posterior  limb  generally 
reduced  to  one  rudiment.    Suboperculum  and  preoperculum  present. 

•  "  In  words  beginning  with  />,  />  is  doubled  after  a  prefix  "  (Liddell  t^  Scott,  Gr.-Eiij»i. 
Lex.  1858,  yi3) ;  hence  Scaphirrhynchopa,  Uemirrhamphua,  and  all  similar  words  are 
properly  written  with  the  double  r. 


27.   LEPIDOSTEID^. 


89 


Brifbchiostegals  present.  Coronoid  bone  and  praecoracoid  arch  present. 
Arterial  bulb  with  several  pairs  of  valves.  Optic  nerves  forming  a  chi- 
asma.  Intestine  with  aspiralvalve.  Air-bladder  cellular,  lung-lJke,  con- 
nected by  a  sort  of  glottis  with  the  oesophagus.  Tail  heterocercal.  Skin 
covered  with  scales,  which  are  ganoid  or  cycloid.  As  here  understood, 
this  group  consists  of  the  two  orders  Oinglymodi  and  JIalecomorphi, 
the  Crossopterygia  being  considered  as  forming  a  distinct  subclass.  The 
Chondrostei,  ITolostei,  and  Grossopterygia  form  the  series  or  subclass 
Ganoidei,  represented  by  five  widely  divergent  families  among  recent 
fishes  and  by  a  great  variety  of  extinct  types.  These  forms,  so  far  as 
known,  agree  in  a  number  of  respects  already  indicated,  and  diflfer  from 
all  the  Tcleostei^  or  ordinary  fishes,  in  the  presence  of  several  pairs  of 
valves  in  the  arterial  bulb,  and  in  the  presence  of  the  optic  chiasma. 
The  relations  of  the  HalecomorpJii  with  the  Teleostean  order  of  Isospon- 
dyli  are,  however,  undoubtedly  very  close. 

(Ganoidei  Iloloatei  part  Giinther,  viii,  324-325,   328-331.    62.og,  complete;  bariovj 

bone.)         ■    "■' 

ANAXY8I8  OF  ORDERS  OF  H0L08TEI. 

•  Vertel>rEB  opisthoccelian ;  maxillary  bone  transversely  divided  into  several  pieces. 

GiNGLYMODI,  I. 

**  VertebrtB  ampliicrolian ;  maxillary  bone  not  transversely  divided. 

,  y  Halecomorphi,  J. 

Order  I -GINGLYMODI. 

{The  Qar  Pikes.) 

Parietals  in  contact.  Pterotic,  basis  cranii,  and  anterior  vertebrae 
simple.  Symplectics  present.  Maadible  with  opercular,  coronoid,  an- 
gular,  articular,  and  dentary  bones.  Third  superior  pharyngeal  small, 
lying  on  fourth.  Upper  basihyal  wanting.  Maxillary  transversely 
divided.  A  cartilaginous  praecoracoid  arch.  Vertebrae  opisthocoelian. 
Pectoral  fins  with  mesopterygium  and  five  other  basal  elements.  Tail 
heterocercal.  This  order  includes  the  single  family  Lepidoateiioe. 
(j-i^'^'Au/zof,  hinge;  d^woT,  tooth.  !:?.•*/-, 

Family  XXVIL—LEPIDOSTEID^. 

{The  Gar  Pikes.) 

Body  elongate,  subcylindrical,  covered  with  hard,  rhombic,  ganoid 
scales  or  plates,  which  are  imbricated  in  oblique  series  running  down- 
ward and  backward.  Both  jaws  more  or  less  elongate,  spatulato  or 
beak-like,  the  upper  law  projecting  beyond  the  lower.    Premaxillary 


i  '; 


1  i 


i>.  Ij 


l^^  it 


90 


CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICnTIIYOLOOY~IV. 


.»!  i-i: 


:im\r 


\¥  ];•   'I 


I**  , 


I J )    j 


forming  most  of  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw ;  the  maxillary  transversely 
divided  into  several  pieces.  Lower  jaw  composed  of  as  many  pieces  as 
in  reptiles.  Coronoid  present.  Both  jaws  with  an  outer  series  of  small 
teeth,  followed  by  one  (or  two)  series  of  largo  teeth,  besides  which  on 
the  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines  are  series  of  small,  close-set,  rasp-like  teeth. 
Tongue  toothless.  Largo  teeth  of  the  jaws  conical  in  form,  pointed  and 
striate,  placed  at  right  angles  to  the  jaw.  These  large  teeth  rest,  accord- 
ing to  Agassiz,  in  a  rather  deep  furrow,  protected  on  the  outside  by  the 
raised  border  of  the  jaw,  and  on  the  inside  by  a  ridge  of  the  same 
nature.  Thesis  teeth  are  pierced  in  the  centre  by  a  foramen,  which 
communicates  with  the  maxillary  canal,  and  through  which  the  nervos 
and  blood  vessels  enter  the  pulp  cavity  of  the  tooth.  The  forms  of  tho 
folded  layers  of  dentine  within  the  teeth  are  peculiar.  Pharyngeals 
w  fch  rasp  like  teeth.  Tongue  short,  broad,  emarginate,  free  at  tip.  Ex- 
teriml  bones  of  skull  very  hard  ?\'  d  rugose.  Eyes  small.  Nostrils  near 
the  end  of  the  upi)er  jaw.  An  accessory  gill  on  the  inner  side  of  tho 
opercle.  Pseudobranchiie  present.  l!fo  spiracles.  Gills  four,  a  slit  be- 
hind the  fourth.  Bru.nchiostegals  3.  Gill  membranes  somewhat  con- 
nected, free  from  the  isthmus.  Gill-rakers  very  short.  Air-bladder  cellu- 
lar, lung-like,  somewhat  functional,  communicating  by  a  glottis  with  tho 
oesophagus.  Fins  with  fulcra.  Dorsal  lin  short,  rather  high,  posterior, 
nearly  opposite  the  anal,  which  is  similar  in  form.  Tail  heterocercal, 
in  the  young  produced  as  a  lilament  beyond  the  caudal  fin.  Caudal 
convex.  Ventrals  nearly  midway  between  pectorals  and  anal.  Pec- 
toral and  ventrals  moderate,  few-rayed.  Vertebra)  with  balland-sockct 
joints  [opistliocoelian).  Stomach  not  coecal.  Pyloric  appendages  numer- 
ous. Spiral  valve  of  intestines  rudimentary.  Fishes  of  the  fresh  waters 
of  North  America.  Genera  1  or  2;  species  probably  3  or  4,  although 
more  than  40  have  been  described.  These  fishes  are  of  much  interest 
to  geologists  from  their  relationship  to  extinct  Ganoid  types. 

(Zcpidoato'do;  GUnther.  .ill,  328,  331.) 

•  Largo  teeth  of  tho  upper  juw  in  a  siuglo  series  (in  adnlt) Lkpidosteus,  49. 

•*  Large  teeth  of  upper  jaw  iu  two  series LlTllOLEPis,  50. 


49.— liEPlDOSTEVS  Lacdpbde. 

Oar  Fikes. 


(Lepiaoeteus  Lac€p^de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  v,  331,  1803 :  type  Lepisoateus  gavialia  Lac.  = 
Etox  osaeus  L. ) 

This  genus  is  characterized  by  the  presence  of  but  one  row  of  largo 
teeth  in  each  jaw.    There  are  in  the  upper  jaw,  first,  the  outer  series  of 


MiiMllHH 


27.    LEPIDOSTEID^ LEPIDOSTEUS. 


91 


small,  sharp,  even  teeth,  then  the  series  of  large  teeth,  some  of  the 
anterior  teeth  being  nsnuUy  movable.  Next  eomes  a  series  of  fine 
teeth,  in  one  row  in  front,  beeoming  a  band  behind.  Then  the  vom- 
erine teeth  also  in  a  long  band,  and  posteriorly  outside  of  the  vomerine 
bund  a  i)alatine  band.  These  bands  on  the  roof  of  the  mouth  are  fre- 
qnently  somewhat  confluent  or  irregular.  In  young  specimens  some 
of  the  palatine-  teeth  are  often  enlarged,  sometimes  forming  a  regular 
Hcaies.  Lower  jaw  with  an  outer  series  of  small  teeth,  then  a  series  of 
liug«5  teeth,  then  a  broad  '^and  of  fine  teeth  on  each  side.  No  teeth  on 
tongue.  Each  of  the  large  teeth  fitting  into  a  depression  in  the  op- 
posite jaw.    Waters  of  the  United  States.    (Ae-n;,  scale;  daTiov,  bone.) 

*  Ueuk  long  ami  Hluiuler ;  tho  suout  more  tliuu  twice  tbo  length  of  the  rcat  of  the 

80>  Ii«  OSSCU8  (L.)  Agasaiz. — Long-noKcil  Gar;  Dill-fMh ;  Common  Oar  Pike. 

Olivaceous,  pale  and  somewhat  silvery  below.  Vertical  fins  and  pos- 
terior part  of  the  body  with  round  black  spots,  which  are  more  distinct 
iu  the  young.  Very  young  with  a  blackish  lateral  band.  Snout  a  little 
more  than  twice  tho  length  of  the  rest  of  the  head,  its  length  15-20 
times  its  least  width.  Head  3  in  length ;  depth  12.  D.  8 ;  A.  9. ;  V. 
6 ;  P.  10 ;  Lat.  1.  about  02.  L.  about  5  feet.  Great  Lakes  and  rivers 
of  the  United  States  from  Vermont  to  tho  llio  Grande ;  generally  abun- 
dant* ;,.   :■;■,  -v-^-    ,,.--■■— ■;--"-     ■    •■  ---■     :  •■    --•    . 

{Ehox OBseua  Linn. Syst.  Nftt. :  Lepiaosteus  oxyurua Raf.  Ichtb.  Oh.  7;$ :  Lepiaoateua  huron- 
ennin  liichardsou,  Fuuua  Bor.-Aiucr.  iii,  5i;i7  ;  Gilnther,  viii,  :}30.) 

'*lleuk  shorter  and  broader,  little  longer  ihau  the  rest  of  the  head.     {Cylindroateu8\ 
Raiiuesqne. ) 

§1.  li.  platystomus  Raf.~Shoi-t-noHcd  Oar. 

Colors  of  fj.  osseus  or  rather  darker.  Snout  usually  about  one-third 
longer  tl-.-.u  the  rest  of  the  head,  sometimes  about  equal  to  it,  its  length 
r»-G  times  its  least  width.  Head  3}  in  length ;  depth  8.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ; 
V.  6 ;  Lat.  1.  about  C6.  L.  2-3  feet.  Great  Lakes  and  southern  and 
western  rivers,  with  the  i>receding,  but  less  abundant  northward. 

{Lepiaoateua  platoatomua  Kaliucsqnc,  Ichth.  Oh.  72;  Glinther,  viii.SriD.) 


•M.  Augufite  Dnmdiil  (Hist.  Nab.  Poiss.)  divides  this  species,  as  reprnHentcd  in  the 
MiiHcnm  at  Paris,  into  aeventcen,  which  are  distinguished  by  trifling  ditiereuces  iu  pro- 
portions and  numbers  of  scales.  It  is  seldom  safe  to  found  either  a  species  or  a  genus 
of  iishes  on  differeuces  iu  proportions  alone. 

r  Kafinoaiine,  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,  72 :  type  Lepiaoateua  platoatomua  Raf.  {KvTiivdpog,  cylin- 
der; boTEov,  bone.) 


■S" 


\       <r'  "u 


-,    I 


*  ( 1    'W 


1 


y,,U 


hi 


Ill 


Pii  'Si 


W."r 


( i.i 


(J  Uli 


'riifj 


92     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV^» 

50.— liITHOLiEPIS  Rafinesque.  C,        ( 

Alligator  Gars.  ;  ' 

(J^radosfc'us  Rafiuosque,  1820.)  '. 

(Rafinesque,  Araer,  Month.  Mag.  iii,  447, 1818 :  type  Litholepia  adamantinua  Raf. ) 

This  genus  is  scarcely  distinct  from  Lepidosteus,  differing  only  in  the 
presence  of  a  second  series  of  large  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw,  along  the 
outer  margin  of  the  palatine  bones,  at  their  junction  with  the  premaxil- 
laries.  Probably  but  one  species,  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  United 
States,  and  southward  to  Cuba  and  Central  America.  (Attfoc,  stone; 
XsTtU,  scale.) 

83*  Ii<  tristoechus  (Bloch  &  Schneider)  Jordan  &  Gilbert. — Alligator  Gar. 

Color  greenish,  paler  below,  the  adult  usually  not  spotted.  Snout 
usually  not  quite  so  long  as  the  rest  of  the  head,  its  least  width  con- 
tained 3 J  times  in  its  length.  Head  3 J  in  length.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  V.  G ; 
Lat.  1.  60.  Scales  in  an  oblique  series  from  the  ventrals  to  middle  of 
back  18-20.  L.  8-10  feet.  Rivers  of  the  Southern  States,  Cuba,  Mex- 
ico, and  Central  America ;  reaching  a  great  size.  ' 

(if  Esox  viridia  Gmolin  ed.  Liun^,  i,  1380:  Eaox  iriatcechua  Schneider  cd.  Bloch,  395: 
Ltjnaoaieua  apatula  Lac6p.  v,  333 :  Lepiaoafeua  or  Atractoateua  ferox  Rafinesque,  lehth. 
Oh.  73:  Lejndoateua  mavjuari  Poey,  M<5m.  Cuba,  i,  273:  f  Atractoateua  tropicua  Gill,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1803,172:  Lepidoateua  viridia  Giiather,  viii,  329.) 

Oedeb  J.-HALECOMORPHI. 

{The  Amias.) 

Parietals  in  contact.  Pterotic,  basis  cranii,  and  anterior  vertebrae 
simple.  Mandible  with  opercular  and  coronoid.  Maxillary  not  trans- 
versely segmented,  bordering  the  mouth.  Third  superior  pharyngeal 
lying  on  enlarged  fourth.  Upper  basihyal  wanting.  Vertebrae  ampbi- 
coelian.    Pectoral  fins  with  mesopterygium  and  eight  other  elements. 

This  order  includes  only  the  family  of  Amiidce.  (Latin  haleeamorphus, 
formed  like  a  shad;  in  allusion  to  the  resemblance  between  this  group  of 
Ganoids  and  the  IsoapondylL) 

i:_      :...  Family  XXVIIL— AMIID^. 

{Tlie  Mud-fishes.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed  behind,  terete  anteriorly.  Head  subconical, 
anteriorly  bluntish,  slightly  depressed,  its  superficial  bones  corrugated 


28.   AMIID^. 


9a 


and  very  liard,  scarcely  covered  by  skin.  Snout  sliort,  rounded.  Lat- 
eral margins  of  upper  jaw  formed  by  the  maxillaries,  which  are  divided 
by  a  longitudinal  suture.  Jaws  nearly  even  in  front.  Cleft  of  the 
mouth  nearly  horizontal,  extending  beyond  the  small  eye.  Lower  jaw 
broad,  U-shaped,  the  rami  well  separated.  Between  them  a  broad  bonj' 
plate,  with  radiating  striae,  its  posterior  edge  free.  Jaws  each  with  an 
outer  series  of  conical  teeth,  behind  which  in  the  lower  is  a  band  of 
rasp-like  teeth.  Bands  of  small  teeth  on  the  vomer  and  pterygoids. 
Palatin(»s  with  a  series  of  larger,  pointed  teeth.  Premaxillaries  not  pro- 
tractile. Tongue  thick,  scarcely  free  at  tip.  Nostrils  well  separated,  the 
anterior  with  a  short  barbel.  Suborbital  very  narrow.  A  bony  plate 
covering  the  cheek,  similar  to  the  plates  on  the  top  of  the  head.  Oper- 
culum with  a  broad  dermal  border.  Branchiostegals  10-12.  No  i)seu- 
dobranchiae  nor  opercular  gill.  No  spiracle.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the 
fourth.  Gill  membranes  not  connected,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Two 
peculiar,  long,  lanceolate,  obliquely  striate  appendages  on  each  side 
of  the  isthmus,  projecting  backward  and  covered  by  the  branchioste- 
gal  rays,  the  anterior  wholly  adnate  to  the  isthmus,  the  posterior 
free  behind.*  Isthmus  scaleless.  Gill-rakers  stoutish,  very  short. 
Scales  of  moderate  size,  rather  firm,  cj'cloid,  with  a  membranaceous 
border.  Lateral  line  present.  Dorsal  fin  long  and  low,  nearly  uniform ; 
the  posterior  rays  not  much  higher  than  the  others;  its  insertion  in 
front  of  the  middle  line  of  the  body,  opposite  the  end  of  the  pectoral. 
Tail  somewhat  heterocercal  (more  so  in  the  young),  convex  behind.  No 
fulcra.  Anal  fm  short  and  low.  Pectoral  and  ventral  fins  short  and 
rounded,  the  ventrals  nearer  anal  than  pectorals.  Vertebroe  amphicce- 
lian,  as  usual  among  fishes.  Abdominal  and  caudal  parts  of  the  ver- 
tebral column  subequal.  Air-bladder  cellular,  bifid  in  front,  lung-like, 
connected  by  a  glottis  with  the  pharynx,  and  capable  of  assisting  in 
respiration.  Stomach  with  a  blind  sac;  no  pyloric  coeca.  No  closed 
oviduct.  Intestine  with  a  rudimentary  spiral  valve.  Fresh  waters  of 
tbo  United  States.    A  single  species  known. 

•See  Wilder  "On  tho  Serrated  Appendages  of  the  Throat  of  Amia,"  Proc.  Amer, 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  1876, 259,  for  a  discussion  of  these  curious  organs. 


■'I 


km 


J.; 


m 


:l! 


94    CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

51. — Ami  A  Liniisens. 
>    '    t    *  <  .-  Bow-Jim. 

( Jmiatus  Rafinesque.) 
(Liim.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  xii,  17C6:  typo  Amia  calva  L.) 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  («/Jt£'a,  ancient  name  of  some 
fish,  probably  the  bonito,  Sarda  mediterranean  said  to  be  from  a,  priva- 
tive, and  Ilia,  one,  the  fish  living  in  schools.) 

§3>  A*  caJvaL. — Mud-fish;  Dog-fish;  Bow-fin;  Grindle]  "John  A.  Gnndle" ',  Lawyer 
Dark  olive  or  blackish  above,  paler  below;  sides  with  traces  of 
dark  reticulate  markings ;  lower  jaw  and  gular  plate  often  with  round 
blackish  spots.  Fins  mostly  dark,  somewhat  mottled.  Male  with  a 
round  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal  above,  this  surrounded  by  an  orange 
or  yellowish  shade.  In  the  female  this  spot  is  wanting.  Lateral  line 
nearly  median,  directed  slightly  upward  at  each  end.  D.  48(42-53); 
A.  10-12;  V.  7 ;  Lat.  1.  G7  (Gi5-70).  Head  3^  in  length;  depth  4  to  U. 
Male  about  18  inches  in  length  ;  female  24  or  more.  Great  Lakes  and 
sluggish  waters  from  Minnesota  to  Virginia,  Florida,  and  Texas ;  abund- 
ant. A  voracious  fish  of  remarkable  tenacity  of  life.  The  flesh  is  pecu- 
liarly soft  and  pasty,  and  is  of  no  value  for  food. 

(Linn.  Syst.  Nat. ;  Gtinther,  vli,  32G:  Amia  ocelUcauda  Richanlson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer. 
iii,  236  ( (J  ):  Amia  occideutalia  Uekay,  New  York  Fauna,  Fish.  269.) 

SuBcuss  PHYSOSTOMI.  ■    "  •     ' 

{The  Soft-rayed  Fishes.) 

Skeleton  bony.  Ventral  fins  (if  present)  abdominal,  with  the  basal 
segments  rudimental.  Parietal  bones  usually  united.  Air-bladder  (if 
present)  connected  by  an  air-duct  with  the  cesophagus.  Scales  mostly 
cycloid.  Lateral  line  usually  running  low.  Parietal  bones  usually 
united.  Praecoracoid  generally  present.  Eays  of  fins  all  soft  and  artic- 
ulated, except  occasionally  one  or  two  of  the  anterior  rays  of  any  fin, 
which  may  be  spinous.  Lateral  margins  of  upper  jaw  usually  formed 
by  the  maxillaries.  Pectoral  fin  placed  low,  generally  near  the  ventral 
line. 

This  group  corresponds  essentially  to  the  Malacopteri  Abdominales  of 
different  authors,  the  Cycloidei  of  Professor  Agassiz.  Although  the 
typical  members  of  this  group  differ  in  many  ways  from  the  more  special- 


NBMATOGNATHI. 


95 


Ized  Pbysoclistous  Teliosts,  yet  all  the  subordinate  characters  disappear 
as  we  approach  the  poiut  of  union  of  the  two  groups,  leaving  only  the 
presence  of  the  air-duct  as  the  ultimate  distinctive  character  of  the 
Physostomi.  In  view  of  this  inosculation  of  the  two  groups,  many 
writers  (following  Professor  Gill)  have  united  them  both  into  one  order, 
Tcleocephali,  after  the  exclusion  of  various  aberrant  members  of  each. 
The  retention,  in  some  form,  of  groups  emphasizing  the  difference  be- 
tween the  spinous  and  the  soft-rayed  fishes  seems  to  us  very  convenient. 

(Order  PhysoHtomi  GVintheT,  v-viii.) 

ANALYSIS  OP  ORDERS  OF  PHYSOSTOMI.  * 


m 


':  e  •■ 


A.  Prajcoracoid  arch  present.  -     = 

13.  Symplectic  bone  none  ;  pterotic  Bimple ;  anterior  vertobrsB  -with  ossicula  audi- 
tus;    Bupraoccipital  and  parietals  co-ossified ;  maxillary  imperfect, 
forming  the  base  of  a  barbel;  no  suboperculum . . Nematogxatui,  K. 
BB.  Symplectic  bone  present. 

C.  Anterior  vertebrie  co-ossified  and  with  ossicnla  auditus. 

Plectospondyli,  L. 
CC.  Anterior  vertebrte  similar,  distinct,  •without  ossicula  auditus. 

ISOSPONDYLI,  M. 

AA.  Prsecoracoid  arch  none. 

D.  Scapular  arch  suspended  to  cranium ;   a  symplectic  bone ;  pterotic 
and  anterior  vertebrae  simple ;  parietals  separated  by  supraoccipital. 

Haplomi,  N. 

DD.  Scapular  arch  free  behind  the  cranium ;  jiarietals  in  contact ;  no 

symplectic;  maxillary  bone  lost  or  connate Exchelycephali,  O. 

Oedee  K.-NEMATOGNATHI. 

:{  {The  Cat-Jishes.)  ;       '  ^. 

Parietals  and  supraoccipital  confluent.  Four  anterior  vcrtebrsB  co- 
ossified,  and  with  ossicula  auditus.  No  mesopterygium.  Basis  cranii 
and  pterotic  bone  simple ;  no  coronoid  bone.  Third  superior  pharyn- 
geal bone  wanting,  or  small  and  resting  on  the  fourth ;  second  directed 
backwards.  One  or  two  pairs  of  basal  brauchihyals ;  two  pairs  branchi- 
hyals.  Suboperculum  wanting.  Premaxillary  forming  mouth  border 
above.  Interclavicles  present,  l^o  scales.  Skin  naked  or  with  bony 
plates. 

"  This  division  is  the  nearest  ally  to  the  sturgeons  (Chondrostei)  among 
Physostomous  fishes,  and  I  imagine  that  future  discoveries  will  prove 
that  it  has  been  derived  from  that  division  by  descent.    In  the  same 

•After  Cope,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  1870,  452. 


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96     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

way  the  Isospondylous  fishes  are  nearest  the  HalecomorpM,  and  havo 
probably  descended  from  some  Crossopterygian,  near  the  Mapliatia, 
through  that  order.  The  affinity  of  the  cat-fishes  to  the  sturgeons  is 
seen  in  the  absence  of  symplectic,  the  rudimental  maxillary  bone,  and, 
as  observed  by  Parker,  in  the  interclavicles.  There  is  a  superficial 
resemblance  iu  the  dermal  bones."    {Cope.  1.  c.,  454.) 

This  group  comprises  the  Giluridce  and  their  relatives,  now  divided 
into  several  families  by  Professor  Gill,  (vyza,  thread ;  yvdOn^^  jaw ;  from 
the  maxillary  barbels,  which  are  always  present.) 

ANALYSIS  OF  TnE   FAMILIES  OP  NEMATOGNATHI. 

*  Operculum  present ;  dorsal  fin,  if  present,  short,  anteriorly  placed.  ..Silurid^,  29. 

Family  XXIX.— SILURIDiE. 

{The  Gat-fislien.) 

iiody  more  or  less  elongate,  naked  or  covered  with  bony  plates. 
No  true  scales.  Anterior  part  of  head  with  two  or  more  barbels,  the 
base  of  the  longest  pair  formed  by  the  rudimentary  maxillary.  Margin 
of  upper  jaw  formed  by  i)i<^maxillarie8  only.  Suboperculum  absent; 
operculum  present.  Dorsal  fin  usually  present,  short,  above  or  in  front 
of  the  ventrals.  An  adipose  fin  usually  present.  Anterior  rays  of  dor- 
sal and  pcctoi-a!s  usually  spinous.  Air-bladder  usually  present,  largo, 
and  connected  with  tt  o  organ  of  hearing  by  means  of  the  auditory  ossi- 
cles.   Lower  pharyngeals  separate. 

After  the  removal  of  numerous  aberrant  forms  as  distinct  families, 
the  family  of  Siluridcc,  as  understood  by  Professor  Gill,  contains  more 
than  100  genera  and  upwat'd  of  900  species.  Most  of  the  Siluridcc  are 
fresh-water  fishes,  inhabiting  the  rivers  of  warm  regions,  particularly 
South  America  and  Africa.  Comiiaratively  few  of  them  are  marine,  and 
these  few  are  mostlj'  tropical. 

Our  species  all  oelong  to  the  division  ct-Ued  by  Dr.  Gilnthor,  Siluridw 
Proteropfflrrt?,  and  thus  chara<iterized : 

"The  rayed  <lorsal  is  alw.ays  present,  short,  with  not  more  than  13 
soft  rays,  and  belongs  to  the  abdominal  jiortion  of  the  vertebral  column, 
being  placed  iu  advance  of  the  ventrals.  The  adipose  fin  is  always 
present  ana  r^ell  developed,  although  frequently  short.  The  extent  of 
the  anal  is  much  infer-r  to  that  of  the  caudal  vertebral  column.  The 
gill  membranes  are  not  coLfluent  with  the  skiu  of  the  isthmus,  their 


**  Anterior 


v-V-'   v  -,:-^  29.    SILURID^ — NOTURUS.      '"■■■■ --'■7.'*t>-'':..'^;:-:     97 

posterior  margins  always  free,  even  if  they  are  united  with  each  other. 

V.lieiiever  a  nasal  barbel  is  i)resent  it  belongs  to  the  ])osterior  nostril." 

(SHiiridw  i)art  Gtiutlier,  v,  30-G5,  G'J-220:     Ueteroptcra:,   Protcroptvra,   and  IStcno- 
hninchicp.) 

*  Auterior  tuul  posterior  iiostrila  romoto  from  each  other,  the  posterior  provided  with 

a  barbel ;  vomer  and  palatines  toothless  ;  barbels  8.     {Ivta- 
liirino'.) 
a.  Adipose  flu  keel-like,  adnate  to  the  back;  supraoccipital  bone  free  behind. 

NoTUUfS,  52. 
aa.  Adipose  fin  with  its  posterior  margin  free. 

b,  Premaxillary  band  of  teeth  with  a  lateral  backward  extension  on  each 

side I'lLomcTis,  53. 

66.  Premaxillary  band  of  teeth  trnncate  behind, 
c.  Caudal  not  forked. 

d.  Eyes  eoneealed  beneath  the  skin Gronias,  54. 

(Id.  Eyes  normal Amu'uus,  55. 

cc.  Caudal  forked ICTAi.uiius,  .^)(>. 

*•  Auterior  and  posterior  nostrils  close  together,  neither  with  a  barbel,  the  posterior 

with  a  valv<^ ;  teeth  on  the  palate.     {Jriina:) 

e.  Lower  jaw  with  4  barbels Arius,  57, 

ee.  Lower  jaw  with  M  barbels ./'Eluriciituys,  58. 

5a.— IVOTURUS  Rafinesque. 

Stone  Cats. 

(Koturun  Raf.  Amer.  Month.  Mag.   and  Crit.  Rev.  iv,  Nov.  1818,  41:  typo  Nolurva 
ftavus  Ralinescpie.) 

r>()(l,y  more  or  less  elongate,  anteriorly  subcyliiulrieal,  then(!e  more  or 
less  (■()ini)resse<l.  Head  above  ovate  and  depi-essed.  Skin  very  thick, 
entirely  concealing  the  bones.  Supraoccipital  entirely  free  from  the 
head  of  the  second  interspinal.  Eyes  small.  IMouth  anterior,  rather 
large,  the  ui)per  jaw  usually  more  or  less  i)ro,jecting  beyond  the  lower. 
Tooth  subulate,  closely  aggregated  in  a  broad  band  in  each  Jaw,  whiiih 
in  tlie  lower  one  is  interrupted  by  a  linear  interval  and  in  the  ui>per  one 
is  continuous.  The  band  in  the  U])per  jaw  is  either  abruptly  truncated 
at  each  end  (subgenus  ISchilheodi's)  or  prolonge<l  backward  by  a  contin- 
uation from  the  postero-external  angle  (subgenus  Kotiirnn).  IJrauchios- 
toj-als  {>.  Dorsal  fin  situated  over  th(»  posterior  half  of  the  interval 
lu'tween  the  pectoral  and  ventral  fins,  with  a  short,  sharp  spine  Jind 
7  branched  rays.  A<lipose  fin  h)ng  and  low,  more  or  less  conneiited 
with  the  a(!cessory  rays  of  the  caiulal  (in,  m)t  free  posteriori.)-,  but  ud- 
iiate  to  the  body;  the  membrant!  sometimes  high  and  contiiuious,  some- 
tiinos  notched.  Caudal  tin  very  obli^pu^ly  truncated  or  rounihsd,  in- 
sorted  on  an  e<puilly  oblicpu'ly  rounded  base.  Uays  rapidly  decreasing 
ill  length  interiorly ;  luimerous  nuUineutary  ones  present,  both  above 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  10—^7 


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98     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   5I0RTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

and  below  the  candal  peduncle.  Anal  fin  comparatively  short,  and  rap- 
idly increasing  in  lieijj^ht  for  the  first  half  of  its  length ;  it  has  12-20*  rays. 
Ventrals  rounded,  and  each  has  1  simple  and  8  branched  rays.  Pec- 
toral fins  with  a  sliarp  spine,  of  difterent  forms  in  the  difterent  species. 
Vent  at  some  distance  in  advance  of  the  anal.  Lateral  line  comi)letc. 
In  or  above  the  axil  of  the  iiectoral  fins  is  an  orifice,  whi<;h  is  the  open- 
ing of  the  duct  of  a  ]wison  gland.  "  From  it  may  frequently  be  drawn  a 
solid  gelatinous  style  ending  in  a  tripod,  each  limb  of  which  is  dichoto- 
mously  divided  into  short  bran(;hes  of  regular  length."  (Cope.)  Size 
small.  Fresh  waters  of  the  United  States,  (wwro?,  back ;  Supri,  tail ; 
"means  tail  over  the  back",  Rajinesqiic.) 

•Premaxilliiry  band  of  teeth  without  lateral  backward   processes.      (Schilbeodcsi 
lUeekcr.) 
t Pectoral  spine  entire  or  grooved  behind;  adipose  fin  high  and  continuous  with 
the  caiulal. 
a.  Pectoral  spine  about  half  the  length  of  the  head. 

81.  W.  gryrinus  (Mitchill)  Raf. 

^Nearly  uniform  yellowish  brown,  sometimes  blackish,  without  trans- 
verse blotches ;  a  narrow  dark  lateral  streak  and  one  or  more  dorsal 
ones.  Body  com])aratively  short  and  thick.  Head  large,  its  width  3^- 
4^  in  length  of  body  ;  depth  4-51;  head;U-4.  Spines  stout  and  rather 
long;  that  of  the  pecstoral  fin  straight,  grooved  behind,  2,^  in  the  distance 
from  snout  to  dorsal  fin.  Dorsal  higher  than  long,  inserted  nearer  anal 
than  snout.  Anal  13.  Jaws  nearly  equal,  numeral  process  short.  L. 
6  inches.  New  York,  entire  Mississippi  Valley,  and  Upper  Lake  region ; 
rather  common. 

(Sihirusfffirinm  Mitchill,  Arner.  Month.  Mag.  1818,  :122 ;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mns.  X,  1(1  >:  Xot nm 9  uialis  J onla^.,  Bull.  IJ.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  10;*,  1877.) 

rtrt.  Pectoval  spine  less  than  one-third  the  lengtli  of  the  head. 

89.  n.  los»tacantBiUN  Jordan. 

Color  yellowish,  soinewhat  mottled.  Body  slender.  ITead  small  and 
narrow,  longer  than  broad.  Vlyo  small.  Upper  jaw  much  projecting. 
S|)iiu's  very  short  and  sleiKh'r;  that  of  the  dorsal  not  one-third  the 
height  of  the  fin;  all  less  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  head;  that 
of  the  iH'ctoral  retrorsely  serrate  on  the  outer  edge,  entire  within.  Ilejul 
4^  in  body;  its  width  5.] ;  depth  /5.\ ;  distance  to  dorsal  2;* ;  pectoral  spine 


"Throughout  the  account  of  this  family  the  rudimentary  rays  at  tlie  front  of  tin' 
anal  are  included  in  the  cnunu^ration. 

tBleekcr,  Ichthyologiie  Archipolagi  Indici  Prodromus,  i,  Silnri,  258:  ty])o  Sihirui 
gyrtnm  Mitch.     {Sehillw,  another  genus  of  iSiluridw;  €i6oc,  like.) 


29.    SILURIDiE NOTURUS. 


99 


a  in  this  distance ;  dorsal  nearer  anal  than  snout.     Anal  14.    numeral 
process  very  shcrt.     L.  3  inches.     Georgia  to  Mississippi ;  not  abundant. 

(Jordau,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1877;  Jordan,  1.  c.  10;i.) 
ttlVctoral  spine  serrato  behind,  rougliiali  in  front;  adipt)8e  fin  eniar<j;inate. 

bb.  Pectoral  spines  extremely  strong,  more  than  half  the  length  of  head,  curved ; 
their  posterior  seme  strong,  spine-liko,  hooked  backward,  each  about  as 
long  as  the  <liameter  of  the  spines. 

§G.  N.  miurcss  Jordan. 

Body  nuich  mottled,  black  and  grayish.  Top  of  head,  tip  of  dorsal, 
middle  of  adipose  tin,  and  edge  of  caudal  definitely  blackish.  Body  with 
four  broad  cross-blotches,  one  before  dorsal,  one  behind  it,  one  on  mid- 
dle of  adipose  fin,  and  one  small  one  behind  it.  Adipose  flu  connected 
with  the  caudal  fin.  Distance  from  snout  to  dorsal  about  2*5  in  length. 
Pectoral  si)ine  2;V  in  this  distance.  Dorsal  fin  higher  than  long.  Body 
not  very  elongate  nor  much  depressed.  Dorsal  region  often  somewhat 
elevated.  Depth  usually  4^-5  in  length;  head  3|-4.  Dorsal  nearer 
anal  than  tip  of  snout.  Anal  12  or  1.3  rays.  Pectoral  spine  curved  and 
finely  serrate  without,  with  six  strong  recurved  pectinations  within, 
e{ich  nearly  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  spine.  Humeral  i)rocess 
short.  L.  4  inches.  Great  Lakes  to  Minnesota  and  Louisiaiui;  com- 
mon. 

(Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1877,371;  Jordan,  L  c.  100.) 

§7.  N.  cBcBatherus  Jordan. 

Color  much  as  in  N.  minrus,  extensively  variegated.  Snout,  cheeks, 
and  occipital  region  black.  A  black  bar  across  front  of  dorsal,  one  lie- 
liind  dorsal,  and  another  across  middle  of  adipose  Hv  •  base  of  caudal 
lin  bUu!k.  One  or  two  narrow  horizontal  bhuik  bars  across  0  rsal  aiul 
anal  near  their  tips.  Caudal  vagu(>ly  barred,  largely  black,  its  tip 
wliite.  Body  stout,  broad  irward,  tapering  behind.  Head  large,  ilat- 
tisli,  ',V}  in  leii.i^th  of  body,  without  caudal ;  dcy)th  of  body  ^  in  length  ; 
\vi{lth  of  head  ;  in  length  of  body.  Mouth  large,  the  ui)per  jaw  much 
projecting;  bnrl  Is  rather  long.  Adijwse  lln  rather  high,  so  <leeply 
notched  that  the  )utinuity  of  the  flu  is  broken  for  a  distance  nearly 
('(inal  to  the  <lianu'ter  of  the  eye.  A  keel  on  the  back  in  front  of  the 
;i'lip()se  tin.  Cau(hvl  fin  rounded.  Distance  from  snout  to  dorsal  2'^  in 
1(  nj-th  of  body.  Pectoral  spine  in  this  distance  2  times ;  in  head  lA. 
Dorsal  spine  one-half  the  height  of  the  fin  ;  '^\  times  in  distance  from 
snout  to  dorsal;  2J  in  length  of  head.  Pectinations  of  ju'ctoral  spino 
vciy  strong,  recurv^ed,  nearly  us  long  as  the  diametei'  of  the  spine. 
Front  of  pectoral  spino  with  small  teeth  turned  forward.    Fiu-radii:  D. 


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100  coxTiiinuTioxs  to  north  American  ichthyology — iv. 

I,  0  ;  A.  l.J ;  V.  I,  H;  W  0.    Humoral  i)roce88  long.    L.  5  iucbes.    Rivojs 
of  North  Carolina  and  East  Tonnosscc. 
(Joidau,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  i'.  1877, :571;  Jordan,  1.  c,  101.) 

bl>,  Toctoral  spincH  shortUsli,  nearly  straii^ht,  hiss  than  lialfl«>n;^tli  of  linad  ;  tlioscrra- 
tiin»s  \v('al{,  k'Hs  than  half  tho  dianu^tur  of  tho  upinu  ;  body  idonyatcd. 

88.  N.  CXiOiS  Nelson.  ^ 

Color  brown,  mottled,  the  fins  somewhat  niarj^ined  with  dusky. 
Pectoral  spine  slijjhtly  retrorseserrate  without,  with  about  0  small 
straight  teeth  within,  which  are  not  one-third  the  <lianu^ter  of  the  sj)iiio 
in  leiifjth.  Head  small,  not  very  broad,  but  thin  and  depressed;  itf* 
width  5-0  in  lenjj;th  of  body  ;  jaws  nearly  equal ;  head  4  in  lenj»tli, 
depth  5-OA.  Dorsal  scarcely  hifjjher  than  lonj:;.  Distance  from  snout 
to  dorsal  about  3  in  hMijjth.  Pectoral  spine  3.WI  in  this  distance; 
dorsal  sjjine  low,  as  near  snout  as  anal.  Anal  rays  14-17.  Ilumerid 
])ro(H's.s  obs(Hire.  L.  4  inches.  Wisconsin  to  Missouri  and  Kansas. 
(NelHon,  Bnll.  111.  .Mns.  Nat.  Hist.  187(5,  rA;  .Jordan,  1.  c.  100.) 

8».  W.  iilNi»:ilis  (Rich.)  Gill  A-  .Tordan. 

Color  dark  brown,  somewhat  mottled,  fins  all  dark-edjujed.  Body 
rather  elongate,  Pe(;toral  si)ine  retiors(»-serrate  without,  weakly  ser- 
rate within.  If  ad  very  broad,  Hat,  and  thin,  npj)er  jaw  ju-ojectin}; ; 
head  about  4.^  in  length,  depth  (J.  Dorsal  tin  one-fourth  higher  tlian 
long.  Distance  from  snout  to  dorsal  about  li.{  in  length.  Length  of  pec- 
toral spine  L*:|  in  sanui  distance.  Dorsal  nuich  nearer  anal  than  snout. 
Ailal  rays  l()-20.  Humeral  ])rocess  conspicuous,  sharp.  Size  large; 
reaches  the  length  of  nearly  a  foot.  Pennsylvania  to  South  Carolina; 
conunon. 

(I'imcloiht^  iiixiiiiie  Richardson,  Tanna  Hor.-Anicr.  iii,  ',V2,  18:?(i,  hasi-d  on  I'lmnlodc 
JirrA'  Lc  Sncnr,  M<^n\.  Mns.  v,  1.^5:  J'imvlodns  IriiiiiiscalnH  V.  A  V.  xv,  144  :  uXotiirunocci- 
ifciitnlii'  (iiinlhrr,  v,  HKt:  Xotiiriis  vionjiihitHH  (Haii'd)  Copo,  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.  18()!»,  i>:!7 ;  .Ionian,  1.  c.  100.) 

**rroniaxillary   hand  of  teeth   \vi(h   lateral   hackward    i>roco88on,  as  In   niodidh. 

( Xoliinin.) 

90.  W.  fInvUM  Utif.—Slonp-rat. 

(/olor  nearly  uniform  yellowish  brown,  someiinu^s  blackish  al)ove,  liiis 
yellow-edged,  liody  <'longalei  Head  dei)resse(l,  broad  and  Hat,  i.early 
as  broad  as  long.  INIiddle  region  of  body  snbcylindritral.  Tail  vxmx 
l)resse(l.  Head  about  4,^  in  lei»gth  ;  width  of  head  5.^ ;  (h^pth  r>ij  in 
length.  Distance  to  dorsal  about  .'5  in  length.  JJarbels  short.  A  strong 
keel  on  back  behind  (lorsal,  leading  to  adipose  tin;  adipose  lln  «leeply 
notched.    Dorsal  spine  very  short.    Pectoral  spine  retrorscly  Berratc  in 


m^ 


29.    SILURIDiE — PILODICTIS. 


101 


front,  Hlifjfhtly  rough  or  nearly  entire  beliind ;  its  Icnf^tli  3  times  in  (lis 

tiince,  from  unout  to  dorsal.     Anal  rays  about  KJ.     Humeral  |»roces8 

very  short  and  sharp.     Size  very  large;  retiches  a  length  of  more  than 

ii  foot.    Vermont  to  Virginia,  Nebraska,  and  Texas;  rather  common. 

(Rufincsquf,  Amor.  Month.  Man-  IHIH,  41;  (fiiiithcr,  v,  101;  .Ior«lnii,  1.  <-.  99:  Notu- 
riis  m',cMvnl(iHn  Oill,  IMoi;.  HoHt.  Hoc.  N.'it.  Hint.  IHlW,  45:  NoturuH  platyaphuliiH  (iiiii- 
thcr,  V,  104.) 

aa.— P1L.ODICTIS  Kalin.wino. 

Mud  CatH. 

{Opiaddns  Kaf.  1820.) 

(RafiiicHquc,  PnMlroiiKMli'.  Hoixaiit<'-<lix  iioiivouiix  ncinri'H,  cfc,  .Joiirii.  Ph]  h.  Paris,  1819, 
i22  :  ty|i<'  {'ilodictis  I'uiiohkh  I£al'.  --::  SUiiruH  olirarin  Kaf.) 

IJody  nuu'.h  elongated,  very  slender,  much  d<'presHcd,  anteriorly 
hroader  than  high.  Head  large,  very  wide  and  depressj'd,  latterly 
ex])a,nd('d,  above  broadly  ovate,  and  in  jnofilo  <'un«'iform.  Skin  very 
tliiek,  entirely  concealing  the  skull.  Supra<)(;cipital  l)oiu',  entirely  free 
from  the  hea<l  of  the  se(;ond  inters[)inal.  l']yes  small.  Mouth  very 
large,  anterior  and  transverse.  The  lower  jaw  always  proJe<!ts  beyond 
the  ii|)per.  Teeth  in  broa<l  villiform  baiuls  on  the  intermaxillaries  and 
(lentaries.  The  interniaxillary  band  is  convex  anteriorly,  and  proceeils 
to  the  insertion  of  the  nuixillaries,  where  it  is  abrui)tly  angularly  de- 
ll('cte<l,  and  proceeds  backward  as  an  elongatiHl  triangular  extension. 
The  band  at  tlu^  symphysis  is  slightly  divided,  and  anteriorly  .separated 
by  a  small  triangular  extension  of  the  labial  membrane.  The  lower 
hand  of  teeth  is  anteriorly  semicircular  and  attenuated  to  the  <;orners  of 
the  mouth.  There  are  about  12  branch io.stegal  rays  on  each  side.  The 
dor.sal  tin  is  situated  over  the  postenor  half  of  the  interval  between  the 
pectorals  and  ventrals,  and  has  a  spine  and  about  7  brancluHl  rays. 
Tiie  spine  is  rather  small,  and  more  or  less  enveloju'd  in  the  thick  skin. 
The  adipose  tin  is  large,  and  has  an  elongated  base  resting  over  the  ])os- 
Icrior  half  of  the  anal;  it  is  v(^ry  obese  and  inclines  rajudly  backward; 
it  is  rather  less  frec^  posteriorly  than  in  AmlnruH.  The  anal  tin  is  small ; 
it  couunences  far  b(>hiiul  the  anus,  is  a  litthi  longer  than  high,  an<l  is 
composed  of  about  13  rays.  The  caudal  tin  is  ol)long,  subtruncated, 
jtlaced  on  a  vertical  basis,  and  with  numerous  accessory  simple  rays, 
recurrent  above  and  beneath  the  caudal  ])eduncle.  The  ])ect(uals  have 
11  broad  (U)mpressed  spin*',  serrated  or  dentated  on  its  external  and  in- 
ternal margins,  and  with  a  i)rolonged  llesiiy  integument  obli<piely 
Ktriatecl.  The  V(!ntrals  are  rounded  and  have  {♦  rays,  I  simple  and  8 
bruiiched.    One  species  kuowu.     (7:eA«?,  mud;  i;^^^?,  iish.) 


'■I  wM 


r'> 


f    .    ' 


■A . 


'^ili:^ 


102     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

91.  P.  oil varis  (Raf.)  Gill  &  Jordan. — Mud  Cat;  Yellow  CaJ  ;  liashaio  ;  Gonjon. 

Mottled  browu  and  yellowish,  the  latter  color  often  predominant; 
whitish  below.  Body  ver^'^  lo»gj  slender,  dei)ressed  forwards,  closely 
compressed  behind,  the  head  extremely  flat,  the  lower  jaw  the  longer. 
Barbels  short.  Dorsal  spine  half  the  height  of  the  tin.  Caudal  slightly 
eraarginate.  Anal  tin  short,  its  base  about  one-sixth  the  length,  its  I'ays 
12-15.  Humeral  process  short.  Size  very  large,  reaching  a  weight  of 
50-75  pounds.  Rivers  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  Southern  States ; 
abundant  in  deep,  sluggish  waters.  A  tish  of  unprepossevssiug  appear- 
ance, although  much  used  as  food. 

{Sdurua  olivarin  Raf.  Amor.  Mouth.  Maj;.  1818,  355 :  Uopladelus  olivarls  Gill,  Ichth. 
Capt.  Siuipsou'a  Expl.  187G,  4'<i():  I'vlodicklh  if  h  olimria  J  onlau,  I.e.  95:  Pimvlodm  pniu- 
tvlatuH  Giinther,  v,  101 :  Pimclodus  Umo8U8  Raf.  Ichth.  Oh,  G7  :  Pimelodus  ceiwua  C.  &  V. 
XV,  135.) 

.54.— GROWIAS  Cope. 

Blind  Cats. 

(Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18(54,  231:  type  Gronias  nigrilahi a  Cope.) 

This  genus  agrees  with  Amkirus  in  all  respects,  ex(;ept  that  the  eyes 
are  rudimentary  and  covered  by  the  thick  skin.  The  single  species  is 
jrt'obably  descended  from  some  Amiurus  of  the  type  of  tnelas,  modifieil 
in  accordance  with  its  subterranean  life.    (>'/»<"•'"?,  a  cavern.) 

02.  Cr.  iiigfrilabris  Cope. 

Black  above ;  jaws  and  fins  black  ;  sides  varied  with  yellowish  ;  belly 
pale.  Eyes  more  or  less  rudimentary  and  concealed  beneath  the  skin. 
Jaws  equal.  Muzzle  flat.  Dorsal  spine  midway  between  snout  and  mid- 
dle of  adipose  fin.  Barbels  short.  Caudal  slightly  emarginate.  Anal 
with  18  rays.  Branchiostegals  10.  Cave  streams  (Conestoga  River), 
Eastern  Pennsylvania. 

(Cope,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18G4,  231 :  Ainiuriia  nigrilahria  Jordan,  1.  c.  92.) 


53.— AimiVRVS  Rafinesqne. 
Cat-fishes. 

(Ameiurva  Rniiiieaquo,  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,  G5:  type  Silurua  cupreua  Raf.  =  Pimclodxia  vatalh 
Le  Sueur.) 

Body  moderately  elongated,  robust,  anteriorly  vertically  ovate  and 
scarcely  compressed  ;  caiulal  peduncle  also  robust,  but  mu(5h  compressod. 
and  at  its  end  evenly  convex.  Head  large,  wide,  laterally  expanded, 
above  ovate,  and  in  ])rofllo  cuneiform ;  supraoccipital  extended  littlo 
posteriorly  and  terminating  in  a  more  or  less  acute  point,  which  is  (M1- 
tirely  separate  from  the  second  interspinal  buckler  j  the  skin  covering 


29     SILUKID.E AMIUKUS. 


103 


mi' 


tlie  bone»  is  thick.     Eyes  ratlier  small,  not  covered  by  the  skin.     Mouth 
large,  teriuinal,  transverse,  the  ni)i)er  jaw  in  most  si)ecies  the  lonj^er. 
Teeth  subulate,  agi^reH'ated  in  broa«l  bands  on  the  intermaxillaries  and 
dcntaries ;    the  intermaxillary  band  is  convex  in  front,  ofeciual  breadth, 
and  abruptly  truncated  near  the  insertion  of  the  intermaxillaries ;  the 
lower  dental  band  is  anteriorly  semicircular,  attenuated  to  the  angles 
of  the  mouth.     Branchiostegal  rays  8-11.     Dorsal  situated  over  the  in- 
terval between  the  pectorals  and  ventrals,  higher  than  long,  with  a 
pungent  spine  and  about  G  branched  rays.     Adipose  lin  short,  ins(;rted 
over  the  posterior  half  of  the  anal.     Anal  fin  varying  length,  with  15-35 
rays,  the  usual  number  being  20  or  21.    Caudal  lin  short,  usually  tnin- 
cate  when  spread  open,  slightly  emarginate  when  not  expanded.    Ven- 
trals each  with  1  simi)le  and  7  branched  rays.    Pectoral  fins  each  with 
a  stout  spine,  which  is  commoidy  retrorse-serrate  behind.     Lateral  line 
usually  incomplete.    Spe<iies  very  luiuierous,  swarming  in  every  pond 
and  sluggish  stream  in  the  Eastern  United  States  ;  one  species  (A.  can- 
tonensis)  in  Chhia.    («,  privative;  /i££'>w/voc,  curtailed ;  the  caudal  fin  not 
uotched.) 

*  Oaiulal  fin  not  forked,  roiindod  or  slif^litly  omjirgiuiito. 
o.  Anal  iin  v«ry  abort,  its  riiyH  15-17  (18). 
b.  Body  comparatively  long  and  Hloiider. 

93.  A.  briinnciis  Jordan. — Green  Mud  Cat. 

Clear  olive-brown,  more  distinctly  greenish  than  other  cat-fishes ;  a 
blackish  horizontal  bar  at  base  of  dorsal.  Body  extremely  elongate ; 
anteriorly  nearly  terete.  Head  low,  Hat,  and  broad,  npi)er  jaw  very 
strongly  projecting.  Dorsal  fin  very  high,  two-thirds  length  of  head, 
its  spine  nearer  snout  than  sulipose  fin  ;  depth  5^  in  length.  Head  '.i^; 
its  width  4;  base  of  anal  0;  anal  rays  lG-18.  Caiulal  sHuhtly  emargi- 
nate. Young  much  less  elongate.  L.  18  inches;  slenderest  of  the 
Amiuri.  Abundant  in  the  streams  of  South  Carolina  and  Eastern 
(Icorgia  (Sautee  to  the  Chattahoochee). 

(Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  HiHt.  N.  Y.  1877,  3()(i;  Joi-dim,  1.  c.  93 ;  Jordan  &  Bray  ton, 
Bull.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mu8.  xii,  VJ8.) 

aa.  Anal  fin  niodorato,  itn  rayH  19-22. 

<;.  Lower  jaw  not  projt^ctiiig  beyond  upper. 

94.  A.  platyccplialus  (Grd.)  Gill. 

Olivaceous,  somewhat  marbled,  a  bhuik  horizontal  bar  at  base  of  dor- 
sal. Head  broad  and  flat,  nearly  as  wide  as  long.  Mouth  very  wide, 
the  jaws  about  equal.  Dorsal  spine  nearer  snout  than  adii)ose  flu,  B. 
II;  A.  20-22,  the  base  of  the  flu  4^-5  in  length.    North  Carolina  to 


::•  f 


I  :  f 


h 


w? 


JS  ', 


CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

Georgia;  rathor common.  Resembles  A.  hrunneus,  but  less  slender  and 
with  a  (lillereut  month. 

(riiiivlodua  idatyct'phalua  Girtird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1859,  IGl ;  Jordan,  1.  c. 
92.)  .  ...,  ■       -'  ■  ,   ,  ;'  .  .  -    ,[.-:■■-  ?  r.    '•  ..*:,, 

95.  A.  xacatEjoct'phalus  (Raf.)  Gill. 
Chiell.v  uniform  yellowish  brown,  often  rather  pale.     Head  about  as 

broad  as  long,  4  in  length.  Dorsal  si)ine  nearer  adipose  Qn  than  snout, 
its  rays  usually  10  (18-20).  IMouth  very  broad.  Body  short  and  stout. 
Barbels  shorter  than  head.  Humeral  process  very  short,  covered  by 
skin.     Size  snuill.    Ohio  Valley. 

{Slhirua  xanthocephalu8  Raf.  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.  Lit.  Arts,  Lond.  18*20,  51 ;  Jordan,  1, 
c.  42.) 

96.  A.  mclas  (Raf.)  Jordan  &  Copeland. — Bull-head. 
Color  almost  black.     Body  very  stout,  short,  and  deep,  the  depth  3} 

to  4.^  in  length,     llead  broad  behind,  rather  contracted  forward,  tho 

front  stee])ly  elevated.     Anal  tin  sliort  and  deep,  of  17-10  rays,  its  baso 

nearly  o  in  length,  the  color  of  the  rays  forming  a  sharp  contrast  with 

that  of  the  dusky  membranes.     Jaws  nearly  equal.    Barbels  loug(>r 

than  head.    Iluiueral  i)rocess  rather  long,  rugose.    Size  small.    JMissis- 

sippi  Valley  to  New"  York ;  common. 

{HiluruH  Hu7««  Raf.  Quart.  Jouru.  Sci.  Lit.  Arts,  Load.  1820,  51:  PimrJodua  catiihis 
Grd.  Ichtli.  U.  8.  Pac.  R.  R.  Snrv.  1858, 208 :  Pimclodua  vonjlma  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Ni).t. 
Sci.  Phila.  lf-T)9,  159:  AmUiru^  ohemsCxiW,  Proc.  Bo.st.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  ldrc>,  15;  Jordan, 
1.  c.  89:  Pimelodua  pullus  DcKay,  Now  York  Fauna,  Fiah.  184:  Amiiirus pul'.ud  Jordan, 
L  c.  9:5.) 

OV.  A.  niarmoratUS  (Holbrook)  Jordan. 

Bod^  sharply  mottled  with  brown,  greenish,  and  whitish ;  tho  color 

ation  therefore  singular  among  cat-lishes.    Jaw^s  equal,  or  nearly  so; 

depth  about  4  in  length  ;  slope  of  prolile  very  steep.     Dorsal  tin  high; 

the  spine  more  than  half  length  of  head.    Dorsal  spine  nearer  adipose 

tin  than  siuMit.    Barbels  lor.g.    Bran(;hi.)stegals  10.    ITead  3;^  in  length. 

Anal  21.    L.  15  inches.    ISouthern  Illinois  to  Florida.     Perhaps  a  variety 

of  A.  catus. 

(Pimrlod'ta  marmoratiia  Holbrook,  Jouru.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1855,  54  :  Jordan,  I.  c. 
89.) 

9§.  A.  catus  (Linn.)  GUI.— Bull-hmd ;  TlorncdPou* ;  Small  Cat-fiali ;  Schuylkill  Col; 
Sacramento  Cat. 

Color  dark  yellowish  brown,  more  or  less  clouded,  sometimes  yellow- 
ish, sometimes  nearly  black.  Body  rather  elongate;  depth  4-4<i  in 
length.  Anal  tin  usually  with  21  or  22  rays,  its  base  4  in  body.  Dor 
sal  tin  inserted  rather  nearer  adipose  tin  than  end  of  snout.  Upperjaw 
usually  distinctly  longer  than  lower.    Humer^il  process  more  tUau  Unit' 


■MMi 


29.    SILURIDiE AMIURUS. 


105 


tlio  length  of  pectoral  spine.    L.  18  inches.    Great  Lakes,  Ohio  Valley, 

and  eastward.    The  common  bnll-head  or  horned   poiifc  of  the  North 

and  East,  abundant  in  every  pond  and  stream ;  also  introduced  into 

the  rivers  of  California,  where  it  has  rapidly  multiplied. 

{^  Siluru»  vatiis  T.inn.  Syst.  Nat.  x,  IJOo,  1758:  rUnelodus  nebulosus  Lo  Suenr,  M6ni. 
JIus.  V,  14'J,  1811) :  I'lDuiodua  atrariua  DcKay,  New  York  Fauna,  risli.  184*2,  185 ;  Jor- 
dan, 1.  c.  yo.)  * 

c.  Lower  jaw  projecting  beyond  upper. 

99.  A.  vulgaris  (Thompson)  Nelson. 

Darlc  reddish  brown  or  blackish.  Body  moderately  elongate ;  depth 
4.J-5  in  length.  Uead  3J-4.  Barbel  long.  Mouth  wide.  Ilead  longer 
than  broad,  rather  narrowed  forward.  Profile  rather  steep,  pretty  evenly 
convex.  Dorsal  region  more  or  less  elevated.  Lower  jaw  strongly  pro- 
jecting. Anal  rays  20.  L.  18  inches.  Vermont  to  Minnesota  and  south- 
ward ;  rather  common. 

(PimrlodiiH  ruhjariH  Thompson,  Hist.  Vermont,  1842,  138:  Pimclodus  dckayi  Giranl, 
Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  I'hihi.  I8r)9,  IGO:  Pimclodus  ailurus  Uirard,  U.  S.  Pac.  E.  R.  Expl. 
Fish.  1858,  210;  Jordan,  1.  c.  88.) 

o«fl.  Anal  fin  hnv^,  of  24-27  rays,  its  base  more  than  one-fourth  tho  length. 
d.  Head  broad ;  mouth  wide. 

100.  A.  Iiatalis  (Lo  Sueur)  Jordan. — Tclloto  Cat. 

Yellowish,  greenish,  or  blackish.  Body  more  or  less  short  and  chubby, 
sometimes  extremely  obese  (var.  natalis),  sometimes  more  elongate  (var. 
lividus).  Uead  short  and  broad.  Mouth  wide,  the  jaws  equal  (var.  livi- 
dus)  or  the  upper  jaw  longest  (var  ciipreus).  Anal  rays  24-27.  Great 
Lake  region  to  Virginia  and  Texas ;  generally  abundant.  Extremely 
variable,  and  running  into  several  varieties.* 

(Pimchdan  natalia  hi)  Sueur,  M(5m.  ^his.  v,  154,  1H19  ;  Giinthor,  v,  101 ;  Jordan,  1.  c. 
Sli:  Silurun  Uvidu8  llafiueacjue,  Ichtli.  Oh.  1820,  05:  rimelodiw  fclitms  vt  anIonicuHis  Grd. 
U.  8.  Pac.  li.  R.  Expl.  x,  209,  291 :  Fimelodus  catti8,  cupreiis,  et  cuprcoides  Grd.  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil  a.  1859, 159,  KiO:  i'(»u'Zorf«s  rasnosus  Richardson,  Fauna  Uor.- Amor. 
iii,  132:  Pimdodm  cupreua  Raf.  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,1)5.) 

M.  Head  elongate  ;  mouth  narrow. 

101.  A.  crcbcsfiHflis  Jordan. 

Color  black ;  belly  paler ;  fma  and  barbels  black.  Body  rather  elon- 
gate, couipressed,  tho  depth  about  4J  in  length.  Dorsal  region  rather 
elevated;  the  head  quite  long  and  narrowed  forward,  4  times  in 
length  of  body.  Head  more  narrowed  than  in  any  of  the  other  spe- 
cies. Width  of  the  head  in  front  of  the  eye  but  little  more  than  half 
its  length.    Width  of  the  mouth  about  half  the  length  of  the  head. 

•for  a  discuaaion  of  which  aoo  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  N.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  80. 


%4 


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tifl. 


106     CONTRTIUTTION8    TO    NOKTIf    AMKUICAN    miTlfVOLOOY IV. 

(iiviil(\s(  \vi<11li  ol'  (lu>  \\viu\  contaiiH'd  iiboiit  1^  tinirs  in  jIh  |<  nutli, 
Dorsiil  (ill  .s|j;)|itl\  iKMii'cr  tlii>  .snout  tliiiii  the  !i«li|His(<  (in,  tiiuisiiiilly 
liijih,  its  spino  Irn^,  uh  in  tlu>  s|MM'ios  «)!'  IvtnhiruH.  I'ccloriil  H|»in«  v<My 
Htnnijj,  uIumU  li;.iir;is  long  ;ih  tln^liciid.  Aniil  lln  long,  iI«m>|»,  nt'nii.v niu>- 
tliinl  tlio  l»Miglli  ol'  tln^  body,  nn<l  ronipostMl  of  24  liivs.  AilipoMo  liti 
largo.  Candillin  I'iitluM' wliort,  tnnn'iili^  lu'Iiind.  .Iuavm  tMpial.  Snpiii. 
occipital  l)on(>  but.  little  fVci>  behind.  Kranchial  apcrtni'c.s  rather  nmrn 
ix'strictcd  than  n.sual.  hN'siMublcs  /.  UxvuHtriH,  but  with  the  (rnncitio 
caudal  of  A.  natalis.  ltivei\s  ol'  Fhiridii. 
(Jonliiii,  bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mn«.  x,  8').)  ' 

AO.-KrrAl.l'ltlifH  l^ilhios.1110. 

Channel  Vain. 

(\h\{\\\i^t\\\y\  Ii'liMi.  Oh.  IHVIO,  (U  :  t,\pi>  Sihininpinwlaliif  Kiilli»>.sqin>. ) 

Hody  <>Iongaled,  sh'uder,  and  nuu'h  eoniprcs.st>d.  Head  usually  .sleii- 
«ler  and  conical.  The  .snpraoccipital  bonci  i.s  juolonged  backward,  and 
it.s  eniavginated  apex,  in  typii-al  spe«'ies,  receives  the  acuminate  autiM'ior 
point  of  the  se<>oiHl  interspinal,  thus  forming  a  ctmtinnons  bony  brid<;o 
from  the  hciul  to  the  dorsal  spin*  In  .some  species,  this  coinuM'tion  is 
more  or  less  impiMt'cct,  as  in  Aminms,  to  which  genus  all  such  species 
have  been  hitherto  referred.  Mouth  transverse^  and  terminal,  the  uj»- 
l>er  Jaw  pn)trnding  beyond  th«'  Unvcr.  Teeth  subulate,  aggregated  into 
a  short,  latiM'ally  truncated  band  on  each  jaw.  IbiuK'hiosicgal  rays  Sor 
0.  Dor.sal  tin  situated  over  the  interval  between  the  i)ecloral  and  ven- 
tral tins,  liigluM-  than  long,  with  one*  long  spin(>,  and  usually  (iarticuliilcd 
rays.  A<lij>ose  tin  pedunculated,  over  the  posterior  portitm  of  the  anal. 
Anal  lln  h)ng,  with  L'0-,"{.T»  rays;  it  connnen<!es  n«>ar  the  v»Md.  Venlriil 
fins  each  with  1  simple  and  7  braiu'hed  rays.  I'ect«)ral  tins  ea<'li  with  a 
stout  spine,  ret n)r.se-serrate  within,  an«l  about  !>  branched  rays,  ('andiil 
tin  clongatiMl  and  deeply  ft)rlv(>d,  with  the  lobes  pt)iuteil,  the  upper  fro- 
♦puMitly  the  longer,  (/oloration  silvery.  Fresh  waters  of  North  Amer- 
ica, one  species  south wiuxl  to  Guatcuuila;*  one  in  Western  JMexico.t 


•r,  »irnrff.)H()/i«  (Giinllior)  .T<»nl!ni.  Allied  io  T.  jHrvatm,  but  the  iiiiiil  Nhortcr,  llio 
dopth  T)  ill  .  iij^lh.  A.  'J8-2D.  Kio  llHUiuacinta,  UuutiMnalii.  {Amiuvun  mvrhlmuilU 
Giinthor,  v,  10v>.) 

t/.  duijeni  (Ik.an)  .T.  &  (>.  CMosdy  allied  to  /.  tilhUlun,  Imt,  with  n  narrower  ln>ad  (Ks 
\ridTli  .^  ill  IcnjrtlO  :  the  width  of  the  pn-ina\ilhirv  band  of  teeth  about  oHe-fhird  tlin 
length  of  the  head  ;  hnnieral  jiroeess  .slifvhlly  furrowed,  not-  8tron)4;l.v  rM>j;oH(^  iih  in  /, 
alhidm,  Ciuidal  deejily  forked.  Color  jilniiibeons,  silvery  behiw,  P.  S ;  1),  1,(1;  A. 
21 ;  P.  I,  H.  Kio  Tiirbio,  (Guanajuato,  Mexico  (west  «»f  tho  Sierra  Ma<hH*).  {Amiumt 
dM/?f8i  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  ii,  aot,  lri7i».) 


29.    flll,irRII).15 — TOTAT.tTRUfl. 


107 


((/^' "T,  HhIi;  aihiufHK;^  cat }  lu)iU!o  more  corivctly,  Ihoiigh  Ihhh  ciiiihoiiious- 
ly,  lilillmlnrvs.) 

,,.  Iliiny  1)1  itl^n  t'rntii  n<Mfipiit  to  «1orHul  not  qiiito  coiitiiiiioiiH, 
/).  AmmI  I'm  in(i<lt>mtn,  oC'^U-'i'i  myn. 

|0*i'  ■•  lophiiiN  (Copo)  J.  &U. 

I'lilii  «»liv<« MimhIi,  Hilvrry    Im'Iow.     \Uu\y   inihor  ntont.     lU'Aul   very 

Ih'oihI,  jiImhiI.  iim  wulv  iih  Uuta,  ils  \vi<llli .» /  in  loiij^tli  of  llm  body.    Eyo  5-0 

ill  iiitororbilal  widlli.     ('iiixhil  not.  drt^ply  I'orkfd.     |I|)|M*r  jiiw  not  trinch 

lli(>  ]on;rcr.     M<Hi(h   vvidrr   thiiii  in  any  otiicr  cat  IIhIi.     Ihinioiiil  |>ro- 

(css  slonl,  slioi'liHli,  Hoinowliiit  ^^^oH«^     Anal  rayHlJl  ;  baNOol'jinal  0  in 

|(>ii|4tli.     I'.  134  inclioH.     ^^trt'uniH  ahoni.  (MicHiiprako  ISsiy. 

(Amiitruu  lophiuH  ijinivi,   I'rou.  Amur.  I'liil.  tioc.  1H7U,  4HiS :  Amiurug  lophiua  .Jorduii, 

10:i.  I.  «ll»lrtu«  (>v«^  HiiiMii)  .F.  tV  H.—U'liilfl  Cat;  Channel  Cat,  of  thn  rotomne. 

l'iil(M)Iivti-bluiHli,Hilv«'ry  bolow.    Hody  niodriafrly  Htoid.    Il<'ad  ItMifjor 

lliiiii  wide,  itH  width  4-(5tiuioHin  length.     Mouth  rather  narrow.     Upper 

j;i\v  KHirh  ilio  huiffor.     Ky«<  3-5  in  intororbital  widtii.     IliirbelH  Jonjf, 

(>x(('pt,  niisal  barbel.     Oandal  tin  deeply  forked,  the  upper  lobe  the  lon^^er* 

llniiH'ral  proe<^HH  nion*  than   half  the  length  of  the  Hpin(«,,  (extremely 

niirose.    Anal  rays  21  ;  base  of  anal  4^-5  in  leii<4th.     I)«UHal  fin  nearly 

midway  between  adipose  fin  and  Huoiit.     L.  IH  inehoH.     IN'titiHylvania 

to  North  Oarolirui. 

{t'imildilHH  ulltiiliiit  Ia^  SiiiMir,  M^iri.  Miih.  v,  MH,  1H19:  1'imelitdnit  {j/hx  Girani,  Proo. 
Ai'iul.  Nut..  Hri.  I'hila.  1H.M»,  lOO:  AmUiruH  nlbiduH  Jontnii,  I.  o.  H4.) 

hh,  Aiiiil  ihi  Ioii){,  of  ii3-27  rays. 

101.  I.  lil|>UN(()ril.)>T.  &.  O. 

Dusky  oliva<H»ouH,  sides  Hilvery.  Body  rather  slender.  IT(uid  narrow, 
loiij^er  than  broml,  its  width  4,^  in  hMi(;t/h,  bein;;  less  than  its  length 
above.  Dorsal  spine  nuujh  neart^r  snout  tJian  adipose  fin.  liase,  of  anal 
lis  long  as  head.  Anal  2.'3.  Peetoral  spines  long  and  sleiuler,  dentate. 
liiuliels  long.  Hu]>ra(>ecipital  bone  almost  meeting  the  interspinal ;  its 
rt'liitioiis  therefoni  very  elose  to  JctaluruH  punvtalUH.     Streams  of  Texas. 

(Pimdodi'H  liipiiH  Uril.  U.  H.  Pau.  K.  II.  Exp!,  x,  211 :  Amiurua  lupus  Jordan,  1.  c.  83: 
AmiuruH  liipun  (iliinllwtr,  v,  101.) 

lO.t.  I.  nlvolvcntrifi  ((\)])n)  .1.  &  O. 

Similar  to  /.  lupuHy  btit  the  b(uul  broader,  its  width  ecpial  t/»  its  length 

al)()V(\    Dorsal  spine  scarcely  n<Mire,r  snout  than  adipose  fin.    Anal 

21,  shorter  than  head.    Barbel  longer  than  In^adj  hnmeral  process  very 

rugose.    Neuso  Tiiver,  North  Carolina. 

[Amiurm  niveiventria  Copo,  Proo.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc.  1870,  486:  Amiurm  nivciventria  Jor- 
dttii,  1.  c.  83.)       , 


f,     ' 


'1       i 


r  i 


i'f 


i    ! 


1 

Hi 

ill* 

tlr 

m 

t 

W 

*i 

^11.' 

,"  ■  f- 

ffiU; 

y 

H 

i'l^fll 

'9 

Ik;  i/i. 


W 'i  1 


"IM  '^ 


HiMiMliii 


108     rONTKlin  TK^NH   TO    NOKTU    AMKKICAN    tCltTirY(H,O0Y IV. 

100.  I.  ItioiiMtriM  ^  Wi»ll>mm>^  ■'•  *  O.—  ralJifh  of  lh>^  IaiUvd  ;  Hreat  Fork-tmiM  Cat; 
Mim^isMipiti  (\tl ;   I'loi-iilii  t'oi ;   I'tanml  mouth  Vnt,  ,,  , 

OliviU'oouH  nIjH.v,  ^rowiiiff  dtirluM*  with  iiffr;  hUWh  pnl'N  witlioiil  dnik 

NpolM;  iintil  ilnsky  (>(lu«'<l.     lloUy  ratltor  stdiilcr  (litiii  in  /.  punctatitH. 

Woiul  lunch  l)r«>;Mlor,  lowor,  und  xunvo  iloprosstMi  I  htm  in  /.  pHmiaiiiH, 

its  jfrojilrsl  withh  Ihosixlhs  its  hMiylh.     Inlcioihiliil  spiUM' Konirwliiit 

more  thiin  halt'  (lie  h^n^lh  of  hotnl.     \Vi<ilh  of  tlio  nxMitii  tilionl   liiilf 

hotnl.     E.yo  ninilorato,  wholly  in  Iron  1  of  niithllr  point  of  IhsiiI.     Top  of 

ln>;ul  «'ov«>nMl  with  n  thicluM-  skin  tlmn  in  puiK'taiim,  ho  tliHt  lluv  hoiu's 

SUV  nojuiy  ooncculod.     Upp<>r  Nnrliiro  of  ln'snl  qnilo  llulliHh,  so  thiit  tho 

oyos  nr«>  nnich  noaror  tho  nppor  than  tho  lowor  huiIikum)!'  tlu»  hciid. 

l^arhi'ls  lonn',  all  black,  tho  maxillary  barlu'I  leaching'  beyond  hcnd. 

llnuicral  prot-css  v(»ry  slutrt  ami  blunt.  covcn»d  by  skin,  a.  little  inoiv 

than  one  thirtl  the  lenjith  of  the  piM'tmal  spin«>.     Caudal  deei)ly  forkctl, 

tlu' upper  lob(»  iathi>r  lonmM-  and  narrower  tlum  the  lower.     I>(M\siilii 

little  nearer  snout  than  adipos(«  tin.     Il(>ad4in  h'li^lh;  d(>|)lh  5.     Djs. 

tunce  to  dorsal  spini>  '2-{.     Anal  bas«»  as  hnij;'  as  heaxl.     1).  I,  5;  1'.  I, !»; 

A. -ft.     Ilritish   America  to  l''h)rida.  and  Texas ;  abundant  in  all  lar^(> 

btMlii's  of  wat(M'.     One  of  tln»  lar^ivsl  of  the  catllshes,  reaching:  a  weij,'lit 

of  100  pounds. 

(  f  firt(/»».t /(K'HN/n'.s  Wiilbiimn,  Artoili  Pise.  IT'.I'J,  114:  T  l^imcloihin  horrulin  U\chiu>\m\\\, 

Fmmii  Pi>r.  Amor.   IMsli.    13.i:  fAiiiiiirus  honoHH  ({ilnlln>r,   v,    100:    I'ititilodiis  iiii/ri- 

ctins  liO  Snour,   Mi^in.    Miih.  v,  IM,  IHtH:  Amiiiriis  niijrintnit  ,}ov\U\i\,  \.  o,  Kl:  Amiitrm 
horrolia  .loniiiii,  1.  c.  HI.) 

hhb.  Aiiiil  lin  Yen  lonj;.  of  <r»  rnys. 

lOr.  I.  i>on<lor<)««iiN  (MciiO  .T.  *  a.—Grcnt  Crtt-finh. 

l?luish  slate  ab«»ve,  whitish  b(>low.      Form  of   i.  larunfris,  but  the 

body  deei>or  and  the  head  and  mouth  broader.     (5reatest  <leplh  .{.Un 

leuiith.     Head  ,'{'f| ;  its  wi«lth  4','.     Dorsal  nearer  snout  than  adipose  tin. 

Can«lal  tin  not   deeply  forked.     P.  1,  11;  A.  M5.     {lieaii.)    IMississippi 

lliver  (Saint  Louis).     Probably  the  larjxestof  theeat-flshos,  the  original 

typo  5  feet,  in  length  and  >v«M}ihin}»'  ir»0  poumls. 

(vfmiMrHs  ;>()H(f(T(),'»M.'«  Iloan,  Proc.  IT.  S.  Nivt.  Miis.  ii,  iJHt),  1R70.) 

(M.  Pony  l>ri(lni>  iVoin  i>i'(i]Mjt  1<>  doixal  (^n  cumiilcft'  ami  conliinuMts. 
d.  An.il  iuo(l(>rat«>,  i(.s  rays  Vi4-;50,  its  baso  W^-i  in  lon^di  of  btnly. 

lOS.  I.  l»mil««lallBJ«(Uaf.).Tor.— r;irtH«»>f  Cot;  Jnite  Cat. 

Oolor  lij»ht  olivaceous  above,  the  sides  i)alo  or  silvery,  aiul  almost 
always  with  irreijular  small,  round,  dark  sp«)ts.  Fins  often  with  dnrk 
edjjinjxs.  liody  rather  lonjx  and  slender,  tlio  back  little  elevatod. 
llcad  rather  small,  narrow,  convex  above,  so  tiiat  the  eye  is  little 


(III.  Anal  (l»i  V 


2».  Hii,riiii»>i': — AUiiiH, 


109 


iii>:iiiM' tli(>  nppor  tlnin  Mmi  town  uiiI line.     lOyo  liir^c,  tiir  iiiiiltllr  point 

III'  tilt'  )i'iiu:lli  of  tlio  ImmkI   liriii^   iMMir  iti(  poHtorior   nitir^in.      Moiilli 

tiitlirr  Hiiiiill.     Itiirlu'ls  loti^.     HpiiicH  lon^.     HUiii   Miiii.     Iliirii«>r)il  |»t'o- 

('(>ss  hum  iiikI  Nlrtidci',  iiion^  lliiiii  litill'IlK^  l«>ii(;tli  ol'  llic  pfctorul  Hpiiic, 

wliicli   Ih  Htnm^ly   Hornilcd    lirliiiKl.     M«'iul    l ;  tlcpHi  5.     Aiiiil   25-LM). 

Kivci'M  of  tlui  .SoiiMuMii  uimI   WrMti^rii   HliitoM,  IVorn   Mtmtnnn,  to  Vrr- 

iiiDiii,  IMoxM'o,  iuhI  (J(M»r};iii, ;  t^cncrnlly  iilniinhint.  in  tlio  rluiniu'lK  oC  tiMi 

larger  HtrciiiMH.     It.  roiicln'M  >i  woi^dit.  ol'  UO-LiH  poiiiidH.     Vnriiildc. 

{Silnnii*  piiiirtiitiis  Uiif.  Amor.  Mniilli.  Mnfr.  |H|h,  IS.V.)  ;  .loriliui,  1.  v.  7{\:  I'lmrhtilun 
etrrulvKi'i'nH  MM'.  Irlith.  Hli.  (ill:  rhnrlnthiH  iiiiiiln/iirviihin  \ji>  H\ii'{\v,  M<iii.  Mim.  v,  I.V2: 
,\miin'iin  caiiilit/iirviiliiH  Oiliillirr,  v,  KL' :  rhiirlniliiH  furrl/vr,  iirtiriliH,  r^lpvii,  (iliriiiriiH, 
hitinihi,  mriinloim,  jinioloniiH,  htimmondl,  iiolatnH,  oto.  Atiot.  :  Iiflalinun  hrmllri  hihI  Hiwp- 
Kiijii  (;ill :   Irlithwliirmi  rolnmliiH  .lortlati,  I,  o.  7<l.) 

il,l.  Aniil  (In  vory  lotiK,  Kh  myH  M'i-IM. 

ioi>.  I.  rurc*umi«i  ((;iiv.  &  Viii.)  fiiit. 

Color  Hilv<uy,  plain  or  HonMMvliiit  Hp<»tt('(l.     Annl  fin  rxtr«'Mi('ly  i»Jon- 

;;iil(^,  its  buHO  nearly  on«vllni(l  tlir  Icn^Mli  of  tlio  Itody  (witlioiit  candiil); 

its  rayM  iTJ-'M  in  nninlMir.      P^yo  smkiII,  \vlM>lly  nntrrior,  tlir  middle  of 

Ilii>  li(>ii<l  Ix'in^  ndindy  l)<^llind  iln  posterior  ninr^^in.     Iloid  Htnidl^nbont 

\\  in  IcMijftli ;  d(*ptli  4  in  JidnltM  to  5^  in  yoiuiK*'''  Hp«'(rininnH    Hlopo,  fniiri 

(iorsid  to  snout.  Honu'wliiii  ^'on(!JlVf^,  cHptM^iidly  in  udnltH.     iN-ctond  Hpino 

riillicr  lon;^;    lintnrrnl   Hpino  stont,  NJiortisli,   not  rciu^liinf;   middle,  of 

|i(M!torid  Hpine."     Skin   thin.      Hi/e  rntlier  Htniill.      Ohio  to   Iowa  mid 

iVxiis;  not.  very  eoimnon. 

{I'imrlodiiM  fitrrttliiH  (,'11  v.  iV  Val.  xv,  V.V\  1H40 :  AmlvrnH  fnrcatuH  Glliitlmr,  v,  103. 
.Iiiitliin,  I.  i'.  7ri. ) 

97.— AKIUN  Cuvicr  &,  Vulrnciormt^H. 

ISca  CatJUh. 

(Ciivi(M'&  ValoiHiioniH'H,  \\\h\.  Nut..  T'oIrh.  xv,  53, 1840:  iy\w  I'imvl whin  nHim  Tlucliatuin.) 
Body  more  or  less  elonj^nt*',  Hid)terete.  Head  Hnl)e,oni<'iil,}irrtied  with 
a  bony  shield  ii1»ovt»,  Ix^hind  which  arensnnlly  two  otherH,  the  ])(»Ht«uior 
at  lli(^  base  of  the  dorsal  N})ine.  Hknil  with  a,  fontaia^lle.  Month  not 
l)iij,'(^,  the  upper  Jaw  the  longer.  T(M'th  villiform  or  jjranular,  in  a  band 
ill  wich  Jaw.  Teeth  in  one  or  two  i>at<;hes  ea<;h  on  the  voincsr  and  pala- 
tines, ill!  of  them  sometimes  eonthuMit  into  one  band.  15arb<'ls  ti  (the 
noslrils  without  barbel),  close  tofjfether,  the  posterior  with  a  valve. 
EyoH  with  a  free  orbital  margin.  Dorsal  tin  short,  in  front  of  the  ven- 
triils,  with  a.  pnnf;«Mit  Hi>in(^  and  7  rays.  Adi) ose  tin  w(^ll  developed, 
posteriorly  free.  Caudal  lln  deeidy  forked.  Anal  tin  short.  JNjetorals 
each  with  a  Hpine.     Voutral  rays  0.     Skin  smooth,  naked,  except  oniho 


wm  1 


i? 


110     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTilYOLOGY IV. 

occipital  and  nuchal  regions,  which  are  armed  with  bony  bucklprs. 
Marine  cat-fishes.  Species  very  numerous  in  the  tropical  seas.  This 
group  has  been  divided  into  many  genera,  the  value  of  whic^h  we  are 
unable  to  determine.  Our  common  species  is  not  a  typical  Arins,  but  tlie 
genus  to  which  it  belongs  has  not  been  properly  defined.  (From  Ari 
gagora,  the  Beugalese  name  of  the  tyi)ical  species.) 

a.  Teeth  all  villifoim,  iii  p.  largo  rounded  patch  on  each  palatine  and  a  small  one  on 
each  side  of  the  vomer,  these  patches  all  distinct ;  posterior  buckler  siuall. 
(Anopsia*  Gill.) 

110.  A.  felis  (Liund)  J.  &  G.—Sca  Cat-fish. 

Steel-blue,  sides  and  belly  silvery.  Body  rather  elongate,  not  com- 
pressed, tapering  mto  the  slender  tail.  Head  subconic,  dei)ret,sed,  Hut- 
tish  above.  Maxillary  barbel  nearly  as  long  as  the  head.  Mouth  sinull. 
Eye  moderate,  just  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  head.  Gill  membraiu's 
broadly  united,  partly  joined  to  the  isthmus,  forming  a  narrow,  free  fold 
across  it.  A  snmll,  bony;  granulated  buckler,  broader  than  long,  in  front 
of  base  of  dorsal  spine ;  then  a  much  larger  nuchal  shield  with  a  me- 
dian li  ol,  and  a  still  larger  occipital  shield  with  a  median  furrow.  A 
low  fleshy  keel  along  the  back.  Humeral  process  nearly  half  the  length 
of  the  pectoral  spine.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  the  upi)er  lobe  the  lon;;('r. 
Head  32;  depth  5.  D.  I,  7,  its  spine  not  filamentous,  serrate  in  fnuit; 
P.  I,  0 ;  A.  10.  L.  24  inches.  Cai)e  Cod  to  Florida ;  common  south- 
wurd. 

(Sihirus  fcVia  Liun6,  Syst.  Nat.:  Arim  milberti  Cuv.  &  A''al.  xv,  74:  Arim  milbirtl 
Giiuthor,  -',  155.)  * 

111.  A.  aqucstris  Baird  &  Girard. 

Similar,  but  with  the  spines  liiglier  and  rhe  maxillary  barbels  nnich 
longer,  reaching  to  the  riiiddle  of  the  pectorals.  Pectorals  reaching  to 
last  ray  of  dorsal.  Dentition  and  character  of  the  cephalic  bucklers 
undescribed.  Head  4.  IJ.  I,  7;  A.  10;  P.  I,  U.  Coast  of  Texas;  a 
doubtfid  species. 

(Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185.'i,  2(i;  Giinther,  v,  173.) 

a§.— JKLirRICHTHYS  Baird  &  Girard. 

Sea  Cat-Jishes. 

{Jihirichthjia  Baird  &.  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,2(5:  tjri)o  Siluriis  maiv 
««»Mif  chill.) 

Body   rather  el  uig;.tc,  little  compressed.     Head   depressed,  broad 

abovi^    Mouth  large,  Jjo  upper  jaw  the  longer.    Teeth  all  villiforiri ;  those 

on  the  vomer  and  palatines  forming  a  n:oro  or  less  i)erfectly  crescent- 


*  Ariojjaia  et  Notarlus  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  leK33,  171 :  typo  Ariua  milkni 
C.  «fc  V.    (Ariua;  ti/'U',  uppciu'anco.) 


PLECTOSPONDYLI. 


Ill 


shaped  band.  Barbels  4.  Maxillary  barbels  band-lilve,  very  loDg.  Chin 
with  two  short  barbels.  Nostrils  close  together,  the  i)osterior  with  a 
valve  5  nnchal  region  with  a  granulated,  bony  buckler.  Fontanolle 
large,  well  forward.  Dorsal  fln  short,  in  front  of  the  ventrals,  with  1 
sharp  spine  and  7  rays.  Pectorals  with  a  similar  spine ;  both  pectoral 
and  dorsal  spines  ending  in  a  long,  striated,  band-like  tilainent.  Adipose 
fln  moderate,  free  behind.  Caudal  fin  widely  forked.  Anal  moderate 
or  rather  long.  Ventral  rays  G.  Gill  nieud)rane8  somewhat  connectod. 
Tropical  waters  of  America;  the  species  all  marine.  [aUoupu^^  cat; 
l^db^,  fish.) 

112.  iE.  marinus  (Mitchill)  B.  &,  G.—Sea  Cat-fiah;  Gaff-topsail. 

Dusky  bluish,  silvery  below.  Head  rather  short  and  broad,  rounded 
anteriorly.  Eye  rather  large,  low, ; i .  i  ^erior.  Occipital  buckler  subtriau- 
giihir,  tapering  behind,  Maxillary  barbels  extending  about  to  the  end  of 
the  pectoral  spine.  Pectoral  si)ine  longer  than  tlie  dorsal  spine,  two- 
thirds  the  length  of  the  head,  its  filament  reaching  the  vent.  Dorsal 
fllaraent  reaching  adii>ose  fin.  TJi)per  lobe  of  caudal  much  the  longer. 
Anal  fln  falcate.  Band  of  i)alatine  teeth  nearly  contiiuious.  Uead  4^. 
D.  I,  7 ;  A.  23;  P.  I,  lli;  B.  G;  Vert.  20  +  30.  Cape  Cod  to  Mexico; 
common  southward. 

(6'(fi(r«8  wian.-Jiw  Mitchill,  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N,  Y.  i,4:5;i;  Giluthcr,  v,  178.) 

OuDEu  L.-rr.ECTOSrOlNi  DYLI.      i;:  f  ' 

{The  PlectospondyloKS  Fishes.)  ,       /,    ^  i^' jy 

Physostomoua  fishes  with  the  ])arietals  broad,  distinct;  pterotic  nor- 
mill;  8ym])lectic  ju'esent ;  opercular  bones  all  present;  no  interclavi- 
cles,  and  the  four  anterior  vertebrre  much  modified  and  with  ossicula 
amlitus.  This  group  consists  princi])ally  of  fresh-water  fishes,  ami  in- 
ehulos  about  six  families.  Two  strongly  marked  divisions  are  included 
in  it,  the  one  the  suborder  EventognntM  of  l*rofessor  Gill,  and  the  other 
the  Characins,  referred  by  I'rofeasor  Gill  to  the  Tsospon(h/li.  Tln^  Chara- 
dim  resemble  tlu  Tsos})()ii(iijli\u  general  ai)pearance  ami  in  the  structure 
(if  the  i)haryngeals,  but  differ  in  the  mo«lification  of  tlu^  anterior  ver- 
tcbr.'B.    (TT-lexro?-,  joined  together ;  (n:('ivdu}.()<;j  vertebrsc.) 

ANALYSIS  OF  KAMIUK8  OF  I'LKCTOSPONDYLI. 

Mini  II  cftso  pvoduotMi  hntwcoii  orliita;  ItiiHiHcrnnii  HiniplH;  only  two  superior  pharyn- 
jj;»»nl  hones;  1  )wor  ]»hiiryii>joiilH  falcif'onr,  pnralh'l  with  tho  gill-orclu  ,;  jaws 
toothhiss.     ( Eveutofjnalh  i.") 

*  ei),  W'jll;  tDTof,  wltWu;  yvdflof,  jaw. 


5? 


k 


If 


BJHiiBI 


; 


■l;1  v> 


112      WONTKimrTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMKUICAN    KMITIlYOLoaY IV. 

ii.   Iliisal  ItrmirliilivMlH   y.    jiIiiir.viijiiMil    (colli    imiut'ntuH,    |»iM'tiiiiili>;    iiitiNillnric^ 

rormiiiji  i>fii<  of  dn' in,ir>>iii  of  llu>  iipiK-r  juw < 'A'i'«»HriiMii>,i.;,  ;i(i 

an.  n.isdl  ItidiicliihyalN  ;J;  plniryngi'iil  Icctli  Itnv  ;  iuiukIii  of  n|t|MM' Jiiw  r<>niinl  hy 

ltn>iti,'i\illinii's  sildiio Cvi'Iiinidi;,  ;i|. 

•*Hiuin  I'MHo  ii<)(  idixlin'i'il  lM>t\vtM>n  orltitn;  bimis  oiuiili  ddiiblc,  HoinoliiiuH  willi  nnis 
(Mjliu-  oiiiinl;  4  to  1  Hiiiirrior  phiirvnm'ul  Iioiich  ;  lowor  tilunviiK''"'"  not  ralci- 
I'onn;  MhiiHiil  1>riiti(-1iil\\t)lH;  tvctli  in  Jiiwh  iil'lcii  |ir(<Hi<nl.     (('lu^rtvhil.) 

CiiAitAciMiM:^  ;i'^, 

Family  XXX.— (.\V1H)S1\)M1  I  >/]:. 


II''. 


'M 


( 77jf  iSiichrrs.) 

Hoily  oblmijr         olonofntc',  tisiiiilly   inoio  or  loss  coinprosscil.     ll(>n,i 
nuno  or  Uvsh  «'oiioid.     OimmcIoh  tiorinally  «1(>V(»Io|m»(I.     Noslrils  iloiihlc. 
No  barbols.     ISIonlli  liuyo  or  .small,  UHiinlly  priilniclilo  niid  willi  llcsliy 
Mps.     !\Iarj>iu  of  iipptM-  jaw  (bniuHl  in  llio  ini<l«ilo  by  (lio  Hiiiall  prciiiiix 
illarios,  and  on   llio  sido  by  llio  niaxillarioM.     .laws  tooMilcsH.     Ijowci 
j»liary'i};('al  bono.s  ralcilbrni,  ariuod  willi  a  row  of  nnnioroiiM  cond)  liKc 
tfotli.     nr:in(>!iiost«\!;als  .'(.     (iill  nuMnbranivs  nioro  «»r  Icms  unilcd  lo  |||(> 
istlinins,  rcshit'linjn  Mio  yill  op«Miinj;.s  to  fin*  h'uWh.     (lilly   I,  ai  nIH  lu' 
huni  tlio  Iburlh.      l's^M^dobralH'llia^  pri>,s«Md.      S»'alt>M  cycloid,   lar;i:(^  or 
Ninall.     laloral  lin(Ml«M'urvod,  soiiHMinioM  wauling,     lload  iialicd.     I'Iiim 
not   scaly.     Dorsal  tin  comparatively  Ion;;  (of  11-50  rays),  willioiil  hue 
spine.     Anal  tin  short.     ('au«I;;l  tin  mor»<  oi-  less  Ibrkcd.     Ncidrals  uli 
tlominal,  with  about    10  rays.    IN'ctoral  tins  placc«l  low,  wilhoul   spiii(>, 
No  adipose  tin.     Helly  not  siMialed.     Alimentary  canal  lony;.    Hloinacli 
simple.     No  pylorit*  <'(eca.     Air  bladtler  larjj:(»,  divid<Ml  into  (wo  or  llnvc 
])arts  by  transverse  cjmstrii'tions,  noli  snrronntled  by  ii  bony  capsule, 
(leuera   II  oi-  fewer;  species  about  (iO;  iidiabilin^  th(>  fresh  wat(>rs  of 
>Jortli  America,  twospe<'ies  in  IOast(>rn  Asia.      They  tww  not  mach  valued 
118  food  tlslM>s,  th<>  llcsh  bein^'  flavorless  and  fnll  of  snuill  bones. 
((\i/;)n»M'(/(r,  frroup  (\itoi*lomiua  (Jilnllier,  vii,  l'»*-'.^4.) 

*Dorsjil  liii  i^loMUJili'.  its  developed  rjiys  'jri  oO  in  imod>er  ;  ait-  Idaddf-r  in  (wo  pmls, 
t  l''oMtan(>lle  present  ;  body  ovate;  Heale.s  larfje.     (lUtluilichlhjiiniv.) 
H.   Dorsal  rays  '«*(-:(;<. 

h.  Mtinlli  laiffe.  t«Tininal.  protraetile  finwards;  Ii]>N(liiii;  pliaiyn)j,eal  lioiiesaml 

(iMMli  weak Ici'ioiu  H,  ;V,i. 

hh.  Mondi  smaller,  inferior,  prolraet lie  downwards, 
e.   IMiaryofieal  bones  s(ronn.  (he  teedi  comparatively  coarse  and   larp',  in 
creasing  in  siz(>  downwards ItiMiAt.icnriiVs,  ilii, 

(V.  l'liaryn;;eid  bonoH  narrow,  with  the  tcoth  thin  and  \veak..(;Ain'h>i>i;s.  (ij, 
ft  l'\mtanelle  obliterated  by  ttn^  anion  of  the  parietal  bones;  body  ohMigate.    {('iii'lqi- 

till(v.^ 

d.  Month  small,  inferior,  with  (hick  papillose  lips;  scaler*  rather  Hinall. 

CvcLia'ri'8,  6t 


ao.    CAT08T0MI I  >J?. — ICTIOHUH. 


113 


••norsivl  fiti  Hliort,  witli  I0-1H  riivH.     (fatoiitnmttm.) 
c.   Air  l>liitl(UM'  ill  (wo  |iiirtM, 
f.   liiiloml  liii<>  ('(MM|)loto  ivikI   <'<>iil)'iii(iim ;  hciiIch  Htrwill,  rift-liri  in   llm 
liitor.'il  liii)-. 

f/.   Fonlaiirllo  liolio PANTOSTKIIS,  63. 

Off.  r<»iit(in«>llo  pnwiit. 

h.  Moiilli  iiiiVi'ior,  Niiiall,  witli  Miick  piiplllnHollpn. 

('AI«»HT(tMIH,  i'4. 

Iili.  Moil  til  vi<i',v  1iii-K*s  l<  rtiiiiiiil,  ()lilii|iir;  lipHtliin  iiiitl  iii'iiilvHtiiooUi. 
i.    I'liiiryiiKi'iil  hoiirH  inodrtiit'',  willi  lolli  of  iiii'diiini  M/.r. 

(.'IIAHMIHI  I :s,  (ifl. 

Vi.   I'lifiryiiKi'iil  lioiioH  hIcimiit,  \villi  vii.v  iiniiicroiiH,  tniiniti^  ict'lli. 

l/ll'(lMY/.ON,  r>(i. 

//.   Ijii(<'Iii1   liii<«  iiid'iiiiplcd  or  wtiiiliii^;  hciiIch  linn<<  (10  50  in  ii  Icitini- 
liiiliiiiil  Htfi'ii'H). 

II.  I. II  torn  I  linn  <<iilir<dy  wanting Kkimvzov,  <57. 

lUI.   l/iiliiiil  lliM<  iimri>  or  Icmm  di'vclopcd Minyti(i:ma,  (W. 

er.  Air-liiaddiM' in  lliiro  piirtH;  lonliinilln  prxwut;  Hoalcin  liirgo  ;  luLoral 
linn  I'oniplnto. 
j.   Monlli  iiiiiniiil,  till'  lower  Up  I'lilim  or  ttH-rcly  lolxd. 

It,    riinr.vnuciil  lioiHH  inodcintc,  the  tcclli  comprcHsi'd,  yrnd 
iiiilly  lnr^)^^   downwiirdH;    montli  modnratn  or  hiiiuII,  Mio 

lipN  nmiiilly  pliniti-       Mmxohiuma,  (i!(. 

A/r.  riiiiry,ij.^«'iil  Iiouch  vi>ry  Hlronji;,  wiHi  Mm  lower  tcilli  niiicli 
i>nliir^*d,  Niiliiyliiidrii'iil  iind  triiiicatn,  tlio  tt-nlli  oT  tlio 
iipprr  I  ml' of  I  III'  ItoiM' Hiiifill  mid  roinprcKm'd  ;  niontli  itir^i', 
HoiiDUvliar  oldiipir,  willi  very  lliirk  lipH. 

I'r.ArMi'irAitVNv,  70. 

jj.   Miiiilli  HiiiKiiliir,  llio  ii|ipi'r  lip  not  protriM^tilo,  ((rcaily  nn- 

liirnfd,    I  III'    lowi'r   lip   dcv  rjopfil    iih   (wo   Mcpiiriilt-    IoIich, 

idiiirynnMil  honcH  and  (irdi  ordinary tJ|nAHHi(,Aii;A,  71. 

A1».  -I4"ri4>llll.*>i  l.'MliiM'N.pin. 

l!ii()'alo  Jislies. 

i;iilliirMi|iH>,  Irlilli.  nil.  jM'iO,  .'•,5:   lypo  Awhliiilnn  hiihiiUiH  Ifiif.) 

Ilciul  V(M'y  liir|.;(^  luul  Htron;^,  wide  iumI  deep  ;  itn  Icnj^lli  '>\\-'V\  in  tliiit 
III  tlic  body  ;  itH  ii|)|n'r  HiirCjivc  Itrojid  jiimI  drpn  sh(mI.  lOyn  inodcndc, 
uiiollv  tihtci'ioi'  ill  |ioMiti(>ii,flM>  iniddliHif  llic  liriid  Ix'iiij^M'iitiicly  Ix'liiiid 
il ;  siihoiliiliil  b(UM»H  pn»pitrli(mii(«'ly  iisinow.  I-'onliuicllc,  liii^*',  w<'ll 
npi'M.  Opcmiiiii'  )lppil^!llll^}  liit'iifoly  dcvt^lopcd ;  I  lie.  KiiiMtpcic-iiliiti' 
IikiikI;  (lir  opt'iciiliiiii  ImoikI,  .str(ni;;ly  (nrrowcd.  Month  very  Iiiij^*'  for  a 
Mickcr,  tcnniiiiil,  proliiicJilr  rorwiiids;  tho  twiddle  of  the  prciiiaxilliiiioH 
iiciu'l.v  on  IIm^  liiH'ol  Wm"  iiiiddl<io((li(M\v(';  th«'  poNtcrioiM'dj^ooftlK^  iiuixil 
l;irv  I'Xiciidiiif;  iiboiil,  to  tlic  linci  of  tli(^  iioHtrils.  Mandible  very  Htroii^, 
(ililiiinc,  pliUM'd"  lit  SMI  angle  of  45'^  orniore  when  the  mouth  i.s  <!losed,  ItH 
|)ost(>rior  end  exleiidin/if  (o  beyond  oppoHJti^  the  IVont  of  \\w  eye,  jt.s 
Iciililh  aiilthv  h's.s  than  onc^-ihiid  that  of  the  heiid.  LipH  very  Uttle  de- 
viloiied  ;  \\\{\  upper  narrow  and  HiiiooHijHoarecly  ap[)re(!iablc;  the  h>vver 
narrow,  nithc^r  full  on  Itie  siih'M,  out  rediieed  to  a  nan'ow  rim  in  front, 
JJuU.  JSat.  MuH.  No.  10 8 


:!i  I 


c-jr-?: 


K\ 


\V, 


ha 


wmmi 


"'"i-r^i.Tf-.:-''"*-.'^?'"' 


»i*» 


114    roNTKiiumoNS  to  noktii  American  ioiitiiyolociy — iv. 

cnlinOy  th'sliliifc  Itotli  of  psipillii^  nnd  plicio.  .Imwm  wiflioul.  «'iii'(iliij;i 
nousNlu'iith.  iMiu'ilorous  h.vhIoih  ofluMul  wril  (l«>\t'l<>p(Ml.  iNllimiiM  Hin. 
row.  lMiiMvnfi<'iil  botH's  liillior  wciik,  tlui  oiitiT  Hmfnco  of  I  lie  nirh 
HtiMuliiip' onlwnrdH  iiiid  pivHoiiliii;;  u  poroiiH  onfcr  iiinrf^iii.  'rin>  prdun- 
<'l4^  ol'  tlio  Nyinpli.VNis  JH  iniicli  Ioii^mm*  priipot'tioiiiilly  iukI  iiitir<^  poinlnl 
thmi  in  (^(t)'i)io<lrs  imd  Iii(holii'fitlii/s.  T\h^  Icclli  nni  very  nnincroiiM,  hiihiHj 
lliiti,  iiiid  ('oi II pressed  iis  in  Cnrpiodis,  hiil  llio  I(»W(»r  ones  nrc^  {i'nidiiiilly 
lar^vr  Hum  llio  npp(>r  ones.  Tlieir  inuci-  ed/^o  is  Nliinliii}^-  oiiIavshiIn, 
snul  not  miil'onnly  incluMi  ;is  in  liiilxtlii'lithi/s,  or  trnncidcMis  in  (U/rlrplns^ 
tho  inncrniosl  niuri^in  risiiifr  soincwlinl  in  the  Hliiip(M>f  ji.  proi<M'linj;:<'iiN|i. 
CJill  nduTN  oCiintrrior  iircli  Ion;;  and  slender  iibove,  1  e<'()niinj.j  sliorlci 
«lo\vn wards.  T.ody  lieavy,  robnsl,  no(  r'speeiidly  nrelied  above  nor 
j;r<'a1ly  e(Hnpresse<i,  ih(^  form  sonunvlial  elliplieal;  llie  (h'ptli  2^-.'l,Uii 
Mie  len;;lli  of  liu^  body.  Heales  lar^e,  ildeli,  nearly  eipnd  ov«'r  Ihebixiy, 
their  posteri«>r  o{\<xoh  s«»niewluii  N«'rra(e;  lli<>  lateral  liiMi  wt'll  developcMJ, 
bnti  not  as  distinet  as  in  rfrr/j/of/r.v,  slight ly  deenived  aiit«'riorly ;  [\\^^ 
nnnduM-  of  seales  in  its  eonrse  .'$r>-.t2;  KJ-IH  in  a  traiit-iverHo  wries  lioiii 
dorsal  lo  vtMdrals.  Dorsal  lln  with  an  elonjLrat«»  basis,  its  innnlxMuf 
rays  Jia-iU);  anterior  rays  soni(>wliat  elevated,  their  lent,'fli  aboni  luili 
that  of  tlH>  base  of  th(>  lln.  Caudal  not  inneh  forked.  Anal  tin  not 
nuieh  elevat«'d,  its  rays  abont  U  in  nnnd)er.  IV'etorals  and  ventriis 
nuxlerale,  the  latt«'r  with  abonli  10  rays.  Hexnal  peenliarilies,  ifaiiy,  im 
known.  Coloration  dark,  not  silvery.  Air-bladd(»r  with  two  ehaniliers. 
i^m^  v«My  lar};e.     A  sin;;l(^  species  known.     {ix""^i  "^''  >   ''""•»  l>Mllalo.) 

Ii:i.  I.  B»8nl>iilM«  (l^'iiC.)  \\x.—Rv(l-moiith   llnfdlo  Jish. 

P.ody  robnsl,  nio«leral<>ly  eoinpressed,  lh«^  onlline  soniewhai  ellip(i(';il, 
bnt  (he  back  rather  nlon^  enrve«l  than  tln^ belly;  depth  2A-.*{J  in  h^i^illi. 
Head  very  lar!>«>  and  thiek,  .S.J  in  lenfilh  (»!'  ftody.  Operetdar  appaiiiliis 
vory  Htron^v,  the  op(>renlnni  ilsell' tornnnjjf  nearly  hall'  th<^  lennlh  <»r  llu^ 
liead.  Seales  very  lar;it>.  Diueloped  rays  of  the  dt)rsal  1!7~LM);  anal  nivs 
0;  ventrals  10.  Scales  7-^J7  to  41 -(I.  Coloratioji  dnll  brownish  olivo, 
not  silvery.  Kins  dusky.  Size  very  la r^M> ;  reaches  a.  lenjxlh  of  neinly 
.'{  leet  and  a  w(Mp;ht  of  20-;{0  |)onnds.  Mississip[)i  Valley  ;  [generally 
abundant  in  the  larj^er  streams. 

{Amhhdoii  buhnlim  Unf.  .rmirn.  PliyH.  18IH,  4'il  ;  AKiWHiz,  Ann*!-.  Jonrn.  Hci.  Ails,  IK')!, 
I'.Ui:  S<'l(io;iii<ilhHs  ('iiiniiitlld  v.  iV  V.  llinl.  Nat.  I'oiss.  IHM,  .|77  :  " IvhlhiiiihuH  cjidmUm 
Ni'Irion,  Hull.  111.  Miis.  Nu).  IIIhI.  i,  .|;t ;  Irhllii/obHH  htihaliin  .Jonliui,  Uiill.  II.  t*.  Nut., 
M»H.  xii,  2M;  SrUroniKitluiiK'iiiiniulhi  (lilntlu'l",  vli,  '24.) 

♦  8»>«»  .Ionian,  UaU.  IJ.  8.  Nut.  Miis,  xii,  '207.  Tlicm  Iuvh  Imoii  porluips  a  «'<mrii8iim 
niuoug  Mr.  Nolsou'»  t.vju's  of  tliis  Ki»i'tloH.    Oiio  Hont  by  him  to  \\»  is  mi  Ictiobus. 


(A/,'IIHHi/,,    AllllT. 

Mead  niodt 
iiipidly  rJHUifi; 
iiinlian  or  rat 
iiiirrow.     t'on 
III'  sniall,   Mioi 
|y|tie;dly  (put 
III'  the  In^ad  ; 
IIk*  lower  pari 
lliit  upper  pro 
iiilo  ^rajndes; 
{liicMle,  the  pli 
niil   f|-K!:a,pe( 
siiciilli.     IM(M',i 
.li'V('l(»|n'd,  bul 
istliruMs    niod( 
wliicli  inci"<>aN( 
i;riii(lin;;'  <'df;e 
lilllo  <;nsp  aJoi 
crown,  and  <lo 
sli'iiilei'  and  s 
(ililon^'i  the  ( 
i'(iiiipress(Ml;  I 
very  lar^M',  abi 
wmife.     Jiate 
IL'-It  in  ii  vm 
near  {\h\  niiih 
iiiilcrior  rays  i 
liii,  lla^  nund)e 
liii  well  forki'd 
lively  lon^'  an< 
ate,  lO-rayed. 
known.     (John 
viiccons  or  mo 
quile  largo.    '\ 


115 


30.    CATOSTOMirM-: nilUALICIITlIVS. 

OO.-UIIHAI^K'IITIIVN  AguHHU. 

Jhlff'alnJlHfirH. 


(A(,'iiHMi/,,  AiiuT.  .Idiirii.  Hci.  Arts,  IHrifi,  l!»i :  lypc^  Cnriiindrn  iirun  A^.) 

llciKi  tii(Mlciitl(Mir  rntiicr  liiifro  i|(m>|)  nnd  Miic.k,  itH  H(i|HTi(>r  oiitlino 
iii|)i<ll,Y  rinuiK;  >Ih  N'li^lh  iihoiit  4  in  tliiil  of  (li)' 1>o«ly.     Dyo  inodniiic, 
iiiciliiiii  or  i'ii(li(<r  iMilrrioi-  in  poHltloii.     Hiilxirlnliil  Imuicm  ('(MMpiinitivcly 
iiiirrow.     I'\inliin«'ll('  iilvvii.yH  prrNiMit.  and  widely  opcti.     Monlli  inodorato 
III'  sriijili,  niort^  or  I<>hm  iiifrr-ior;   IIh^  in:iiidil)lr  HJiorl,  little.  ol)li(|iie,  or 
IV|)i('illly  qiliii^  Iiori/onliil  ;  the  uiiin<lilile  leKH  tliiiti  one  third  the  len^Mli 
of  the  heiid  ;  the  preniaxilhirieH  In  the  closed  month  below  the  level  of 
tilt'  lower  piirl  of  the  orbit.     Ijp.s  rattier  thin,  thieker  than  in  JctiohwHj 
tlioupper  protraetile,  niirrow,  pliciite,  the,  pli<';e,  Hornet iincH  broken  np 
into  grannies;  lower  lip  eonipiiratively   I'nII  (Cor  a  biitlalo  flHh),  fiiintly 
|ilic!i!e,  the  pliea^  broken  np  into  (^rannle.s,  the  lower  lip  hiivin;^  the  ^eri- 
nil!   fi  HJiaped    I'orni   neen    in   (UirpUuhn.     .law.s  withont,   eiirtiliif^Mnon.H 
sliciith.     Mneiterons  HyHteni  well  <leveIopi(l.     Operenhir  a|»|»iirii.tnH  well 
,|i'veloped,  bnl^.  Ichh  ho  Uiati  in  Icllnhiis;  the  operenlnin  Htron/^ly  rni^'OMe; 
istliiuiiH   moderate.      I'haryn;^feiil    bones  tri)int,Mdiir,   with  lar^e   teeth, 
wliieh  in(!rea,se  in  ,si/e  IVom  above  downwards.    'I'eeth  eotnpreHHed,  their 
l^'iindin^  ed^e  binnt,  Hli^htly  arched  in  the  nnddle,  and  provided  witJi  a 
liltie  cttsp  aloii^  the  inner  iniU'^in,  wiiicli  is  hiitdly  (h'tached  f'roiri  tho 
crown,  and  docH  not,  rise  above  the  snrliu'e..    (Jill-rakc^rHofard^'rior  arch 
Kh^nder  and  Htitl'  a,bov<',  ^rowinf^  shorti^r  downwards.     iJody  oyhtc,  or 
oMon^;  the  <h)iHa,l  ontline  more  or  less  arched;  the  sides  of  the  body 
(■(impressed ;  t  he  ventriil  ont  line  ciir\'ed  also,  bnt  to  a  hiss  deforce.     H<;aleH 
vtr,v  larn'c,  about  e(puil  over  th(U)ody,  their  postej'ior  ontlifM'S  somewhat 
M'lratii.     Lateral  lin<i  w(^ll  developed,  nearly  strai;(ht,  with  .'W-4'J  Hcales; 
IL'-ltin  a  erossseries  from  ventrals  tr)  dorsnl.     Dorsal  fin  ]>e{rinnin;? 
ni'iir  the  middle  of  tjae  body,  sonn'what  in  advanc(i  (d'ihe  ventrals;  itH 
iiiitcrior  rays  eleva("(l,  tln^ir  height  about  cfpnd  to  hiilf  fhc^  biise  of  tho 
I'm,  the  nnndxT  of  rays  in  the,  ilorsal  (in  ran^'in/x  from  25  to  .'?(>.    Oaudal 
I'm  well  forked,  the  lobes  about  e(pial,  not  falcate.     Anal  tin  compara- 
livcl.v  hill};' and  rather  low,  ofHorl)  developed  rays.     Ventrals  morler- 
iil(;,  l(»-ra.yed.     IVictorals  rather  short.     H(^\ln^l  pcK'ullarities,  if  any,  un- 
known.   (Joloratioii  dull  dark  brown,  in-arly  plain,  not  silvery.    Fins  oli- 
viu'cous  or  more  or  less  dusky.     Air  bhidder  with  two  chambers.     Hi/o 
quite  liirgc.    This  <?e!nuH  Is  closely  iislated  to  IctiohuN,  dift'ering  only  in 


1.1. . 

r 


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ii  < 


h^ 


CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

the  somcwliat  stronger  teeth.  Tlie  two  genera,  with  perhaps  Carpiodcs 
also,  should  probably  be  reunited.  Three  species  ii  ^  known,  two  in  the 
United  States*  and  a  third  in  Central  America.*     ifiouiSaXo^j  bufi'alo; 

i/Oug,  lish.) 

114.  B<  tirus  AjT. — Blg-mouthcd  Buffalo. 

Body  much  less  elevated  and  less  compressed  than  in  B.  nltus^ 
the  back  not  at  all  cariuated ;  axis  of  bodj'  above  ventrals  aBout  at  t.lie 
lateral  line,  and  but  very  little  farther  from  the  dorsal  outline  than  from 
the  ventral ;  depth  3-34  "^  length.  Head  very  stout,  strongly  trans- 
versely convex,  thicker,  larger,  and  less  pointed  than  in  the  otlior, 
about  4  in  length.  Eye  about  equal  to  snout,  5J  in  head,  much  smaller 
than  in  B.  altm.  Mouth  large,  considerably  oblique,  opening  well  for- 
wards. Mandible  longer  than  eye.  Premaxillary  somewhat  below  sub- 
orbital. Dorsal  flu  lower  and  less  rapidly  depressed  than  in  the  next, 
the  longest  ray  scarcely  half  the  length  of  the  base  of  the  fin.  Anal  fin 
rounded;  its  rays  not  rapidly  shortened ;  the  middle  ones  not  much 
shorter  than  the  longest-  Colors  very  dark;  fins  all  black.  Scales 
8-41-7 ;  D.  30 ;  A.  10.    Mississippi  Valley ;  in  the  larger  |)treams. 

(Carviodes  urns  Agasniz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  355:  BuhaVichthuH  nrus,  niger, 
ct  hoiiaauH  Agassiz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1855, 103-195;  Jordan,  1.  c.  2UU.) 

lis.  B.  Slltus  Nolaon. — Small-mouthed  Buffalo. 

Body  considerably  elevated  and  compressed  above ;  the  dorsal  region 
subcarinate;  belly  thicker;  depth  2.^-25  in  length;  axis  of  body  above 
the  ventrals,  below  the  lateral  line,  and  nearly  twi(!e  as  far  from  the  back 
as  from  the  belly.  Head  moderate,  triangular  in  outline  when  viewed 
from  the  side,  4  in  length.  Eye  equal  to  snout,  4-5  in  length  of  head, 
nnich  larger  than  in  B.  vrus.  Mouth  quite  small,  notably  smaller  and 
more  inferior  than  in  B.  unifi.  Mandible  about  equal  to  eye.  Dorsal 
tin  elevated  in  front  and  rai)idly  declined,  the  highest  ray  reachinj; 
much  beyond  the  middle  of  the  fin,  the  seventh  ray  about  half  tlie 
length  of  the  third  or  longest.  Anal  rays  rapidly  shortened  behind,  the 
middle  rays  much  shorter  than  the  first  long  ones.     Scales  8-39-0; 

*B.  mcridioiialh  ((liinilicr)  JokImm.  Moulli  small,  inferior,  slijrhtly  corni/^-.ilcd. 
Dopth  3ii-;?]  in  Icnifth.  Hojul  4-4^,  not  innch  longtM- fli.in  lii;>h.  .,y<' rntlicr  sni.ill. 
ont'-fil'tli  of  llic  Icnjftli  of  the  head  iind  two-lii'tliN  tinit  of  flie  snout.  Snhorbiliils  iim- 
row.  Anterior  dornul  rays  not  niueh  }n()dn«'.ttl,  sliorter  than  the  head.  Caudal  forkiid. 
Origin  of  ventral  vertieally  In-low  the  fourth  dorsal  ray.  reelcuiil  tin  not  extendiii;' 
to  ventrals.  There  are  5  longitudinal  series  of  scales  between  the  lateral  line  iiiid 
the  root  of  the  veniral.  Coloration  uniform.  Seules  7-;{8-7  ;  D.  21) ;  A.  10.  Rio  Usii- 
maeiuta,  Guateiuula.     {(Hiiitlier.)    {Scliroijnatliun  maidioiialiit  Gihither,  vii,  U',i.) 


30.    CATOSTOMID.E-— CARPIODES. 


117 


D.  29 ;  A.  10 ;  Y.  10.     Coloration  paler ;  the  lower  fius  slightly  dusky. 

Mississippi  Valley'  and  southward ;  generally  abundant. 

{Caioatomns  huhalus  Kirtliind,  Rei).  Zoiil.  Ohio,  1838,  108,  not  of  Kafinesque:  liuba- 
Ikhthys  bnbalits  Aj^assiz,  Anier.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1855, 195 :  BubalichfhyH  biibalus  Jordan, 
].  I'. '20():  Sclerognathns  uri(n  Giiuthcr,  vii,22;  B.  altus  Nelson  MSS.  in  Jordan,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  Ib77,  715;  appifrent'.y  the  oldest  tenable  name,  certainly  belong- 
ing <o  the  8i)ecie8.) 

61.— CARPIODES  Rafinesque. 

Carp  SucJcers. 

(Sclerognath  h«  Valenciennes. ) 

(Rafinesqne,  Iclith.  Oh.  1820,  56:  type  Catnstomua  cyprinuH  Le  Siienr.) 

Head  comparatively  short  and    leep,  sometimes  conic,   sometimes 
blunt;  its  length  ranging  from  3 J  to  5  in  that  of  the  body;  its  upper 
surface  always  rounded.    Eye  moderate,  median  or  anterior  in  posi- 
tion.   Suborbital  bones  well  developed,  their  depth  about  half  that  of  the 
fleshy  portion  of  the  cheek  below.    Fontanelle  always  present,  well  de- 
veloped.   Mouth  always  small,  horizontal  and  inferior;  the  mandible 
less  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  head ;  the  lips  thin,  the  upper  i)ro- 
tractile,  narrow,  the  lower  quite  narrow,  /^-shaped,  or  rather  n  shaped, 
beliiiid ;  t)Oth  lips  feebly  i)licate  or  nearly  smootli,  the  plicuB  often  more 
or  less  broken  up.     Jaws  without  cartilaginous  sheath.     Muciferous 
system  moderately  developed.    Opercular  apparatus  well  developed; 
the  subopenile  broad ;  the  operculum  in  the  adult  more  or  less  rugose. 
Istlniuis  moderate.    Pharyngeal  bones  remarkably  thin  and  laterally 
com] tressed,  with  a  shallow  furrow  along  the  anterior  margin  on  the  in- 
side, and  another  more  central  one  on  the  outline  of  the  enlarged  sur- 
faces.   Teetli  very  small,  comi)ressed,  nearly  equally  thin  along  the 
whole  inner  edge  of  the  bone,  forming  a  fine,  comb-like  crest  of  minute 
serratures;   their  cutting  edge  rises  above  the  inner  margin  into  a 
pmniiiient  i)oint.    (lill-rakers  of  anterior  arch  slender  and  stiff  above, 
becoming  redm^ed  downwards.    IJody  ovate  or  oljlong;  the  dorsal  outline 
more  or  less  arched;  the  ventral  outline  more  nearly  straiglil ;  the  depth 
from  liiilf  to  one-third  the  length;  the  sides  compressed,  the  back  nota- 
bly so,  forming  a  sort  of  carina.    Caudal  peduncle  short  and  deep. 
{Scales  large,  alxmt equal  over  the  body,  their  posterior  margins  r.lightly 
Semite;  lateral  line  well  developed,  nearly  straight,  with  .'34-11  scales j 
112-15  scales  in  across-row  from  dorsal  to  ventrals.    Dorsal  fin  begin- 
iiiufj  near  the  middle  of  the  body,  somewhat  in  advance  of  ventrals, 
falcate;  its  anterior  rays  elevated  and  often  filamentous,  their  height 
vaulting  from  ^  to  1^  the  length  of  the  bast   of  the  fin;  the  number  of 


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118      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICIITIIYOLOOY IV. 

developed  rays  ranging  from  23  to  30.  Caudal  iin  well  forked,  tlio 
lobes  equal.  Anal  fin  comparatively  long  and  low,  emarginate  (in 
males),  its  number  of  developed  rays  usually  8.  Ventrals  sbortisli, 
with  usually  10  rays.  Pectorals  short.  Sexual  peculiarities  littlo 
marked ;  in  some  species,  at  least,  the  males  in  spring  have  the  snout 
minutely  tuberculate.  Coloration  always  plain ;  pale  olivaceous  above, 
white  below,  but  hardly  silvery,  the  fins  all  partaking  of  the  color  of 
the  region  to  which  they  belong.  Air-bladder  with  two  chambers. 
Size  medium  or  rather  large.  This  genus  is  very  close  to  Ictiohiis  and 
Buhcdichtliys.  Its  si)ecies  are  numerous  and  very  diflicult  to  deteruiinc. 
All  belong  to  the  United  States.    (Latin  carpiodcs,  cari)-like.) 

*  Dorsal  An  with  the  anterior  rays  more  or  loss  shortened,  their  length  one-half  to 
two-thirds  that  of  the  base  of  tho  liu;  muzzle  more  or  loss  conic  and  pro. 
jocting. 
a.  Head  short,  4-5  in  length. 

110.  <J.  carpio  (Raf.)  Jordan. — Carp  SticJcer. 

Head  comparatively  short,  its  length  contained  4-5  times  in  the 

length  of  the  body.    Body  more  fusiform  than  in  the  others,  compressed, 

but  not  much  arched,  the  depth  2g-3  times  in  the  length.  ,  Anterior 

rays  of  dorsal  short,  notably  thickened  and  osseous  at  base,  especiiilly 

in  the  adult;  the  tirst  ray  nearer  the  end  of  the  muzzle  than  the  ba^io 

of  the  caudal  fin,  the  longest  ray  a  little  more  than  half  the  base  of  tlie 

fin;  caudal   moderately  forked.     Eye  medium,  anterior,  4 J  in  head. 

Muzzle  short,  but  projecting  nuich  beyond  mouth.    D.  30 ;  Lat.  1.  3C. 

Size  largest  of  the  genus.    Mississippi  Valley ;  generally  abundant. 

(Catostomm  carpio  Rvi(inos(\\w,h-Aith.  Oh.  1^29,50;  Jordan,  1.  c.  200:  Carinodcs  num- 
mij'er  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phi  la.  1870,484.) 

aa.  Head  intermediate,  its  length  contained  about  4  times  (31-4^)  in  that  of  body; 
anterior  rays  of  dorsal  not  thielicncd  at  base. 

117.  C.  tamidtis  B.  &,  O.—Carp  Sucker. 

Body  elongate,  not  much  elevated ;  the  depth  2^  in  length.  IToad 
3,^-4 ;  the  muzzle  prominent,  but  rather  bluntish.  Front  scarcely  con 
cave  above  eyes,  the  profile  forming  a  somewhat  uniform  curve.  Eye 
small,  nearly  0  in  head.  Anterior  rays  of  dorsal  moderately  elevated, 
less  than  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  fin  ;  the  first  ray  nearly  mid 
way  between  snout  and  base  of  caudal.  Caudal  lobes  blunt ;  subor 
bital-  narroAV,  small.  Scales  0-37-5;  D.  24-27;  A.  8;  V.  10.  Ohio  to 
the  Kio  Grande  and  lTi)per  Missouri;  comnicu.    Distinguished  from 


**  Dorsal  fin  ^^ 


30.    CATOSTOMIDiE — CARPIODES. 


119 


the  preceding  by  the  mucli  smaller  eye.    This  description  is  based  on 
specimens  from  Wabash  Eiver. 

{Carpiodca  cyprinuH*  Jordan,  1.  c.  198:  Carpioc1c8  tumidiia  Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1854,28:  Carjnodcs  damalin  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  183G, 
170:  Carjnodca  grayi  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Pbil.  Soc.  Phila.  187  ,482.) 

ll§.  C.  tDlompsoni  Agassi z.—Xafce  Carp. 

Body  stont,  short,  the  back  mnch  arched,  the  depth  2i  in  length, 
nead  4  to  4;]:  in  length,  the  muzzle  moderately  pointed.  Dorsal  rays 
considerably  elevated,  two-thirds  as  long  as  base  of  flu.  Eye  small,  5.^ 
in  head.  Tip  of  lower  jaw  much  in  advance  of  nostrils,  maxillary 
reaching  Hno  of  orbit.  Anterior  suborbital  large,  deep,  roundish.  Ori- 
gin of  dorsal  about  midway  of  body.  Scales  rather  closely  imbricated, 
S-oU  to  41-G ;  D.  27 ;  A.  7 ;  V.  10.  Great  Lake  region ;  abundant.  I'cr- 
baps  identical  with  the  i)receding. 

(Agassiz,  Amor.  Joiirn.  Sci.  Arts,  185o,  191 ;  Jordau,  1.  c.  198.) 

aaa.  Head  loug,  about  3J  in  length. 

119.  C.  bison  Agassiz. 

Head  long,  contained  about  3'  times  in  length  to  base  of  caudal. 

]\Inzzle  elongate-conic,  so  that  the  eye  is  nearly  median,  the  middle  of 

the  length  of  the  head  falling  i."  front  of  its  posterior  margin.    Body  not 

ffiuch  arched,  depth  3  in  length.     Anterior  rays  of  dorsal  pretty  high, 

not  nutcli  shorter  than  the  base  of  the  fin,  not  thickened  at  base.    Lips 

well  developed.    Eye  large,  4^  in  head.    Scales  7-40-5 ;  J).  27  ;  A.  7  ; 

V.  10.    Mississippi  Valley. 

(Agassiz,  Amor.  Joiirn.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  35G ;  Copo,  Proc.  Amcr.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila. 
1870,  48:5;  Jordan,  1.  c.  197.) 

** Dorsal  ilu  with  the  anterior  rays  very  much  elevated  and  attenuated,  about  equal-. 
Hug,  or  more  usually  exceeding,  the  length  of  the  base  of  the  lin. 

liO.  C  cypriwMSt  (Lo  Sueur)  Agassiz. — Qiiillback;  SpeMr-finh;  Saii-finh;  Skimback. 
IVIuzzlc  conic,  projecting,  obtusely  pointed,  tip  of  the  mandible  reach- 
ing to  opposite  nostrils ;  maxillary  reaching  to  opposite  front  of  orbit. 
Anterior  suborbital  as  deep  as  long.  Head  3.^-4  in  length.  Eye  large, 
3|J-'15-  in  length  of  head.  Body  much  arched  above,  the  depth  2^-2^ 
in  length-     First  ray  of  dorsal  usually  nearer  muzzle  than  base  of 

*  The  original  C'rtfostomMw  ajprinna  was  doscribtMl  from  tributaries  of  Chesapeake 
Ray.  It  cannot  be  the  present  species,  as  the  dorsal  is  described  and  ligured  as 
Bfrongly  falcate  and  the  caudal  deeply  forked.  Wo  have  seen  no  spi^cimens  from  tho 
original  locality. 

t Possibly  two  or  tlhroo  species  are  hero  included:  vc/i/cr,  with  the  anterior  dorsal 
rays  longer  than  the  lin  ;  <!///«'in««,  with  them  somewhat  shorter;  and  c\ttx8an»erinuSy 
with  a  blunter  Buout  and  tho  dorsal  rays  very  long. 


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120      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICDTIIYOLOGY IV. 

caudal.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  its  lobes  slender,  the  upper  the  longr  r. 
Scales  7-37-5 ;  D.  20  or  27.  Chesapeake  Bay  to  Mississippi  Valley ; 
generally  abundant. 

(?  CntoHtomus  ctjprinua  Le  Suonr,  .lourn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1817,  91 ;  Giinthor,  vK, 
12 :  Catostomua  rdifer  Rafinesqne,  Iclith.  Oh.  18'20,  5() :  Carpiodea  velifer  Cope,  Proc. 
Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Pliilii.  1870,  482  :  Carpiodea  velifer  Jordan,  1.  c.  19G:  Carpiodea  culiaun- 
aerinua  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Hoc.  Phila.  1870,  481  :  Carpiodea  cutiaanaerinua  Jordan, 
].  c.  lUG :  Carpiodea  aelene  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  41.) 

131.  C.  diflbrmis  Copo. 

Muzzle  exceedingly  blunt,  so  that  the  anterior  edge  of  the  mandible  is 
in  line  Avith  the  anterior  rim  of  the  orbit,  and  the  maxillary  reaches  to 
the  anterior  edge  of  the  pupil.  Anterior  suborbital  deeper  than  long. 
Head  4J  in  length.  Eye  quite  large,  3i-4  in  head.  Body  arched,  the 
depth  somewhat  less  tlian  half  the  length.  First  ray  of  dorsal  nearer 
muzzle  than  base  of  caudal.  Scales  0-35-4 ;  D.  24  j  A.  8 ;  V.  9.  Ohio 
Valley ;  not  common.    Perhaps  a  deformity  of  the  preceding. 

(Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  480;  Jordau,  1.  c.  195.) 

62.— Cl'CLEPTUS  Rafmesqne. 

Black  Horse. 

(Rafmesqno,  .Tonrn.  Phys.  Chim.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  1819,   421 :  type  Cyclcptus  nigra- 
ecm  Raf.  =::  Catostoiuua  elongatua  Le  Sueur.) 

Head  very  small,  short  and  slender,  its  length  contained  0-7  times  in 
that  of  the  body  ;  its  upper  surface  rouiuled.  Eye  small,  behind  the 
middle  of  the  head ;  not  very  high  up,  its  length  0-8  in  that  of  the  head. 
Suborbital  bones  small  and  narrow.  Fontanelle  entirely  obliterated  by 
the  union  of  the  parietal  bones.  Mouth  small,  entirely  inferior,  over- 
Japped  by  the  projecting  snout;  the  upper  lip  thick,  i^endent,  covered 
with  3-5  rows  of  tubercles,  the  outer  quite  large,  the  inner  small ;  lower 
lip  moderate,  formed  somewhat  as  in  Catostomus,  but  less  full,  incised 
behind.  Jaws  with  rudimentary  cartilaginous  sheath.  Mucifcrous  sys- 
tem not  greatly  developed.  Opercular  Jipparatus  not  greatly  devel- 
oped; the  operculum  smooth  and  narrow.  Lsthnuis  moderate.  Gill- 
rakers  moderately  long,  soft.  Pharyngeal  bones  strong ;  the  teeth  stout, 
increasing  in  size  downwards,  rather  wide  apart.  Body  elongate,  mod- 
erately compressed,  not  uuich  elevated;  the  caudal  peduncle  long;  the 
greatest  depth  contained  4-0  limes  in  length.  Scales  moderate,  about 
equal  over  the  body,  not  closely  imbricated,  with  wide,  exposed  sur- 
faces, the  number  in  the  lateral  line  from  55-00,  and  about  17  in  a  trans- 
verse series  from  dorsal  to  ventrals.  Edges  of  scales  crcuate.  Lateral 
line  well  developed,  nearly  straight.     Fins  rather  large,  dorsal  flu  be- 


30.  CATOSTOMID.E — PANTOSTEUS. 


121 


ginning  in  front  of  ventrals  and  ending  just  before  anal,  of  about  30  rays, 
strongly  falcate  in  front,  the  ttrst  and  second  developed  rays  in  length 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  base  of  the  lin,  the  I'ays  rapidly  short- 
Aed  to  about  the  eighth,  the  length  of  the  remaining  rays  being  nearly 
iniitorm  and  all  short.  Caudal  tin  large,  widely  forkeil,  the  lobes  about 
equal.  Anal  tin  quite  snudl,  low,  of  7  or  8  developed  rays,  scaly  at  base. 
Ventrals  nioderat  e,  with  10  rays.  Pectorals  elongate,  somewhat  fal 
cate.  Sexual  peculiarities  somewhat  marked ;  the  males  in  spring  with 
black  pignient ;  the  head  then  covered  with  small  tubercles.  Air-blad- 
der with  two  chambers,  the  anterior  short,  the  posterior  elongate.  One 
species  known.  (z6xA«?,  round;  hrzru^,  slender.  "The  name  means 
small  round  mouth." — liajinesqiw.) 

122.  C  clongratUS  (Lo  Siienr)  Ag. — Black  Horse;   Gourd-seed  Suvlrr ;  Missouri 

Sucker;  Sudccrcl. 

Depth  4-5  in  length  ;  head  G-8i.  Eye  small,  G-7  in  length  of  head. 
Longest  dorsal  rays  a  little  longer  than  head.  Pectorals  rather  longer 
than  head.  Dorsal  rays  30 ;  anal  7  or  8 ;  scales  9-50-7.  Coloration  very 
(liuk,  the  males  almost  black.  Size  large.  Length  of  adult  1  ^— 2i  feet. 
3Iississippi  Valley;  rather  common.     A  singular  and  interesting  tisu. 

{Catostomua  elonnatuH  Im  Simnr,  Jmirii,  Acail.  ^at.  Sei.  I'hilu.  1817,  103:  Schrogua- 
thits  elongatua  Giiuther,  vii,  23;  Jordan,  1.  c.  189.) 

«3.— PANl  *>STIi:US  Cope. 
Hard-headed  Suckers. 

(Cope,  Licnt.  Whcolcr's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mor.  v,  (573, 187(5 :  type  MinomuH  phtttjrhnuchus 
Cope.) 

Head  moderate  or  rather  small,  4-5  times  in  length  of  body,  llattish 
and  rather  broad  above,  anteriorly  somewhat  pointed.  Eye  rather 
small,  usually  behind  the  middle  of  the  head.  Suborbital  bones  narrow, 
as  in  CatoHtomus.  Bones  of  head  rather  thick,  the  two  i)arietal  bones 
firmly  united,  entirely  obliterating  the  foutanelle.  Mouth  rather  large, 
entirely  inferior ;  each  jaw  with  a  more  or  less  developed  cartilagiiu^us 
sheath,  separable  in  alcohol,  essentially  as  in  Ghondrostoma,  AcrochiluSy 
and  related  genera.  Upper  lip  broad,  jiapillose,  with  a  rather  broad, 
free  margin  and  2  or  more  series  of  tubercles.  Lower  lij)  largely  devel- 
oped, with  an  extensive  free  margin  deeply  incised  behind,' but  less  so 
than  in  Catostomus.  Pharyngeal  bones  and  teeth  essentially  as  in  Catos- 
iomiis.  Isthmus  quite  broad.  Body  generally  elongate,  subterete,  and 
little  compressed.  Scales  quite  small,  80-105  in  the  course  of  the  lat- 
eral line  and  30-35  in  a  cross-series  between  dorsal  and  ventrals,  usually 
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122      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

Lateral  line  well  developed,  straightisli.  Fins  generally  rather  small. 
First  ray  of  dorsal  usually  about  midway  of  body,  its  rays  few,  9-12 
in  number.  Veutrals  inserted  rather  under  jiosterior  part  of  dorsi:!, 
their  rays  10  or  9.  Anal  short  and  high,  with  7  developed  rays.  Ca'S- 
dal  rather  shallow-cinarginate.  Pectorals  well  developed.  Air-blad- 
der  with  two  chambers.  Size  rather  small.  Species  numerous  iu  the 
Eocky  Mountain  region,     {-rh,  all ;  nffriov,  bone.) 

*  Scales  nHulcrato,  80-85  iu  tlio  latora!  lino. 

a.  Scales  siibequal  o\  er  the  body,  not  reduced  forwards. 

123.  P.  plobcius  (Baird  &  Girard)  Jordan. 

Body  rather  stout,  subfusiform.  Head  slender,  rather  short,  15  in 
length.  Eye  5  in  head.  Ventrals  reaching  nearly  to  ■'-ent.  Scales 
small,  scarcely  crowded  anteriorly,  80  in  the  lateral  line,  20-30  in  ;i 
cross-series.  Depth  4i  in  length.  Dorsal  midway  between  snout  and 
upper  caudal  rays.  Caudal  short,  emarginate.  Color  dark  brown, 
faintly  mottled ;  sides  with  orange  in  the  males.  {Girard.)  Lake  Guz- 
man, Mexico. 

{Catostomua phbeius  Baird  «&  Guard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1854,  28:  Catodo- 
mus iHthcjua  Giiuther,  vii,  15;  Jordan,  1.  c.  184.) 

124.  P.  dcSpliinus  Cope. 

"The  dorsal  outline  is  arched,  the  head  flat  above,  not  elevated  Ixdiind 
and  much  depressed  on  the  muzzle.  The  nui^izle  is  wide  and  docs  not 
project  beyond  the  upper  lip,  which  is  appressed  to  its  lower  face  and 
bears  four  rows  of  warts:  its  smooth  comulissural  part  is  narrow.  Ou 
the  lov  er  lip  the  tubercles  advance  nearly  to  the  commissure;  this  lip 
is  deeply  emarginate  posteriorly.  The  eye  enters  the  length  of  the  head 
5  times,  2^  times  measuring  the  muzzle,  and  twice  the  interorbital  re- 
gion. Head  4';|  times  iu  hMigth  to  end  of  caudal  basal  scales.  Scales  in 
30  longitudinal  series,  between  dorsal  and  ventral  fins.  Ventrals  iv- 
markably  short,  extending  little  more  than  half  way  to  vent,  originat- 
ir.g  under  posterior  third  of  dorsal.  Pectorals  well  separated.  Lsthnnis 
wide.  Color  above  blackish,  with  a  strong  inferior  marginal  shade  011 
the  lower  part  of  the  sides,  and  the  lighter  tint  above ;  a  brown  spot 
just  above  axilla  is  cut  oil"  from  it  by  a  band  of  the  yellow  color  which 
covers  the  belly  and  head  below."    (Cope.)    Probably  from  Green  Kiver. 

{Minomm  ilvlpliinus  Cope,  Ilayden'a  Gcol.  Surv.  Wyoiu.  Terr.  1872,  430.) 

13.1.  P.  bardrH  Cope. 

This  Hi)eci(^s  U  distinguished  by  its  very  short  head  and  marked  col- 
oration, resembling  iu  that  respect  the  C.  guzmanienaiH  of  Girard;  with 


30.  CATOSTOMID.E — PaNTOSTEUS. 


123 


tliis  species  it  has,  liowever,  notliing;  else  iii  common.  "Head  wide, 
liiuzzle  not  projectinj^  beyond  upper  lip ;  latter  not  pendant,  with 
juuTow,  smooth  conjniissure  and  3  or  4  rows  of  tubercles.  Lower 
lip  deeply  incised,  tubei"cnlar  to  near  inner  edge.  Eye  5.25  times  in 
I'Mi^'th  of  head,  twi-^e  in  interorbital  width.  Head  5  times  to  end  oi' 
basal  caudal  scales.  Form  stout.  Body  cylindric  anteriorly.  Dorsal 
fm  nearer  end  of  muzzle  tliau  end  of  caudal  scales.  Scales  of  body 
suheqnal,  in  30  longitudinal  rows  between  dorsal  and  ventral  lius, 
latter  originating;  beneath  hinder  border  of  dorsal,  not  (piite  reaching 
vent.  Pectorals  well  separated.  Isthmus  wide,  narrower  than  in  .1/.  (7c/- 
phiinis'.  Color  blackish  above;  abroad  olive  band  from  upper  part  of 
opercular  border  along  upper  half  of  caudal  peduncle,  and  a  broad  black 
hand  below,  narrowing  to  a  line  along  the  middle  of  the  iiedunclc ;  be- 
low yellowish,  a  band  of  the  same  cutting  off  a  blackish  area  above  the 
axilla,  as  in  the  last  species."  {Cope.)  Probably  from  Green  Kiver. 
Tbis  species  and  the  two  i)receding  arc  not  well  separated. 
{Mhiomua  hurdus  Cope,  Iltiyilou'a  Geol.  Surv.  Wyom.  Terr.  1872,  4;{G.) 

aa.  Scales  very  lunch  r(!;hice(l  and  crowded  anteriorly;  upper  lip  full,  pendent;  car- 
tilagiuous  tilieatlis  on  jaws  well  developed,  the  commissure  transverse  and 
abruptly  an<f.il:ite  at  tl  e  coruers  of  the  uioutli. 

126.  P.  pHatyrrJaycacEius  Cope. 

Uody  extremely  elongate,  the  depth  5.^-7  in  length.  Head  45  in 
length,  short  and  wide,  witli  depressed  and  expanded  muzzle,  which 
considerably  overhangs  the  mouth.  Isthmus  very  wide.  Dorsal  rays 
11;  ventral  rays  9;  scaLvs  I0-8G-I2.  Belly  and  lower  (ins  yellowish, 
probably  red  in  life.     Utah  Lak«.    Perhaps  identical  with  the  next. 

{MinomuH  phityrhynchm  Cope,  Proc.  Amor.  Pliil.  Soc.  Phila.  1874,  134;  Jordan,  1.  c. 

lH;i.) 

127.  P.  pcMcrosMS  (Oiran,')  Jordan.  * 

Body  moderately  elongate,  the  depth  4^-5  in  the  length.     Head 

ratber  short,  4:}  in  length,  not  specially  broadened ;  muzzle  not  greatly 

overhanging  the  mouth.    Lower  lip  full,  with  4  or  5  rowsof  tabercles; 

iipjter  with  2.    Isthmns  very  broad.    Head  with  consi)icuous  mucous 

tubes.    Lower  iins  large.    Dorsal  rays  9  (rarely  10);  ventral  rays  10 

(rarely  9);  scales  11  to  14-83  to  87-13  to  15.     Light  brown  above,  with 

(bisky  spots  and  clouds ;  males  with  the  chin  and  Iins  red,  and  a  crim- 

Non  lateral  band,    llio  Grande  to  Mojavo  Desert  and  Great  Basin  of 

l',tah;  very  abundant. 

{f'ntoatomnK  amcrosm  Q\Tan\,  Proc.  Aead.  Nat.  Sci,  Pliila.  1856,  174:  Miiwmua  jarro- 
rii  Copo,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc.  Pliila.  1874,  US;  Jordan,  1.  c.  IK^) 

••  8(;alc8  very  small,  100-105  iu  tho  lateral  lino. 


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124      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

12S.  P.  vircsceiis  Copn. 

Body  eloijjjfsito,  compressed,  the  caudal  jxuujiftle  (joutracted.  Ilcad 
short,  wide,  5  in  Uiiigth.  Muzzle  obtust^,  little  projectiug".  Uppiu-  liji 
wide  ;  lower  li^)  full,  eniarginate.  Jaws  with  well-duvelopiMl  caitilii^ii- 
uous  sheatiis.  Scales  nuujh  reduced  in  size  forwards.  Dorsal  rays  lO- 
ventral  1);  scales  1«-10:}-1(}.  Color  olive;  lower  surface  yellow,  lleail- 
Avaters  of  Arkansas  Iviver. 
(Copi-,  Wlioelor'd  Expl,  W.  100th  Mor.  v,  (57.-),  187G ;  Jordan,  1.  c.  182.) 

64.— CATOSTOillUS  Lo  Sueur. 

Suckers. 

(Ilylomyzon  Agassiz;  Acomita  and  Minomiia  Crirard.) 

(Lo  Sueur,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  IMiila.  i,  81),  1817 :  typo  Cijprinua  catoatomns  Forijter:^ 
Catotttomufi  loiigiroHtntm  Lc  Sueur.) 

Head  more  or  less  elongate,  its  length  ranging  from  3?,  to  5  times  iu 
that  of  the  body.  Eye  usually  rather  small,  high  up,  and  median  or 
raore  or  less  posterior  iu  position.  Suborbital  bones  narrow,  longer 
than  broad,  much  as  in  Moxostoma.  Fontanelle  always  present,  usually 
widely  open,  in  two  species  reduced  to  a  narrow  slit,  but  never  wholly 
obliterated.  Mouth  rather  large,  always  inferior,  and  sometimes  nota- 
bly so;  the  upper  lip  thick,  protractile,  papillose;  the  lowei"  lip  greatly 
develoi)ed,  with  a  broad  free  margin,  deeply  incised  behind,  so  tliat  it 
forms  two  lobes,  which  are  often  more  or  less  se]>arattMl.  IMandihlc 
horizontal,  short,  not  one-third  the  length  of  the  head  and  not  reachiiijf 
to  oi)])osite  the  eye.  Lower  JaAV  usually  witliont  distinct  cartilagincms 
sheath.  Opercular  apparatus  nmderately  developed,  not  rugose,  l^lia- 
ryngeal  bones  moderately  strong,  the  teeth  shortish,  vertically  com- 
pressed, rai)idly  diminishing  in  size  upwards,  the  upi)er  surface  of  the 
teeth  nearly  ev^en  or  somewhat  cus|)idate.  JJody  oblong  or  elongate, 
more  or  less  fusiform,  subterete,  more  or  less  comi)ressed.  Studes  com- 
paratively small,  typically  uuich  smaller  and  crowde'^  anteriorly,  the 
nund)er  iu  the  lateral  line  ranging  from  about  50  to  115,  the  number  in  a 
transverse  series  between  dorsal  aiul  ventrals  from  15  to  H).  Ijateral  line 
Avell  d(>.velope<l,  straight  ish,  sonu'what  decurved  anteriorly.  Fins  vari- 
ously developed.  Dorsal  with  its  first  ray  nearly  midway  of  the  body, 
with  from  t)  to  1-1  developed  ra.vs.  Anal  tin  short  and  high,  with  probably 
always  7  developed  rays.  Ventrals  inserttd  under  the  middle  or  ]»oste- 
rioi  part  of  the  dorsal,  tyi>ically  with  10  rays;  in  one  subgeiuis  usually 
9;  the  number  often  sid)ject  to  variation  of  one.  Caudal  tin  u.^ually 
dee[)ly  forked,  the  lobes  nearly  equal.    Sexual  peculiarities  not  much 


30     CATOSTOMID.E — CATOSTOMUkS. 


12." 


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iiiarUcd;  tlio  fiiis  liij>ber  in  the  inulcjind  the  sinul  somewhiit  swollen  iind 
tulK'i(!nliite  in  the  npiing.  Breedinr^  males  in  some  si)e(;ies  with  a  rosy 
or  oranfje  lateral  l)an«l.  Air-bladder  with  two  chambers.  Vertebra'  in 
i\commcrsoni  and  C.  nUjricans  45—47.  S[)ecies  very  nnmerons,  all  l)e- 
loiijiin^-  to  the  United  States,  except  the  Siberian  C.  rosfrattia  Tilesius. 
[■/M-io,  inferior;  (Tzo/m,  month.) 

•ScUflcs  very  small,  much  reduced  and  crowdoii  iinterlorly,  83-115  in  the  lateral  lino. 

(CatoHtomuH.) 

II.  J'oiuant'llf  almost  oMitciiiti-d,  reduced  to  a  narrow  slit;  each  jaw  with  a  wcD- 
(le*'eloped  eai'tila^inoiiM  .sheath  (;is  in  I'aiilonk'iin). 

139.  C.  discobolus  Cope. 

Body  snbterete,  compressed  behind,  the  depth  5  in  length.  Interorb- 
ital  space  2  in  head.  Ifead  qnite  short,  broad  and  roun<led  above,  4'|  in 
k'niitli.  Kye  small,  far  b»ck  and  hij;h  np,  (5  in  head.  Month  very 
laisi'e,  inferior,  beneath  the  projectiiift'  snont.  Upi)er  lip  very  Inll,  pen- 
dent, with  abont  5  rows  of  tubercles.  Lower  li)?  ver.>  fall,  moderately 
incised,  with  abimt  10  rows,  a  notch  separating;  the  npper  lip  from  tho 
lower.  Each  jaw  with  a  slij^htly  enrved  cartilajj-inons  sheath  on  its 
odsc,  the  two  parallel  with  each  otlu^r  and  littiiiff  closely  together. 
Fins  small.  Dorsal  11 ;  candul  little  forked;  scales  15-90-11,  irregular. 
Colors  dnsky.     Size  small.     Idaho  to  Wyomino;  and  Arizona. 

(Cope,  Hayden's  Geol.  Siirv.  AVyom.  Terr.  1H7(),  4:}r>;  .Jordan,  1.  e.  17!>.) 

(('(.  rontiinelle  well  developed  :  jaws  williont  evident  eartil!iju;inouM  Hheatli. 
,<.  Upper  lip  very  hroad,  with  several  ('>  or  (i)  rows  of  larye  pai)illa'. 

130.  €.  IlltipinniH  Biiinl  &l  (iirard. 

l)()d,V  shMuler  and  eloiifi'ate ;  the  caudal  ]>eduncle  e.s])ecially  Ion;;  and 
very  slender;  the  depth  5'^  in  the  length.  Head  moderate,  4-|  in  length, 
rather  slender,  with  prominent  snont  and  rather  contracted,  inferior 
mouth.  Outline  of  tho  month  triangular,  the  ai)ex  forwards.  Tln^,  lips 
very  thick,  greatly  developed;  lower  lij)  incised  to  the  base;  its  pos- 
terior nuirgin  extending  backwards  to  opi)Osite  the  eye.  Jaws  with  a 
slij^ihr  curtiliiginous  i)ellicle.  Eye  small,  high  up.  Preorbital  bono 
broad,  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  deep.  Scales  long  and  low,  i)()steriorly 
rounded,  their  horiwutal  diameter  greater  than  the  vertu'.al,  17-08  to 
iur)-17.  Eins  excessively  developed,  es^,ecially  in  the  males,  the  free 
bonier  of  the  dorsal  deeply  iiu'ised.  Height  of  each  of  the  three  verti- 
eiil  (ins  in  the  males  greater  than  the  length  of  the  head.  Dorsal  13,  in- 
serted nearer  snont  than  base  of  (uiudal.  Caudal  very  strong,  the  rndi- 
mcutary  rttys  at  its  base  ujmsually  developed.    Loust  depth  of  tail  lesa 


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126       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

than  one-tliird  the  head.    Coloration  silvery ;  the  males  probably  rosy 
and  tuberculute  in  spring.    Gila  region  to  Wyoming;  not  abundant. 

(Haird  &  Ginir.l,  Proc.  Actul.  N.it.  Sci.  Pliila.  1853,  388;  Giiutbar,  vii,  14;  Jordan, 
1.  c.  178 :  I'i*  Catoatomus  ijnzmanicnsis*  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  185G,  173.) 

131.  C.  E'cSropBEiCBBS  Jordan. 

Body  long  and  slender,  subterete,  compressed  behind,  the  form  es- 
sentially that  of  C.  longirostris,  the  depth  contained  5'-  times  in  the 
length.  Head  large,  4  in  length  of  body,  the  interorbital  space  broad 
and  flat,  2i  in  length  of  head.  Eye  small,  high  up  and  rather  posterior. 
Preorbital  bone  very  long  and  slender,  its  length  about  3  times  it.s 
depth.  Mouth  large,  i)recisely  as  in  G.  laflplnnin,  the  upper  lip  pendent, 
very  large,  \iith  5-8  series  of  tubercles.  Dorsal  lin  not  elongated  or 
esi»ecii:lly  elevated,  its  rays  11,  the  beginning  of  the  dorsal  much  nearer 
base  of  caudal  than  snont.  Caudal  lin  long  and  strongly  ftn-ked.  Anal 
lin  long  and  high,  reacj^ing  base  of  candal.  Yentrals  not  reaching  vent. 
Caudal  peduncle  stout  and  deep,  its  least  depth  more  than  one-third 
length  of  head ;  its  length  about  two-thirds  that  of  head.  Scales  quite 
small,  about  as  in  longirostris,  the  exposed  portion  not  notably  length- 
ened. Chest  with  well-developed  scales.  Scales  1(5-100-14:.  Colora- 
tion dusky  brown,  a  dusky  lateral  band,  pale  below,  the  dark  colors  ex- 
tending low.    Snout  quite  dark.    Size  large.    Montana  to  Nebraska. 

(Jordan,  1.  c.  178.) 
hi).  Upp:'r  lip  conipara'ivoly  thin  and  narro\v,  -vvitli  but  few  (3  or  4)  rows  of  papillic. 

132.  C  loiragHa'OSt5"DS  Lc  Sueur. — Long-uoscd  Sucker;  Xorthcrn  Snelicr. 

Body  elongate,  subterete,  the  depth  4;i-4~  in  length.  Ilead  quite 
long  and  slender,  i^-4'^  in  length,  depressed  and  llattened  above,  brond 
at  base,  but  tapering  into  a  long  snout,  which  considerably  overhangs 
the  largo  mouth.  Lips  thick,  coarsely  tuberculate,  the  upper  lip  nar- 
row, with  2  or  3  rows  of  tubercles.  Eye  rather  small,  behind  the  mid- 
dle of  the  head.  Scales  very  small,  much  crowded  forwards,  95-111  in 
the  ccmrso  of  the  lateral  line,  and  about  20  (20-31)  in  a  cross-row  from 
doi-sal  to  ventrals.  Dorsal  rays  10  or  11.  INIales  in  spring  with  the  head 
and  anal  fin  in'ofusely  tuberculate,  the  tubercles  on  the  head  small ;  tlio 
sides  at  that  season  with  a  broad  rosy  band.  Size  large ;  the  larg(\st 
species  in  the  genus.     Great  Lakes  and  Upper  Mississippi  Valley  to 


*  This  in  probably  a  distinct  spooios.  It  is  stouter  than  C.  htiiphinis,  with  Hliortir 
nn<l  deeper  caudal  lu'duncle  and  h)wer  llns.  A  bhicki,sh  lateral  band.  D.  I'i  ;  Lat.  1. 
ulioiit  DO.  Upper  iii)  witb  4  vo\\»  of  impilhe.  The  original  type  from  Lako  Guziimu, 
Chihuahua,  is  now  lost. 


30.  CATOSTOMID^ — CATOSTOMUS. 


127 


Alaska;    very   abundant  northward.      The  most  widely  distributed 

species.         ■* 

(^C:,^>rinus  catostomm  Forster,  Phil.  Trans.  1773,  155:  Catostomua  longirostrum  and 
Jiu(hi>nius  Le  Sueur,  Jourii.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1817, 102, 107  :  Catontomns  forntvrianua 
Kicliaidson,  Frankliirs  Journal,  1823, 720  :  Catostomus  aurora  Aj^assiz,  Lake  Superi.)r, 
;{i)0 :  Catostoinus  hufhoniuti  Guuther,  vii,  13 :  Catoatomus  griaetia  Giiuther,  vii,  14 ;  Jordan, 
I.e.  175.)  • 

133.  C.  taBloensas  Gill  &  Jordan. — Tahoe  Sucker.  * 

Kather  stouter,  the  depth  4J-5  in  length.  lEead  very  large  and  long- 
iicnniinate,  the  muzzle  nearly  one-half  itsiength,  overhanging  the  rather 
large  mouth.  Lips  moderate,  the  upper  pendent,  with  about  3  rows  of 
small  papilliB;  the  lower  rather  full,  similarly  papillose.  Eye  nearly 
median,  rather  small,  8i  in  head.  Scales  small  and  crowded  forwards, 
closely  imbricated,  85-^0  in  the  course  of  the  lateral  line,  and  about 
28  in  a  cross-series  from  dorsal  to  ventrals.  Dorsal  short,  but  longer 
tliaii  high,  its  rays  10.  Coloration  very  dark;  fins  dusky;  scales  every- 
where finely  punctate.  Breeding  males  profusely  tuberculate.  Size 
large.    Lake  Tahoe  ;  very  abundant. 

(Jordan,  1.  c.  173 ;  Jordan  «fc  Henshaw,  Eopt.  Chief  Engin.  app.  nn,  1878, 188.) 

**  Scalea  small,  crowded,  and  sm.allor  anteriorly  than  posteriorly,  58-75  in  the  conrse 
of  the  lateral  lino.     (Decactylua  Kalinesque.*) 
c.  Upper  lip  thick  and  full,  with  several  (5-8)  rows  of  papilhe. 

d.  Fontancille  veiy  small  and  narrow  ;  both  jaws  with  a  weak  cartilaginous 
sheath. 

131.  €.  ao>a!opus  Jordan. 

]]o(ly  elongate,  fusiform,  subterete,  the  greatest  depth  4,J-4.J  in. 
length.  Head  small,  conical,  4§  in  ^''-ngth.  Mouth  quite  large,  with 
full^  thi(;k  lips,  the  upper  very  wide  and  pendent,  with  about  ii  rows  of 
very  strong  papilliX) ;  lower  lip  two-lobed,  siuiilarly  papillose.  Inter- 
oibital  space  wide,  convex.  Eye  elevated,  posterior,  quite  small.  Fins 
moderate;  dorsal  higher  than  long,  with  10,  rarely  11,  rays;  ventral 
rays  10.  Scales  small,  crowded  forwards,  10  or  0-70-8.  Color  dark ; 
scales  with  dark  punctulations.    Nevada  and  Southern  California. 

(Jordan,  1.  c.  173;  Jordan  &  Henshaw,  Kept.  Chief  Engin,  app.  ?ih,  1878, 188.) 

Hi.  Foul aiielle  well  dovolopod;  lips  without  ovulout  cartilaginous  slioath. 
c.  Lateral  line  with  70-80  scales. 

IS.'S.  €.  labintus  A;^tos. 

Head  4J  in  length,  rather  blnntish.    Mouth  moderate,  the  labial  pa- 
pill;e  largely  developed ;  the  upper  lip  full,  with  about  5  rows  of  Lirgo 

*  Hafinesfino,  IrJith.  Oh.  1820,  GO:  typo  Catostomua  boatonienaia  Lo  Sueur.     (Jt/ca,  ton; 
iJaxrvAof,  toes;  t.  e.,  10  ventral  rays.) 


•I 


O 


ff 


•f    . 


't  u        * 


I    ) 


h  i 


128     coNriiimrrioNM  to  nouth  amkuican  iciiTiivoLodY — iv. 

Imt  ntllior  Hpniw  pupilln'.  Hmlrs  1'J-7I-M>.  DoimuI  Hii  simrl,  Iii;j:li(T 
Ihnu  loii'V.  ol"  !il»oiil  II  riiys,  (N)lor  UiirK  iiliovo;  Hides  «»I<)iiiI(m|  wiHi 
bliicK  iiiitl  .yellow.     Ivliitiiiitli  ljiiUi\  Oregon.     A  litllt*  Uiiowii  Hprciivs. 

<,.\.\IVM,  I'm.'.  Anul.  Niil.S.I.  ("nl.  I,SV..  :ii ;  .IokIiui,  I.  f.  I7;i.) 

I:l4t.  «'.  iiiiK'i'orBlllllw  Onl.     rn^iHihid  Ulivf  Siivkrr. 

Ilod.v  lioiiv.v  lorwiirds.  Iloml  !tirK«>  inul  Iirnvy,  oonv«'\.  SimmiI  Idiiitl, 
iniu'li  ov«>i>l:ippiti,u;  1tii>  lioi'i/.ontiil  iikmiIIi.  IMonlli  (piilr  liir;{(>,  willi  vny 
laru'o  lips.  (Ii«»  tippt«r  riill  jiiul  ptMi(h>n(,  \vi(li  (»-S  nnv.s  of  NiroiiiK  i>;i- 
pillio.  M(M(I  liir^««,  l|  ill  l(Mi<^tli,  nillior  iiiirrow,  tpiiMlrtiiiuiiliir,  \\u\ 
snout  projocliii^'.  lOyo  Iiirji;°(>.  l>or.sjil  tin  niiicli  lon;r<'i'  lliiiti  lii^li,  i(M 
ni,V.s  iiboiil.  ir>.  INH'tonils  loiiu  iiiul  iinriow  ;  t'iiii<l;il  well  forked.  Il(>;ii| 
•I  in  leiiylli.  Sciilen  I'J-72-IO.  ('olonilioii  liillier  diirk  ;  ii  dusky  I:  Iciiil 
,s|rip«»;  l»(>lo\v  iibnipd.v  pia*.     ColuiiiWiii  Jtlver. 

MJiiMnl.  I'roc.  Aoml.  Naf,  S.  i.  IMiila,  1H.M5,  irr>;  .Tonliui,  1.  <•.  171.) 


|:I7.  i'.  o4M'l«loiiiailM  Am< 


Siirriimi'iili)  Siivkrr. 


I 


,i    t 


Ki. 


luS, 


i\^m 


llotl.v  VJitluM'  sI(MI(Um',  IiIII(*  t>hniiled.  ISloiilli  <'<uiipiir;iliv(<l>  ,siu:tll, 
siiKilIiM"  lliMiiiii  <\<'omm<'t'soui ;  llio  upper  lip  witli  r>  or(l  rowsof  .sinallisli 
piipilhe;  lips  nitluM*  tliiii.  Ileiid  (piitv\  .snitill,  founded  tihove.  W  in 
l<M»j>tli,  the  prt)lll«<  s(i»(»p«M'  lliiin  in  ('.  ('omiii('r.ioniy  llu>  nhouI  iii()r(> 
pointed,  the  two  sidivs  of  the  li«»ji(l  iiion>  eoiivernent  forwnrds.  \]y{\ 
siiiiill.  |)ors;il  till  Ion;4«M'  tliiui  liijili,  its  r;iys  I'J-ll  ;  e;iud;il  well  forked, 
(luMipper  lolt(»  the  lon;;«M'.  SimUvs  1. '{-".■>- 10.  Diirk  ultove,  j;i;i(iiiiilly 
p;il«M' billow.  StreaniiS  of  Oiilifoiniii  ;  iibuiidant  in  the  Saerainonto  and 
!San  .l»»a«piin. 

vAvivs,  Pnv.  C.\\.  A.'.id.  Nul.  Hist.  IS.M,  IS;  .lonliin,  1.  c.  I7,*.) 

IitN.  <'.  Ctoriaaii'diiii  (iir.'U'd.  • 

Color  blaekish.  I'ins  latluM*  hi^h.  liateral  llm>  with  SO  seales  (ao- 
eor*lin,u'  to  tlu»  liuure).  l\ve  large.  IU>a«l  o  in  hMi^i'th.  IMoiilh  siindl, 
withbroatl  lips.  Kio  llua.u'ui,  Mexi<'o,W(Vst of  tlu» Sierra  Ma«lre.  {(Urdnl.) 
This  spei'ies  is,  perhaps,  allied  (o  V.  occidcutaUny  but  may  bouiV<«/(j.s7('«.v. 

(i;ir!>nl.  Vuh:  Acad.  X»f.  Sri.  rhila.  IKV),  170.) 
f!'.  l.utovid  lino  nv  illi  (UMm  hoiiIos. 

iJl!>.  i\  nrtloiiH  .Tor.  it  Oilh. 

Hody  rather  elou.uate,  little  eompressed,  the  baek  broad.  Head 
broad,  i'onieal.  ]\lonth  iMJtirely  inferior,  the  inaiulibh>  hori/.t)ntal ;  upper 
lip  very  wide,  full,  pendent  w  ith  about  S  rows  of  eon  rse,  irre^jular  papilkr; 
lower  lip  very  broad,  eoarsely  pai>illost\  cut  to  the  base  by  a  .sharp  in- 
eisiou.  l\ve  very  small,  7  iu  head,  .'U  in  interorbital  width.  Dorsal  tin 
long-  and  low,  its  anterior  rays  three  fourths  the  base  of  the  tin,  half 


->i'  * 


30.    CATOHTOMTD/F, — rATOHTOMIIS. 


129 


r  .':r:'T;' 


loii^'cr  Miiiii  (Imi  liiMtriiyH;  lUM'tonils  ;iti<1  vontralM  mIhh'I,;  ciiiidii]  Hliort; 
;iiiiil  Ion;;.     IMiiir.vn;,f('iil  Iuum-m  riitlHT  wciiU,  with  Hiiiiillisli  l<'(!fli.     I'liicU 
isli  iil>ov<' ;  tiDilcH  Willi  IImi  HJdcH  rony ;  OtiH  (link.     II<-!mI  ."•!] ;  (it^plli  4A. 
I).  1.};   A.  7;  NcalrH  !Min-?>,     I;.  IS  imlicH.     dfiili  Lako. 

(Ini.l.iii  A.  (iillMTl,  I'n.c.  ir.  S.  Niil.  MiiH.  iii./ir.l,  IHHO.) 

I  U>.  <'•  r<M'iiQi<liiN  (lopo  A  Yiirrow. —  (//«/(  Lnkr.  Snrkvr, 

|!(M|y  iniMlci'iilcly  sloiit,  liltic  coitiiM-csMcil,  tli«^  (ail  slender,     riviul  hiiN- 

('(init,  (li<>  |ii'o(!i<^   rc^niliirly  <l('(Mirvc<l  IVoni   tlir  nape,  to  Mio  baNci  of  tlu- 

picinaxillary  H|»in«'M,  \vlii<*.li  al>ni|»lly  |(ro(in<lt',  fofmin^' a  iliHlinci  "noso* 

;is  in  (^linsmintrH  lionis  ;  |»r<'rnaxillaii«'H  in  (ront  warciOy  Im'Iow  Hio,  pro 

(iil)il:i!.     IMandiltlr  lar;<;o,  ol)li<pu>,  placed  at  an  an;;l<>,  of  .'t(P  when  tlie 

nioatli  is  eJoMed,  itH  len^rMi  .'(  in  liea<l.     Upper  lip  Inll,  (x^ndent,  witJi 

;i1mhiI  1  rowH  oC  eoarse  papilla",  lower  lip  nio«leia(e,  divid<'d  l>y  a.  hroud 

iioteli,  (>aeli   lolie   with   ahont^  (»  iowm  of  pajtilhe.      lOye  a<   little,  behind 

iiiiil(ll(> of  hea«l.     I'irst  ray  of  dorsal  twi<;«  liei^^ht,  of  the,  last,  itH  huif^t!' 

^Killer  Ihan  thatof  tli<^  base  of  lint  (in;  eaiidal  forked,  the  lower  lobe 

lousiest;  pectorals  lonn;  anal  hi;;h.     Dnsky  above,  pide  below.     Head 

|;do|!lh  1.}.     I).  II;  A.  7;   V.1>;  Hcales  H-(iO-H.     I/.  i;{  inches.     Iltali 

hiike;  excessively  abnnd>in(<.    This  specaes  has  evi<len(  anini(ies  wi(,h 

('hdsmi.stcH. 

(('(i|M' A   Viiiiow,  /,<k".I.   \Vll(•(«l(^|•■H  I'.xpl.  \V.   loOlliMcr.  v,  C.^H,  |H7Ci ;  .Jonlim  A.  (lil 
lirll,  I'nH',  |I.  S.  Nlll.  AtllM.  IHHO,  .|(;;t.) 

,v.  I  ppi  r  lip  compiU'ativoly  Miiii,  willi  Iiiil  few  (2  or  !l)  rowH  <»(' papill.ii. 
/.  Si  iilcM  iMMcli  ri(lii((Ml,  1111(1  cmwdiHl  anlt'iiorly  ;  doiHiil  rayH  11-15, 

III.  i'.  «*y|»li4»  {.ixkin-rlon. 

A  conspicuous  hnnip  bebind  (lu^  occiput,  snpj»oried  by  a  j^reatly  ex 
jiaiidcd,  broadly  trian^ndar  itdernenral  bono.     Upper  li|>  with  about .'( 
vows  of  papilla-,  lower  lip  with  about;  8;  the  lower  lij*  divided  to  tim 
liiisc  by  a  broiul  einar^iinition.     I).  15;  A.-H;  V.  10;  hat.  ].  72.     (J(»lo- 
i;i(io  UMver  at  mouth  of  (Jila.     {Lovllnfiiou.) 

(l-i)cluii^r|.)ii,Pr(ic.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  i'liila.  iHHit.) 

Il'2.  i\  4'OlllillorM»iil  (!Ja(•t^p^»ln)  .Ionian.— OimnioH  Siichr ;  While  Suchr ;  Brook 
Siirkvv;  I'iiiv-NVdlvil  Suckvr. 

I'ody  moderately  stout,  varyin^if  with  afje,  sid)tor(^(<',  heavy  at  the, 

shoulders,  (In^  dt^pth  4-1'^  in  len;,f(h.      Head   rather  larf^c  and  Htout, 

(oiiical,   llattish   above,   its   len^ith   4-14    in   body  (-'{^-4,^   in    young). 

Snout  moderately  prouiineid,  scarcely  overpassinjjr  tlio  month.     Mouth 

nitlici  kn}j;<^;  the  lips  strongly  ])apilIoHe,  the  up]»er  nioderatx^  with  !*  or  .'» 

rowsof  papilla\     Scales  crowded  anteriorly,  much  larj^er  on  the  sides 

tlmii  below ;    scales   1(M»4  to  70-0.    Coloration  olivaceous ;   males  in 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  10 9 


:) 


\   ^1 


Hd 


»,.   p  'J 


l-f' 


I- 


11: 


I  ' 


ii»i,_J!Ji|l«.li^JHi.JlJlt4iiiiiU,lJI! 


r 


\h  ^' 


lis,*,  -'  ■' 


130      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV 

spring:  witli  Ji  faint  rosy  latenil  baud ;  youn^jf  biowni.sli,  more  or  less 

mottled,  often  with  confluent  blackitsli  lateral  blot(!hes  or  a  lateral  band. 

Lateral  line  usually  iuiperfeet  in  the  younj^.     L.  IS  inches.    All  stveiun.s 

from  Labrador  to  I^Ioutana^  and  southward  to  Florida.    The  commonest 

of  the  suckers. 

{Cyprhuia  commermnii  Lacdjiftde,  Hist.  Nat.  roisx.  v,  .^)(»i,  1P03:  CifprinuH  tcren 'M'ltvhiW 
Trans.  Lit.  A-  I'liil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  l!^14,  4.'')H :  Cntoxtomm  Urex  (JiintlKT,  vii,  If):  CatoHtmnm 
<ere«  .rordaii,  1.  c.  IGli :  ('alontomus  communin  anu  hintoiiintitix  Ia)  SiUiur,  Joiirn.  Aeiul, 
Nat.  l:ki.  I'liila.  1817,  'Jo,  lOi),  etc.) 

ff.  Scales  scarcely  reduced  or  cri)\vdtil  aiitc^riorly  ;  dorsal  ravs  10  or  11. 

113.  C.  iniiii(;nis  Baird  &  Girurd. 

Body  rather  elongate,  subterete,  heavy  at  the  shoulders,  taporiii" 
backward,  the  <lci)th  about  5  in  length,  ilead  moderate,  about  4^  in 
leugth.  Mouth  coiui)aratively  small.  liips  moderate,  the  upjier  nar- 
row, with  about  2  rows  of  large  tubercles.  Scales  subequal,  58-03  in 
the  lateral  line,  10  in  a  cross-series.  A  series  of  dusky  spots  along  each 
row  of  scales,  the  sjwts  often  obscure.     (lila  liasin. 

(Baird  Jt  (iirard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1H.")4,  2ri  ;  CopcA,  Yarrow,  Zooi.  Wii,.,.]. 
er'B  E>:id.  W.  lOOtli  Mer.  v,  (i/O,  187G;  Jordan,  1,  c.  1()5.) 

HI.  C.  cisirki  15aird  &.  Girard. 

]>ody  moderately  stout,  de])th  4|  in  length.     Head  very  small  and 
short,   about  5  in  length.     Eye   moderate.    Fins   all    notably   small. 
Scales  snudl,  subequal,  9-70-0  ;  larger  mesially  than  posteriorly.    ]]w\\ 
with  scattered  nebulous  spots.     {Gimrd.)    Arizona. 
(Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  ia')4,  27.) 

***  Scales  moderate,  not  crowded  anteriorly,  4>^-^^^i  in  the  lateral  lino;  head  pcctiliiirly 
Ibrnied.     (Iljipenfclium  Kaliuos(iuo.*) 

145.  C  nig^ricmis  L,e  Sueur. — Ilofj  Siirkcr;  Slonc  Uoller;  Tolcr ;  Craivl-a-hoUow. 
Hammer  head ;  Stone  Lufjger;  Ilotj  MoUij. 

Head  flattened  above,  transversely  concave  between  the  orbits,  tlio 

frontal  bone  thick,  broad,  aiul  short,  the  physiognomy  being  therofoiv 

peculiar.    Ventral  rays  normally  0.    Upper  lip  very  thick,  stronylv 

papillose,  with  a  broad,  free  margin,  which  has  upwards  of  8-10  series  of  j 

I)apilla5  upon  it ;  lower  lip  greatly  develoi)ed,  strongly  papillose,  cod 

siderably  incised  behind,  but  less  so  than  in  CatoHtomuH  proper.    Foil 

tanelle  shorter  and  smaller  than  in  C,  covimersoni.    Pecitoral  fins  iiii 

usually  large.    I).  10  or  11;  Lat.  1.  48-55;    12-15  scales  in  a  cross 


*  Rafinesque,  Jotirn.  Ac;ul.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1818,  421:  type  Exoglossmn  rnnrroptem^ 
"Rixf.  =Catosiomitii  HiY/r/mjis  Lo  Sueur,     {inti,  below;  td'vt^,  five  ;  labium,  lip,  the livr- 
lobcd  lower  lip  being  supposed  to  distiuguioh  it  from  Exor/Ioasum. )   (=  IIiiloituj:on  Si.\ 


series, 
in  head 
brown, 
beconiii 
dusky  si 
large; 
Kansas j 

{ho  Siiei 
Aiiur.  Jon: 


(Jordan,  Bi 
Jo 

Head  d 

broad  and 

wards,  tin 

oyes.    Ey 

tmiifnal,  \ 

at  an  angb 

ifs  lengtJi  ] 

li'iigth  of  tl 

on  a  I(!vel  v, 

(Cor  a  suck( 

iioadjtlie  j)i 

lij)  modern t 

front  reduc( 

•'lit  papilla 

lii'oader  Hia 

iK'ls  niodera 

narrow    P 

jronei'ally  nh 

<lic  shouldei 

stout.    Eins 

ratlier  loiiij-, 

ll:i  Jiigli,  re, 

Scales  iuod( 

crowded  ant 

scries  from  d 

tion  nsual. 

(?a<r/ia'w,  to  yj 


30.    CATOSTOMID.E CITASMISTF.S. 


131 


series.    Doi>th  4A-r>  in  length ;  head  4-4^.     Eye  rather  small,  4i  to  5 

in  head.     Color  olivaceous;  .sides  with  brassy  lustre  ;  belly  white;  back 

brown,  with  several  dark  cross-blotches,  irregularly  arrangt^d,  these 

luH'oniing  obsolete  in  old  individuals;    lower  tins  dull  red,  with  sonic 

dusky  shading;  young  considerably  variegated,  th<^  sides  spotted.     Size 

huge ;    maxinuun   length  about  2  feet.     New  York  to  Alabama  and 

Kiinsas;  abundant.     Ascends  streams  to  si)awn  early  in  spiing. 

((,(>  .Siicnr,  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  181H,  W'i:   HiilmHiizon  viriricaitH  Agaasiz, 
Aiiur.  Joiirii.  Sci.  Arts,  1855,^0.');  Giintlicr,  vii,  1?  ;  .Ionian,  1.  c.  W)2.) 

03.— CWASiniSTES  .Ionian. 

(Jordan,  Dnll.  Ilaydcn's  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  iv,  No.  *^,  117,  l^rd  :  typo  Chaainistrs  Horns 
.lor.) 

llciid  disproportionally  large,  forming  more  than  one-fourth  of  length, 
broad  and  tlattish  above;  sides  of  head  vertical,  slightly  directed  in- 
wards, the  breadth  through  the  cheeks  less  than  the  breadth  above  the 
(>yes.    Eyes  small,  high  up,  rather  posterior.    IMouth  extremely  large, 
torniinal,  the  lowei  jaw  in  the  closed  moutli  being  very  oblique,  placed 
at  ail  angle  of  about  45  degrees.    The  lower  Jaw  very  long  and  strong, 
its  length  more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  head,  nearly  half  the 
length  of  the  head  in  the  adult,  its  tip,  when  the  mouth  is  closed,  about 
on  a  level  with  the  eye.    Upper  jaw  very  protractile.    Upper  lij)  very  thin 
(Cor  a  sucker),  and  nearly  smooth.     Snout  elevated  above  the  rest  of  the 
head,  the  premaxillary  spines  usually  forming  a  conspicuous  nose.    Lower 
lip  moderate,  consisting  of  a  broad  flap  on  each  side  of  the  mandible,  in 
front  reduced  to  a  narrow  rim,  the  surface  of  the  li[)  nearly  smooth,  with- 
out i)apillnc.     Nostrils  large.     Suborbital  bones  narrow,  but  rather 
broader  than  in  Catostomns.    Preorbital  unusually  large.    JMucous  chan- 
noLs  moderatelj'  developcil.    Eontaiielle  very  large.      Isthmus  rather 
narrow    Pharyngeal  bones  weaker  than  usual  in  Catostomun,  the  teeth 
fjenerally  smaller.    Body  rather  slender,  tapering  pretty  regularly  from 
the  shoulders  to  the  tail,  but  little  compressed.    Caudal  peduncle  rather 
stout.    Fins  moderate ;  the  dorsal  rays  about  12 ;  the  anal  7.    Pectorals 
ratlior  long,  not  quite  reaching  ventrals;  ventrals  reaching  vent ;  anal 
fill  high,  reaching  caudal;   caudal  fin  rather  long,  its  lobes  equal. 
Scales  moderate,  large  on  the  caudal  peduncle,  much  smaller  and 
crowded  anteriorly,  00-05  in  the  lateral  line,  about  18  in  a  transverse 
scries  from  dorsal  to  ventrals.    Sexual  peculiarities  unknown.    Colora- 
tion nsual.    Air-bladder  in  two  parts.    Size  moderate  or  rather  large. 
(•/Mtidio,  to  yawn.) 


.*,'■ 


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1    • 

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f  ?fl 

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m 

■  ■     1 

^1 

,. 

*     ■  '   '    ' 

ifl 

■  ^        '■   >'"    - '  ;i 

''1 

» 

4il 

■  'M 

'iiw.   IMS^^i  ■ 

'  i    '  f*' 

v.'l 

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.■"•.i^;i 

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^^^^^fi 

i'i 

'^^P'''   ' 

:*■'•■■• 

||l| 

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'iv  J 

^^^^K' 

'**'-' 

^^Kk 

^^^K- 

'  't, '.-'M'sr 

^^^^k' 

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132       CONTRIIUJTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMKRICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

a,  rharyii;;i'!il   Iiomch  of  iiioilcnid'  Htrcii;;(li;  llio  uppor  toclh  iiiiniito,  tln!  lowtr  en. 
Inrp'd.     (Chamniiilis.) 

I'KK  C'.  lioi'llN  .Jordan. — fmir  Sucker  of  Utah  lAikc. 

Dopth  about  5  in  U'M;i(li ;  In-ad  '.\%  liitcrorbital  space  broail,  L",  in 
lioatl.  lOyo  0-7  in  head.  Widlli  oi"  (he  o[K'n  mouth  .'1}  in  head.  1).  |, 
U,  the  lln  (dovatJHl  in  front,  it.s  anterior  ray  twice  the  hei;;ht  of  the  pds 
terior  and  abont  e(pial  to  tlie  base  of  the  I'm;  A.  I,  7;  caudal  (ht  ply 
forked,  llie  lower  lobe  lonj;;  h)wer  tin.s  Huiall.  Scah'.s  !)-(;;j-.S.  Colop 
(hi.sky  above,  i)aU^  below ;  t  lu^  scale.s  of  tlui  back  and  .sides  profu.sely  cov 
cred  witli  «lark  punetulation.s.     L.  bS  inches.     Utah  Lake;  abundant. 

(.Tordftii,  null.  IJ.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  xii.Uiy,  1878.) 
aa,  "I'liMrvii^ji'.il  ImiKvs  voryiliiii  and  tiat,  with  very  iiiinicroiis  miinifti  tooth,  jis  in 
Ciirpiodcfi.'^     {l.ipomyzoii  Cope.*) 

I'lT.  C  brovirosiris  Cop<'. 

"Shorter  than  (\li(.v(tti(s,  e.sp(>cially  the  nuiz/h'.  and  the  laller  is  willi- 
out  the  hunii)  i)roduced  by  llu'  i)r(.lub(>rant  priMuaxillary  ■s[»ine.-*.  Paiic 
till  fontanelle  small.  The  low(>r  lip  fold  is  only  present  on  the  sides  of 
the  nnindible.  P.ody  nearly  eylindric.  Scales  lL*-7 1- H.  Kadii :  I).  II; 
A.  1).  Color  dusky  above,  .silvery  below;  tins  colorless."  {Cop:,)  li.  it; 
inches.  ]Uamath  Lake,  Orej^on. 
(Cope,  American  Naturaliat,  187l>,785.) 

Its.  C.  Iiixafus(  opo. 

"  Form  elonjjate.  Ib^id  lonpf,  tlat  above,  and  with  a  larj^e  fontanelle, 
Month  terminal,  the  spines  of  the  ])remaxillary  ])rqjectinjjf  so  as  to  form 
a  lunnp  on  the  top  of  the  snout.  Lower  lip  a  very  thin  dermal  fold,  ex 
tendinjj  entirely  around  the  chin.  Sc^des  13-S()-0.  Kadii :  1).  11 ;  A.!), 
Color  clouded  above,  with  black  ])unctulations,  below  ])aler,  witli  rod 
shades  in  some  sj^ecimens;  tins  uueolored."  {(Jope.)  L.  3  feet.  Kla- 
math  Lake  and  Ixivrr. 

(Copo,  American  Natvirali.st,  187'l>,  784.) 

60.— EIlIIflYZOW  Jordan. 

Chiih  Suckers.  » 

{^^oxoK^oma  Ag. ;  not  of  Rat.) 

(Jordan.  Hnll.  BntValo   Soc.  Nat.  Iliat.  187(>,  9r):   typo  Cijpriniin  ohloiigus  Mitcli.  - 
CyjirinHS  sncctta  hac.) 

IJody  obloujj,  rather  shortened,  heavy  forwards,  and  considenibly 
comprt^sscd.     Head  moderate,  rather  broad  above.    Mouth  moderiito, 


•Cope,  Amer.  Nat.  .Jan.  1381,  59:  type  Chaanmtea  brcvirosiris  Cof      (/IfzVoj,  (o  bo 
deficient; /a'?[(V7,  to  suek.) 


30.    C*AT0ST0SIII).T: — KIiniTZON. 


133 


soiiH'wliiit  iiilcrioi- ;  tlu^  upper  lip  well  (lovclopc'U  fn'cl.V  prolnictilo;  the 
lowci  riioddratr,  inloMcd,  /y  sliiipcil  in  (nitlino,  plicate,  wifli  lli-2()  pli<;;u 
on  ciK'U  Huh).  L()\v«M'iii\v  willumt  ciiitilii^^iium.s  slicatli,  ratlici-  .stron^^esr 
tiiiiii  usual,  and  ohlicput  in  po.sitiou  when  tli(^  inoiitli  is  trloseil,  thus  .simi- 
lar to  thi:  month  of  rcfi)lntx.  li.v*'  moderate,  latlier  hi;^h  up,  plac(Ml 
iihoid.  midway  of  the  luuid.  Suhorhital  hones  iionsiderahly  (hjveloped, 
not  very  nnieh  narrower  than  the  llesliy  poilion  of  the  ehecik  helow 
tjioii: ;  tlio  posterior  .suborbital  eoneavoconvex,  about  twiet)  as  lon;^  as 
(l(>('i),  sometimes  divided;  the  ant(!rior  somewhat de(*|)er than  lon;^,Home- 
iiitics  divi<led  into  two,  sometinu^s  unit'ed  with  the  pnM»rbital  bone,  whi(!h 
is  well  developed,  and  nnieh  lon}j;er  than  broad.  Opcucmlar  bones  mod- 
erately developed,  scarcely  or  not  ru;;()S(!.  l'\)ntanell(<  ritther  Iary:e. 
dill  rakers  rather  lon^.  Isthnnis  inoilerat*'.  I'harynj^eal  bones  w(!ak; 
llio  tteth  (piit(^  small,  slender,  and  weak,  rapidly  diminishinj^  in 
Iciij^th  u[>\vards,  each  tooth  narrowly  comp''<'"^'><'<J>  with  a  (!usp  on  tho 
iiiiK^r  mar;nin  of  the  cuttiiij;  surface,  and  some  inecpialilies  besidcH. 
Scales  rather  larfjfc^,  more  or  less  crowded  forwards,  soniiitimes  showinj,? 
iiTCf-idarities  of  arran^^oment ;  the  lon;j;itndinal  radiating;  furrows  nuich 
sti()ii,iL;;er  than  usual;  the  scales  rather  lon^jjer  than  de«'p,  but  so  imbri- 
cateil  in  the  adult  that  tho  (!xposed  surface's  appear  dciiper  than  long, 
liateral  lino  entirely  wanting.  Scales  in  the  longittulinal  scries  from 
liead  to  base  of  caudal  .'5i")-45  in  nundxr;  scales  in  transverse  row  from 
l)as(^  of  ventral  to  dorsal  12-18.  Dorsal  tin  rather  short  and  hif^Ii,  with 
l(l-lt  developed  rays,  tho  number  usually  II  or  lli.  I>e;;iiuiing  of  dor- 
sal tin  rather  nearer  snout  than  base  of  cjiudal.  I'octoral  tins  mod- 
ciato,  not  reaching  ventrals ;  the  latter  not  to  vent.  Vcntrals  under 
!i  point  rather  in  advance  of  tho  middle  of  dorsal ;  their  rays  normally 
!i,  but  occasionally  8  or  10.  Anal  fin  high  and  short,  more  or  Iosh 
cinarjfinato  or  bilobcd  in  adult  maUis.  Caudal  fin  moderately  forked 
or  merely  lunate,  its  tAVo  lobes  about  equal.  Air-bladder  with  two 
cliaiuhers.  Two  species  known,  {ipc,  an  intensive  particle ;  //'3Cw,  to 
suck.) 

II!).  E.  !4UCCtt:&  (Liic.)  Jordan. — Crccic  Fish  ;  Chuk  Suckrr. 

liody  oblong,  compressed,  becoming  gibbous  with  age,  tho  ante-dorsal 
lopon  more  or  less  elevated  in  tho  adults,  tho  doi>th  .']}  in  length,  ranging 
iVom  '2:1  i"  Jidults  to  4  in  young.  Head  stout,  short,  about  4,^  in  length 
(4-4J),  the  intororbital  space  wide  and  depressed,  the>  lower  parts  nar- 
rower. Eye  not  large,  i'}  in  head  (4.;J-5A).  Mouth  protrac^tile  downwards 
and  forwards,  tho  mandible  oblique.    Scales  usually  closely  imbricated 


f11 


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134   CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

and  more  or  less  crowded  forward.s,  but  often  showing  various  irregulari- 
ties in  arniugeiuent,  about  43  (39-15)  in  a  longitudinal  series  and  1.") 
(11-10)  iu  a  transverse  series  between  the  ventrals  and  the  dorsal.  Fin. 
rays  somewhat  variable,  the  dorsal  with  11  (10-13)  developed  rays,  tlio 
aiial  with  7,  and  the  ventrals  witli  0  (rarely  8).  Coloration  varying  witli 
age;  never  distinct  scries  of  black  spots  al;)ng  the  rows  of  scales. 
Young  with  a  broad  black  lateral  band,  bordered  above  by  i)aler.  In 
some  specimens  from  clear  water  this  band  is  of  a  jet-black  color  and 
very  distinct;  in  others  it  is  duller.  Later  this  band  becomes  broken 
into  a  series  of  blotches,  which  often  assume  the  form  o :"  broad  trans- 
verse bars.  Tn  adult  specimens  these  bars  disappear,  and  the  color  is 
nearly  uniform  brown,  dusk^'  above,  paler  below,  everywhere  Avitli  ii 
coppery  or  brassy,  never  silvery,  lustre.  The  lins  are  dusky  or  smoky 
brown,  rarely  reddish-tinged.  Sexual  dilToreu'^es  strong.  The  iiiulcs 
iu  spring  with  usuall}^  thz-ee  largo  tubercles  on  each  side  of  the  snout, 
and  with  the  anal  fin  more  or  less  swollen  and  emargiuate.  Adult 
8i)ecimens  with  th<e.  back  gibbous  and  the  botly  strongly  compressed, 
in  appearance  (luito  uidike  the  young.  Maxinuim  length  about  10 
inches.  IS'ew  England  to  the  Eocky  IMountains,  south  to  Texas ;  very 
abundant. 

(Ci/prinim  8iicetta  Lae.  Hist.  Nat.  Poisa.  v,  GOO,  1803:  Cyprhius  ohlongm  J.  itch.  Traus. 
Lit.  &,  Piiil.  Soc.  1,  45i),  1814:  MotOHtoma  oMoHtjam  Gilutlior.  vii,  21:  Catoniomus 
gibhosun  Storcr,  Fish  Mass.  2dl ;  Jordan,  Man.  Vi-rt.  Jilt);  Joiilan,  IJu'il.  U.  S.Nat.  JI.i.s. 
xii,  144.  > 


1*11  I 


1I%0.  E.  gfoodci  .Jordan. 

Body  oblong,  the  back  more  elevated,  the  body  deeper  and  more  com- 
pressed than  in  the  preceding,  the  greatest  depth  iu  advance  of  the 
dorsal  llii  being  contained  about  2'^  times  in  the  length,  i^ape  less  gib- 
bous than  in  E.  sucetta.  Head  quite  small  and  short,  the  large  eye 
*,cing  almost  exactly  midway  in  its  length.  Its  length  4j^  iri  tliat 
of  the  body.  Eye  4.^  in  head.  Interorbital  si)ac(^  rathei'  narrow, 
traui-^versely  convex,  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  head.  IMoutli 
small,  i)rotractile  forwards,  the  lower  jaw  oblicpie ;  lips  as  iu  the  pre- 
ceding. Scales  large,  much  larger  and  much  more  uniform  in  tlieir 
imbri(;ation  than  in  JJ.  Hucetta,,  30  in  a  longitudinal  series,  and  about 
13  in  a  transverse  stories  from  the  ventrals  tu  the  dorsal.  Dorsul  (in 
high,  of  12  developed  rays;  anal  moderate,  with  7;  ventrals  large, 
with  10.  Color  dark  olivaceous  above;  each  scale  along  the  sides  re- 
flecting pale  from  the  stro'igly  striated  middle  part,  these  giving  in  cer- 


30.    CATOSTOMID^E — MINYTREMA. 


135 


'•')a 


tain  lights  the  api)earance  of  imla  stripes  iilong  the  rows  of  scales;  fins 
dusky,  espeeially  at  their  tips.     Rivers  of  Florida. 
(Jordau,  Bull.  U.  S.Nat.  Mus.  xii,  148,  1878.) 

67.-I!IlNYTREMA  Jordan. 
Spotted  Suclcers. 
(Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  E.  U.  S.  ed.  2,  318:  type  Catostomus  mdanopH  Raf.) 

Head  moderate,  rather  broad  above.  Mouth  moderate,  inferior,  hori- 
zontal; the  upper  lip  well  develoi)ed,  freely  protractile;  the  lower  rather 
suiall,  infolded,  /^-shaped  iu  outline,  i)licate,  with  12-20  ])lica3  on  each 
side.  Lower  jaw  without  cartilaginous  sheath.  Eye  moderate,  rather 
hijfh,  placed  about  midway  of  the  head.  Suborbital  bones  considcr- 
iibly  developed,  not  ver;^  much  narrower  than  the  deshy  portion  of 
the  cheek  below  them;  the  posterior  suborbital  concavo-convex,  about 
twice  as  long  as  deej),  sometimes  divided ;  the  anterior  somewhat  deeper 
than  long,  often  divided  into  two,  sometimes  united  with  the  preorbital, 
which  is  well  developed  and  much  longer  than  broad.  The  number  and 
form  of  these  bones,  except  as  to  their  depth,  are  not  constant  in  the 
same  species,  a^d  do  not  afford  specilic  characters.  ()i)erculai  bones 
well  developed,  not  much  rugose.  Fontanelle  evident,  r.ither  large. 
Gill-rakers  rather  long,  in  length  about  half  the  diameter  of  tl>e  (\ve. 
Isthmus  moderate.  Pharyngeal  bones  essentially  as  in  Moxostoma. 
Uody  rather  elongate,  sabterete,  beconjing  deep  and  rather  compressed 
with  age.  Scales  rather  large,  nearly  ecpial  over  the  body,  the  radiating 
fiuTows  not  specially  nuirked.  Lateral  line  interrui)ted  in  the  adult, 
but  with  perfect  tubes,  imperfect  iu  partly  grown  specimens,  entirely 
{)l)solete  in  the  young".  Scales  in  a  longitudiiuil  series  44-47  in  nu.nber, 
12-14  in  a  transverse  series  from  dorsal  to  ventrals.  Dorsal  fin  rather 
short  and  high,  with  about  12  developed  rays,  beginning  rather  lu^arer 
tlie  snout  than  the  base  of  the  (iaudal.  Pectoral  fins  moderate,  not 
roaching  centrals,  the  latter  not  to  vent.  Ventrals  rather  in  advance 
of  the  midtlle  of  the  (iorsal,  tlieir  rays  normally  0,  rarely  8  or  10.  Anal 
fui  high  and  short,  often  more  or  h's;^  emarginate  in  males,  (^audal  fin 
nuxU'rately  forked,  the  lobes  about  equal.  Air-bhidder  with  two  cham- 
bcivs.  Males  in  spring  wrlh  the  head  covered  with  many  small  tubercles. 
OiKi  species  certainly  known.*  (/uvu?,  reduced ;  r/jyia,  aperture;  in  allu- 
sion to  the  imperfections  of  the  lateral  line.) 

*M,  auHtriniim  IJoiiu.  Body  rather  stout,  the  depth  4  in  lonpth.  Head  4  J  in  len):{th. 
liijiH  ]ili('atp,  tnincato  In  hind.  Liyht  brown  above,  yellowinh  below;  Honie  aealeH 
IrowiiiHJi  at  base.  Paired  tins  willi  dark  l)h)tclieH,  I).  11;  A.  (1;  rn-ah^s  (V- 1  l-(i.  Mi- 
elKiaran;  Mexieo  (weat  of  Sierra  Madre).  Thin  Hpecies  is  probably  a  Minytrema,  but 
tli('iiir-l»iaililer  ban  been  removed  from  the  typical  HpeciiniuiM.  .,  ,     ;^   , 

(J/i/xo8fo»Mj  a»(i/rt»a  Boan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  187'J,  o02.) 


0 


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sm 


136      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NOKTII    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

ItiU.  M.  mcIaiMOps  (Raf.) 'TorcliHi. — SjwKcd  MuUd;  Striprd  Sitrkci: 

Body  oblong,  little  compressed,  the  young  neaily  terete,  the  adults 
deejier  bodied;  the  dori^al  region  not  elevated.  Depth  about  i  in 
length,  varying  fron)  about  3  in  adults  to  iS  in  the  young.  Head  not 
very  large,  d^  in  length  of  body  (ll-iA)>  "•♦t  si)e('ially  depressed.  Ma- 
<',ous  pores  rather  strong.  Eye  small,  5-0  in  head.  JNIouth  quite  inferior, 
horizontal,  rather  small.  Scales  large,  firm,  regularly  and  smoothly 
imbricated,  in  40  (14—17)  longitudinal  series  and  13  (12-14)  transversa, 
series,  the  scales  not  crowded  forwards.  Fiu-rays  usually:  1).  12;  A. 
7;  V.  0.  Coloration  dusky  above,  with  usually  a  black  blotch  he- 
hind  the  dorsal  tin.  Each  scale  along  the  sides  with  a  small,  more  or 
less  distinct  blackish  spot  at  its  base,  these  spots  forming  interru[)litl 
longitudinal  lines  along  the  rows  of  scales.  These  lines  are  usually 
very  distinct,  esi)ocially  in  the  adult,  but  young  specimens  often  show 
them  faintly.  Sides  and  belly  silvery,  with  a  e()p[)ery  lustre.  Sexual 
l)eculiarities  moderately  marked;  very  old  nuiles  with  the  head  covered 
with  small  tubercles  in  s])riug.  No  great  changes  with  age,  either  in 
form  or  coloration.  Size  large;  maximum  length  about  18  iAiches. 
Great  Lalce  region  to  South  Carolina  and  Texas. 

(^Catoatomus  melanopn  Raf.  Icbtli.  Oh.  ISiO,  57:    Catoslomns  faacialus  GiliUhor,  vii,  I'J; 
Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  'MS;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  xii,  VA^  ) 

OS.-MOXOSTOiHA  Rannc»<iuo. 
lied  Horse. 


1<I  I     I 


{Ptychoalomus  Ag. ;  Terelulua  Raf.) 

(Eafinc8(ino,  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,  54:  typo  Catostomua  aniaurita  liiiL) 

Body  more  or  less  elongate,  sometimes  nearly  terete,  usually  more  or 
less  compressed.  Head  variously  long  or  short,  its  length  ranging  from 
3^  to  oA  in  that  of  the  body.  Eye  usually  rather  large,  varying  from  .'i 
to  0  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head,  its  position  high  up 
•Mid  median  or  rather  posterior.  Suborbital  bones  very  narrow,  always 
uuicli  longer  than  broad,  their  width  less  than  one-fourth  that  of  the 
lleshy  i)art  of  the  cheek.  Fontanelle  on  top  of  head  always  well  open, 
the  parietal  bones  not  coalescing.  IMouth  varying  miu'h  in  size,  always 
inferior  in  ])osition,  the  mandible  being  horizontal  or  nearly  so.  Lips 
usually  well  <levelopcd,  the  form  of  the  lower  varying  in  dillerent  sec- 
tions of  the  geiuia,  usually  with  a  slight  median  lissure,  but  n«  ver 
deeply  incised ;  the  lips  witii  transverse  plica>,,  the  folds  rarely  so 
broken  uj)  as  to  form  papillio.    Jaws  without  conspicuous  cartilaginous 


30.    CATObTOMIDJi: MOXOSTOMA. 


137 


slicatb.  ]\[uciferous  system  cotisideiiibly  developed,  a  cliniii  of  tubes 
alon;^  the  supraorbital  region,  a  braneli  of  wliich  extends  around  be- 
hind the  eye  and  forwards  ah)n{?  the  suborbital  bones  and  the  lower 
t'(l<;e  of  the  i)reorbital.  Opercular  bones  moderately  developed,  nearly 
siiioolh.  Isthmus  broad.  (lill-rak<'rs  weak,  moderately  lonjjf.  Pharyn- 
geal bones  rather  weak,  nuich  as  in  Erlmyzon  and  Catostomiifi,  the  teeth 
rather  coarser,  strongly  compressed,  the  lower  5  or  (J  much  stronger 
tliaii  Ihe  others,  which  are  rapidly  diminished  in  size  upwards,  ea(;h 
with  a  i)rominent  internal  cusp.  Scales  large,  more  or  less  (pnidrate  in 
lonn,  nearly  ecpial  in  size  over  the  body,  and  not  specially  crowded  any- 
wliere,  usually  about  41  in  the  hiteral  line  (ll-GO)  an«l  about  12  series 
between  dorsal  'ind  ventrals.  Lateral  line  well  develoi)ed,  straight  or 
anteriorly  curved.  Fins  well  developed,  the  dorsal  inserted  about  mid- 
way of  the  body,  its  first  rays  usually  rather  nearer  snout  than  the  cau- 
dal, the  number  of  developed  rays  usually  about  KJ,  but  varying  in  dif- 
ferent species  from  11  to  17.  Anal  lin  short  and  high,  usually  emargi- 
iiatc  in  the  male  lish,  probably  always  with  Tdevelopcnl  rays.  Ventrals 
inserted  nearly  under  the  middle  of  the  dorsal ;  their  number  of  rays 
iionnally  0,  occasionally  varying  to  10;  the  occurrence  of  10  ventral  rays 
is  probably  an  a(!cidental  individiud  character,  and  not  a  permanentspe- 
cilic,  one.  Caudal  (in  deeply  forked,  the  lobes  about  e(iiml,  excei)t  in  two 
species.  Air-bladder  with  three  ehauibers.  Skeleton  essentially  as  in 
Catontonuis,  the  vertebnc  in  M.  c<irx)io  L'7-14.  Sexual  peculiarities  little 
luailced,  the  males  in  Um  spawning  season  with  the  lower  lins  reddened, 
and  the  anal  rays  swollen  and  somewhat  tuberculate.  Species  very  nu- 
merous in  tin;  United  States  east  of  the  llocky  Mountains.  They 
spawn  in  spring,  running  up  from  tlio  rivers  into  the  smaller  streams 
for  that  ])urpose.  They  are  dilllcult  to  distinguish,  and  hav"  perhaps 
been  unduly  nudtii)lied  by  authors,  (//u^w,  to  suck;  ffro//a,  mouth; 
hence,  more  properly  Myxostoma.) 

•Lips full,  Hlronjjjly  piii>illoao. 

15ti.  ITI.  p:rQ>ilSo»iUin  (Copo)  Jordan. 

lUaly  comparatively  stout,  the  dorsal  region  sonnnvhat  elevated  and 
lounded,  the  depth  being  about  1  in  length,  the  head  about  the  same. 
Kyo  rather  large,  high  up  and  well  ba(!k,  the  i)reorbilal  space  being 
longer  than  the  other  species.  Toi)  of  head  Hat.  Dorsal  rays  12-14. 
Scales  rather   large,  0-42-5.     Lips  well  developed,  dee|)ly  incised. 


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138       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

Color  silvery;  back  with  smoky  sliading ;  lower  fins  white.     Size  large; 
readies  a  lenj^tli  of  about  2  feet.    IlTortli  Carolina  to  Georgia. 

{Ptychostojnua pai}illoaus  Co\>t^,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Pbila.  1870,470;  Jordan,  Man. 
Vert,  318;  Jonlaii,  Bull.  U.  S.  Niit.  Mu.s.  xii,  134.) 

**  Lips  distinctly  plicate.  ' 

t  Lower  lip  infolded,  /V-shaped  when  viewed  from  below,  with  a  distinct  incdiiiu 
crease,  in  which  the  two  halves  of  the  lip  meet,  forming  an  acute  angle; 
mouth  small. 
a.  Dorsal  largo,  with  15-17  developed  rays. 

153.  M.  vcBattMin  (Cope)  Jordan. 

Body  stout,  deep,  compressed,  the  back  elevated,  the  depth  3-1  in 
length.  Head  short,  heavy,  flattisli  and  broad  above,  32-4^  in  lengtli. 
Depth  of  cheeks  half  the  hMigtli  of  the  head.  Eye  rather  large,  midway 
iu  head,  4-5  in  its  length.  Muzzle  rather  prominent,  bluntisli,  over- 
hangi  ng  tlie  very  small  mouth.  Fins  very  large.  Dorsal  long  and  liigh, 
its  height  five-sixths  the  length  of  the  head,  its  free  border  straight. 
Pectorals  nearly  reaching  ventrals.  Color  silvery;  smoky  above;  lower 
tins  red.  Size  large.  Upper  Mississippi  Valley  to  Georgia  and  south- 
ward. 

(Ptychostomus  relatxs  and  collapnus  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1670,  471-47'^'; 
Jordan,  Mai'.  Vert.  317;  Jordau,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  13J.) 

aa.  Dorsal  moderate,  with  12-14  developed  rays. 

b.  Head  comparatively  large,  about  4  iu  length;  dorsal  rays  usually  VZ. 

134.  JTI.  blicco  (Cope)  Jordau. 

Head  short  and  very  wide  through  the  opercles,  flat  above.  Body 
stout,  the  back  somewhat  elevated,  depth  4  in  length.  Muzzle  sub- 
truncate,  slightly  projecting.  Scales  G-40-5.  Olivaceous  silvery  be- 
low; dorsal  lin  dusky.    Kansas.    {Cope.) 

(Ptiichostomiis  bucco  Cope,  Haydeu's  G(!ol.  Surv.  Wyom.  1872,  437:  Myxosioma  con- 
(jvHtiun  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  133;  i)vol)al)ly  not  Catostomus  coiigcfitun  B,  & 
G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18r)4,  27,  which  Professor  Cope  thinks  is  a  form  of  J/, 
macro(>j)i(?o<a»i,  he  having  obtained  it  in  Texas  and  Arizona.) 

t 

155.  M.  piilBCDisc  (Cope)  Jordan. 

Head  rather  long,  4J  in  length,  flattisli  above.    Body  elongate,  more 
nearly  cylindrical,  little  compressed.     ]\Iuzzle  truncate.    Olivaceous, 
sometimes  with  rows  of  faint  spots  along  the  series  of  scales.    ])orsiil   J 
and  caudal  tins  black-edged.    Size  quite  snudl.    llesembles  M.  ccrvi- 
num,  but  the  mouth  entirely  dilferent.    Great  Pedee  Kiver.    (Cope.) 

{PtijchoiifomuH  pidicnsla,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soo.  Phila.  1870,471;  Jord:;'..  Man.  Vort. 
317;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  133.) 

bb.  Head  very  small,  about  5  iu  length. 


30.    CATOSTOMID^ — MOXOSTOMA. 


139 


150.  IW»  COrcgonus  (C'oi)e)  Jordau. — Blue  Mullet. 

Muzzle  couic,  inucU  projecting  beyond  the  very  small  mouth;  body 
much  compressed,  broadly  fusiform,  the  back  elevated  and  arched. 
Dorsal  rays  14.  Color  silvery,  with  plumbeous  shades  above;  lower 
fins  white.    Size  small.    Catawba  and  Yadkin  Kivers,  North  Carolina 

{Cope.) 

(^rti/chostomns  corcgonus  Cope,  Proc.  Anicr.  riiil.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  472;  Jordan,  Man. 
Vert.  317;  Jordan,  Bnll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  1:54.) 

ft  Lower  lip  thm,  forming  a  narrow,  crescent-8liai)od  border  around  the  mandible. 
157.  in.  album  (Copo)  Jordan. —  White  Mullet. 

Head  small,  5  times  in  length.    INIuzzle  prominent,  but  less  so  than 

in  J/,  coregonus.     Month  moderate.     Back   a  little  elevated.    Depth 

about  3jV  in  lengtli.    Dorsal  rays  12-14,  its  free  border  often  incised. 

Scales  G-45-i,.    Coloration  very  pale;    lower  fins   white.     Size  large; 

reaches  a  weight  of  4  pounds  or  more.    Catawba  and  other  rivers  of 

North  Carolina. 

{Pt>iGhostomns  albus  Cope,  Proc.  Anicr.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  472;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert. 
3UJ;  Jordan,  Jiull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  130.) 

15§.  in>  tlialassillUlU  (Cope)  Jordan. 

Head  stout,  as  in  31.  velatum,  rather  long,  4  in  leng,th,  tlattish  above, 
muzzle  truncate,  not  very  prominent.  Mouth  moderate.  Bade  elevated. 
Dorsal  tin  long,  of  14  or  15  rays.  Sea-green  above,  white  below ;  lower 
iins  white.    Yadkin  iliv^er.     (Cope.) 

{PlyokoHlomus  thalaHsinuH  Cope,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  472;  Jordan,  Man. 
Volt.  31G;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  i:U.)  ' 

ttt  Lower  lip  full,  its  posterior  edge  truncate. 
d.  Dorsal  rays  15-18  in  iinud)or. 

159.  Itl.  carpio  (Val.)  Jordan. — Carp  Mullet. 

Dorsal  flu  largely  developed,  its  rays  15-18  in  nund)er.  Head  rather 
large,  ^fi-^l  "i  length,  broad  above.  Mouth  large,  with  full  lips.  Eye 
rather  large.  Body  deep,  strongly  compressed,  the  back  sonu^.what 
elevated,  the  depth  about  3^  in  length.  Dorsal  iin  high  and  large, 
larger  than  in  any  other  species  of  the  germs,  the  flrst  ray  about  as 
long  as  the  base  of  the  flu.  Scales  5-4.3-1,  quite  large.  Coloration 
very  i)ale  and  silvery;  the  lower  fins  white.  Ohio  Valley,  Great  Lakes, 
and  northward.  ,    ,^,  ,-t^.^    ^    ,  ,. 

{(. 'atostomua  carpio  Valencicnnos,  Hist.  Nnt.  Poiss.  xvii,  457,  1844:  Catostomuif  carpio 
Ciiiiithor,  vii,  20;  Jordan,  Mau.  Vert.  312;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  118.) 


1:  ri\: 


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1 54 


CONTIUIIUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

dd.  Dorsal  rays  I'^-1 1  in  iiiiinlu'r. 

0.  Si-alfs  lar;;(>,  ll-.M)  in  (ho  coMrsc  of  the  latoral  lino, 

/.  Caudal  tin  n(n"inal,  tlio  two  lolu^s  about.  c(iual  and  Hiniilarly  colori'd. 

100.   M.   isiacrolopjdotllin  (LoSuour)  Jordan. — Common  lied  JJoiau;  AIulUl; 
lyiiitv  iSuikcr  ;  Laiyc-vcakd  iSuckcr.  ^ 

Iloiul  oonipaiativc'ly  elongate,  bluiitisli,  rather  broad  and  Uattoncd 
above,  4-5  in  leny;tli.  Uody  stoutisli,  varyinf;  to  moderately  elon-^atc. 
Lips  rather  lull,  thelflunlish  innz;deproj(H;ting  beyond  th(^ large  luoiitli  j 
greatest  depth  t>f  cheeks  more  than  half  distamtc  from  snout  to  prc- 
opercle.  Eye  rather  large.  Dorsal  fin  medinm,  its  developetl  rays  iL- 
11,  usually  13  in  luunber,  its  free  edge  nearly  straight,  its  longest  ray 
shorter  than  head.  Scales  large,  about  45  in  the  Uitertd  line.  Oliva- 
ceous ;  sides  silvery  ;  lower  lins  in  the  atiidt  red  or  orange.  CJreat  Lakes 
to  Virginia,  simthwestward  to  Arizona ;  one  of  the  most  abinidaiit 
lishes,  reaching  a  length  of  2  feet  or  more.  The  lied  Horse  of  the  Oliio 
and  Mississipi)i,  with  the  heatl  relatively  longer  and  the  mouth  larger, 
is  perhiips  worthy  of  distinction  as  var.  thiqiicsni  (Le  Siunir)  .Tor.  Tlie 
eastern  form  (var.  mtivroleindotnm)  is  scarcely  distinguishable  from  llic 
next  species. 

{Calostomun  mncrolcpiilotuK  and  tliniucsiii  Lc  Sncnr,  Journ.  Aoatl.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.  i, 
94,105,  1817:  Catoitlomus  cr>ithruru8  lli(.  Amor.  Month.  Ma-iC-  l*^!^.  •>'>4 :  CaloshmiDi 
</«(//«',sHi  Oiintlior,  vii,  18:  Mn-rostonni  lUdcrolrpiilotn  and  vjir.s.  dmiinnui  iumI  huhr!im<iHn 
Jordan,  Man.  Vort.  lUU;  Jordan,  IhiH.  U.  iS.  Xat.  Mns.  xii,lx.'l):  riiirlioxtomiis  dii- 
qucsni,  cnitlintnix,  rohuiitin*,  oncidn,  lorhriimah;  etc.  Copo,  Proo.  Anicr.  I'hil  Soc.  lK7(t. 
MiixoiitoDin  vitr;i(>ps  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y'.  lb7<J,  ;{4H,  is  probably  a  uioii- 
strosily  of  t  his  siu'oios. ) 

161.  !VI.  aui'coBiiiii  (Lo  8.)  Jordan. 

Head  comparatively  short,  low  and  small,  conic,  5-5.V  in  length.  Back 
elevated  and  compressed.  Depth  3^  in  length.  iMouth  small,  over- 
passed by  the  snout,  the  lii)S  thin  and  small,  the  greati'st  depth  of  cheek 
half  the  distance  from  snout  to  preopercle.  Eye  small.  Cidoratiou 
bright  yellowish  brown,  somewhat  silvery  ;  lower  tins  bright  red.  Dor- 
sal rays  13,  the  lln  somewhat  falcate,  its  free  edge  concave,  its  longest 
ray  longer  than  head.  Scales  5-45-4.  Great  Lakes,  Ohio  Valley,  and 
northward. 

(CalO'^iomiut  aurcoUtJi  Lo  SutMir,  Jonrii.  Acad.  Nut.  Scl.  Phila.  i,  95,  1817  :  Catoalomiis 
marrolcpidotiit  C.iinthor,  vii,  18;  .Jordan,  Man.  Vort.  'Mi ;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat,  Mas. 
xii,  l'J4:  f  CypriniM  h^ucuri  llkh,  rrankiiu's  Journ.  IH2U,  772.) 

16S.  in.  crn^isilaCiro  (Copo)  Jonlan. 

Body  llattish,  the  back  elevated  and  compressed.  Depth  3'j'.  Muzzlii 
contracted,  lower  lip  thiidc.  Scales  large,  5-44-5.  Dorsal  rays  usually 
32,  Dorsal  tin  elevated  in  front,  its  first  soft  ray  longer  than  the  base 
of  tlio  fin.    CoU)r  silvery,  with  smoky  shading  above,  some  of  the  scales 


aO.    CATOSTOMID^ — MOXOSTOMA. 


141 


bliicki.sli  iit  their  b;isus ;  lower  lins  white  ;  toi)of  hciul,  humonil  bar,  and 

dorsal  fin  <lnsky.    Ncuse   Kiver,  North  Carolina,.     {Cope.)      Probably 

identical  with  the  preceding. 

[PlllchoHlomuH  ('r;iHniI<ihrinV.n\H},  Pnw.  AmiT.  Phil.  Soc.  Pliilii.  1^70,  4'i  <  ;  .Ionian,  Man. 
Yen.  :$1 1 ;  Jordan,  IJnIl.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mns.  xii,  12!).) 

IfiS.  in.  conns  (Co])")  .Jordan. 

r>ody  llattish,  the  dorsal  outline  elevated,  the  form  being  like  that  of 

M.  fiori'ffonns.     Head  small  and  conic.    Mouth  exceedingly  small,  the 

Hiiout  far  overpassing  it,  the  muzz-lo  being  much  longer  than  in  M. 

cmssUahro.    Don.il  rays  11.     Eye  large.    Coloration  smoky  above,  some 

scales  dusky  at  their  bases;  s'des  i)ali^;   lower  lins  white.     Yadkin 

Kiver,  North  Carolina.    {Cope.) 

(rtjichostomun  conus  Copo,  Proc.  Auinr.   PIul.  Soc.  Phila.   1870,  47d ;  Jordan,  Man. 
Vert.  :U I;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mum.  xii,  I'JC).) 

/.  C.'iudal  (in  with  tho  npitor  lobo  longer  than  tho  lower,  tho  two  sinularly  colored. 

101.  m.  niilssii'ilin  (Uaf.)  .Jordan. 

Caudal  lin  with  the  upper  lobe  falcate,  much  longer  than  the  lower, 

at  least  in  tho  adult,  tho  lobes  similaily  colored.    Dorsal  (in  short  and 

high,  falcate.    Body  (iompressed.    IJack  somewhat  elevated.    Depth  ;{^ 

ill  length.    Head  conic,  llattish,  5.^  in  length.    Mouth  very  small,  inmih 

iis  in  aurcohnn,  from  which  it  can  probably  be  distinguished  only  by  tho 

i'oriii  of  the  caudal.    J).  12-1.'$,  half  higher  than  long.    Scales  G-4C-5. 

Ohio  Valley  and  Great  Lake  region. 

{('aloslomua  anisurua  Kaf.   Iclith.  Oh.  r>4  :  riynhoslomiiH  lirerirrjm  (Jopc,  Proc.  Ainer. 
riiil.  Soc.  Plula.  1870,  478;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  3ir>;  Jordan,  P.ull.  IJ.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  xii, 

t  ■  ■ 

fj'f.  Candril  Ihi  with  th(^  lower  loho  distinctly  lon,;er  than  tho  upper  and  difTcrcntly 
c()h»rcd,  tho  upper  lol)o  in  tho  achilt  being  red,  tho  inferior  jot-lthick,  ita  two 
lowermost  dovolopod  rays  and  their  luenibranea   abruptly  palo  (?iu  both 

80X08).         ■•     '■  '    ■  '""■    "  •  '■■  ■  '         '    -      '    '"■"  "■''''■ 

165.  in.  pa;ciliiruni  .Jordan. 

Body  elongate,  moderately  compressed,  somowhat  elevated  forwards. 

Dci)th  djV  in  length.    Head  about  the  same.    Mouth  medium,  tho  lips 

full.    ]">orsal  rays  13.    Scales  largo,  5-44-4.    Coloration  usual,  except 

of  the  caudal  fin  ■;  other  fins  all  rod,  with  blackish  shadings.     Size 

small.    Louisiana  and  Southern  Mississippi. 

(Jordan,  Pull.  U,  S.  Nat.  Mua.  x,  0(5;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert,  nif) ;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S. 
Nut.  MuH.  xii,  PJ9.) 

ec.  Scales  very  small  for  tho  genus,  about  5Gin  lateral  lino;  body  raodoratoly  elongate, 
the  depth  about  4  in  length. 

lUG.  m.  itlbidlini  (Grd.)  Jordan. 

Head  shortish,  conic,  the  snout  not  much  projecting,  about  4  in  length ; 

eye  large.     Dorsal  fin  small,  with  about  11  rays,  tho  last  rapidly 


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142      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 


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sbortoiiod.     (Characters  of  iiiouth   unknown,  but  probably  similar  to 

macrolcpidotiim  and  pocciliinnn ;  it  is  said  to  be  "njuch  larger  lliaiiin 

P.  con(jcstHS^\)    Rio  Grande  region.     {Girard.) 

(PtiirhoHtomiiH  aUndus  Gnl.  Pror.  Acad.  Nat.  Sii.  I'hilu.  li^uO,  172;  Jordan,  Man.  Vort. 
315;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xil,  l-.>8.)  ^ 

ddd,  Doraal  rays  mostly  less  than  12 ;  body  very  slender. 

167«  ilff.  cerviMBim  (Cope)  Jordan. — Jumpinff  Mullat ;  Jump-rods. 

Head  very  short,  roundish  above,  rather  pointed  forwards,  about  5  in 
length.  Cheeks  subvertical,  their  depth  less  than  half  the  distance 
from  snout  to  preopercle.  Mouth  rather  large,  with  thick  lips,  wlii(;U 
are  strongly  plicate,  the  folds  somewhat  broken  up.  Ey(^  small.  Fin.s 
very  small ;  the  dorsal  rays  10-12 ;  free  edge  of  dorsal  straight,  its 
longest  ray  less  than  head.  Scales  rather  large,  G-44  to  49-5.  Color 
greenish  brown  ;  a  pale  blotch  on  each  scale,  these  forming  continuous 
streaks  along  the  rows  of  scales ;  back  with  more  or  less  distinct 
brownish  cross-blotches ;  fins  brownish,  not  much  red,  the  dorsal  black- 
ish at  tip.  Size  smallest  in  the  genus.  Length  less  than  a  foot.  Ilivcis 
of  the  South  Atlantic  States  from  the  James  to  the  Chattahoochee. 

{Tcrctnhts  ccrviiius  Cope,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Pliila.  ltf(J8,  23G:  rtychontomua 
cervinus  Cope,  Proc.  Ainer.  Phil.  Soc.  Pliila.  1870,  478;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  315;  Jordan, 
Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  l'2d.) 

6».— PliACOPHAKYWX  Cope. 
Big-jawed  SucJcers. 
(Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1370,  407:  typo  riacopharijnx  carinatua  Cope.) 

Suckers  like  Moxostoma  in  all  respects,  excei)t  that  the  pharyngeal 
bones  are  much  more  developed  and  the  teeth  reduced  in  number,  those 
on  the  lower  half  of  the  bone  very  large,  G-10  in  nund)er,  nearly  cylin- 
dric  in  form,  being  but  little  compressed,  and  with  a  broad,  rounded  or 
flattened  grinding  surface.  The  forms  and  positions  of  these  enlarged 
teeth  vary  greatly.  In  a  specimen  before  us  the  first  tooth  is  thehi<;h- 
est  and  most  compressed,  its  summit  being  rounded  and  then  abruptly 
truncate.  The  second  tooth  is  notably  shorter  and  thicker,  much  larger, 
and  rounded  on  top,  the  body  of  the  tooth  serving  as  a  peduncle  for  tlu^ 
swollen  grinding  surface.  The  third  tooth  is  still  shorter  and  similar  in 
form.  The  fourth  tooth  is  similar  to  the  iirst,  being  much  higher  than 
the  second  and  third,  and  Hat  on  top.  The  others  seem  to  be  irresu 
larly  alternated  or  arranged  in  pairs,  a  long  one  and  a  short  one,  tlic 
long  teeth  in  all  cases  being  the  most  truncated,  as  if  their  surfaces  had 
been  most  worn  off.    The  mouth  is  larger  and  more  oblique  than  usual 


30.    CATOSTOMID/E QUASSILABIA. 


143 


iu  Moxostoma,  and  the  lips  are  thicker.    Size  large.    {-?.a^,  a  broad  sur- 
liicc;  <p(it'ur:,  vhnrynx.) 

16§.  P*  carinatu»i  Copu. 

Body  oblong',  moderately  compressed,  heavy  at  the  shoulders.    Head 

very  large,  3^  in  length  of  the  body.    Eye  small,  behind  the  middle  of 

the  head.     Mouth  extremely  large,  the  lower  jaw  oblique  when  the 

mouth  is  closed,  tlie  mouth,  therefore,  i)rotractile  forwards  as  well  as 

downwards.    Lips  very  thick,  coarsely  plicate,  the  lower  lip  full  an<l 

heavy,  truncate  behind.     Head  above  eveidy  rounded  or  somewhat  carl- 

iiated.    Scales  G-45-().    Dorsal  rays  13 ;  ventral  9.    (^olor  brassy  green 

above;  lower  flns  red.    Great  Lakes  and  Mississippi  Valley j  abundant 

in  many  streams.  ' 

(Cope,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  407 ;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  311 ;  Jordan, 
13uU.  U.   S.  Nat.  MuH.  xii,  1.08.) 

70.-<iUASSIL4BIA  Jordan  &  Brnytou. 

Harelip  SucJcers. 

(Lagochila  Jordan  «fc  Brayton,  prcoocuincd.) 

(Jordan  &  Brayton,  Man,  Vert.  E.  U.  S.  od.  2,  1878,  401 :  type  Lagochila  lacera  Jordan 
«fe  Brayion.) 
Suckers  like  Moxostoma  in  every  respect  excepting  the  structure  of  ^ 

the  moutn.  Head  shortish,  conical,  with  lengthened  snout;  its  length 
4^5  times  iu  that  of  the  body,  the  opercular  region  being  reduced, 
so  that  the  eye  is  well  backwards.  Suborbital  bones  narrow.  Fon- 
tanelle  large,  widely  open.  Mouth  large,  singular  in  structure,  in- 
ferior, the  upper  lip  not  protractile,  greatly  i)rolonged,  closely  plicate. 
Lower  lip  much  reduced,  divided  into  two  distinct  elongate  lobes,  which 
are  weakly  papillose.  The  split  between  tliese  lobes  extends  backwards 
to  the  edge  of  the  deatary  bones,  which  are  provided  with  a  rather  hard, 
horny  plate,  as  in  Fantostcus.  The  lov*er  lip  is  entirely  sei)arated  from 
the  upper  at  the  angles  by  a  deep  fissure.  The  skin  of  the  cheeks  forms 
a  sort  of  cloak  over  this  lissure,  the  crease  separating  this  skin  from  the 
mouth  extending  up  on  the  sides  of  the  innzzle.  The  crease  between 
the  lips  extends  down  on  the  under  side  of  the  head.  System  of  nnicif- 
erous  tubes  well  developed,  riiaryngeal  bones  not  dissimilar  from  the 
usual  typo  in  Mojcosfoma,  rather  weak,  with  numerous  small  teeth. 
Body  elongate,  not  much  compressed,  not  elevated.  Fins  moderate, 
formed  as  in  Moxostoma.  Scales  large,  as  in  Hfoxostoma,  the  latciral  line 
well  developed  and  nearly  straight,  with  about  45  scales  in  its  course. 
Air-bladder  in  three  parts.  Sexual  peculiarities  unknown;  probably 
little  marked.    {QuasstiSy  broken  or  torn;  labia,  lip.) 


If 


14 i    COXTUIDUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   TCTITTIYOLOGY IV. 

109.  Q.  I:i<*4^l*n  .Tur.  A-  \htiyi.  —  Frarv-fip  Surlrr;  Ciit-Upit;  SplU-moulh  Stukcr;  Maii 
Siivkir ;  llithhil-moiith  Siirhrr. 

TI«\ul  short,  t'Olli(^•ll,  witli  loiifjtlioiHHl  snout,  the  r«';;ioii  between  i\w 

oyos  HiittciUMl  ami  with  prominent  mucous  ritlj^os.    ('hci'ks  ami  hnvcr 

j)art  of  hoad  raliicr  swolh'u.     Opcn^lo  nmch  reduced,  its  oreatest  U'n^lli 

scarcely  ;;reater  than  the  diauu'ter  of  the  eye.     Head  about  t'i  in  len^ith. 

Eye  4}  '"  h'UfJfth  of  head,  about  2  in  length  of  tlie  snout,  ils  situalidii 

thus  quite  posterior.     Lenj^tli  of  the  top  of  the  hea<l  Hfl  in  the  dist;ui((( 

from  tiie  snout  to  the  base  of  the  dorsal.     ]>o<ly  rather  .-hMidei-,  the  form 

Iveinj;  between  that  of  Moxo.stoma  cerrinum  and  M.  mncrolcpulotum,  tli(> 

depth  4;|  in  the  lenj^tli.     Dorsal  (in  rather  low,  its  rays  I,  12;  A.  1,  7; 

V.  0.     Scales  5-15-5.     (^olor  olive  or  bluish  brown  above;   si<les  and 

belly  silvery ;  lower  tins  faintly  oran;;e.     Ohio  Valley  and  sontlnviud. 

A  singular  spe(!ies,  abundant  in  some  sections  (Scioto  I{iver,  Clinch 

lliver,  ChickaMiaujj:!i  River),  but  oveilooked  by  naturalists  until  lately. 

{Lagochila  htocra  Jonliin  &  IJrayton,  Proc.  Acad.  Nnt.  S(!i.  Pliila.  1H77,  '2^0:  lAigovhUn 
hiccra  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  cd.  2,  'Ml  :  Jonliiii,  Man.  Vert.  cd.  iJ,  40();  .Fordan,  Hull.  U. 
S.  Nat.  Mns.  xii,  10(5.) 

Family  XXXL— CYPRINTOyE. 

{The  Carps.) 

Cyi)rinoid  fishes  with  the  marjjiu  of  the  up])or  jaw  formed  by  the  ])ro- 
maxillaries  alone  and  the  lower  pharyngeal  bones  W(dl  (lev(>loi)e(l,  liilci- 
Ibrm,  nearly  parallel  with  the  a:!  11  arches,  each  provided  with  1-.'}  series 
of  teeth  in  small  number,  1-7  in  the  main  row,  and  a  less  nund)er  in  tlio 
others  if  more  are  present.  Head  naked.  Body  scaly  (exc-ept  in  Mala, 
Flngopfenai,  Pho.vhielhts,  and  Anlopntjc).  Barbels  2  or  1 ;  absent  in  most; 
of  our  genera,  and  not  large  in  any.  Belly  usually  rounded,  rarely 
compressed,  never  serrated.  Gill-openings  moderate,  the  niembrancs 
broadly  joined  to  the  isthmus.  Brachiostcgals  always  .'{.  Gills  1,  a 
slit  behind  tho  fourth.  Pseudobrancliia^  present  (except  in  Orthuhm^ 
etc.).  No  adipose  tin.  Dorsal  fin  short  in  Ameri(!an  species,  elongate 
in  many  Old  World  forms.  Ventral  fins  abdominal.  Air-bladder 
usually  large,  commonly  divided  into  an  anterior  and  i)osterior  lobo, 
rarely  vanting,  not  enclosed  in  a  bony  capsule.  Stomach  Avithout 
ap,)endages,  appearing  as  a  simple  enlargement  of  the  intestines. 
Fishes  of  moderate  or  small  size,  inhabiting  tho  fresh  waters  of  the 
Old  World  and  of  North  America.  Genera  about  200 ;  species  nearly 
1,000;  excessively  abundant  whero  found,  both  in  individuals  and 
species,  and,  fioin  their  great  uniformity  in  size,  form,  and  coloration, 
coustitutiug  one  of  the  most  difficult  groups  in  natural  history  iu 


31.   CYPRINID^. 


145 


wliicli  todistiiifjiiiHlj  {^oner.i  and  Hpocioa.  Our  goiiom  aro  mostly  very 
closely  iclatcul,  and  nn)  .separated  by  cliaracterH  whieli,  althoiigU  reason- 
ably constant,  are  often  ofslijjflit  stnietnral  inipoitaniH'.  From  time  to 
time,  (lilFerent  authors  liav(^  proposed  to  throw  most  of  thesis  ^ronjis  into 
tiie  ^enus  LvuciscnH,  a  pro(!edure  whieh,  without  further  diseussion,  may 
be  Haid  to  have  al\  ays  led  to  confusion.  The  H[)rin}:f  or  breeding  dress 
of  the  njalo  fishes  is  often  peculiar.  The  top  of  the  head,  and.oft<',n  the 
fins  ov  various  portions  of  the  body,  arc  covered  with  small  tubercles, 
outf^iowths  from  the  ei)idermis.  The  (Ins  and  jjarts  of  tlui  body  in  the 
sprin;^  males  are  often  charfjfed  with  bright  pi{j;ment,  the  prevailing?  color 
of  which  is  red,  although  in  some  genera  it  is  satin-white,  yellowish,  or 
black.* 
{Ciiprinidw,  part.,  Gtlnther,  vii,  25-339.) 

'DorH.il  fill  Hhort,  without  rtovolopcd  Hpinn. 
t  Aii-l)lud«lcr  Hurruuudcd  by  niaiiy  convolutions  of  tho  very  long  alinioniury  canal. 

( Canipontomiiiw. ) 
A.  Teeth  4-4,  or  1,  4-4,  0,  with  obliqnc  grinding  Hurfacc  and  Hliglit  hook;  peri- 
toneum Mack. 

Cami'Ostoma,  71. 
tt  Air-bladder  above  the  alinjentary  canal ;  toeth  one-rowed.    {Chondrosloininw. ) 
t  IntcHtinal  canal  elongate,  more  than  twice  tho  length  of  the  Ixxly  ;  teeth  with 

grinding    Hiirt'ace    w»dl 
developed;  peritoneunt 
UHually  black. 
B.  Jaw8  each  with  a  conspicuous,  broad,  straight-edged,  horny  idate;  teeth  4- 

5,  stout,  blnntiMh,  hook- 
ed, and  short. 

AcuocniLus,  72. 
BB.  Jaws  without  homy  plate. 
C.  ToethG-GjStronglycomiuessed, knife-shaped  ;  pseudobranrhijn  none;  ru- 
dimentary caudal  rays 
greatly     developed; 
scales  very  small. 

Ortiiodon,  73. 

, s 

*No  i)rogrc.s8  can  be  made  in  tho  study  of  these  fishes  without  a  careful  examina- 
tion of  the  teeth.  Tho  pharyngeal  bones  in  the  smaller  speeii's  can  be  removed  by  in- 
serting a  pin  or  a  hook  through  tho  gill-opening,  under  tho  slioulder-girdle.  Tho 
teeth  should  bo  carefully  cleaned  with  a  tooth-brush,  or  a  jet  of  water,  or  a  pin,  and 
may  bo  examined  by  any  small  lens.  In  most  cases  a  iirincipal  row  of  4  or  r>  teeth 
will  be  found,  in  front  of  which  is  sometimes' a  set  of  1  or  2  smaller  ones.  The  tw» 
sides  are  not  always  synimotrical.  "Teeth  4-4"  indicates  a  single  row  of  4  on  each 
pliaryngeal  bone.  "  Teeth  2,  4-5, 1 "  indicates  2  rows  of  teeth  on  each  side — on  the  ono 
side  4  in  tho  principal  row  and  2  in  tho  lesser,  on  tho  other  side  5  in  the  main  row 
audi  in  the  lesser.  In  the  Leuciscine  genera  these  teeth,  or  the  principal  ones,  are 
raptaiorial,  that  is,  hooked  inward  at  their  tips.  A  grinding  or  masticatory  snrJEace  i» 
an  excavated  space  or  groove  usually  at  the  base  of  the  hook.  A  flattened  or  hov- 
elled edge  soraotiraes  simulates  a  masticatory  surface,  and  in  some  of  the  species  tho 
pinding  surface  is  very  narrow  and  -  "nllned  to  but  one  or  two  of  the  teeth.  In  all  cases. 
where  the  unmber  of  teeth  is  given  \n  tho  apecijlc  descriptions  following,  this  number 
baa  been  voriiied  on  typical  examples  cither  by  Professor  Cope  or  the  writers. 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 10 


«    '     SI 

•. '  it 


-  mm 


!  '. 


>  '( 


■f 


-]  ^M^Ti 


ff 


146      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

CC.  Teeth  5-5  or  4-5;  pseudobranclua)  present;  clorHal  fin  inserted  poste- 
riorly. 
D.  Lateral  line  complete;  rudimentary  caudal  rays  uumcroua;  anal  hxAn 

olon;.;ato..LAViNiA,  74, 
DD.  Lateral  line  incomplete ;   anal  basis  short ;  scales  minute. 

CllUOSOMUS,  75. 
CCC.  Teeth  4-4 ;  dorsal  fin  nearly  median. 

E.  First  (rudimentary)  ray  of  dorsal  slender,  firmly  attached  to  the  lirst 
•  developed  ray. 

F.  Scales  very  small,  85-90  in  the  lateral  line,  which  is  complete. 

Zoi'HENi)i;.M,  76. 
FF.  Scales  larger,  35-GO  in  the  lateral  lino. 

G.  Lateral  line  eoinplete IlYnooxATiius,  77. 

GG.  Lateral  line  incomplete CoLiHcrs,  7h. 

EE.  First  (rudimentary)  ray  of  dorsal  somewhat  enlarged  and  blunt, 

connected  by  nuin- 
brauo  with  the  first  de- 
veloped ray. 

H.  Lateral  lino  incomplete * Pimiu'iialks,  79. 

nil.  Lateral  lino  complete IIykoriiynx'Hus,  80. 

tt  Intestinal  canal  short,  less  than  twice  the  length  of  the  body ;  teeth  hooked,  tlio 

grinding  surface,  ifprcs- 
,  ent,  narrow  or  rudimen- 

tary;  peritoui'uni  usii. 
ally  pale. 
$  Dentary  bones  parallel,  united  for  their  whole  length.    {Exo- 

glossinw.) 
1.  Premaxillaries  not  protractile ;  mandible  with  a  conspicii- 

ous  fleshy  lobe  on  each 
side  at  base. 

EXOGLOSSUM,  81. 
$5  Dentary  bones  arched,   free   from  each   other,   except  at 

the  symphysis.      {Leix- 
(Aacinm.) 
J.  Abdomen  behind  ventral  fins  not  compressed  to  an  edge, 

the  scales  pas.sing  over 
it ;  anal  basis  generally 
short. 
K.  Teeth  in  tho  main  row  4-4. 
L.  Maxillary  without  barbels. 
M.  Jaws  each  with  a  hardened  bony  sheath;  tirst 

ray  of  dorsal  8i)ine-liko, 
Bonneeted  by  uienibrauo 
■with  tho  first  developed 
ray ;  teeth  4-4. 

COCHLOGNATIIUS,  02. 

MM.  Jaws  without  bony  sheath. 
N.  Lower  jaw  with  tho  lip  thin  or  obsolete,  not 

developed  a^  a  fleshy 
lobe  on   eaoh  side  at 

^^j.     — ^  base.     — -•^-- 

O.  Mandible,  interopercle,  and  snborbital  not 

cavernous. 
P.  Teeth  4-4,  or  1,  4-4,  1  (1,  4-4,  2  in  one  ape 

cies). 


31.    CYPEINIDiE. 


147 


R.  Laturnl  lino  incomplete. 

HKMITnKMIA,  83. 
RR.  Luter.il  line  complcto....CLioLA,  84. 
PP.  Teeth  2,  4-4,  2. 

S.  Lateral  line  complete.. MiNNiLUS,  85. 

68.  Livti-ral     line     incuiDpli^te ;     HcaloH 

Hinall  -I'lioToroHUS,  80. 

00.  Mandible,  iuteropcrcle,  and  Huborhitiil  with 

conspicnonH,  externiilly 
V  iHible, cavernous  eh  lim- 
bers;  teeth  1,  4-4,  0, 

Ericymba,  i<7. 
NN.  Lower  jaw  with  the  lip  devc'lopcd  an  a  lltshy 

lobeoneach  side;  teeth 
4-4 ;  dorsal  anterior. 

PlIENACOBIUS,  88. 
LL.  Maxillary  with  a  small  barbel  at  its  extremity. 
^  U.  Premaxillaries   not  protractile; 

teeth  2,  4-4,  2;   scales 
small ;  dorsal  posterior. 
Rhinicuthys,  81). 
UU.  Premaxill.irics protractile. 
V.  Teeth  4-4,  or  1,4-4,1,  or  1,4-4,0. 
"W.  Scales  very    small;    dorsal 
posterior. 
X.  Lateral  line  complete. 

Agosia,  90. 
XX.  Lateral  lino  incomplete. 
Apocope,  91. 
WW.  Scales  largo;  dorsal  me- 
dian; lateral  lino  com- 
"  .  plete. 

Ceuatichtuys,  92. 
VV.  Teeth  2,  4-4,  2. 

Y.  Head  convex  above ; 
teeth  without  grinding 
surface  ..CouESius,  93. 
YY.  Head  flattened  al»ove  ; 
teeth  with  grinding  sur- 
face.. .Platygobio,  94. 
KK.  Teeth  in  the  main  row  5-5  or  4-5. 

Z.  Maxillary  with  a  bar- 
n  '  bel ;  premaxillaries  pro- 

tractile. 
a.  Tfceth  hooked,  none  of  them  molar ;  teeth  in  thelesaerrow  2. 
b.  Caudal  fin  symmetrical,  its  rudimentary  basal  rays  not  greatly  developed. 

c.  Barbel  minute,  lateral;  teeth  without  grinding  surface Semotihts,  95. 

cc.  Barbel  terminal ;  teeth  with  grinding  surface Symmetuukus,  96. 

U.  Caudal  fin  unsymmetrical,  the  upper  lobe  much  the  longer,  the  basal  caudal 

rays  greatly  developed Pogonichthys,  97. 

flfl.  Teeth  partly  molar,  much  enlarged,  obtusely  truncate,  lesser  row  with  2  teeth ; 

scales  small..... .Mylochilus,  98. 

ZZ.  Maxillary      without 
barbel. 
d.  Upper  jaw  not  protractile;  2  or  3  teeth  modified,  molar;  teeth  2,  5-5,  2,  or  2, 

5-4|  2 , MYIiOPBARODON,  99. 


■  'pi 

.:,;r:|?;igi 


n  ';M 


\l  ^  <] 


148      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH  AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

dd.  Upper  jfvw  protractile;  teeth  not  molar. 
e.  Teeth  two-rowed,  2  teeth  in  the  lesser  row. 
/.  Lateral  line  noinpleto. 

g.  Teeth  subcouical,  scarcely  hooked,  sharp-cdgod,  wide  apart,  the  Ion;; 
limb  of  the  pharyngeal  bono  elongate. 

Ptychoc'ttlus,  100. 

gg.  Teeth  compressed,  oloso-set,  strongly  hooked ;  the  pharyngeal  boiu^  of 

the  usual  form. 

h.  Caudal  peduncle  slender  and  elongate,  the  caudal  ftn  widely  fctrkid, 

its  basal  rudiuieuts  much  developed ;  scales  very  siiiiill ; 

head  doproHMod ..Gila,  lol. 

hh.  Caudal  peduncle  stout;  basal  rudiments  of  caudal  little  developed. 

Sq'ialil's,  102, 

ff.  Lateral  line  incomplete Piioxinuh,  lo:t. 

ee.  Teeth  one-rov.ed. 

-  Lateral  line  complete. 

g.  Mouth  of  moderate  sizo Lkticoh,  10|. 

gg.  Mouth  extremely  dniall OrsoroioDi'H,  10,"), 

-  -  Lateral  line  incomplete ;  teeth  serrate TkycH/KUODOn,  100, 

JJ.  Abdomen  behind  ventral  fins  compn'H.s(Ml  to  an  edf^o, 

the  scales  not  pa.ssing  over  it ;  anal  basipi  usually  elou- 
j.;ate ;  dorsal  posterior. 
t.  Abdomen  in  f.'ont  of  veutrals  rouiulod ;  an.-il  basis  rather  long. 
j.  Teeth  5-5,  with  grinding  surface  and  serrate  edges. 

NOTKMIGONUS,  1'/?, 

jj.  Teeth  '2,  W>,  2,  entire,  without  grinding  surface.  Alhuknijs,  108, 
•"Dorsal  fiu  short,  posterior,  with  a  strong  spine,  conipo-sedof  two,  tlus  posterior  re- 
ceived into  a  longitudinal  groove  of  the  anterior;  iinicr 
border  of  the  ventral  lius  adherent  to  the  body;  tet'tli 
hooked,  without  grinding  surface,  in  two  rows.  {Vluijo- 
jUerinw.) 

I.  Body  -with  small  scales ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2 ;  no  barbels. 

Lei'Iuomkda,  109, 

II.  Body  scaleless. 

m.  Maxillary  witliout  barbel;  teeth  1,  4-4,  I Mkda,  110. 

mm.  Maxillary  with  a  barbel ;  teeth  2,  5-4,  2. 

PLAGOPTKHtS,  111. 

•••Doreal  fin  elongate;  doraal  and  anal  fins  each  preceded  by  a  serrated  si)iiii'; 

scales   large;    teeth  molar;    species  introduced,     {('y- 

prhdnw. ) 

n.  Barbels  4  ;  teeth  1,  1,  3-3, 1, 1 Cypuixus. 

nw.  Barbels  none;  teeth  4-4 Cahassius. 

Vl.— €A1?IP0ST01»IA  Agttsslz. 

Stone  rollers. 

(Agassi?!,  Amer.  Journ.  Scl.  Arts,  1855,  218:  typo  liutlUis  anomnluH  Raf.) 

Body  modorately  olongate,  little  coLipressad.  Mouth  normal,  the 
jaws  with  thick  lipa  and  rudiment,  of  a  hard  sheath.  Premaxillaries 
protractile ;  no  barbel.  Teeth  4-4,  or  1,  4-4,  0,  with  oblique  grinding 
surface  and  but  a  slight  hook  on  one  or  two  teeth.    Air-bladder  sua- 


31.    CYPRINID/^" CAMPOSTOMA. 


149 


pcnded  in  the  abdominal  cavity,  and  entirely  surrounded  by  many  con- 
volutions of  the  long  alimentary  canal,  which  is  G-9  times  the  total 
length  of  the  body.  Ovaries  similarly  enclosed  in  the  alimentary  canal, 
rerltoneum  black.  PseudobranchiiB  present.  Scales  moderate.  Lat- 
eral lino  present.  Dorsal  nearly  over  ventral.  Anal  basis  short.  iJo 
spines.  Herbivorous.  Sexual  differences  very  great,  the  males  being 
covered  with  large  tubercles  in  spring.  The  singular  arrangement  of 
tlio  intestines  in  relation  to  the  air-bladder  is  peculiar  to  Campostoma 
among  all  known  lishes.    Size  moderate,    (xa/x-ij,  curve;  aruim^  mouth.) 

•  Scales  small,  75-80  in  tuo  lateral  line  ;  toeth  4-4  (f ). 

lYO.  C'.  ornatiim  Grd. 

Body  stout,  llead  large,  blunt  and  heavy.  Mouth  large,  the  max- 
illary reaching  to  near  the  front  of  the  large  eye.  Tail  rather  short. 
Coloration  brilliant,  precisely  as  in  C  anomalum.  Head  3'^ ;  depth  4. 
I).  8;  A.  8;  Lat.  I.  78.    Chihuahua  River.    (Oirard.) 

(Grd.  Pi-oc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila.  IdOCi,  17G;  GUnthoi,  vii,  183.) 

••  Scales  moderate,  48-57. 
t  Teeth  4-4. 

171.  C.  anomalum  (Raf.)  Ag.—/S/onp-ro?/pr;  Slone-htgffcr. 

IJody  stoutish,  moderately  compressed,  the  ante-dorsal  region  becom- 
ing swollen  and  prominent  in  the  adult.  Snout  n\oderately  decurved. 
Scales  deep,  rather  small  and  crowded  anteriorly.  Maxillary  not  reach- 
iiij;  to  opposite  the  front  of  the  eye.  Color  brownish,  with  a  brassy  lus- 
tre above,  the  scales  more  or  less  mottled  with  dark.  A  dusky  vertical 
bar  behind  the  opercle.  Dorsal  and  anal  tins  (»ach  with  a  dusky  cross- 
bar about  half  way  up,  the  rest  of  the  fin  olivaceous  in  females,  liery  red 
in  the  mah!.»  in  the  spring.  Iris  orange  in  males.  Males  in  the  spring 
with  the  head  and  often  the  whole  body  covered  with  large,  rounded  tu- 
bercles. In  no  other  Cyprinoid  are  these  nuptial  ai)pendages  so  exten- 
sively developed.  Head  4]^;  depth  4f.  D.  8;A.  7;  scales  7-53-8 ;  teeth 
4-4.  L.  G-8  inches.  Extrenu^ly  variable,  the  young  very  different  in 
appearance  from  the  old  nuiles.  Western  New  York  to  Mexico,  every- 
where abundant  in  dee[)  or  still  idacos  in  small  streams,  running  up 
small  brooks  to  si)awn  in  spring.  Herbivorous.  One  of  the  most  inter- 
esting and  curious  of  our  lishes. 

(/iH(if«H  anomaliif>  Raf.  Tclilli.  Oh.  52:  Exorjlonmrn  iuhhrn  Klrtland,  Rost.  Jonrn. 
Nat.  HiHt.  V,  272:  Exoglossum  HpinU'cphalum  Cuv.  &  Val.  xvii,  4M0:  Chondrostoma  pullim 
A|{a8siz,  Anutr.  Jonru.  Sol.  Aris,  1854,  357  :  Campoatoma  callipteryx,  mormyrus,  gobioni- 
'lUffi,  uud  hippops  Copo,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18G4,  284:  Campoatoma  naautuM 


150     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18r)G,  176,  from  the  Rio  Grande,  may  he  a  distinct 
spp'.'ics  (specimens  before  ns  have  a  sUniderer  head  and  rather  more  comjiresscd  ami 
elevated  body  than  is  ucual  in  C.  anomalum):  Campostoma  diibinm  Gunther,  vii,  1b3. 
AgasHiz.Amer.Jouru.  Sci.  Arta,  1855,  l!18;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2,  iitil.) 

tf  Teeth  1,  4-4,  0. 

172.  C  prolixnm  (Storer)  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Slenderer  than  C.  anomalum.  Head  rather  shorter  and  narrower. 
Scales  larger  and  less  crowded/ and  the  coloration  more  uniform  and 
XJaler,  or  more  silvery.  Head  4f ;  depth  4^.  D.  8;  A.  '^ ;  scales  7-49-0 ; 
teeth  1,  4-4,  0.  Tennessee,  Georgia,  and  Alabama ;  abundant.  Very 
similar  to  the  preceding,  but  probably  worthy  of  specific  distinction  on 
account  of  the  difference  in  dentition,  constant  in  all  specimens  exam- 
ined. 

{Leuciacus  proUxu?  Storer,  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  July,  1845:  Campostoma  anoma- 
lum var.  jjroZJj;«»i  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1876,  326.) 

•**  Scales  larger,  about  45  in  the  course  of  the  lateral  line ;  teeth  4-4  (?). 

173.  C.  forinosiilum  Grd. 

Head  short  and  blunt,  with  broad,  jirojecting  snout.  Head  4 ;  depth 
4J.  D.  8 ;  A.  7 ;  Lat.  1.  45.  Grayish  above,  whitish  below ;  sides  more 
or  less  marmorate ;  a  black  patch  at  the  base  of  the  caudal  and  on  tbe 
dorsal.    San  Antonio  Eiver,  Texas.     {Girarcl.) 

(Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiUi.  1856,  He.") 

78.— ACBOCHILUS  Agassiz. 

Hard-mouths. 

(Acrocheiltia  Agassiz,   Amer.  Jouru.  Sci.  Arts,  1855,   211 :  typo  AcrocheiluB  alutaccm 
Agassi/.  &,  Pickering.) 

Body  elongate,  little  compressed.  Both  jaws  with  a  largo,  straight, 
horny  i>lato,  sharp  externally  and  very  conspicuous.  Upper  jaw  ])rotrac- 
tile.  No  barbel.  Teeth  4-5,  stout,  hooked,  with  broad  masticatory  sin 
face.  Intestinal  canal  elongate.  Peritoneum  black.  Pseudobrancliiii! 
present.  Scales  small,  loosely  imbricated.  Lateral  line  present.  Dor 
sal  tin  slightly  behind  ventrals.  Anal  basis  moderate.  Caudal  liii 
broad,  its  rudimentary  rays  recarrent  on  the  caudal  peduncle.  Size 
rather  large,     {axfjoi;,  ahari^'j  ;^££-Iot,  lip.) 

1741.  A.  nliitacciis  Agass.  &  F'wk.— Hard-mouth. 

General  form  and  appearance  of  the  species  of  Gila,  but  tbe  head  not 
depressed,  and  more  blunt  forward.     Body  elongate,  not  much  com 
pressed,  its  sides  more  so  than  the  caudal  peduncle  j  th(^  greatest  depth, 
over  the  ventrals,  4  in  length.    Caudal  peduncle  very  long  and  slouder, 


31.   CYPRINIDiE — ORTHODON. 


151 


nearly  terete,  its  length  contained  4|  times  in  the  length  of  the  body,  its 
least  depth  2f  in  its  length.    Head  moderate,  4J  in  length  of  body, 
bhintish,  the    piofilo    considerably   rounded,  the    interorbital    space 
strongly  convex.     Mouth  horizontal,  subinforior,  overlapped  by  the 
broad,  blunt  snout,  its  breadth  considerable,  but  the  maxillary  not  ex- 
tending far  back,  to  opposite  the  front  of  the  eye.    ITpi)er  jaw  pro- 
tractile, covered  with  a  fleshy  lip,  inside  of  which  is  a  small,  straight, 
cartilaginous  plate,  similar  to  that  on  the  lower  jaw,  but  much  smaller 
and  not  evident  externally.    Lower  lip  covered  with  a  firm  cartilagi- 
nous plate,  sharp  externally,  the  upper  surface  being  formed  by  its 
bevelled  edge.    The  transverse  width  of  this  plate  is  between  four  and 
Ave  times  its  (longitudinal)  breadth.    The  plate  extends  in  nearly  a 
straight  line  from  o"    angle  of  the  mouth  to  the  other;  its  transverse 
width  is  contained  2^  times  in  the  length  of  the  head.     Eye  rather 
large,  5J  in  head,  l^  in  snout,  its  position  anterior  and  not  high  up,  2| 
in  iuterorbital  space.    Dorsal  long,  rather  low,  its  first  ray  just  behind 
the  first  ray  of  ventrals,  midway  between  the  snout  and  the  middle  of 
the  base  of  the  caudal  fin.    Caudal  fin  very  long,  the  lobes  about  equal, 
longer  than  the  head,  widely  forked,  the  accessory  r.ays  at  is  base  very 
numerous  and  recurrent  on  the  caudal  peduncle ;  about  eight  of  these 
may  be  distinguished  on  each  side  of  the  fin.    Anal  fin  ratlier  large; 
ventrals  broad,  reaching  vent.    Pectorals  moderate,  not  reaching  two- 
thirds  of  the  distance  to  the  ventrals.    Scales  quite  small,  somewhat 
iiubedded  in  the  skin,  very  loosely  imbricated,  or  often  scarcely  imbri- 
cated at  all,  the  exposed  surfaces  longer  than  higli,  profusely  punc- 
tate; squamation  quite  irregular;  the  scales  smaller  on  back  and  belly 
than  on  sides,  most  exposed  on  caudal  i)eduncle.    Lateral  line  much 
(lecurved.    Coloration  very  dark,  belly  paler,  but  nearly  all  parts  of  the 
body  studded  with  minute  dark  i)oints.    D.  10;  A.  9;  scales  20-85- 
l(i.    Teeth  4-5,  hooked,    somewhat  club-shaped,  witli  a  broad  mas- 
ticatory surface.    Peritoneum  black ;  intestines  unich  elongate,  tilled  in 
this  specimen  with  vegetable  substance.    L.  12  inches.    Columbia  lliver 
and  tributaries. 

(AgiisHiz,  Atner.  Jouvn.  Sci.  Arts,  xix,  214,  18r)5 ;  Qilnthor,  vii,  '276;  Jordaii,  Proc.  U. 
S.  Nut.  Mu8.  i,  83,  la78.) 

^._i.  ,-:■.-     13.— ORTHODON  Girard.  _;__ ^...-.^.,_4-w. 

(r,irar(l,  Proc.  Aciul.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  ISofi,  182:  typo  Gila  mhrol<ipi(lota  Ayrcs.)        '  ' 
Body  elongate.    Jaws  normal,  the  upper  protractile,  the  lower  sharp- 
edged,  with  a  knob  at  the  sympliysis;  no  barbel.    Teeth  0-6  or  0-5, 


';'\! 


1 1 


m 


mm 


H 


If  , 

%  1 

1 


4-   r=r 
1»    II  , 


CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

much  compressed,  lancet-sliaped,  erect,  nearly  straigbt.  Upper  limb 
of  the  pharyngeal  bone  veiy  broad  and  concave,  separated  by  a  deep 
notch  from  the  dentigerous  portion,  the  bone  thin  and  brittle.  Intes 
tinal  canal  elongate,  about  7  times  the  length  of  the  fish;  peritoneum 
black.  Scales  small.  Lateral  line  present.  Dorsal  fin  opposite  ven- 
trals.  Basal  rays  of  caudal  largely  developed.  Anal  basis  short. 
Pseudobranchiffl  none.  Gill-rakers  moderate,  clavate,  the  inner  edge 
fringed.  Size  large.  This  genus  is  related  to  Chondrostoma,  diflferii]g 
chiefly  in  the  absence  of  pseudobranchise  and  of  the  horny  mandibular 
plate.    {ofiOog,  straight;  o'ocwi/,  tooth.) 

17.5.  O.  inicrolepidotus  (Ayres)  Grd. 

Body  elongate.    Head  moderate;  the  snout  very  broad;  eye  sra    ., 

about  half  the  length  of  the  snout.     Mouth  terminal,  somewhat  oblique, 

broad,  the  maxillary  not  extending  to  the  eye.    Upper  head  of  surface 

flattisli,  with  two  bony  ridges.     Fins  rather  large ;   the  caudal  stroiijf. 

Coloration  plain.     Lateral  line  ilecurved.    Head  4;  depth  4^.    1).  0; 

A.  8 ;  scales  21-105-12 ;  Vert.  24  +  20.    Teeth  0-G  or  C-5,  formed  mucli 

as  in  Caiupostoma,  but  longer.     Size  largo.    L.  12  inches,     liivers  of 

California;  Great  Basin  of  Utah  (Yarroic). 

(Gila  mici'oU'pidota  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  21,  1855;  Oirard,  U.  S.  Pac. 
R.  R.  Surv.  Fibli.  2:57,  iig. ;  Giiutlier,  vii,  275.) 

14.— LAVIWIA  Girard. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  xti54,137:  type  Lavinia  exilicauda  B.  &  G. ) 

Body  elliptical,  elevated,  moderately  compressed,  rapidly  contracted 
to  the  slender  caudal  peduncle.  Head  small,  conical.  Mouth  mod- 
erate, terminal,  oblique;  the  lower  jaw  included.  Scales  moderate, 
not  closely  imbricated,  the  exposed  surfaces  somewhat  hexagonal. 
Lateral  line  decurved,  complete.  Belly  behind  ventrals  entirely  scaled. 
Dorsal  flu  well  behind  ventrals,  its  last  ray  Just  in  front  of  the  begin- 
ning of  the  anal,  which  is  rather  elongate.  Caudal  flu  little  forked,  its 
rudimentary  basal  rays  much  increased  in  number  and  ver^'^  strong. 
Intestinal  canal  elongate,  3  times  the  total  length  of  the  fish;  pe- 
ritoneum dark.  Teeth  4-5  or  5-5,  scarcely  hooked,  .tdtriform,  with 
rather  broad  but  shallow  grinding  surface,  the  largest  standing  up 
well  above  the  surface  of  the  bone.  Gill-rakers  rather  long  and  slen- 
der; pseudobranchiiB  large.  Size  large.  {Lavinia,  a  classical  name, 
without  spe«;ial  application  to  these  fishes.) 


long.    Can 


31.   CYPRINID^ — CHR0S0MU8. 


153 


ire.  li.  exilicauda  B.  »fc  G.    '      ^^-'^^  '  -■ '  "  ■  -  ■•.-■■■■■-■■.';■;'  :vj,v. ..»..  •- 

Body  deep,  compressed,  tapering  to  the  caudal  peduncle,  which  is 
very  slender.  Head  small,  short,  conical.  Mouth  rather  small,  oblique, 
the  upper  lip  on  the  level  of  +he  lower  part  of  the  pupil,  the  maxillary 
falling  short  of  the  eye.  Preorbital  short  and  deep ;  suborbital  moderate. 
Eye  rather  large,  anterior,  4  in  head.  Scales  rat^'ir  large,  42  in  front 
of  dorsal.  Dorsal  fin  rather  small.  Pectorals  short.  Anal  high  and 
long.  Caudal  well  forked,  its  rudimental  rays  strong,  about  10  in  num- 
ber. Color  dark  sibove,  sides  somewhat  silvery.  Scales  with  dark 
specks.  Head4jj;  depth  3^.  13.10;  A.  12;  scales  13-G4-8 ;  teetu  4-5 
orC-5.    L.  12  inches.    Rivers  of  California. 

(Baird  &  Girard.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  137 ;  Girard,  IT.  S.  Pac.  R.  R. 
Surv.  X,  241:  Leudscus  exilicauda  Giintlier,  vii,  248:  Laiinia  haniujus  Girard,  Proc. 
Aead.  Nat,  Sci.  Pbila.  1856,  184;  the  namo  species.) 

75.— CHROSOI?IfJS  Rafmesque,  1820. 

Bed  Minnows. 

(Rafmcsquo,  Ichth.  Oh.  47:  type  Luxilua  erythrogasler  Raf.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  little  compressed.  Jaws  normal;  no  bar 
bel.  Teeth  5-5  or  4-5,  moderately  hooked,  with  well-marked  grinding 
surface.  Alimentary  canal  elongate,  about  twice  as  long  as  body ;  i)eri- 
toneum  black.  Scales  very  small.  Lateral  line  short  or  wanting.  Dor- 
si  1  behind  ventrals;  anal  basis  short.  Size  small.  Colors  in  spring 
biilliant.     (;f/jo?,  color;  o-w/za,  body.) 

'Sides  of  the  body  with  two  black  stripes  ;  the  upper  riinving  from  the  upper  angle 
of  the  operele  straight  to  the  caudal,  sonietinies  breaking  uj)  in  spots  behind; 
the  lo?;er  broader,  extending  from  the  snout  throngh  the  eye,  curved  down- 
ward along  the  belly,  and  extending  to  the  caudal,  where  it  ends  in  a  black 
spot  (these  stripes  faint  in  the  female). 

l??.  C.  erythrogastcr  Agass'xz.—Red-heUicd  Dace. 

Body  oblong,  tapering  each  way  from  the  middle,  little  comi>ressed. 
ITead  moderate,  rather  pointed.  Mouth  moderate,  terminal,  oblique, 
tliejaws  about  equal.  Fins  rather  small;  the  dorsal  and  anal  high  and 
short;  caudal  long.  Scales  quite  small,  finnly  attached,  but  not  much 
iinbiicated.  Lateral  line  developed  less  than  half  the  length  of  the 
body.  Color  brownish  olive,  with  a  dusky  dorsal  lino  and  often  some 
blackish  spots ;  two  black  lateral  bauds  as  above  described ;  between 
these  a  bright,  silvery  area.  Belly  below  the  lower  band  abruptly  sil- 
very. Females  obscurely  marked.  Males  in  spring  witii  the  belly  and 
the  interspace  between  the  lateral  bands  bright  scarlet;  bases  of  the 
vertical  flus  also  scarlet.    In  high  coloration  the  body  is  everywhere 


!"! 


"»«.'»'<  I 


I  , 


u 


H'^fl 


4-  J- 

1 

-^' 

1 

i 

! 

EvTliOrp 

1 

id 

^ 

154     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NOTJTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 


flu .  ■ 


m 


111! 

■  '  V. 


minutely  tubercnlate  and  the  fins  are  bright  yellow.  Head  4;  depth  4. 
I).  7;  A.  8;  scales  16-85-10;  teeth  usually  5-5.  L.  2-3  inches.  Penn- 
sylvania to  Dakota  and  Tennessee;  abundant  in  small  streams;  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  of  our  fishes. 

{Luxilu8  or  Chrosomua  erythrogaater  Raf.  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,  47:  Luxilus  erythroyaDttr 
Kirt.  Boat.  Jonrn.  Nat.  Hist,  iv,  "23,  tig.  1844 ;  Cope,  Cj'pr.  Penu.  391 :  LeuiUcus  ery- 
throgaster  Giiutlier,  vii,  247  ;  Jordan,  3U2.) 

**  Sides  of  body  with  tho  upper  band  beginning  opposite  the  vent  and  cxtoiirting 
backward  to  the  middle  of  tho  caudal,  terminating  in  a  black  spot;  lower 
band  extending  from  snout  through  eye,  downward  and  backward,  ceasing 
at  base  of  anal ;  back  with  dark  spots  and  cross-bars. 

l'J'§.  C.  orcas  Cope. 

Form  of  the  preceding,  the  snout  rather  more  obtuse.  Coloration 
similar  to  that  of  the  preceding,  &xcept  for  the  difference  in  pattern. 
The  back  clear  olive-green,  with  dark  cross-bars ;  belly,  interspace  be- 
tween the  lateral  bands,  and  bases  of  vertical  fins  bright  crimson ;  tins 
otherwise  yellow.  Head  4;  depth  4 J.  D.  8;  A.  8;  Lat.  1.  G7;  teeth 
5-5.  L.  2^  inches.  Tennessee  and  Eoanoke  Elvers;  even  more  brill- 
iant than  the  preceding. 

(Cope,  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila,  1868,233.) 
***  Body  with  two  black  lateral  bands  on  tho  side,  which  unite  on  tho  caudal  pedun- 
cle, the  lower  broader,  decurved,  tho  upper  narrow  and  straight. 

179,  C,  eos  Cope. 

Sienderer  than  the  preceding ;  the  lateral  line  less  distinct,  often  en- 
tirely wanting.    Variations  in  color  as  in  the  other  species.    Ilead  4; 
depth  5.    D.  8;  A.  8;  Lat.  1.  77;  teeth  5-5.    L.  2^  inches.    Susquehanna 
Eiver.    Perhaps  a  variety  of  G.  eryfhrogaster. 
(Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1801,  523;  Cope,  Cypr.  Penn.  391.) 

76.— ZOP HE  i^iDUM  Jordan. 

(Jordan,  Bull.  Hayden's  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  iv,  78G,  1878:  type  Hyborhynchus  sidcrius 
Cope. ) 

This  genus  is  very  closely  related  to  Ryhognathus,  differing  only  in 

the  small  size  of  tho  scales,  there  being  55-90  in  the  course  of  the 

lateral  line.    Tho  physiognomy  is  somewhat  different,  and  tho  dorsal 

fin  is  inserted  more  posteriorly  than  usual  in  Hyhognathtis.    As  in  ITyho- 

gm  thus,  the  teeth  are  4-4,  scarcely  hooked,  with  narrow  grinding  surface, 

and  the  intestinal  canal  is  elongate,  tho  peritoneum  black.     Eocky 

Mountain^egion ;  one  species  in  Western  Mexico.*    (C^f  "c,  darkness; 

e'vUovj  within;  in  allusion  to  the  black  peritoneum.)     '     :  5    : --J  - 

*  Scales  very  small,  85-90  in  the  course  of  the  lateral  line.  ': 

"Z.  auatrale  Jordan.  Body  rather  elongate,  formed  much  as  in  Campoatoma  anoma- 
htm,  somewhat  compressed,  tho  back  somewhat  elevated  and  rounded  untcrioily. 
Head  rather  large,  slightly  depressed  above.    Mouth  moderate,  low ;  the  lower  jaw 


31.    CYPEINIDiE — HYBOGNATnUS. 


155 


190.  Z.  siderium  (Cope)  Jor. 

Physiognomy  of  Apocope.  Body  fusiform.  Ilead  rather  small,  acu- 
minate. Mouth  terminal,  the  upper  jaw  the  longer,  maxillary  reaching 
line  of  orbit.  Mouth  forming  more  than  a  semicircle.  Lower  jaw  hard, 
jess  attenuate  than  is  usual  in  Hyhognathus.  Eye  small,  4j'„  in  head. 
Fins  long,  the  ventrals  reaching  anal.  Color  dark  iron-gray  above,  a 
darker  band  of  the  same  along  the  sides,  above  the  lateral  line,  extend- 
ing from  the  end  of  the  snout  to  the  middle  of  the  caudal.  Head  4 ; 
depth  4.     D.  8;  A.  7;  Lat.  1.  88;  teeth  4-4.    Arizona.     (Cope.) 

{IIyl)orhynchu8  siderius  (iajjswsfor  Hyhognathua)  Cope,  Zocil.  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th 
Mer.  V,  670,  IriTO.) 

**  Scales  moderate,  55-60  in  the  course  of  the  lateral  line. 

1§1.  Z.  pluinbciim  (GiJl.)  Jor.  «&  Gilb. 

Body  rather  slender.  Head  moderate,  rounded  in  front.  Color  uni- 
form, sometimes  a  black  spot  at  the  base  of  the  caudal.  D.  8;  A.  7;  Lat. 
1.  58 ;  teeth  4-4.  Arkansas  and  Indian  Territory.  {Girard.)  This  spe- 
cies may,  perhaps,  be  referable  to  Hyhognathus. 

{Dionda  plumhca  aud  apadicea  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856,  178 :  Hybo- 
rhyuchua  puniceua,  Grd.  1.  c.  179  :  Dionda  (jriaea,  Grd.  U.  S.  Pac.  K.  R.  Surv.  x,  230.) 

■yT.— HYBOGNA'fc'HUS  Agassiz. 

(JZjToma  aid  Dionda  Girard.) 

(Agassiz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1855,  ''^'i :  type  Hyhojnathua  nuclialia  Ag. ) 

Body  elongate,  somewhat  compressed.  Mouth  horizontal.  The  jaws 
normal,  sharp-edged ;  lower  jaw  with  a  slight,  hard  protuberance  iii 
front ;  no  barbel ;  upper  jaw  protractile.  Teeth  4-4,  cultriform,  with 
oblique  grinding  surface  and  scarcely  any  hook.  Alimentary  canal 
elongate,  about  4  times  the  length  of  the  body.  Peritoneum  black. 
Scales  large.  Lateral  line  continuous.  Dorsal  over  ventrals.  Anal 
basis  short.  Size  moderate.  Species  numerous ;  mostly  southwestern, 
and  little  known,    ('j/?"?,  gibbous ;  yvdOoi:,  jaw.) 

*Body  comparatively  elongate,  little  compressed,  the  depth  less  than  two-aeveuths  of 
the  length.  .     ;;  tj ' 

0.  Suborbital  bones  comparatively  long  and  narrow. 


slightly  included;  the  premaxillary  below  the  hn-el  ot  the  eye;  the  maxillary  just 
reacliiug  the  frontof  the  eye.  Lower  jaw  thin-edged,  with  a  slight  symnhyseal  knob. 
Eye  small,  6  in  head.  Scales  snmll.  Lateral  line  complete,  decurved.  Dorsal 
slightly  behind  ventrals.  Dusky  blui«'v  above ;  everywhere  with  dark  points.  A 
black  gpot  at  base  of  caudal.  Hea<l4;  depth  4-18.  D.  8  ;  A.  7;  scales  10-5G-8 ;  teeth 
4-4.  L.  7  inches.  Lake  Tupataio,  Guauajnato,  Mexico  (west  of  the  Sierra  Madro). 
(Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Aiii«.  iw?o  •wn\ 


mf 


ir 


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ip^ 


>  I 


156     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERIC^AN   ICHTnYOLOQY IV. 

1S2.  H.  nucliaiss  Ag.— SUrery  Minnow. 

Body  elongate,  comparatively  slender.  Head  moderate,  rather  short, 
the  profile  evenly  curved.  Eye  large,  rather  longer  than  muzzle,  about 
4  iu  head.  Upper  jaw  heavy ;  lower  jaw  thin.  Scales  large  and  silvery. 
Lateral  line  decurved,  12-14  large  scales  iu  front  of  dorsal.  Olivaceous 
green  above,  translucent  in  life ;  sides  clear  silvery,  with  bright  reflec- 
tions. Fins  unspotted.  Head  4;  depth  4^.  D.  8;  x^.  7;  teeth  4-4; 
scales  5-38-4.  L.  5-7  inches.  A  graceful  minnow,  abundant  in  most 
streams  from  New  Jersey  to  the  Ui)per  Missouri  and  southward.  As 
here  defined,  more  than  one  species  may  be  included ;  but,  if  so,  the 
authors  are  unable  to  distinguish  them.) 

(Ag.a8siz,  Ainer.  Jouru.  Sci.  Arts,  1855,  2"24;  Giinther,  vii,  184  :  Hybognathus  argyrUk, 
evavsi,  arul  r<Y/(H8  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Plilla.  185(5,  182,209:  Ilyboyiiatlius  rKjim 
GiiutluT,  vii,  18.'):  Ilybognathns  onmcrhins  Ooi»e,  Proc.  Amer.  Pliil.  Soc.  Phila.  IdTO, 
40^:  Jlyboijnathuaargyritis  Jordan,  2S[),) 

1§3.  II.  amarus  (Grd.)  Jordan. 

Head  very  short,  small  and  blunt;  front  convex  rather  than  de- 
clivous, as  in  JT.  nuchalis.  Suborbital  bones  rather  narrow,  about  as  in 
H.  nuchaUs.  Scales  moderate,  10  in  front  of  the  dorsal.  Coloration  of 
H.  michalis,  but  size  much  smaller.    D.  8  3  A.  7  j  Lat.  1.  35-38 ;  teeth 

A    A 

J.     x« 


Eio  Grande  region. 
(Algoma  amara  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1856, 180.) 

I§4.  n.  flavipinnos  Cope. 

"  This  fish  differs  from  H.  argyrUis  {nuchalis  of  the  present  memoir)  in 
the  smaller  scales  and  quite  different  coloration.  Eye  large,  horizon- 
tally oval,  its  length  2g  in  head,  and  equal  to  interorbital  width  The 
muzzle  is  shortly  decurved  to  the  mouth,  which  is  terminal  and  short. 
The  extremity  of  the  maxillary  extends  half  way  from  the  end  of  the 
muzzle  to  the  line  of  the  orbit.  Origin  of  ventral  fins  below  or  a  lil,tle 
in  advance  of  the  base  of  the  first  dorsal  ray.  The  pectoral  is  short, 
not  nearly  reaching  the  ventral,  which  in  turn  falls  far  short  of  the 
vent.  The  lateral  line  rises  anteriorl3\  The  occipital  region  is  convex 
and  rather  wide,  the  interorbital  region  nearly  flat.  Color  dusky  above, 
a  wide  dusky  lateral  band,  separated  by  a  pale  band  from  the  back,  A 
faint  dark  spot  at  base  of  caudal.  Fins  pale  yellow,  unspotted.  Head 
5^  iu  leugjth,  with  caudal  fin;  depth  a  little  more.  D.  8;  A.  7  or  8; 
scales  7-41-4.    L.  2^  inches.    Llano  River,  Texas."    {Cope,  MSS.) 

1S5.  II.  nisi'otseniatus  Cope. 

Similar  to  //.  flavipinnis,  but  with  larger  scales.  Ventral  flu  origi- 
nating a  little  iu  advance  of  the  first  dorsal  ray.    Eye  large,  a  little 


BuU.  U.  S.  Geol. 


■rT 


31.   CYPRINID^ — HYBOONATHUS. 


157 


less  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  head  and  a  little  less  than  the  in- 
terorbital  width.  Ventral  fin  nearly  reaching  vent.  Color  dusky,  with 
u  bla^/k  lateral  band.  Fins  plain.  Head  5  in  length,  with  caudal; 
depth  the  same.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  5-34-3.  L.  2^  inches.  Medina 
liver,  Texas.  {Cope,  MSS.) 
art.  Suborbital  bonea  short  aud  dcop.  ' 

1§6.  II.  placitiis  Grd. 

Head  short  and  bluntish.    Body  stoutish.    Eye  small,  shorter  than 
snout,  about  5  in  head.    Scales  moderate,  about  10  in  front  of  the  dor- 
sal.   Size  comparatively  small.    Grayish  above,  silvery  below.    Head , 
4f;  depth  4J.    D.  8;  A.  7;  Lat.  1.  40;  teeth  4-4.    Mississippi  Valley  to 
Utah.    (Possibly  two  species  are  here  included.) 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18,")6,  182:  Hyborinathua  nuchalis  Cope,  Proc. 
Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1874,  6(5:  Hybognathua  nuchalia  Jordau,  289;  i)robably  uot  of 

Agassiz. ) 

aaa.  Suborbital  bones  unlcnown;  small  species  of  the  Texan  region. 
187.  II.  episcopus  (Grd.)  Jordan. 

Slender  and  graceful,  fusiform  in  profile,  and  compressed,  with  the 
ba«k  slightly  arched.  The  head  is  large,  forming  about  the  fifth  of  the 
kngth.  Eye  large  and  subcircular,  the  diameter  3^  in  head.  Fiuc 
moderate.  Scales  large,  the  lateral  line  following  the  middle  of  the 
flanks.  Dusky  above,  a  blackish  band  along  the  sides,  ending  in  a 
dusty  blotch  at  base  of  caudal.  Fins  unmarked.  Scales  with  fine 
black  dots.  D.  8;  A.  8;  Lat.  1.  39.  L.  3  inches.  Rivers  of  Texas. 
(Girard.)  This  or  some  very  similxr  species  occurs  in  Southern  Illinois. 
(Forbes.) 

i^Dioiida  epiacopa,  acrena,  texenais,  papalia,  argcntoaa,  and  chryaUia  Girard,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1850,  177-178.) 

1S8.  H.  fliiviatilis  (Grd.)  .Tor. 

Form,  size,  and  coloration  of  II.  amarus,  but  the  mouth  and  eye 
smaller  and  the  scales  smaller.  D.  8;  A.  7;  Lat.  1.  40;  16  scales  before 
dorsal.    Snout  tuberculate  in  spring  males.    New  Leon.    {Girard.)       ^ 

{Algoma  fluviatilia  Grd.  Proc  Acad.  Net  Sci.  Phila.  1856,  181.)  -  ?; 

"Body  short,  deep,  compressed,  the  depth  about  two-sevenths  of  the  length.       ...     t' 
1§9.  II.  melanops  (Grd.)  Jor.   .  .y  ,»     -     to; 

Head  moderate,  44  in  length.  Snout  rounded.  Eye  medium.  Black- 
ish above;  sides  smoky,  with  black  dots;  a  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal. 
Depth  3 J.  D.  8jA.  7;  Lat.  1.  43;  teeth  4-4.  L.  2^  inches.  Rio  Grande 
region.    {Girard.) 

{Dionda  tiu-lanops  and  couchi  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Na^.  "jcI.  Phila.  1856,  178;  Jordan, 
Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  iv,  No.  2,  408.) 


■<  I? 


.•■> 


I     :;;! 


CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

7§.— COLISCUS  Cope. 

(Cope,  Haydcn's  Gool.  Surv.  Wyotn.  1H72,  4.17:  typo  CoUacua  parietalis  Cope.) 

This  genus  diflfers  chiefly  from  Hybognathus  iu  having  the  lateral  line 
incompleto  or  obsolete.  The  mouth  is  oblique,  and  the  dorsal  fin  in 
advance  of  the  veutrals.  (xoAo?,  deficiency;  in  allusion  to  the  incomplete 
lateral  line.) 

IdO.  C  parietalis  Cope. 

Body  moderately  elongate.  Head  wide,  especially  behind.  Muzzle 
obtuse.  Lips  equal.  Mouth  descending  obliquely,  the  maxillary  not 
quite  reaching  the  orbit.  Eye  3§  in  head.  Scales  small,  the  tubes  of 
the  lateral  line  present  on  7  tf  them ;  14  in  a  transverse  series.  Dorsal 
fin  midway  between  snout  and  caudal.  Suborbital  bones  slender.  Col- 
oration silvery,  unspotted.  D.  7;  A.  8;  Lat.  1.  42;  teeth  4-4.  L.  2-3 
inches.    Missouri  River  at  Saint  Joseph.    (Cope.) 

(Cope,  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  Wyora.  for  1870,  1872,437;  Jordan,  289.) 

79.— PimEPHALES  Rafineaque. 

Fat-heads. 

(Rafineaque,  Iclith.  Oil.  1820,52:  type  Pimephalca promelaa 'Rai.) 

Body  short  and  stout,  little  compressed.  Head  short  and  rounded. 
Mouth  small,  inferior ;  upper  jaw  jn'otractile ;  no  barbel.  Teeth  4-4,  with 
oblique  grinding  surface,  usually  but  one  of  the  teeth  hooked.  Dorsal 
over  ventrals,  its  first  (rudimentary)  ray  separated  from  the  rest  by 
membrane.  Anal  basis  short.  Intestinal  canal  elongate.  Perit-oneum 
black.  PseudobrauchioB  present.  Scales  rather  small.  Lateral  line 
incomplete.    Size  small.    (-t/isAiy?,  fat;  zscpaAij,  head.) 

191.  P.  promclas  Raf.— Fat-head ;  lilac]  '"•ead  Minnow. 

Body  very  short  and  deep.  Head  short,  everywhere  convex,  almost 
globular  in  ailult  males.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  horizontal.  Scales 
deep,  closely  imbricated.  Lateral  line  almost  wanting,  on  5-20  scales 
only.  Olivaceous,  the  dorsal  with  a  large  black  bar  across  it,  nearly 
half  way  up,  most  distinct  anteriorly,  appearing  as  a  simple  dusky 
shade  in  the  young.  Male  fish  dusky,  the  head  jet-black,  with  several 
large  tubercles  on  the  snout  iu  spring.  A  dusky  shade  along  sides  of 
caudal  peduncle.  Head  4;  depth  4.  D.  I,  7;  A.  7;  scales  7-47-C;  teeth 
4-4.  L.  2 J  inches.  Ohio  Valley  to  the  Upper  Missouri;  generally 
abundant  in  sluggish  brooks.    Varies  greatly  with  age,  sex,  and  season. 

(Raf.  Icbth.  Oh.  53 :  Fimephalea  fasdatua  Grd.  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Fliila.  1856, 
180 :  Plargyrua  melanooephalua  Abbott,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1860, 325:  PimephaJa 


31.    CYPRINIDiE HYBORHYNCHUS. 


159 


milesi  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scl.  Pbila.  1804,282  (from  Michigan,  may  bo  a  distinct 
Bpcc'ies;  the  scales  said  to  bo  Lat.  1.  40,  only  three  scries  between  tbo  lateral  line 
anil  the  ventrals;  !>-7  usually  in  i'.  promelas):  Pimephalca  aijaHsizU  Cope,  Cypr.  Penu. 
394;  Giinther,  vii,  181 :  rimej)halea  milesii  Giinther,  vii,  181;  Jordan,  288.) 

§0.-IIYBORHTNCHVS  Agassis. 
(Agassiz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1855,  2i2:  typo  Mlnnilus  votatm  Raf.) 

Tliis  genus  diliers  from  Fimephales  only  in  having  tbo  lateral  line 
complete.    The  maxillary  ia  often  provided  with  a  rudimentary  or  obso- 
lete barbel.    ((3/5m7,  gibbous;  /J(V;f"')  snoat.) 
•Anglo  of  mouth  without  trace  of  barbel. 

192.  H.  confertus  Grd. 

Aspect  of  Pimcphales  promelas.  Body  stout,  the  back  moderately 
convex.  Head  wide,  formed  as  in  the  preceding  species.  Mouth  term- 
inal, very  small,  oblique.  Eye  4  in  head.  Fins  small.  Lateral  line 
usually  wanting  on  some  of  the  scales  along  tho  sides.  Color  essentially 
as  iu  Fimephales  promelas,  the  males  even  darker ;  the  head  black ;  a 
bread  black  baud  across  the  dorsal;  borders  of  anal  and  border  of 
veutrals  and  pectorals  black ;  the  lower  fins  said  to  be  edged  with  white 
in  life;  body  somewhat  mottled.  Females  more  elongate,  plainly 
colored.  Head  3J;  depth  3^.  D.  I,  8;  A.  7  ;  Lat.  1.  43;  t^eth  4-4.  L. 
2|  inches.  Arkansas  River  to  the  Rio  Grande;  abundant.  This  species 
is  intermediate  between  iT^ftor/ty/MJ^MS  and  Piwep/m/es.  ^ 

[Hyborhynchua  confertus  (?)  aud  Pimephalea  maculoaua  (  J )  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  1856,  180:  Hyborhynchua  tigellua  Copo,  Zool.  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mer.  v,  071.) 

193.  H.  notatus*  (Raf.)  Ag, — Blunt-nosed  Minnow. 

Body  rather  elongate,  not  elevated,  moderately  compressed.  Head 
moderate ;  the  muzzle  blunt  and  convex ;  top  of  the  head  depressed. 
Cheeks  vertical.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  horizontal.  Fins  small ;  the 
dorsal  moderate,  the  first  ray  distinct  and  spine-like  in  the  male,  slender 
in  the  female.  Anal  small.  Caudal  fin  short.  Scales  moderate,  deep, 
closely  inbricated.  Scales  in  front  of  dorsal  small  and  crowded.  Eye 
moderate.  Color  olivaceous,  little  silvery;  sides  bluish;  a  black  spot  on 
the  dorsal  fin  iu  front,  near  the  base ;  a  dusky  shade  at  base  of  caudal ; 
males  in  spring  with  the  black  on  the  dorsal  more  extended  and  the 
bead  wholly  black ;  snout  with  about  14  disproportionately  large  tuber- 
cles. Head  4^ ;  depth  5.  D.  I,  8 ;  A.  7 ;  scales  C-45-4 ;  teeth  4-4.  L. 
4 inches.    New  York  to  Arkansas;  generally  abundant. 

{ifbmhis  notatus  Raf.  Ichth.  Oh.  47 ;  Giinther,  vii,  182 ;  Jordan,  288 :  Catostomua 

•Specimens  agreeing  closely  with  this  species,  but  having  the  intestines  no  longer 
than  the  body  (as  iu  Coohlognathus),  have  been  lately  sent  us  from  Illinois  River  by 
Professor  Forbes. 


!»' 


; 


160    CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICIITnYOLOGT — IV. 


pi 


m. 


;Ji! 


¥      '-L'l 


melanotua  Raf.  Ichth.  Oh.  '68:  Bijhorhynchus  persjncuun  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 
1H56,  185:  Hybognathm  perspicuua  Gunihi'T,  vii,  185.) 

**  Angle  of  mouth  with  a  minute,  thickish  barbel. 
194.  H.  superciliosns  Cope. 

Heud  broader,  more  ridged  above.    Caudal  and  anal  flns  more  dusky ; 
otherwise  like  tbo  last,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  only  by  the 
presence  of  the  small  barbel.    Wjth  the  last,  equally  widely  distrib- 
uted, and  even  more  abundant.    Probably  a  variety. 
(Cope,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1868,  234;  Jordan,  289.) 

81.— EXOGIiOSSIIin  Rafinesque. 

Cutlips. 

(Rafinesque,  Jotirn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i,  420,  1818 :  type  Exoglossum  Icautnirianum 
Ra,{.=:Cyprinu8  maxilHngua  Le  S.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  little  compressed.  Mouth  peculiar,  the 
mandible  being  contracted  and  incurv^ed,  its  outline  strongly  three- 
lobed.  This  appearance  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  dentary  bones  lie  close 
together,  parallel,  and  are  united  thronghwut  their  length,  instead  of 
forming  a  broad  arch,  as  in  all  other  Cyprinoid  fishes.  The  lower  lip  is 
represented  by  a  bro.id  fleshy  lobe  on  each  side  of  the  mandible.  Up- 
per jaw  not  protractile.  (Jpper  lip  thick,  somewhat  plicate.  Pharyn- 
geal bones  small.  The  teeth  hooked,  without  grinding  surface,  1,  4-4, 1. 
Scales  moderate.  Lateral  line  complete.  Fins  without  spines.  Dorsal 
slightly  behind  ventrals.  Anal  rays  7-8.  Isthmus  broad,  (iill-rakers 
weak.  Pseudobranchite  present.  Air-bladder  normal.  Alimentary 
canal  short;  ])eritoneum  white.  Size  moderate.  One  of  the  most 
^  strongly  marked  genera  of  Cyprinidce,  with  a  single  species,  {k'^w,  out- 
side; yhonaa^  tongue.) 
195*  E.  maxillillgua(Le  Siienr)  Haldeman. — Cut-lips;  Stone-ioter. 

Body  rather  stout,  ^  itle  compressed.  Head  large,  broad  and  flattish 
above,  with  tumid  -IhvjKS.  Mouth  moderate,  slightly  oblique,  the  end 
of  the  maxillary  not  leaching  the  line  of  the  orbit.  Upper  jaw  longer 
than  lower.  Scales  rather  crowded  anteriorlj^,  those  in  front  of  the 
dorsal  small.  Color  olivaceous;  smoky  or  dark  above;  a  blackish  bar 
behind  opercle,  and  a  dusky  shade  at  the  root  of  the  caudal  in  the 
young;  fins  unmarked.  Head  4 ;  depth  4^.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  8-53-5; 
teeth  1,  4-4, 1.  L.  G  inches.  Western  New  York  to  Virginia;  abim- 
dant  in  the  Susquehanna  Basin,  but  not  widely  distributed.  One  of  the 
most  singular  of  the  Cyprinidce^  distinguished  at  sight  by  its  three- 
lobed  lower  jaw. 

(Cyprinus  maxiUingua  Le  Suenr,  Jonm.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i,  85;  Glinther,  vii, 
188;  Jordan,  308;  Cope,  Cypr.  Penu.  1866,360.) 


31.    CYPRINIDJ2 — COCHLOONATHUS. 


§3.— COCHLOttNATHUS  Baird  &  Girnrd. 


161 


(Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  158:  type  CochlognathuH  ornatus  li. 

This  genus  lias  the  general  character  and  appearance  of  Byborhynchus, 
the  dentition  and  the  structure  of  the  fins  being  the  same ;  the  teeth, 
however,  rather  more  strongly  hooked  and  with  deeper  grinding  sur- 
ftice.  It  differs  in  the  structure  of  the  jaws,  which  are  provided  each 
with  a  hard  cutting  plate,  to  all  appearance  precisely  like  the  Diodonti- 
dw,  the  sharp  bony  edge  being  surrounded  by  the  usual  lip.  First  ray 
of  dorsal  separated  by  membrane,  and  spine-like,  as  in  Hyborhynchus 
and  Fimephales.  Alimentary  canal  short.  Peritoneum  white.  Pseudo- 
branchiiB  present.  Lateral  line  complete.  Anal  fin  small.  (zoj^P-oi;, 
shell ;  yvdOo^,  jaw ;  the  covering  of  the  jaws  being  hard,  like  shell.) 

196t  C  ornatus  Baird  &  Girard. — Hard-mouth  Minnow. 

Api)earance,  dorsal  fin  and  coloration  essentially  as  in  Hyborhynchus 
notatus.  Body  moderately  elongate.  Ilead  rather  long.  Scales  com- 
paratively large.  Dorsal  fin  over  the  ventrals,  rather  high.  Anal  fin 
quite  small.  Caudal  fin  short.  Dorsal  Hm  with  a  black  spot  near  the 
base  in  front  and  a  dusky  blotch  behind.  The  dorsal  spine  conspicu- 
ous. Caudal  fin  with  a  dusky  median  baud,  in  front  and  behind  which 
is  a  pale  area.  A  dusky  lateral  band.  Snout  tubercnlate  in  spring 
males,  as  in  Hyborhynchus.  Head  4 ;  depth  4|.  D.  8 ;  A.  6 ;  Lat.  1.  40 ; 
teeth  1-4.  L.  3  inches.  Kio  Grande.  A  singular  little  fish,  with  the 
mouth  resembling  that  of  Chondrostoma  or  Acrochilus,  but  the  structure 
otherwise  resembling  neither. 

(Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  153;  Giiuther,  vii,  187.) 

197.  C.  biguttatus  Cope. 

"  A  fish  of  rather  uniform  diameter  and  deep  caudal  peduncle.  The 
bead  is  oblong  and  rather  wide  above.  The  muzzle  has  a  decuived  pro- 
file and  terminal  mouth.  The  orbit  is  large,  3f  in  head,  a  little  less 
than  muzzle  and  than  interorbital  space.  Head  wide  behind  and  flat 
above.  The  infraorbital  bones  are  narrow,  while  the  preorbital  is  large, 
vrith  convex  inferior  and  concave  superior  border.  Maxillary  not  quite 
reaching  line  of  orbit.  Ventral  fins  inserted  opposite  second  or  third 
dorsal  ray,  reaching  to  vent.  Anal  fin  small.  Pectorals  reaching  three- 
fifths  to  ventrals.  Color  silvery,  without  dark  markings,  except  a  black 
spot  at  the  base  of  the  caudal  and  on  the  anterior  rays  of  the  dorsal. 
Head  5  in  length,  with  the  caudal  fin ;  depth  a  little  less.  D.  8 ;  A.  7  j 
scales  7-34-!  L.  2 J  inches.  Trinity  Eiver,  Texas."  {Coj?e,  MSS.) 
Bull.  Nat.  Mas.  No.  16 11 


1      •! 


V 


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J 


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*■■  1 


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a]' 


ri 


162     CONTlUnUTIONS   to   NOUTH   AMKUICAN    ichthyology — IV, 


N3.-lIFIVIITUi:iVIIA  C'oiu>. 

{Co\H>\  rvo^\  AiMor.  riiil.  Sof.  I'hila.  1^70,  AOi:  t>i»t<  lltmitrtmiit  riltnttt  Co\h\) 

Hody  nuHloniti^ly  olonjjiittv  IMoutU  uornml.  No  barlx'l.  'IVoth  I-} 
(l-aor  5-5),  h(u»ko(l,  with  }iriiHlinj;:sui'ta('o.  Scnlos  larjio.  Latoial  liiu« 
incDiuploto  l>(>rsal  tin  slightly  bohiiul  tlio  vtMitrals.  Ana!  basis  sluut. 
Sporios  of  small  si/o.  Tho  typical  spoi'itvs,  ofwliit'h  but  a  sijijrh*  spocj. 
nu'ii  is  known,  has  tho  tooth  I-."*;  tho  normal  nunibor  is  probably  l-i, 
howovor,  as  in  tho  othor  spooios.  It',  lunvovor,  tho  tooth  in  //.  vitfaUi 
a^^^  ptMinanontly  5-4,  tho  roinainin;^'  spooios  nuiy  staiul  undor  the  go- 
norio  nanio  of  r//r/()/»f'.*     (v/u,  half ;  r/ir^/iu,  poro.) 

*  Tooth  l-.">f    (llimitreinuf.)  ' 

l»N.  II.  viltll^n  Oopo. 

IWnly  stont.  lloa»l  vory  short,  tho  nuiz/.lo  obtnso.  lM«)nth  small, 
obliipio,  tho  niaxillary  not  roaohinj;  tho  orbit.  l)yo  lar^(*,  .'{.V  in  Ic'iul, 
iMpial  to  lonj^th  of  nin//.lo.     Posal  tin  bojiinninj''  a  littlo  bohind  tho  ww 

trals.     hatoral  lino  dovolopod  for  ab«»nt  half  tho  lon^th.     <\>iorati()ii 
dark,  a  dark  latoral  band,  abovo  this  a  palo  shado,  tht»  boUy  pah».     Head 

1^;  tlopth  4^.     1>.  S;  A.  7;  vsoalos  G-^kS-l;  tooMi  5-1  (or  5-;">).     b.  jj 
iuohes.     llolston  Kivor.     {Vofu\) 

(t'opo,  Tm'.  Aim«r.  riiil.  Si»o.  IMiilu.  IHTO,  4(W.) 
*•  Tooth  t-l.     {('hnoi><<  .low) 

I1>t>.  II.  I»ili'«>iiatu(  opt'. 

Uody  lathorshMidor,  tluM'andal  podunoh>sonu>>vhal  oontraoti'd.  Mead 
n»o«lorat(»,  tho  inu/./lo  vory  obtiiso.  IMotith  obli»pu»,  tho  Jaws  alumt 
I'tpial.  Fppor  lip  «»pposito  lowor  pi>rt  «>f  pnpik  My»»  laryo,  ;{  in  head. 
l(»n{;'«'r  than  inn/./,lo.  Katoral  lin(>  dovolopod  for  a  vory  short  distauco 
only.  Thirtoon  soalos  lu'foro  d*MWil.  Straw  oolor»>d,  tho  soalos  Imowh 
«'<lj»od  abovt*.  .V  shinin;;'  blaok  band  from  snout  thn)n^h  oyo  to  caiulal. 
An  oraufio  l»ainl  abovo  this  on  tln^  siuMit.  Ivo^ions  m'U>w  tho  black 
band  silvory.  I  load  1,^;  dopth  4^  U.H\  A.  7;  Hoalos  5-;;(>-.'{;  (odii 
4-4.  L'.  l^-li  inohoa.  INIassaohnsotts  to  Maryland.  .\  small  but  von 
Innulsonn  ly  oolor«»«l  spooioa. 
(//.vM'Ni«  ^t/v«•«(l/«N{^>l»o,  Cypr.  Povtii.  iB(in.  naj.)  ""-   "T.T"  7 

ttOO.  ir  niticiiliitii  lliiy.      _:_    _. :___^ '  f-     -r--'^^' 

Hody  Ion;;  and  sh>ndor,  slightly  olovato*!  at  tho  dorsn],  soint>'.\lial 
ooniprossod  lload  ilattouod  abovo.  Snout.  iHiundod.  Mouth  sinali, 
tormimil,  slightly  obli«pus  nuixillary  not  roaohin^  to  opposite  oyo.    I'vo 

*  Vhrhpf  Jonhui,  Hull.  Mayth'ti'H  (Jotil.  8urv.  Tori-.  Iv,  ItffH,  787:  typo  //j/M""' 
ftt/>'(m«fM«  Copo.    Tf/jfAi:,  want;  o/r>),  jioiv.) 


31.   CY1»IUN11).K — CLIOLA. 


163 


iMiual  to  snout,  3]  in  hoad.  Dorsal  sli<;l«tly  boliind  vontvals,  nearer 
snoiif  tlKin  base  of  caiulal.  Lateral  liiuMvith  pores  on  8  or  10  scales 
t>iily.  Straw-eolor;  a  narrow  dark  dorsal  band,  and  a  dark  stivak  on 
oiu'li  side  of  anal,  a  iilmnbeons  lateral  band,  and  blaek  speeks  on  each 
si'aUv  A  bhu'k  spot  as  Iarj;e  at;  the  eye  at  base  of  eandal.  lK>ad  l^\ 
(li'pth  r».  I>.  S;  A.  S;  st'ales  r>-,'5S-,'{ ;  teeth  i-l,  with  {^rindiny;  surfaee. 
L.  L'i  inches.  (Mdekasawha  Kiver,  Mississippi.  Jt<>if.) 
^!l;i.v.  I'rof.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis,  ISSO,  .MU)  ', 

•jOI.  ■■•  3i('t4*l*«>«luil  Copt'. 

Hotly  nnnlerately  stout,  ilie  baek  eonipresseil  ami  sonunvhat  elevated. 

lloail  rather  pointed,  the  tnuz/le  aeuuiinate.     Mouth  obli«pu»,  the  lower 

jaw  project  in j>",  the  upper  lip  opj)osite  the  upper  rim  of  pupil.     Maxillary 

{'xtoiuiinji"  to  opp«)site  front  t>f  oilrlt.     'rhirtcen  scales  in  front  of  dorsal. 

Kyc  ;» in  head.     Color  oli'.iice(»us.     A  blackish  dorsal  band.     Sides  with 

;i  It'iuhMi  or  di'.sky  band.     D.  S;  A.  S.    Scales  r>-^U>-.'5,  the  lateral  hue 

cxtoiidinK  about  lialf  the  U>n^th  of  the  body.    Teeth  1-4,  often  crenate. 

L.  L'A  inches.     Michi^^an  and  Wisconsin. 

(Mburiioitu  hvttroihn  rom*,  Pi-oc.  Ai-ail.  Nat.  S»<i.  Phila.  lS('i|,vSl :  Hiihupsin  hdivoilon 
Coiu",  i'y\\\\  l'»Mii\.  ;Wv»:  Lc)n*ii>cint  hiUtiodon  Oilutlun',  vii.  "Jtil;  llcmitirmiit  ht'lennio't  Jof' 
tliin.  Man.  Vort.  ;U).i.) 

SI.-ri.lOB..\  tJinml.       . 

Sihwr  Fins,  . 

(CotUmn,  Ctl}trinfUtt,  MoHianii,  and  //ik/noiuk.v  (Jiranl ;   Vhctonriiis  niul   TTtihtfmia  Co\)(^ ) 

lliiioilus  (iiliilluM  ;  /'.Vt>(/ii/i<  Jonlan.) 

^Cinnl,  I'ltH'.  \vi\{\.  Nat.  Svi.  IMiila.  tS'.ti,  Ii)J :  typo  IVnilichthtiH  viijilitx  \M.  \  Ctwh) 

body  ovate,  oblouji',  or  elon};'ate,  usually  ciunprovssed.  Mi)uth  muiual, 
usually  rather  small.  No  barlads.  Scnhvs  various,  cianmor.ly  hui-c,  often 
closely  imlnicatetl.  Lateral  linec()mph>t(S  usually  decurved.  Diusal  tin 
jjoiiorally  uiore  or  less  behind  ventruls.  Anal  short  «>r  rather  eh)nj;ate. 
Tooth  t-l,  or  1,  l-L  0,  ov  I,  M,  I*  (1,  1-1,  2  In  oju^  species),  hooked,  with 
or  without  }»rindin{;'  surface,  the  cdj^o  ofti>n  more  or  less  serraf(\  tides. 
tiiial  canal  short.  I'erittuu'um  nu>stly  pale.  Males  in  sprlnjj  usually 
pviokly,  with  the  tins  charj;ed  with  red  or  white  pifi'ineid.  A  very  larjjo 
^miip  (tf  suiiill  tlshes,  usually  brilliantly  colored ;  abundant  in  ell  our 
Soulli(>rn  and  liasttMii  rivers,  and  extt»ndln^  southwartl  to  Western 
Moxico.t     .Ml  aiH*  .\nu*rican.    (.V  coined  nanu>.)  ^r— -,  ,'jV'm- 

'  Sjiid  Id  Im  I,  ;5-;i,  l  in  oi\t>  Muccios,  ('.  vohilU,  W  {\\\h  1>o  lini',  ilio  latlor  NpiM'ioH  will 
r»im  llio  typo  (tf  u  (I'stiiul  pMiuH,  VViinM/ti  '.ilrara,  Proo.  \n'A.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  IS')il, 
i!t>l:  typo  TiaiViht  oe/'^iw  (ioanl.    (A  ooliiod  iiaiiio.)      j&Tf,»^w*s.; 

'((I.)  <'.  «i//ij  .Kxilaii.  Poil.v  nuutoialol.v  olonn;»to,  compTCsmMt.  '  p,  tho  Imok 
wmu'wliat  oU>vato»l,  lloatl  Hliort,  mnuowliat  tloproNNod  abovo,  num  iioly  polntoil, 
K)TUio«lor»to,  Hliovtov  titan  Hiiout,  r>-(}  In  hoad.    Mouth  ukhIIuui,  obUquo,  tomiiuidi 


r.' 


'it 


i.   :,   i:^ 


tmtut 


1G4      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NOi^TH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

The  speciea  may  be  divided  as  follows  :•     .?►     i  v.  -  .     i,  ». 

* 

ij  Scnlo.s  not  OHiuicially  do(>p«'r  than  long ;  not  closely  imbricated. 
*  Tootli  4-4  ;  HpciricH  orHiiiall  hI'-c. 
t  Teeth  with  grinding  siirfacci  more  or  less  developed.     (Hvuor.sis  Cojte,  n()u  A^.) 

(rt.)  Scales  in  tlni  lateral  line  more  than  45 alta.  sa'ini, 

a.  Scales  in  the  lateral  line  41)  or  44 iuditana,  taaroccpltala,  hwinaturu, 

aa.  Scales  iu  the  lateral  line  32-37. 

Bpedruncnla,  vuhila,fi'efcnms,  longiroatrh,  atramincd. 
vohirella,  microHtoma,  Uneolatn,  miHSvrknsh,  pnwne. 
ft  Teeth  withont.  grinlinj;;  anrface.     (Cuola.) 

b.  A  black  spot  on  anterior  edge  of  ilorsal  and  one  at  the  base  of  the  caudal, 

rhiildi, 

bh.  No  black  spot  on  anterior  edge  of  dorsal chlora,  ni'jrotanialn. 

**  Teeth  two-rowed. 

J  Teeth  wilhont  grinding  snrfaco cobi'iHfiiinut. 

U  Teeth  with  grinding  surface  more  or  leas  develnjted.     (HtTnaoNirs  (inl,) 

saliidana,  Htonriana,  hndHonin,  curiiopa. 
i^  Scales  deeper  than  long,  very  closely  imbricated  along  sides  of  the  body. 
'Teeth  4-4, 
t  Edges  of  teeth  entire.     (CoooMA  Girard.)  • 

t- Teeth  with  grinding  snrfaco deveh)ped it'if,  jiigaliH, 

tl  Teeth  withont  grinding  snrface. 
fl.  Dorsal  tin  inserted  notably  behind  ventrals;  Lead  \s'iv  "•>         "nd  blunt,  al- 
most round . , ifiUata,  ornata. 

aa.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  directly  over  ventrals;  head  moderate,  subconic. 

calliama. 

the  premaxillary  on  the  level  of  the  pupil,  tlie  maxillary  n«)t  r(>acliing  the  frontof  tlio 
]>upil.  .Taws  e(iunl.  rreorbital  large.  Scales  not  closely  imbricated,  10  in  frontnf 
dorsal  ilu.  Dorsal  over  ventrals.  Caudal  peduncle  deep.  Itluish,  sides  silvery, 
tins  i>lain.  Head  4J;  depth  3 J.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  8-40-4;  teeth  4-4,  with  ni-viow 
grinding  surface.     Lake  Tupataro,  Guanajuato. 

(IJiubonUti^  alttifi  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1879,  301.) 

(6.)  C.  saUa'i  (Gilnther)  J.  &  G.  Caudal  i)ednncle  not  quite  twice  as  long  as  (loop, 
No  barbels.  Snout  obtus  ly  conical,  longer  than  the  eye,  which  is  one-iifth  the  Iciijrih 
of  head.  Upper  jaw  slight  ly  ovt>rliipping  the  lower.  Maxillary  not  extending  to  ojo. 
Dorsal  immediately  behind  ventrals.  Fins  short.  Brownish  green  above,  riinutoly 
dotted  with  black  along  the  sides.  He.ad  4;  depth  3J.  D.  7;  A.  0;  Lat.  I,  ^  ill 
4—1,  long,  curved,  with  grinding  surface.  Intestinal  canal  with  few  con  . 
L.  3^  inches.    Cnernavaca,  Mexico,     {(tiinther.) 

(Ccratii'hthnii  aallivi  GilnthiU",  vii,  484:  Uitdaonins  saliwi  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  .  . 
1870,221).) 

(c.)  r.  iMV/ro/iriim/fr  (Gilnther)  .Tor.  Body  oblong,  snout  obtn.se,  convex,  lon.'^cr  tli;in 
the  eye.  Eye  4.J  In  head.  Month  subinferior,  snuiU,  the  upper  jaw  the  longer,  max- 
illary not  reaching  front  of  orbit.  A  black  lateral  band.  Head  4jt ;  depth.'),  I),  H; 
A,  8;  scales  ()-:r)-3.  Teeth  probably  4-4,  allliongh  oidy  2-2  are  present  in  one  of  tlii> 
typical  exii\uples,  and  none  at  uU  iu  the  others  ;  uu  ovideut  grinding  surface.  L  4 
inches,    Atliseo,  Mexico,  ,,,.,, 

{(fi-aodiiK  phirolivnialuii  Gilnther,  vii,  49Ty:  Cliola  nigrota^iiafa  Jordan,  ?roc.  U.  S. 
Nat,  Mus.  1871>,  22(),  The  accidental  loss  of  the  teeth  in  two  of  the  three  typ^  al  oxnm- 
plea  was  the  occasion  of  the  establishment  «)f  the  nominal  genns  (traodnn.) 

•The  render  is  advised  to  be  cautions  in  the  use  of  this  key.  Some  ehnrncters ap- 
pear In  the  adult  only,  and  in  other  cases  their  presence  is  a  qncstiou  simply  of 
degree. 


31.   CYPRINIDiE — CLIOLA.  „    .        v     1G5 

ft  Kclgcs  of  tcctli  moro  or  less  Horrak)  or  crnnatc  ;  d«r.s.il  Hlightly  bi^hind  vcntrnls 

(MoxiANA  fiininl). 
gibbosa,  J'orbrsi,  honina,  latrenaiH,  dclicioHa,  aurata,  formomi. 
«•  Tooth  1,  4-4,  1. 

;       ^        6.  Teeth  with  tli«  o.(lg«5s  serrate  or  crcniito,  UHually  without  griiuling  sur- 

faee.     ((JVPUINKM-A  (Sirard.) 
c.  Dorsal  lin  without  couspieiious  black  blotch  ou  its  upper  posterior 
rays.  , 

d.  No  couspicuouH  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal. 
'^■■y  e,  IJody  very  deep,  compressed,  the  depth  foruilug  about  a  third  of 

the  length umbrona,  bnbalina,  gniinisoni. 

ec.  Body  slenderer,  the  depth  III— li  iu  length. 
5  -  auai'iH,  lepida,  bUlingHiana,  matroHtoma,  Indibunda, 

dd.  A  conspicuous  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal notata,  reauHia. 

cc.  Dorsal  flu  elevatiMl,  wilh  a  c()ns])icuous  blai'k  blot(;h  ou  its  posterior 
':-j  rays  (oi'ten  obsolete*  in  the  young). 

/.A  conspicuous  blacit  spot  at  base  of  caudal calliura. 

ff.  No  conspicuous  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal. 

f/.  Ttieth  without  grinding  Hurfacti wlUpplel. 

,    gff.  Teeth  with  narrow  grinding  surface aualostana. 

ib.  Tooth  with  entire  edges  in  the  adult.     (Eikxjai.a  Jordan.) 
h.  Teeth  with  narr«)w  grinding  surface ;  anal  short. 

galaclura,  euiiiatoma,  nivea. 
hh.  Teeth  without  distinct  grinding  surface. 
j.  Anal  fin  short,  of  H  or  1)  rays. 

k.  A  conspicuous  dark  blotch  on  tipper  posterior  rays  of 
dorsal. 

I.  Adult  males  with  the  fins  chiefly  red  ;  a  conspicuous 
'  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal...  ca/fiatta,  trtc/irotsfia. 

II.  Adult  nuiles  without  red. 

'      •  m.  A  very  conspicuous  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal. 

■"  HtigmalHra, 

mm.  No  conspicuous  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal. 

vwrulea,  chloriHtia. 
i.i'  •         -     '  fcJfc.  No  dark  blotch  on  upper  ijostcrior  pan  oi  dorsal. 

•  sonata. 

jj.  Anal  flu  long,  of  10  or  11  rays;  flns  high. 
■'  xwnuraf  pyrrhomeluH,  hgpscloptcra. 

• 
} Scales  not  especially  deeper  titan  long,  not  closely  imbricat^^d. 
*  Teeth  4-4 ;  species  of  snuiU  size. 

t Teeth  with  grinding  surface  more  or  less  dcvolopod.*    {llybopak  Cope,  non 
Agassi  z.) 
a.  Scales  in  the  lateral  line  43  or  44. 

a09.  fJ.  tiidltaiia  (Copo)  J.  &  a. 

Form  jiiul  goncral  appearance  of  ITyhorhynchus  nofatus.  Head  ilat 
above.  Muzzle  very  obtiise.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  horizontal.  Fins 
low.  Scales  rather  small,  27  in  front  of  the  dorsal.  Olivaceous  above; 
dorsal  scales  narrowly  black-edfjed ;  no  vertebral  band;  sides  and* be- 
low silvery ;  usually  a  dusky  band  along  sides,  ending  in  a  dark  camlal 

•Several  of  the  species  in  this  section  are  of  doubtful  validity,  and  some  of  them 
may  prove  to  belong  to  Ilybognalhus. 


m- 


... 

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4 

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A' 

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.,.i 

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•  j' 

■■  » 

V 

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■;f, 

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mum 


U.  .J 


il^' 


IGG     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

,.  spot;  a  dark  spot  near  the  base  of  the  dorsal  in  front,  as  in  Ilyhorhyn. 
elms.  Head  4^;  depth  5.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  7-44-4;  teeth  4-4,  little 
hoolced.    L.  3  inches.    Michigan  to  Indiana.  _ ,    . 

( niihopmn  tuditanm  Copo,  Traua.  Aiucr.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1S6G,  381 :  Lcuciacua  tiulitanm 
Gilnthor,  vii,  259.) 

303.  C.  tsiiiroccphala  (Hay)  J.  &  G.— Bull-head  Minnow. 

Body  stout,  somewhat  compressed,  broad  and  flat  above,  with  deep 
caudal  ])cduncle.  Uead  broad  and  flat  above,  with  an  angle  at  tlie 
temporal  region.  Muzzle  broad  and  obtuse,  less  truncate  than  in  Ifij. 
horhynchus  notatus.  Mouth  rather  small,  horizontal,  terminal,  the  juw.s 
about  equal,  maxillary  not  reaching  to  opposite  anterior  margin  of  eye. 
Eye  large,  3.j  in  head.  Dorsal  inserted  above  ventrals,  nearer  snout 
than  caudal.  Scales  before  dorsal  small,  in  about  L*7  series.  Dusky 
yellowish;  sides  silvery,  with  an  obsolete  dark  lateral  band,  which  tcr- 
minat(\s  in  a  black  spot;  a  black  sjmt  on  anterior  rays  of  dorsal  liu. 
Depth  ^.i;  head  4^.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  8-43-4;  teeth  4-4,  with  grind- 
lug  surface.    L.  3  inches.    Chickasawha  River,  Mississippi. 

(Albiinwj)a  taurocephalua  Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mii8.  1880,  503.) 

201.  C.  Iiaciiiatura  (Cope)  J.  &  G. 

Head  moderate,  tlie  muzzle  little  obkise.  Mouth  larger,  terminii], 
obli<pie,  the  maxillary  reaching  the  orbit.  Eye  3^  in  head ;  temi)oral 
region  rounded.  Scales  rather  snmll,  21  rows  in  front  of  the  dorsiil. 
Lateral  line  slightly  decurved.  Plumbeous  above;  head  blackish;  ii 
faint  dusky  lateral  baiul,  ending  in  a  dusky  spot  at  root  of  caudal  tin; 
caudal  lin  dull  red ;  fins  otherwise  ^lain.  Uead  4 ;  depth  4^.  D.  8; 
A.  7 ;  scales  7-44-4 ;  teeth  4-4,  little  hooked.    L.  3  inches.    Michigan 

to  Illinois;  not  very  common.  • 

•  " 

(ITi/bopaia  ha'inatuvua  Copo,  Cypr.  Pciiu.  '382,  18GC:  Leuciacua  Itwmatuiua  Giiuthcr,  vii, 

2^y-)"      -  •  :■       -,     ■  -         ,.,  . V-.., -,-..•.,.-.■- ■^,.,i./.,  ■;.■■  ■ 

aa.  Scjiles  in  tlio  latorallinc  32-37.  ,  '■',['■',■ 

205.  C.  sE>cctriiiicula  (Cope)  J.  &  G.  - 

Body  elongate.  Head  largo  and  rather  Hat,  nearly  as  broad  as  deep 
Eye  large,  3  in  head.  Muzzle  remarkably  thick.  Mouth  slightly  ob- 
li(pie,  the  maxillarj-  reaching  the  eye.  Fifteen  rows  of  scales  in  front  of 
dorsal.  Olivaceous,  silvery  white  below;  a  leaden  baud  along  the  sides 
and  a  conspicuous  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal ;  head  dusky;  margius 
of  scales  above  lateral  line,  as  well  aa  bases  of  dorsal  and  anal  lins, 
blackish;  i:ectoral8,  ventrals,  dorsal,  and  anal  more  or  less  orange  iu 


31.    CYPRINID^ — CLIOLA. 


167 


life.    IIea(14}  depth  o^.    D.  8;  A.  9;  Lat.  1.  37;  teeth  4:-4.    L.  3  inches. 
Ileadwat^ii'S  of  IIo]stou  Kivcr.    {Cope.)     j.j    .....  i    .    .  ,;,a, 

(Ifllbopnix  xpectrunculus  Cope,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci,  Pliiia.  1808,  231.)  v". 

206.  C  nubila  (Forbes)  J.  &  G. 

Head  narrow.  Mouth  inferior  and  horizontal.  Lateral  line  anteriorly 
(leflcxed.  Eye  large,  3  in  head,  rather  longer  than  muzzle.  Fourteen 
scales  before  dorsal.  Color  very  dark;  a  dark  lateral  baud  from  muzzle 
to  base  of  caudal ;  fins  all  plain.  Head  4^ ;  depth  4.  D.  8^  A.  9;  scales 
5-37-3;  teeth  4-4,  little  hooked.    L.  2^  inches.    Hock  lliver,  Illinois. 

(Albitnwps  nnhilns  Forbes,  Bull.  Ills.  Lab.  Nat.  Hiat.  ii,  56,  1878.)  .3 

207.  €•  frolonsas  (Cope)  J.  &  G. 

Body  slender  and  compressed,  resembling  Mlnniliis.  Head  convex 
between  orbits.  Mouth  quite  oblique,  the  middle  of  the  i)remaxillary 
beiiif?  opposite  the  line  of  the  pupil ;  maxillary  not  reaching  to  orbit. 
Eye  3j  in  lunul.  Seventeen  rows  of  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Lateral 
line  decurved.  Olivaceous;  a  dark  median  dorsal  band ;  a  plumbeous 
silvery  lateral  shade ;  cheeksr  silvery ;  a  dark  spot  at  base  of  caudal ; 
fins  plain.  Head  4;  depth  5.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  6-35-3;  teeth  4-4. 
L  2h  inches.    Michigan  to  Illinois. 

(/////w;wi'^ /rc^cnsis  Cope,  Cypr.  Ponn.  332,  18GG.)         '  "^  '•      ' 

20S.  C.  "ongirosJris  (Hay)  .T.  &  G. 

Form  of  Ericymha  huccata.  Head  rather  small.  Eye  shorter  than 
snout,  4  in  liead.  Upper  jaw  rounded,  considerably  projecting  beyond 
the  lower  jaw.  IMouth  rather  large,  horizontal,  maxillary  extending  to 
opposite  anterior  margin  of  the  eye.  Scales  large ;  about  12  large  scales 
in  front  of  the  dorsal.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  tip  of  snout 
and  base  of  caudal,  directly  over  ventrals.  Pectorals  not  reaching 
ventrals;  the  latter  to  vent.  Straw-color,  with  an  obs«)lete  lateral  baiul 
and  a  narrow  dorsal  streak ;  fins  dusky.  Head  4.^.  1).  8;  A.  7;  scales 
4-30-3;  teeth  4-4,  with  grinding  surface.    Chickasawha  IJiver,  Missis- 

(Albiimopa  lonfjirosMn  Hay,  Prro.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1880,  504.)      a.">,  ;    •  •  &  i  '/  ,/'? 


a09.  €.  KtD'ainaGica  (Coito)  J.  &  G.—Straw-cntored  Miniioit'. 

Body  moderately  stout,  little  comi)ressed.  Head  rather  broad,  with 
ronnded  angles.  IMouth  small,  inferior,  horizontal.  Snout  very  obtuse. 
Eye  largo,  3  in  head.  Fifteen  rows  of  scales  in  front  of  dorsal  ftn. 
Pale  olivaceous)  sides  little  silvery;  usually  a  darker  dorsal  baud ;  fins 


<  1 


[; 


r-rP 

m 


■i;  f. 


'  ^v*! 


MM 


tmm 


iiai 


',4  ^'  ■> 


IK  ^  : 


r  .■''  * 

4L_1  _ 

"J 

it 


1C8      CONTRIDUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICIITIIYOLOOY — IV. 

all  plain.  TToad  4 ;  dopth  5.  ScaUvs  5-30-1 ;  teeth  4-4.  L.  2^  inclios. 
Ohio  Valley  and  lake  region;  generally  abundaiit  in  small  streaiiis. 
One  of  the  most  insignitlcant  of  all  our  iishos. 

{lljlhoiinathits  Ktraminfius  Cope,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philu.  ISO-t,  281}:  Ilyhoiim  stra- 
minciw  Copp,  Cypr.  Pcmi.  381.)  , 

aiO.  €.  voluc«lln  (Copo)  J.  &  O. 

IJody  n\o(lerately  stout.    Head  depressed,  elongate,  the  vertex  i)lano, 

the  muzzle  elongate.     Fins  more  ehmgatc  than  in  most  of  the  related 

species,  the  pectorals  reaching  the  ventrals.    Can<lal  peduncle  slender. 

Eye  3^  in  head.    Olivaceous,  a  slight  dusky  lateral  shade;  no  dorsal 

stripe;  llns  plain.      Head  3;f;   depth  4.    D.  8;  A.  8  ;   scales  4-3 i-3; 

teeth  4-4.    L.  2^  inches.    Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 

(Ifjlhoijiiathiw  rol ttnlliis  Coi^«,  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phihi.  18fi4,  283:  Hi/bojyaia  vohi- 
ccllm  Copy,  Cypr.  Pemi.  381:  LeuviHCHU  voliici'llus  GUiithcr,  vii,  200.) 

211.  €.  inicrostoiilit  (Raf.)  J.  &  0. 

IJody  elongate,  the  caudal  peduncle  not  contracted.  Mouth  inferior, 
horizontal,  small,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  the  lino  of  the  eye.  Fins 
rather  short.  Eye  large,  3J  in  hetul.  Fourteen  scales  before  dorsal. 
Preorbital  bone  nnich  longer  than  deep.  Olivaceous,  translucent;  a  sil- 
very  lateral  band,  along  which  is  a  black  speck  at  the  origin  of  each 
tube  of  the  lateral  line.  1).  8;  A.  7;  scales  5-33-2 ;  teeth  4-4.  L.  2^ 
inches,    "^/irginia  to  Kentucky. 

{Mhnnliis  microntomiin  Raf,  Iclitb.  Oh.  1820,47:  IlyhopsialontjiccpsCojio,  Jouni.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  IMiila.  18(W,  231.) 

919.  C.  liiicolata  (Agiissiz)  J.  &  O. 

Body  slender,  llead  short.  Muzzle  obtuse.  Mouth  slightly  obli(ino, 
the  jaws  e(pial,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  eye.  Lateral  line  slightly  de- 
curved.  01iva(!eous,  sides  silvery,  with  dark  points  along  the  lateral 
line,  those  especially  abundant  along  the  sides  of  the  muzzle.  Head 
41 ;  depth  4| .  D.  8 ;  A.  7 ;  scales  0-34-4 ;  teeth  4-4.  L.  2  inches. 
Nebraska  to  Colorado.     (Cope.)    Osage  River.    {ApamU.) 

(Albitniiis  /(Hf'()?(ifHs  Agassiz,  Bull.  Mus.  Couip.  ZoCd.  1803,9:  rAmciMcuHliHColatusGM- 
ther,  vii,  200 :  Ifyhopsi^  HCiflla  Cope,  llaydiMi's  Ocol.  Surv.  Wyoni.  1872,  438.) 

ai3.  C.  mlssHrl«Hsls  (Copo)  J.  &  G. 

lh)dy  stout,  with  large  head  and  thick  caudal  po<lunclo.    Mouth  snb- 

inferior,  somewhat  obliipie,  end  of  nuixillary  reaching  line  of  orbit. 

Twelve  scales  in  front  of  the  dorsal  flu.    Fins  rather  long.    Eye  large,  .1 

in  head.    Coloration  very  pale  olivaceous;  a  silvery  lateral  band  and 

some  dusky  specks  at  base  of  caudal  j  no  dark  dorsal  lino  j  llns  plain. 


31.    CYPRINin^E — CLIOLA. 


169 


Head  3;^;  doptli  4.^.    A.  7;  Hcalcs  5-,{l-3 ;  teeth  4-4.     L.  2^  inclics. 
Missouri  to  the  Kio  Grande;  probably  abundant. 

{llyhopHiH  mlmirinmn  Copo,  Iliiydon's  (Jcol.  Hiirv.  Wyoin.  for  1870,  1872,  4;J7.)         ■  " 

911.  C.  prociiC  ((!opo)  J.  &  O. 

IJody  slcn<l<^r,  with  lonj;  caudal  pe(bin(;le.  Muzzle  obtuH;»,  Mouth 
liorizontal,  inferior,  small.  Thirteen  rowH  of  scales  in  front  of  the 
dorsal.  DejJth  of  caudal  i)eduncle  one  fourth  its  Ienj,'th.  Eye  largo. 
Olivaceous ;  a  dark  dorsal  line  and  a  plumbeous  lateral  band  overlying 
bliick  i)iginent;  IJns  unspotted.  Head  4^;  depth  5,^.  Scales  f»-.'{2-3 ; 
teeth  4-4;  A.  7.  Ij.  2^  inches.  Delaware  and  Susquehanna  liivers. 
One  of  the  smallest  of  the  Q//>riniflffc. 

{lIilhoqnathuH  prnrne  Cope,  rroc.  Acnd.  Nat.  8ci.  Pliila.  18G4,  271):  Jlijhoima  proone 
Cope,  Cypr.  Pcnii.  3S5:  Loudncus proono  (iilnthcr,  vii,  2(J0,) 

ttTeoth  witliouti  Krindinjf  suifat-'o.     (Clioln.) 

b,  A  black  Hjtot  ou  tlio  aiitcrinr  odgo  of  the  «lorsal  and  ono  at  tho  haso  of  the  caudal. 

21,1.  C.  viirilax  «.  &  G. 

l}o«ly  subfusiform,  comi)res8ed,  not  elevated.  Head  conical,  bluntish. 
Mouth  rather  small,  obli(iue,  the  jaws  equal,  the  maxillary  not  extend- 
ing to  the  eye.  Eye  moderate,  3^  in  head.  Isthmus  rather  broad.  Fins 
small ;  the  dorsal  longer  than  high.  Scales  large,  somewhat  higher  than 
long,  1(J  in  a  transverse  series  from  dorsal  to  ventral.  Color  brownish ; 
a  dusky  stripe  composed  of  crowded  dots  .^  jng  the  lateral  line;  a  black 
spot  at  base  of  <;audal,  and  one  on  tho  anterior  rays  of  dorsal.  Head  4; 
depth  4:|.  ]).  9;  A.  8;  Lat.  1.  30;  "teeth  4-4,  without  grinding  sur- 
face".   L.  3  inches.    Arkansas  to  Texas.    {Qirard.)  •    ?    . 

(CcmlwJilhns  rigilax  IJuird  &.  Girurd,  I'roc.  Acnd.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18."i3,  :]90:  Cliola 
uyilax,  vdox,  and  rivax  (Jirard,  I'ron.  Acnd.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.  1H.'>3,  1!)2,  and  in  U.  8. 
Pac.  U.  li.  Surv.  x,  257,258.  C.  vIkox  iu  said  to  liavo  scaloH  "a  good  deal  siuftUor", 
but  no  data  nro  given.    The  typos  of  all  tlirco  are  now  lost.) 

Ii/i.  No  black  Hpot  on  antorior  edgo  of  dorsal.  ,  ;  .'-■■  f 

!I16.  €.  vlilora  Jordan. 

Body  slender,  compressed.  Head  rather  small.  Eye  large,  about  3 
in  head,  longer  than  snout.  Mouth  rather  small,  quite  oblique,  tht 
lower  Jaw  included  when  tho  mouth  is  closed,  tho  nnixillary  scarcely 
reaching  the  front  of  orbit.  Scales  very  large,  about  12  in  front  of  tho 
dorsal  tin ;  the  body  entirely  scaly  except  the  thoracic  region.  Lateral 
line  somewhat  decurved.  Dorsal  lln  beginning  directly  over  ventrals. 
Color  pale  ;  back  greenish ;  belly  white ;  side  with  a  silveiy  band  ;  no 
spots  on  llns  and  no  dusky  or  plumbeous  shading  ou  tho  body,  cxce[)t 


mmm> 


170     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

sometimes  a  small  dark  spot  at  base  of  caudal.    Head  4,^ ;  depth  5.    ]). 

7 ;  A.  7 ;  scales  4-35-3 ;  teeth  4-4,  without  grinding  surface.    L.  ^ 

iuches.    Upper  Missouri  region. 

(Jord:iu,  Bull.  Ilaydcu's  Gool,  Siirv.  Terr.  iv,7'Jl,  1878.)  -, 

*  *  Tooth  t\vo-rowo(l.  '      :    - ;      ' 

t  Tooth  without  grinding  Htirfaco. 

3 1 7.  C.  cobitis  (Grd. )  J.  &  G. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  subfusiform,  compressed.  Head  small, 
subconiciil,  <lepressed.  Mouth  small,  terminal,  oblique,  without  barbels, 
the  maxillary  falling  far  short  of  eje;  lower  jaw  inch  '.xl.  Eye  mod- 
orate,  high  up, midway  in  head;  isthmus  very  wide.  \'entrals  slightly 
in  advance  of  ilorsal.  Fins  all  high.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight.  Body 
olivaceous,  with  dusky  specks  above ;  a  black  spot  at  base  of  caiulal. 
Head  4 ;  depth  4^.  1).  8 ;  A.  7 ;  Lat.  1.  Go.  Teeth  without  griiuliiij,' 
surface,  1,  3-3,  i,fide  Clirard.*     L.  2^^  inches,    liio  Gila.    {Girard.) 

(Tiaroga  cohilia Giravd,  Proc.  Aciid.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18oG,  204,  a.ud  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound. 
Surv.  Ichth.  00:  Lcuciacus  coh'itw  Giintlier,  vii,  '-247.) 

218.  C.  sima  (Copo)  Jor.  &  Gilb.  ' 

Body  robust.  Head  short  and  broad,  with  short,  decurved  nmzzlo. 
Mouth  large,  oblique,  tlie  upper  lip  below  the  level  of  the  pupil,  tlio 
maxillary  extending  past  the  front  of  orbit.  Eye  moderate,  4}  in  head. 
Fins  large,  the  dorsal  well  behind  ventrals.  Coloration  entirely  silvery, 
brightest  on  the  sides.  Head  4^;  depth  4].  D.  8;  A.  9;  scales 
8-35-4,  22  series  in  front  of  the  dorsal  fln ;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1.  L.  U 
inches.    Eio  Grande  at  San  Ildefonso,  Kew  Mexico.    {Cope.) 

{AlburnvUus  siniiis  Copo,  Zool.  Lieut.  Whoelcr's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mor.  v,  649,  187G.) 

tt  Tooth  wiih  grindiug  surfaco  nioro  or  loss  developed,    (lludsoniua  Girard.t) 

319.  €.  snliKlasBa  Jor.  &.  Bra.vt. 

Body  eh)ngate,  but  less  so  than  in  G.  storeriana,  moderately  com- 
l)ressed.  Caudal  peduncle  long.  Head  large,  rather  heavy  and  gib- 
bous forward,  the  muzzle  rounded  in  profile.  Eye  large,  3^  in  head. 
Mouth  moderate,  subinferior,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  to  the  eye 
Scales  large,  thin  and  loose,  about  12  in  front  of  the  florsal  fln.  Lateral 
line  somewhat  decurved  in  front.  Fins  rather  small,  pectorals  not  reticli- 
ing  to  ventrals,  the  latter  not  to  vent.    Coloration  pale  olivaceous,  nearly 

*  If  this  punibor  of  tooth  i8  normal  and  not  merely  duo  to  accident,  this  epocics  of 
course  does  not  belong  to  Cliola. 

t  Girard,  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Phila.  185G,  210:  typo  Clupea  hudaonia  De  Witt 
Clinton.    (The  name  from  Hudson  River.) 


31.    CYPRINID^ CLIOLA. 


171 


white,  v.itU  traces  of  a  plumbeous  liitenil  streak.    Ilead  4.^  ;  depth  4^. 
]).  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  5-3i)-.T ;  teeth  1,  4-1,  1,  two  or  three  of  the  teeth  oh- 
tuse,  not  hooked,  only  one  or  two  of  them  showing  a  masticatory  sur- 
face.   L.  4  inches.     8;iutee  Basin,  North  and  South  Carolina. 
{Alburnop8  saludanm  .runlan  &  Braytoii,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  IG,  167ti.) 

280.  C.  stor«'rla:B:i  (Kirt.)  J.  &  CJ. 

Body  elongate,  considerably  compressed  in  the  adult.  Head  quite 
short.  Muzzle  blunt,  decurved,  shorter  than  the  very  large  eye,  which  is 
',i  in  head.  Top  of  head  flattened,  somewhat  concave  between  orbits. 
Greatest  depth  of  head  nearly  three-fourths  its  length.  Mouth  mod- 
erate, nearly  horizontal,  the  jaws  nearly  equal,  the  maxillary  extending 
to  the  eye.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight,  slightly  decurved  anteriorly. 
Eighteen  scales  before  dorsal.  Coloration  very  pale,  sometimes  a  dusky 
spot  at  base  of  caudal,  especially  in  the  young.  Sides  with  a  broad 
silvery  band.  Pectorals  not  reaching  ventrals,  the  latter  not  to  vent. 
Ciiudal  fin  long,  the  lower  lobe  the  longer,  dusky,  with  a  pale  edge. 
Head  4-; ;  depth  4.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  5-39-4;  teeth  1,  4-4,  0  or  1.  L. 
4-8  inches.  (Ireat  Lake  region  to  South  Carolina.  One  of  our  largest 
minnows.  Perhaps  more  than  one  species  is  hero  included,  but  we  fail 
to  distinguish  with  any  certainty  the  Eastern  amarii  from  the  lake  form 
[storcriana),  from  which  the  above  description  was  taken,   is  fii:..;v  *.-,!» 

{Riitilug  8lorcrianii8  Kirtland,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  i,71, 1842:  HudHonins amarm  . 
Giiunl,  I'loc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Pbila.  Irf.'jC),  210 :  llijbopbia  storerianua  Copo,  Cypr.  Pcuu. 
'iSG:  Leiicineus  stortrianua  Giiuthor,  vii,  250.) 

221.  C  lllldaiOllJia  (Cliutuu)  J.  &  G.—Spawn-eatm'. 

This  species  scarcely  differs  from  the  foregoing  except  in  the  some- 
what darker  coloration,  the  black  caudal  spot  being  usually  distinct, 
and  in  the  dentition,  several  specimens  examined  having  the  teeth  2, 
4-4, 1,  instead  of  1,  4-4,  0,  as  in  the  preceding.  The  proportions,  scales, 
and  lin-rays  seem  to  be  the  same,  and  the  form  of  the  head  and  mouth 
do  not  essentially  difler.     Streams  coastwise,  New  York  to  Virginia. 

(Chipra  hmUonia  Do  Witt  Clinton,  Ann,  Lye.  Nat,  Hist.  N,  Y.  i,  49,  1824:  HwUonius 
//i(rm/i7('«  Ginu'd,  Proc.  Acad,  Nat.  Sci,  Phi  la.  185(5, 210:  i/j/l»oj)8i« /lurfaomu*' Cope,  Cypr. 
ronn.  386:  Leutiacus  hudaoniua  GUntbcr,  vii,  250.) 

222.  C.  curyopn  (Boan)  J.  &  G. 

Silvery,  with  a  bljick  lateral  band.  Eye  large,  3  in  head.  Head  4| ; 
depth  5.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  C-38-5  j  teeth  1,  4-4,  1,  with  narrow  grind- 
ing surface.    Savanilah  Eiver. 

{Iliukoniua  curyopa  lieuu,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  1879,  285.) 


:■  .■I 


^riafa 


172      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

5$  Scalis  (locpcr  than  long,  very  closely  imbricated  along  sides  of  tlio  body. 
*  T«!cth  4-4. 

t  Edges  of  teeth  entire.     {Codoma.*) 

t  Teeth  with  grinding  surface  developed. 

233.  C.  Iris  (Cope)  J.  &  G. 

Body  deep,  compressed,  as  in  Gyprinella.  Dorsal  outline  well  arched. 
Month  moderate,  oblique,  the  jaws  subequal.  Eye  moderate,  4  in  head. 
Scales  very  narrowly  exposed  on  the  sides,  the  lateral  line  decurved. 
Seventeen  rows  of  scales  in  front  of  dorsal  fin,  which  is  inserted  behind 
ventrals ;  pectoral  lin  reaching  ventrals ;  ventrals  reaching  anal ;  dorsal 
and  caudal  short.  Males  in  spring  with  the  snout  in  front  tuberculate. 
Color  bright,  clear  green  above ;  a  green  band  extending  down  behind 
operculum ;  head  and  belly  vermilion-red ;  a  large,  square  vermilion  spot 
behind  the  green  scapular  stripe.  Lower  lius  crimson ;  caudal  vermil- 
ion ;  dorsal  olivaceous,  unmarked.  Females  plain  olivaceous  and  sil- 
very. Ilead  3i| ;  depth  3\.  D.  8 ;  A.  9 ;  scales  5-33-3 ;  teeth  4-4.  L. 
2^  inches.  Upper  Kio  Grande.  The  most  brilliantly  colored  lish  iu 
New  Mexico.  [Cope.) 
{riypailepis  ids  Cope,  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  lOOtli  Mer.  v,  G53,  1876.) 

9584.  C.Jiiif  alls  (Cope)  J.  &  G. 

Form  stout,  compressed.  Back  much  elevated,  descending  steeply  to 
the  end  of  the  muzzle.  Upper  jaw  rather  the  longer,  maxilLary  reach- 
ing beyond  the  front  of  the  orbit.  Eye  moderate,  4^  in  head.  Pectorals 
nearly  reaching  ventrals.  Sides  and  lower  fins  milky  white ;  a  dusky 
shade  on  dorsal  fin ;  a  broad  dark  vertical  bar  behind  head ;  a  dusky 
shade  on  the  side  between  ventrals  and  anal.  The  coloration,  therefore, 
essentially  that  of  tiie  species  of  the  group  Photogenis.  Head  4 ;  dei)tli 
3.  D.  8 ;  A.  9 ;  scales  7-34-4 ;  teeth  4-4  (said  to  be  1,  4-4, 1  in  young 
specimens),  with  rather  narrow  grinding  surface.  L.  2J  inches.  Mis- 
souri River  and  Arkansas  River.    (Cope.) 

(Moniana  jiigalk  Cope,  Haydeu's  Geol.  Surv.  Wyom.  for  1870,  1872,  439.) 

tt  Teeth  without  grinding  surface. 

a.  Dorsal  liu  inserted  notably  behind  ventrals;  head  very  short  and  blunt,  al- 
most round. 
aSS5.  C.  vittata(Grd.)  J.  &G.  '  -      .—    ••-^r     ^- ..  w  . - 

Body  rather  stout,  heavy  anteriorly,  with  long  caudal  peduncle ;  the 
back  not  arched.  Head  blunt  and  heavy,  but  less  gibbous  than  in  V. 
ornata.  Mouth  moderate,  quite  oblique,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  to 
the  eye.    Eye  rather  small,  nearly  5  in  head.    Scales  rather  small. 

*  r-irard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856, 194 :  type  Codoma  vittata  Grd.  (A  coined 
name.) 


31.    CYPBINIDiE — CLIOLA. 


173 


Fins  low.    Lateral  line  somewhat  deciirved.    Color  dark  above,  below 

this  a  silvery  baud,  aud  be'.ow  this  a  dusky  shade ;  has  in  the  typical 

siKMiiniens  plain.    Head  4^  depth  ilj.    D.  8;  A.  8;  Lat.  1.  53.    L.  3  inches. 

Valley  of  Mexico.  v. 

{Codoma  viltata  Giranl,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185G,  195,  and  U.  S.  Mox.  Bound. 
Siirv.  Ichth.  5;J.) 

220.  C.  ornata  (Gnl.)  J.  &  G. 

JJody  stout  and  compressed,  the  head  verj'  blunt,  thick,  and  rounded. 

Mouth  small,  nearly  horizontal,  the  jaws  equal.     Eye  large,  anterior,  3| 

in  head.     Scales  deep,  closely  imbricated,  the  lateral  line  decurved. 

Dorsal  a  little  behind  ventrals.    Fins  all  rather  small.    Snout  prickly 

ill  the  spring  males.     Color  dark;  sides  with  about  8  more  or  less 

conspicuous  cross-bars ;  fins  all  with  the  middle  part  dusky  or  black, 

the  tips  milk-white,  the  pectorals  and  the  anal  notably  so.    Head  4^ ; 

depth  3 J.    D.  8;  A.  7;  Lat.  1. 39;  teeth  4—4.    L.  2^  inches.     Chihuahua. 

{Codoma  ornata  Giraid,  Proc.  Aca<l.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185C,  195,  and  U.  S.  Mox.  Bound. 
Siirv.  Iclith.  53.) 

fl(j.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  directly  over  vontrals  ;  head  moderate,  subconic. 
327.  C.  calliscma  Jordan. 

Body  rather  elongate,  fusiform,  comi)ressed.  Head  elongate,  the 
muzzle  rath  jr  blunt,  projecting  over  the  moderate-sized,  obliiiue  mouth ; 
maxillary  not  reaching  to  opposite  the  eye.  Eye  moderate,  4^  in  head. 
Scales  firm,  closely  imbricated,  15  in  front  of  the  dorsal.  Dorsal  fin 
extremely  high;  its  height  in  the  males  one-fourth  of  the  length  of  the 
body,  in  the  females  somewhat  lower ;  its  insertion  almost  directly  over 
the  first  ray  of  the  ventrals.  In  all  the  other  similarly  colored  species  of 
Cliola  the  dorsal  is  evidently  behind  the  ventrals.  Coloration  brilliant, 
clear  dark  blue  above,  sides  and  below  abruptly  silvery;  a  blue  lateral 
streak,  much  as  in  G.  ccerulea,  bounding  the  blue  of  the  upper  parts,  the 
white  i)igment  of  the  lower  parts  looking  as  if  painted  over  the  blue. 
Dorsal  with  a  large  black  spot  on  its  last  rays  above.  Dorsal,  anal,  and 
caudal  with  the  usual  Latin-white  pigment  at  their  tips ;  these  fins  other- 
wise of  a  clear,  bright  ferruginous  orange.  Females  slender  and  dull- 
colored.  Head  4 ;  <lepth  4| .  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  C-39-3 ;  teeth  4-4.  L. 
2f  inches.  Ocmulgee  Iliver,  Georgia.  An  elegant  fish,  allied  to  the 
species  of  Erogala.  .:.;,i  w 

{Epiaema  callinema  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1876,  363:  Codoma  calUsema 
Jordan, Bull.  II.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  52.)  ,..  v    , 

tt  Edges  of  teeth  more  or  less  serrate  or  crenate ;  dorsal  fin  slightly  betind  ventrals. 
(Moniana  Girard.*)    . 

*  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856, 199 :  type  Leudacua  lutrenata  B.  &  G.  (A 
coined  name.) 


.!;■■ 


\mM 


■•\'i 


■<('^ 


174    coNTRinmoxs  to  noutii  American  ichtiivology — •■ 


'I 


9'iM.  €.  Kil»l»OMn  (Ord.)  J- >V  G. 

IJody  oxtrrmoly  tUw])  ami  coinprossod,  tlio  back  inncli  arclicd,  cspo. 

]»o<'ially  anteriorly.     Ih'ad  .sliort,  Miint  and  drcp,  Ihr  pr(»lih>  <'(nitiiinnii.s 

from  11m»  siicmt  to  tluMK'cipiil  willioiit  aiij^hi.     Mii//.N^  Mlioit  aii<l  bliiiit. 

Eye  small, .'{/  in  li«'a<l.     Month  «piit«i  snuill,  very  obliqnc;  the  nppcr  lip 

on  the  level  of  the  pnpil,  tlu»  maxillary  not  extemlin;;"  qnite  to  the  oiltjt. 

Seah's  lar;je,  the  lateral  line  very  inneh  «le<'nrve<l.     Doi'sal  tin  \v<'ll  Ik.. 

hin<i  ventrals;  lower  tins  rather  lar;;e,  tln'  peet«)rals  nearly  reaiihin;,' 

ventrals,  tho  latter  to  vent.     IMnish   above;  sides  silvery;  lower  tins 

milky;  a  more  or  less  «lis(in(!t  black  spot  betwe«'n  the  rami  of  the  lower 

Jaw.     jMales  tnbercniate  in  sprinfj.     Head  4;  depth  2^.    D.  8}  A.  !>; 

scales  (U'U-3 ;  teeth  4-4.     Ij.  L»v  inches.     KMo  (Jrandc.  ' 

{.Uonianii  nihhoHit  (i'lviivd,  Vvar.  Afiul.  Xiil.  Sci.  Phila.  lHr»(»,  'iOl :  CjumndUi  complditaia 
Jonltin,  Hull.  Maydni'sOeol.  Siirv.  Torr.  iv,  3,()(ir),  1^78.) 

*2''29.V.f ovhcsi.hmhiw.— ForhiH's  nrd-Ji.ih. 

l.ody  oblonji',  elevated,  stronji^ly  conn>ressed,  the  back  arched.  Caudal 
pcdnncle  rather  slender.  Head  stont  and  deep,  its  npper  ontline  do- 
])ressed,  the  napeelevate«l,  forming  an  au{?le,  so  that  the  protile  is  some, 
what  concave.  Month  rather  large,  qnite  obliqne,  the  lower  jaw  in- 
elndcd.  Eye  small,  4  in  head.  Lateral  lino  stronj"-  lecnrved.  Tliir 
teen  ^-scales  in  front  of  dorsal.    IVlales  profnsely  tii  late  in  sprin;";. 

Colors  in  life  brilliant,  steel-blue;  the  lower  region  silvery;  tho  belly 
orange-red  in  the  males;  a  eonspicnous  violet-colored  crescent  behind 
the  shoulders,  followed  by  a  erimsou  crescent;  tins  reddish,  the  anal 
and  caudal  blood-red;  chin  without  black  spot.  Head  l^x  depth  .'?. 
D.  7 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  6-;}r)-2 ;  teeth  4-4.  L.  2}  inches.  Streams  of  Soulli- 
erii  Illinois.  Very  near  the  preceding,  but  distinguished  by  the  form  of 
the  protile  and  the  coloration,      r      i  •      v  ,!  .-v       z:     ?  i?.*  :; 

{('Upriiulh  forhvM  Jordan,  Hull.  Ills.  State  Lab.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  57,  1878.) 

330,  €.  leoBiBiia  (Gnl.)  J.  A-  G.  . 

Body  rather  short  and  deep,  compressed,  with  long  caudal  peduncle 

Head  moderate,  tho  snout  subconical,  moderately  pointed.     ]\lonth 

rather  large,  obli<pie,  the  nuixillary  scarcely  extending  to  the  orbit. 

Eye  moderate,  4  in  head.    Lateral  lino  decurved.    Head  4J;  depth  ^. 

D.  0;    A.  0;  Lat.  L  40.    L.  3.]^  inches.    Rivers  of  Texas  and  Northern 

Mexico.    {Girard.) 

(.l/onmna  leonitia,  conqilanata,  and  frigida  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856, 
11)9,200.) 


31.    CYPRINIlhi: — CLIOLA.  ;        '  ' -^  175 

9»1.  C.  IntrvuHlu  (B.  A  fJ.)  J.  *  O.  -  '"  '       *    *  * — 

I'.cmIv  liUluT  sluut  iiiid  tlii<'IvH«»t,  the  back  not  ^rirntly  arelicd.  Fload 
nitluT  heavy,  the  nm/zhi  hhmt.  Month  inoihMat*',  the  jaws  equal,  tho 
iiiiixillar.v  not  reaehinj;- orhit.  Tiateral  line  deeurviMl.  IIea(13i;  depth 
,1',.  I).  7;  A.J);  Lat.I..'M»;  lli  seaUi.s  in  a  trunsverso  Heries.  ArKansas 
and  Ked  IJivt^rs.     {(Jirard.) 

(/,«'MdwH»  liilrrnniH  IJjiird  «.St  (Jimrd,  I*n>c.  Arud.  Nat.  Sci.  IMiila.  IH.'):{,;UH:  Moniatia 
liilrrn  in  jiiid  iiiilrlitlla  (iiiiird,  I'roc,  Aciid.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liila.  IHoO,  IIR),  yuO:  Lvuiiscuii 
liilnimn  GiiatliiT,  vii,2.^t<.) 

iilii.  €'.  «lnliri4»jiin  (Ciid.)  J.  &  G. 

liody  t'lliptieal,  nioih'rately  eotnprossed.  Head  .shortish,  rather  Idnnt, 
tlic  protih'  tbnninf;  an  «'ven  (Mirve.     Mouth  nioih'rate,  oblique,  the  niax- 


lot 


•J  I 


to  th 


Lateral  li 


,'hat  «h 


d.     E 


ary  not  rc^aeiiuifj  to  iiu^  (\ve.  jjaterai  inu»  soin<'\vnaf  «ie«!urve 
iiKxh'rate,  .iJ  in  head.  Scales  rather  larjje.  Head  4;  depth  . '5 J.  1).  8; 
A.  H;  Lat.  1.  .'J.'J.  L.  2^  inches.  Streains  in  the,  Uio  (Irande  region.  (6'i- 
rnrd.)  More  than  one  .species  nuiy  be  hen^  indudeji,  but,  if  so,  they  can- 
not bo  re(^ojjni/.ed  from  Dr.  (linird's  descrii>tions.  Of  all  of  Girard'8 
Moniaufv  the  types  of  <Jnly  lutrcnniH  ',\w\  proKerpina  ^iii^\  now  be  found. 

{MoiiiaiKi  fUiiriosa , proHcrjnna,  hrlaUH  midii,  rulila,  nitida,  uud  yradUn  Ciirard,  Proc. 
Atiiil.  Nat.  Sci.  rhila.  lHr)(i,  l'JU-201.) 

233.  C.  atirntR  (Hid.)  .T.  &  O. 

IJody  subfnsiConn,  compressed,  little  elevated.  Cautlal  peduncle 
rather  slender.  Head  rather  blunt  aiid  heavy.  Mouth  small,  obliipui, 
the  upi)er  Jaw  projectinj;,  msixillary  not  reachiuf;  to  the  eye;  upper  lip 
helow  the  level  of  the  pupil.  Lateral  line  little  decurved.  A  dusky 
str(>iik  alou}?  sides.  Head  ?>']',  depth  4.  T).  8;  A.  8;  Lat.  1.  37.  L.  2J 
inches.    Pi(!drapainte,  New  JMexieo.     {Girard.) 

{Momana  anrata  Vm\.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phihi.  ISrjCi, 200.)  ,  •     ^  ;  '• 

■.' '     '■■(''■'.■ 
231.  <Morinosn  (Girard)  J.  &  G. 

l?()dy  elli])tlCj  conpressed.  Head  small,  rather  slender  and  pointed. 
Month  moderate,  oblique,  the  maxillary  barely  reaching  orbit;  upi)er 
lip  oil  the  level  of  the  pupil.  Eye  larjLje,  4  in  head.  Lateral  line  de- 
curved.  Scales  small.  Dorsal  tin  rather  high.  Head  4J;  depth  3;]. 
D.  8 ;  A.  9 ;  Lat.  1.  40.  L.  2J  inches.  Kio  Mimbres,  Mexico.  {Oirard.) 
If  wo  msiy  trust  Girard's  figure,  this  species  is  well  distinguished  by  tho 
small  size  of  tho  scales. 

{Moniana/ormosa  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  185G,  201.) 


*«.*■ 


!i^' 


-i/ll 


'til 


t:'1 


: "  -^^1 


;  ,*:J: 


iMHOi 


""""^'""'^'■^ 


176      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

••  Teeth  1, 4-4, 1. 

6.  Teeth  witl'  edgea  more  or  less  serrate  orcrenate  (usually  without  grinding  sur- 
face).     {Cyprinella  QiTiiTA.'*)  *  < 

c.  Dorsal  fin  without  conspicuous  black  l>lotch  on  its  upper  posterior  rays. 
d.  No  conspicuou  >  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal. 

e.  Body  very  deep,  compressed,  the  depth  forming  about  a  third  of 
the  length.  ,  , 

335.  C.  umbrosa  ^Grd.)  J,  &  G.  ?..  ;:':i.  ;   .    j- 

Body  short,  the  back  very  much  arched.    Caudal  peduncle  robust. 

Head  sliort  and  deep,  bhmtish.    Eye  large,  4  in  head.    Mouth  moderate, 

quite  oblique,  the  jaws  about  equal,  the  maxillary  nearly  reaching  the 

fron'c  of  the  eye ;  the  upper  lip  on  the  level  of  the  pupil.    Lateral  line 

decurved.    Fins  rather  low.    Coloration  plain  in  spirits.    Head  4^; 

depths.    P. 8 ;  A.  9 J  scales 8-42-5.    L. Scinches.    Arkansas, etc.    {Gi- 

rard.) 

(Ci/imnella  umhrosa  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856, 197,  and  U.  S.  Pac.  R. R. 
Surv.x,26(5.) 

Si36.  C.  biibalina  (B.  &  G.)  J.  i&  G. 

Form  of  the  preceding,  but  the  caudal  peduncle  slender.    Eye  large, 

3i  in  head.    Jaws  equal.    Lateral  line  decurved.    This  species  appears 

to  differ  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  its  larger  scales.    Head  4 ;  depth 

3.   D.  8;  A.9}  scales  6-3(J-3.    L.  3  inches.    Bed  Eiv^er,  Arkansas.    {Qi- 

rard.) 

{Lenciacna  huhalinua  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1853,  391 :  Cyprinella  buha- 
Una  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  x,  365 :  CypriiuUa  beckicithi  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.  1856,  207.) 

S3Y.  €.  gunnisoni  (Grd.)  J.  &  G 

Body  short  and  compressed,  the  back  arched,  but  less  so  than  in  tlie 
preceding.  Head  small.  Caudal  peduncle  moderate.  Maxillary  reach- 
ing nearly  to  eye.  L>e  moderate,  3j^  in  head.  Ventrals  in  advance  of 
dorsal.  Coloration  plain  in  spirits.  Head  4J;  depth  3.  D.  8;  A.9; 
Lat.  1.  34.    L.  2J  inches.    Cottonwood  Creek,  Utah. 

ee.  Body  «len<l«>rer,  the  depth  3J-4i  in  length. 

23§.  C.  simvis  (Grd.)  J.  &.  G. 

Body  short,  compressed,  the  back  slightly  arched.  Mouth  oblique. 
Eye  4  in  head.  Maxillary  not  quite  reaching  eye.  Scales  moderate. 
Lateral  line  gently  curved.  Coloration  plain  in  spirits.  "  By  its  gen- 
eral form  and  appearance  this  species  establishes  a  transition  between 


•  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  Phila.  1856,  196 :   type  LetidecM  bubalinua  Baird  & 
Girard.   (Latin  cj/j)rinella,  a  little  carp.) 


31.   CYPRINIDiE — CLIOLA. 


177 


the  deep  aud  slender  species."    Head4J;  depth 3 J.   D.  8;  A.  9.    San 
Antonio,  Texas.    (Oirard.) 

((,'//;»-ine^/a  6ttam'«  Girard.Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.Pbila.  1856, 197.)  >■     < 

239.  C.  lepida  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

Tiody  stout,  fusiform.  Caudal  peduncle  robust.  Head  heavy.  Snout 
rather  blunt.  Mouth  oblique,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  quite  to  eye. 
Eye  moderate,  4  in  head.  Lateral  line  decurved.  Scales  larger  than 
ill  any  of  the  preceding.  Colors  plain  in  spirits.  HeadSJ;  depth  Sljf. 
I),  8  5  A.  9 ;  scales  G-34-4.    Eio  Frio,  Texas.    (Oirard.) 

{Ciipriiivlla  hjnda  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1856,  197,  and  U.  S.  Pac.  K.  R.  Sun-. 

240.  C.  billingsiana  (Cope)  Jor.  &  Gilb. 

Body  stout,  fusiform.  Mouth  slightly  oblique,  the  jaws  equal,  max- 
illary reaching  orbit.  Eye  3J  in  head.  Dorsal  considerably  behind 
veutrals.  Coloration  plain  in  spirits.  Head  4;  depth  4.  D.  8;  A.  8; 
scales  G-31-3  ;  teeth  1,  4-4, 1.  L.  2  inches.  Missouri  Elver,  at  Saint 
Joseph.  {Cope.)  "  Dedicated  to  Joshua  Billings,  esq.,  author  of  origi- 
uiil  observations  on  *  The  Briny  Codfish '." 

(Cypriiiclla  biUing8iana  Cope,  Haydcn's  Geo!.  Surv.  Terr.  Wyom.  1870,  1872,  439.) 

211.  €.  macrostoma  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

Body  slender,  the  form  being  like  that  of  the  stouter  species  of  Minni- 

lu8.    Head  moderate.    Mouth  rather  large  for  the  genus,  oblicpie,  the 

maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.    Eye  large.    Lateral  lino  somewhat 

dcciu'ved.    Dorsal  behind  ventrals.    Brownish  above ;  cheeks  and  sides 

bright  silvery.    Head  4 ;  depth  4J.  D.  8  ;  A.  9 ;  Lat.  1. 3G.    Eio  Grande 

region. 

{( Uliriiwllamaoi'ostoma,  luxiloidca,  andlugubriB  Girai'd,  Proc.  Acad,  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila. 
18:)(),  198,199.) 

213.  €.  ludibunda  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

Vm\y  elongate,  subfusiform.  Caudal  peduncle  slender.  Eye  large, 
3  ill  head.  Snout  subconical.  Mouth  nearly  horizontal,  small,  the  max- 
illary not  ext^ending  to  the  eye.  Silvery;  lateral  line  with  black  dots. 
Cottonwood  Creek,  Utah.  {Gira"d.)  A  dubious  species,  apparently 
distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  the  small  horizontal  mouth. 

{CilprincUa  ludihinda  G.d.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856, 199.) 

(W,  A  coiLsplcuous  black  spot  at  baao  of  caudal. 

213.  C.  notata  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

B(,dy  stoutish,  subfuaiform.    Caudal  peduncle  slender.    Eye  moder- 
ate, 3^  in  head.    Snout  bluntlsh.    Mouth  small,  oblique,  the  maxillary 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  10 12 


i 
I 


T! 


'™— "■"■'™^-"" 


178     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

not  reaching  to  the  eye.    Vcntrals  in  advance  of  dorsal.    Fins  moderate. 

(yoloration  plain  in  spirits,  except  the  black  caudal  spot ;  sides  silvery. 

Head  4J;  depth  3§.    D. 8 ;  A.  7  5  Lat.  1. 46.    Rio  Seco,  Texas.    {Girard.) 

{Cypnndla  notaia  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185G,  198,  and  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  it. 
Surv.  X,  209.) 

244.  C.  vcnusta  (Grd.)  J.  «&  G. 

Body  slender,  as  in  C.  macrostoma.  Head  long  and  rather  pointed 
the  snout  subfonical.  Mouth  large,  oblique,  the  maxillary  scarcely 
reaching  to  the  eye.  Eye  large,  3^  in  head.  Fins  moderate ;  the  dor- 
sal behind  ventrals.  Coloration  plain  in  spirits,  except  the  caudal  spot ; 
sides  mostly  silvery.  He.ad  4^- ;  depth  4.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  7-37-,'{ 
(36  in  type  of  C.  texana).    Rivers  of  Texas. 

{Cyprinella  venusta  and  texana  Girard,  Proc.  Acad. Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856,  198,  and  U. 
S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  Ichtli.  54,55.)  ,  " 

cc.  Dorsal  fin  elevated,  with  a  conspicuous  black  blotch  on  its  upper  posterior  rays 
(obsolete  in  young  examples). 
/.  A  conspicuous  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal. 

245.  C  callinra  Jordan. 

Body  elongated,  compressed,  elevated  in  the  middle,  the  profde  be- 
fore the  dorsal  curved.  Snout  projecting,  forming  a  decided  angle. 
Head  convex  above,  densely  tuberculate  in  the  males.  Muzzle  rather 
pointed,  overhanging  the  oblique  mouth.  Eye  4  iu  head,  less  than  muz- 
zle and  interorbital  width.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  slightly  behind  v(!n- 
trals.  Lateral  line  strongly  decurved,  usually  forming  an  abrupt  flexine 
just  in  front  of  the  ventrals.  Color  in  spirits  pale  silvery,  the  dorsal  and 
caudal  blotches  very  strongly  marked.  Head  4f ;  depth  4.  D.  8 ;  A. 
8 ;  scales  6-44-3 ;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1.  L.  4^  inches.  Rivers  of  Alabama 
and  Louisiana. 

{CyprincUa  callmr„  Jordar*,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  x,  Gl,,  1877.) 

ff.  No  conspiciiona  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal  fin. 
!l.  Teeth  without  grinding  surface. 

tl46.  C.  Whipple!  (Grd.)  .Tor.  &  Gilb. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  subfusiform.  Caudal  pedimclo  stoutisli. 
Head  shortish,  rather  pointed.  Eye  large,  4  iu  head.  Mouth  little 
oblique,  the  lower  jaw  included,  maxillary  reaching  to  anterior  lim  of 
tijo  orbit  I  upper  lip  on  a  line  with  lower  border  of  orbit.  Dorsal  lin 
very  nearly  oi)posite  ventrals,  greatly  elevated,  its  height  in  the  uiiile 
more  than  one-fourth  the  length ;  anal  fin  large.  Lateral  line  little  de- 
curved.     Coloration  iu  alcohol  plain,  excei>t  the  conspicuous  dorsal 


a.  Teeth  with 


31.    CYPRINID^— CLIOLA. 


179 


spot;   probably  brilliant  in  life.    Head  4^;  depth  3^.    D.  8;   A.  9; 

ficales  6-40-4.    Sugar-loaf  Oreek,  Arkansas.    {Oirard.) 

{Ciiprinella  wJiipplei  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1856, 198,  and  U.  S.  Pac.  R. 

K.  Siirv.  x,270.) 

(/(/.  Teeth  with  narrow  grinding  surface.     {Phc'ogenls  Cope,*)  ' 

247.  C.  analostana  (Grd.)  J.  &  G.—Silver-fin.  :    v'»j     , 

Body  moderately  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  the  dorsal  and  ven- 
tral outlines  regularly  and  gently  arched.  Head  rather  short  and  deep. 
Month  rather  small,  quite  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  received  within  the 
upper  when  the  mouth  is  closed.  Eye  small,  4J  in  head.  Leaden  sil- 
very, bluish  in  the  males;  edges  of  scales  dusky ;  a  dark  vertebral  line; 
a  large  black  spot  on  the  ui)per  T)osterior  part  of  the  dorsal.  Paired 
fins  and  lower  i)art  of  belly,  as  well  as  the  tips  of  the  anal  and  caudal, 
and  the  front  and  upper  parts  of  the  dorsal,  charged  with  clear  satin- 
white  pigment  in  males  in  the  spring ;  in  full  breeding  dress  the  dorsal 
pigment  with  a  greenish  lustre;  no  creamy  band  at  base  of  caudal; 
males  with  the  head  and  front  covered  with  small  tubercles.  Head  4 J; 
depth  4.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  5-38-3 ;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1,  the  edges  more 
or  less  distinctly  serrate.  L.  4  inches.  Pennsylvania  and  Central  New 
York  to  Missis8ipi)i  Valley  ;  abundant. 

{Cjiprinclla  analoHtana  GiriiVil,ProK,  Acad..  Nat.  Sci.  Phihi.  1859,  38:  LuxUua  kcntudci- 
mm  Kirthind,  Bost;.  Jourii.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  27  (not.  of  Raf.) :  IlijpaUepia  kcntiickiensia  Cope, 
Cypr.  Pemi.  371 :  Leuviticus  analoHtannit  Giinthor,  vii,25():  l'hoto/fi',niii8  Hpilop^enis  Coim, 
C'ypr.  I'cnn.  378:  Lcuciscus  spilojjtttriis  iii\ut\wr,\'\i,2^t4.) 

bl).  Teeth  with  entire  edges  (in  tlie  adt  It).     (Erof/ala  .hndnnA) 
h.  Teeth  with  a  narrow  grinding  surface ;  anal  sliort. 

24§.  C.  galactura  (Cope)  J.  &  G.—MUky-lailed  Shiner. 

Body  fusiform,  moderately  elongate,  not  greatly  compressed.  Mouth 
rather  large,  jaws  nearly  horizontal,  the  upper  projecting  beyond  the 
lower.  Scales  less  closely  imbricated  than  in  the  preceding.  Lateral 
line  little  decurved.  Eye  snuill.  Steel  blue  above,  silvery  below ;  dorsal 
with  a  black  blotch  on  its  posterior  rays;  caudal  fln  conspicuously 
creamy  yellow  at  base,  then  dusky.  JNIales  with  the  belly,  paired  lius, 
and  especially  the  tips  of  the  vertical  fins  charged  with  milk-white  pig- 
niont  iu  the  spring,  the  head  and  front  then  covered  with  small  tubercles. 
In  high  coloration  the  anal  and  caudal  are  sometimes  pale  reddish.    Fe- 


•Cope,  Cypr.  Penn.  1800,  378:  type  Photogeim  Kpilopt'ntg  Cope  =  Cj/j>rin«fia a»a}o- 
stana  iiid.    (0()f,  light;  yfwdw,  to  he  horn.)  ;  ,    •, 

t. Jordan, P'.ill.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mub.  xii,  20,  1H78:  type  Photiujcnis  stlgrnafurua  Jor.  {i)p, 
8l)riiig-liuio  ;  ya2,a,  milk.)     , 


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180      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NOETU   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

In(lIe^<  olivaceous,  obacurely  marked.  Head  4^  ;  depth  4J.  D.  8 ;  A.  8- 
scales  (J-41-3 ;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1,  usually  with  entire  edges.  L.  5-6  inches. 
Cumberland  lliver  to  Savannah  Itiver;  abundant  in  the  mountain 
streams.  Known  by  its  large  size  and  the  peculiar  yellowish  band 
across  tlie  caudal. 

( [{i/p'tiltpw  (jalaoturus  Copo,  Proc.  Acad.  Nsit.  Sci.  Philrt.  18G7,  IGO :  LeuciHCua  keutuclij. 
ennis  OiitiMu'r,  vii,2r>l.) 

JI49.  C  eurystoina  Jordan. 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  tapering  toward  the  snout  and  the  long 
caudal  peduncle.  Head  moderate,  larger  than  in  C.  nivea,  rather 
pointed,  wide  on  top;  snout  rather  long.  Muzzle  large,  quite  obli(iue, 
the  premaxillaries  on  the  level  of  the  pupil ;  upper  jaw  slightly  the 
longer.  Eye  moderate,  3.J  in  head.  Scales  moderate,  rather  closely 
imbricated,  but  less  so  than  in  C.  analosfana.  Pectorals  not  rea(;hing 
ventrals,  the  latter  about  to  vent ;  vertical  fins  not  especially  elevated. 
Color  olivaceous,  the  sides  bright  silvery,  a  round  black  spoi  nearly 
as  large  as  eye,  at  base  of  caudal ;  dorsal  blotch  rather  faint ;  dorsal 
fin  chiefly  yellowish  green,  ferruginous  above,  the  extreme  tip  milky 
white;  caudal  fin  rusty,  with  milk-white  tips;  lower  fins  milk-white. 
Snout  and  front  in  males  tuberculate ;  minute  tubercles  on  sides  of 
tail.  Head  4^;  depth  4.V.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  0-30-3;  teeth  1,  4-4, 1, 
with  narrow  grinding  surfaces,  the  edges  of  which  are  usually  crenatc. 
L.  3^-4  inches.    Chattahoochee  River. 

{rhotoginiin  eurjistomiiH  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  187fi,  JJSfi,  r  xclusivc  of  tlio 
smaller  Hpccinicus  nitMitionod,  which  are  Minnilus  zonMiuH;  not  Codoma  curynfoma  Jor- 
dan, Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  xii,  H:^  Minniliis  zouiHtiitu  :  Photofieniii  hucopua  Jordan  & 
Bray  ton,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  xli,  41,  1878. )  .  , 

a.10.  C.  nivca  (Cope)  J.  &  G. 

Body  regularly  fusiform,  the  dorsal  outline  ijiore  arched  than  the 

ventral.    Head  conic.    IMuzzle  obtuse,  not  projecting.    IMouth  nearly 

terminal,  slightly  oblique,  maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.    Eye  of,  in 

head.    Coloration  very  pale,  a  narrow  bluish  band  along  the  caudal 

l>edun(!le,  forming  a  faint  spot  at  the  root  of  the  caudal.    Dorsal  liii  in 

the  males  considerably  elevated,  largely  dusky  on  its  last  rays,  the  rest 

of  the  flu  creamy;  the  tips  of  the  dorsal,  the  tips  of  the  caudal,  and  tho 

whole  of  the  anal  with  milk-white  pigment.    Males  with  the  snoui  and 

ante-dorsal  region  cov(?red  with  small  tubercles.    Head  4.5 ;  depth  5^. 

I).  8;  A.  8;  scales  0-3{>-3;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1,  with  narrow  grinding  sur- 

face.     L.  2i  inches.    Basin  of  the  Santee,  North  and  South  Carolina. 

{Itybopsia  nii'euH  Cope,  Troe.  Anier.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,460:  Photogcnia  «»i'f««  Jor- 
dan &  Brayton,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nut.  Mus.  xii,  W.) 


31.   CYPRINID^ — CLIOLA. 


181 


m.  Teoth  withont  distinct  grindiiifj  anrface. 
j.  Anal  fin  short,  of  H  or  9  rays. 

A;.  A  conspiciioiiH  dark  blotch  on  upper  pop.terior  rays  of  dorsal. 

I.  Adult  males  with  the  vertical  fins  chiefly  rod;  a  consiiicuous  black 
spot  at  base  of  caudal.  ... 

!tSl.  €.  cnlli«itia  Jordan. 

Body  rather  stout  and  compressed,  rati  cr  Iieavy  forward,  the  dorsal 
outline  considerably  elevated.  Head  stout  and  rather  blunt,  its  upper 
part  flfittish ;  the  nuptial  tubercles  not  numerous,  arranged  in  a  ftnv  dis- 
tinct longitudinal  rows,  not  scattered  without  order,  as  in  related  species. 
Month  large,  nearly  horizontal,  slightly  overlapi)ed  by  the  heavy  snout, 
the  maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  the  eye,  the  premaxillaries  anteriorly  en- 
tirely below  the  level  of  the  orbit.  Eye  large,  3 J  in  head.  Scales  large, 
not  very  closely  imbricated,  16  in  front  of  dorsal.  Fins  rather  large, 
tue  height  of  the  dorsal  in  males  nearly  one-fifth  of  length  of  body. 
Coloration  dark  and  brilliant.  Males  with  the  back  very  dark  steel- 
blue;  sides  a  clear  silvery  violet;  belly  and  lower  fins  satin- white.  A 
lieavy  black  blotch  on  posterior  part  of  dorsal,  extending  downward  and 
forming  a  horizontal  bar  at  the  base  of  the  fin ;  the  rest  of  the  fin  ver- 
milion, except  the  milk-white  tip.  Caudal  fin  bright  red,  yellowish  at 
base,  milky  at  tip ;  a  broad  golden  vertebral  band  and  a  reddish  lateral 
streak ;  a  large,  distinct,  round  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal.  Females 
olivaceous,  with  less  black  ;  the  fins  dull  reddish.  Head  41;  depth  4*. 
1).8;  A.  8;  scales  5-40-3 ;  teeth  1,4-4, 1.    L.  4  inches.    Alabama  Basin. 

(Photoffenia  caUiHUna  .Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1876, 337 :  Codoma  calliatia  Jor- 
dan, Hull.  U.S.  Nat.  Mu8.xii,  5a.) 

'H*l.  C.  trichroiiDtia  Jor.  &  <]lilb. 

Body  rather  slender,  compressed.  Ilead  slender  and  pointed.  Eye 
moderate,  3:f  in  head.  Mouth  quite  large,  \'ery  oblique,  the  uuixillary 
reaching  the  anterior  uuirgiu  of  the  eye,  the  premaxillaries  on  the  level 
of  the  middle  of  the  pupil.  Lateral  line  considerably  decurved,  usually 
with  an  abrupt  angulation  between  pectorals  and  ventrals.  Nineteen 
scales  before  the  dorsal.  Fins  moderate  ;  dorsal  well  behind  ventrals. 
Nuptial  tubercles  sparse  on  the  head.  Caudal  peduncle  and  sides  as 
far  forward  as  the  ventrals  tuberculate  in  spring  males.  Males  bright 
steel-blue  above ;  sides  bright  white  ;  a  large  black  spot  at  base  of  cau- 
dal, precisely  as  in  C.  callutia ;  dorsal  fin  with  abroad,  dusky,  horizon- 
tal band  at  base,  the  mend)raue  of  the  last  rays  jet-black,  the  tip  milk- 
white,  the  rest  of  the  fin  of  a  bright,  i)ale  vermilion-red ;  caudal  rosy, 
it«  tips  white ;  anal  and  ventrals  nnlky.  Fcnuiles  duller,  but  the  black 
niark^iga  distinct.    Head  4|  j  depth  4^ ;  scales  6-42-3 ;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1. 


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182      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

L.  3^  inches.    Alabama  Basin ;  abundant  in  clear  streams,  with  the 
preceding  and  the  next. 

{Codoma  trichroUttia  Jorduu  &,  Gilbert,  BuU.U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  1878,  r)0.) 

II.  Adult  males  without  red. 

m.  A  very  conspicuous  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal.  J.     ';    i, 

253.  C«  stigfmatnra.  Jordau. — Spotted-tail  Minnow. 

Body  elongate,  fusiform,  compressed.  Head  quite  long,  rounded 
above,  the  snout  pointed.  Mouth  rather  large,  somewhat  oblique,  oxer 
lapped  by  the  narrow  upper  jaw.  Eye  small,  4J  in  head ;  iris  white. 
Maxillary  reaching  beyond  uostrils;  premaxillary  on  the  level  of  lower 
edge  of  pupil.  Scales  large,  closely  imbricated,  20  in  front  of  the  dor- 
sal.  Fins  low,  the  dorsal  rather  behind  ventrals,  its  height  less  than 
one-fifth  the  length  of  the  body.  Color  pale,  clear  olive ;  black  dorsal 
spot  not  very  distinct ;  fins  with  their  tiiis  charged  with  satin- white 
pigment,  otherwise  plain ;  a  very  distinct,  large,  oblong  or  quadrate  jet- 
black  spot  at  base  of  caudal,  the  color  extending  up  on  the  rays.  This 
spot  is  visible  on  all  specimens,  and  is  larger  than  in  any  other  of  our 
Cyprinidce;  its  length  about  one-third  that  of  the  head.  First  ray  of 
dorsal  dark  in  front;  males  with  an  obsolete  black  spot  on  the  middle 
of  the  sides  in  front  of  the  dorsal,  as  is  often  seen  in  Characinid(c,  the 
head,  etc.,  tuberculate  in  spring.  Head  4 J ;  depth  4:^.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ; 
scales  7-42-3;  teeth  1,  4-4, 1.  L.  4^  inches.  Alabama  and  Mississippi; 
very  abundant.  The  largest  species  of  this  section  of  the  genus  and 
one  of  the  most  graceful. 

(Photogenic  atigmaturua  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1876, 3.37 ;  Codoma  stigma- 
tura  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  52  :  LuxiluH chicasavenaiH Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
1880,506.) 

mm.  No  conspicuous  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal.  •    ' 

954.  €.  crorulea  Jordan.  >         •        <   r 

Body  fusiform,  somewhat  elongate,  moderately  compressed.  Head 
moderate.  Snout  rather  pointed,  overlapping  the  small,  obliqne  montli, 
maxillaries  reaching  nostrils,  premaxillaries  below  level  of  pupil.  Eye 
moderate,  3J  in  head.  Scales  firm,  15  in  front  of  dorsal.  L.^terul  line 
decurved.  Fins  all  high,  the  height  of  the  dorsal  nearly  one-fifth  the 
length  of  the  fish;  dorsal  behind  ventrals.  Males  with  the  snout 
thickly  tuberculate.  Color  bright  steel-blue;  the  sides  an<\  belly  sil 
very  white ;  a  very  distinct  lateral  baud  of  a  bright  blue-grten  color, 
most  distinct  posteriorly,  and  forming  a  spot  at  the  base  of  tlu^  caudal 
flu;  dorsal  blotch  rather  faint  and  diffuse;  tips  of  dorsal,  aual,  and 


ifc.  No  dark  b: 


31.   CYPBINID^ — CLIOLA. 


183 


caudal  charged  with  satin- white  pigment ;  the  fins  otherwise  all  of  a 

clear,  bright  yellow.     Females  and  young  with  the  markings  obscure, 

the  blue  lateral  band  usually  evident.     Head  4^;  depth  4|.    D.  8;  A. 

8;  scales  6-38-3;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1.    L.  3  inches.    Alabama  Basin. 

(Vhotogenis  cceruleua  Jordan,  Aim.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1876, 338:  Codoma  caerulea  Jor- 
dan, Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  xii,  52, 1878. ) 

255.  C  eliloristia  Jordau  &  Drayton. 

Body  short  and  deep,  strongly  compressed,  the  form  elliptical,  as  in 
C.  pyrrhomelm,  but  rather  deeper.  Ilead  rather  small  and  pointed. 
Mouth  quite  oblique,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  the  line  of  the  orbit, 
the  upper  jaw  projecting  beyond  the  lower,  premaxillary  on  the  level  of 
the  pupil.  Eye  small,  less  than  snout,  4  in  head.  Lateral  line  decurved. 
Fins  moderate.  Nuptial  tubercles  covering  the  whole  body,  except  the 
space  anterior  to  the  ventrals  and  below  the  lateral  line;  those  on  the 
body  much  smaller  than  those  on  the  head.  Coloration  dark  steel-blue; 
a  very  distinct  blue  stripe  along  each  side  of  caudal  peduncle ;  back  clear 
green ;  lower  part  of  sides  abruptly  milk-white;  black  dorsal  blotch  large, 
the  lower  part  of  the  tin  with  bright  i>ale-green  i)igment,  the  tip  milky ; 
caudal  dusky,  its  tips  milky,  its  base  pale ;  anal  and  veutrals  milky,  a 
taint  dusky  spot  on  last  rays  of  anal ;  iris  white.  Females  slenderer  and 
less  brightly  colored ;  no  caudal  spot.  Head  4 ;  depth  4.  D.  7 ;  A.  8 ; 
scales  5-37-3 ;  teeth  1, 4-4,  1.  L.  3  inches.  Santee  Basin,  South  Caro- 
lina. 

(Codoma  chhristia  Jordan  &  Brayton,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  21, 1878.) 

Hi.  No  dark  blotch  on  upper  posterior  part  of  dorsal.  ,  , 

356.  C.  zonata  (Agassiz)  Jor.  &  Gill).  '  ■  •  >^' -  -      :  nii.   ■    .  -   v'l  ;,'u"?r 

Physiognomy  of  Ceratichthys  dissimilis.    Body  elongate,  not  elevated. 

Head  elongate.    Mouth  small,  nearly  horizontal,  the  maxillary  reaching 

beyond  line  of  orbit,  the  mandible  somewhat  i^rojectiug.    Region  in 

front  of  dorsal  lin  more  or  less  bare  of  scales.    Eye  large,  3J  in  head. 

Dorsal  beginning  oi)posite  ventrals,  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal. 

Ohvaceous  silvery  below;  a  broad,  silvery  lateral  band,  witu  dark 

specks;  sides  of  head  with  black  specks;  a  dark  vertebral  band.    Head 

4 ;  depth  4^.     D.  7 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  6-3G-4 ;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1.    L.  3  inches. 

North  Platte  Kiver  {Coi)e) ;  Osage  liiver  [Aijnssiz). 

{AlburnuH  zonatm  Putiuvni,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zoiil.  i,  D,  18U3 :   Photogenis  piptolepia 
Cope,  Ilaydeu'a  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  AVyoni.   1870,   438:    Leuciacua  zonatua  GUuthcr,  vii, 

253.) 


'■k^' 


I  -f 


V    < 


fM. 


'^l 


184      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICUTUYOLOGY — n^ 


^•> 


jj,  Annl  fin  long,  of  10  or  11  mys;  lin«  high.  ^t, 

9.1T.  C.  xacnurn  Jordan. 

JJody  inodemtcly  ehnigatc,  subfnsifonn,  heavy  forwards.  Head  lioavy 
sonu'what  eUmgate,  rounded  abov(5.  Moutli  lar;je,  oblique,  the  lower 
jaw  included,  unixillary  reaeliinj;  almost  to  orbit,  i>r4MnaxiIlary  on  level 
of  upper  part  of  pui)il.  Eye  larjje,  \V{  '\\\  head.  Fins  all  rather  l«»w,  tlio 
hei^lit  of  the  dorsal  (In,  even  in  the  males,  only  two-thirds  the  lenjidi  of 
head  ;  caudal  tin  large.  Color  dark  steel-blue  ;  silvery  below ;  a  faint 
black  spot  at  base  of  caudal ;  scales  above  dark-edged.  Mides  with 
the  tins  mostly  bright  crimson ;  the  (h)rsal  largely  black  at  its  upitci- 
posterior  part;  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  tins  with  white  pigment ;  belly 
and  bases  of  the  lower  tins  likewise  pigmented;  head  and  caudal  pe- 
duncle tuberculate  in  sjuing.  Head  4;  depth  3^.  1).  8;  A.  10;  scales 
0-35)-,'} ;  teeth  1,  4-4, 1.  L.  3  inches.  Altamaha  Basin,  Georgia;  lix^ally 
abundant. 

(MinnUns  xn'numx  .Jordan,  T>  v.  •,  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Philu.  1877,  71):  Codoina  jrnnum 
Jordan,  Hnll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mut,.  xii,  52.) 

9SH.  C.  pyrrliomelas  (Copo)  J.  &  G. 

Body  deep  and  c()mi)ressed.  Head  stout,  rather  blunt.  Mouth  (»b- 
li(pie,  the  jaws  about  ecpial,  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit.  ICyo 
large,  3j  in  head.  Pectorals  barely  reaching  ventrals,  the  latter  to 
anal ;  dorsal  tin  greatly  elevated,  its  height  in  the  male  as  great  as 
length  of  head ;  caudal  very  broad  and  long,  its  peduncle  stout  and  com- 
pressed; anal  tin  large  and  long.  Coloration  of  the  males  dark  steel- 
blue  above;  the  scales  darker  edged;  the  belly  abruptly  milky  white; 
head  pale  reddish ;  snout,  tip  of  lower  jaw,  and  iris  scarlet;  dorsal  dusky 
at  base,  the  usual  large  bhuik  blotch  above,  red  in  front,  and  broadly 
milk-white  at  tip;  tips  of  the  caudal  milk-white,  next  to  this  a  dusky 
crescent,  a  wide  crescent  of  bright  scarlet  inside  of  the  black,  extend- 
ing into  the  two  lobes  of  the  tbi ;  base  of  caudal  pale ;  anterior  region 
and  sides  of  caudal  i)eduncle  with  rather  largo  tubercles.  Females 
duller.  Head  4 ;  depth  3}.  D.  8 ;  A.  10 ;  scales  0-35-3 ;  teeth  1,  4-4, 1. 
L.  3^  inches.    Santee  IJasin  ;  very  abundant.    The  most  ornate  of  onr 

(riiotogenia purrhomeUu)  Cope,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  4G3:  Codonia  })yr- 
rhomclas  Jordan  &  lUayton,  Unll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  xii,  22,  1878.' 

239.  €.  liypsclO-.>tcrn  (Giinther)  J.  &  G. 

Body  short,  much  compressed,  the  b.ack  elevated.  Head  short,  flat- 
tened above,  the  muzzle  i)ointed.    Mouth  large,  very  oblique,  the  juws 


menuine:  fro 


31.    CYPRINID^ — MINNILUS. 


185 


just  equal.  Eye  large,  3  in  head,  about  equal  to  Hiiout  and  to  interorbital 
space.  Scales  with  the  exposed  surfaces  very  narrow.  Latt^ral  lino 
iiuicii  decurved;  10  largo  Hcales  before  dorsal.  Dorsal  tin  insert«;d  en- 
tirely behind  the  ventrals,  greatly  elevated,  its  longest  ray  a  little  longer 
tluui  head;  aaal  fin  also  very  high  and  very  long,  extending  almost  to 
base  of  caudal ;  these  fins  somewhat  lower  in  the  females.  Color  sil- 
very; the  dorsal  blotch  conspicuous;  a  ilistinct  bliu;k  (;audal  spot, 
siualhr  than  eye  and  deeper  than  long;  sides  with  a  silvery  baiul  which 
passes  around  the  nose,  below  this  a  <lusky  band.  Breeding  colors  un- 
known. Head  44 ;  depth  4.  1).  8 ;  A.  11 ;  scales  G-35-;j  j  teeth  1,  4-4, 1. 
L  2J  inches.    Southern  tJeorgia  and  Alabama.       ^  h  <,;       .  ;v'    \    -^^    : 

{Alhi(rnu8  formoHua  I'utnain,  Hull.  Mas.  Coiiip.  Z<»ol.  i,  9,  IH63  (not  Moniana  formona 
(liil.):  LemiHOHH  /iiyw(c/o/»/«'M»  Gilutlior,  vii,  255:  I'hotogeim  grandiplnni»  ,)otA-M\,  Bull. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  X,  62,  1877.) 

Sft.— ]fIIIVNILlJS  Kafiuesqne. 

Shiners. 

(ft  Xotropis  RafmoHquo,  1818 ;  Minnilm,  Luxilnn,  and  Plarffyrim  RafiiioHquo ;   JlyptilepiB 
Baird;  AlburncHuH  and  Alburnopn  Girard;  Lijthrurm  and  Uijdrophlox  Jurdau.) 

(Riiliiinsquw,  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,  47:  typo  MinnUua  dincmuH  B,a,(.) 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  more  or  less  compressed.  Mouth  normal, 
mostly  terminal  and  oblique.  No  barbels.  Teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  sharp- 
edged  or  with  a  narrow  grinding  surface.  Scales  usually  large,  often 
closely  imbricated.  Lateral  line  complete,  usually  decurved.  Dorsal 
liu  inserted  above,  or  more  usually  behiiul,  the  ventrals;  anal  fni  short 
or  somewhat  elongate.  Abdonuni  rounded.  Coloration  often  brilliant, 
the  males  in  spring  usually  Avith  red  fins  and  the  head  with  small  tu- 
bercles. A  very  large  gr(ni[»  of  small  fishes,  especially  characteristic  of 
the  fresh  waters  of  the  Kastern  United  States.  Various  attempts  have 
been  made  to  divide  this  group  into  natural  genera,  but  the  gradation 
from  one  type  to  another  is  very  perfect,  (lilnglish  minnow ;  French 
menuiHe;  from  Latin  minuHj  small.) 

Tliis  group  may  bo  subdivided  as  follows :                 ■      >  > 
{Amilftu  Mliort,  its  rays  7-9  (Honiotimcs  10  ill  ,V.  zt>Hi«<i««).    •  '     ;     "        '  -  i 
•Scales  large,  35-50  in  tliu  lateral  line. 
tTcclh  with  tho  yrinding  nurlaco  more  or  less  developed. 
t  Species  attaining  a  large,  size,  with  the  scahw  along  th«^  llank*>  nearly  twice  M 
deep  an  long,  and  so  closely  imbricated  that  the  exposed  sur- 
-^  >  .  ,t  ^  V  ^    «.  ■■            faces  are  very  narrow ;  back  (devated  and  convex  in  tho  adult ; 
lower  jaw  included ;  dorsal  tin  over  ventrals  (LnxiLua  Raf.). 
'^'^'--                                                                                                          voruutuB,  selene. 
U  Species  of  moderate  size,  with  the  scales  short  and  deep,  but  less  closely  im- 
bricated than  in  the  pretuiding;  body  elongate,  not  much  ele- 
vated ;  mouth  large,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  projecting;  dor- 
sal liu  inserted  behind  ventrals covwyciiiii,  zoniatiua. 


186      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

tU  Species  of  small  size,  with  the  scales  not  innch  doeper  than  long,  less  cl(;se!y 

imbricated ;  body  oblong  or  elongate,  little  elevated  ;  mouth 

moderate,  oblique  or  horizontal ;  dorsal  fin  inserted  close  be- 

■i^''_    'ir',  '-'  hind  yentrals;   nux)tial  colors  mostly  brilliant  (Alburxops 

'':■:■''.:):■■' -^■\y'i'^'d  i''''  "         Ord.). 

,,_  ro8ett8,  rubricroceua,  lutipinnis,  chlorocephaliis,   chiliticu8,   chahjhmw 

chro8omu8,  xwnocephalus,  plumbeolu8,  lacerto8U8,  ahitmardi,  blennm. 
tt  Teeth  without  evident  grinding  surface. 

.,...,      a.  Teeth  with  the  edges  serrate;  scales  closely  imbricated cercontigma. 

aa.  Teeth  not  serrate;  scales  loosely  imbricated,  scarcely  higher  than  long. 
b.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  directly  over  the  veutrals ;  anal  rays  7-9 ;  eye*  verv 
,    .  ,>  i.H'i         i  large;  scales  large  ("Episkma"  Cope  «fc  Jordan). 

ariommua,  scabricepa,  jejunua,  Icuxiodm, 

' '  bh.  Dorsal  inserted  behind  ventrals altipinnia,  amabilia,  majalopg. 

**  Scales  small,  about  55  in  the  lateral  line bivittatua,  timpanoijenm. 

$  ^  Anal  flu  more  or  less  elongate,  its  rays  10-14. 

c.  Scales  comparatively  small,  more  or  less  closely  imbricated,  and  with 
the  exposed  edges  deep,  as  in  Codoma  and  Luxilua;  scales  Iq 
front  of  dorsal  small ;  teeth  with  grinding  surface  more  or 
less  developed.     (Lythrurus  Jordan.) 
d.  A  black  spot  at  base  of  dorsal  in  front. 

cjjanocephalua,  afripea,  dipl<rmiiia,  ardeva,  pundulatut. 

dd.  A  black  spot  at  the  upper  anterior  part  of  dorsal ruhnpinHi». 

ddd.  No  distinct  black  spot  on  the  dorsal. 

e.  Body  short  and  deep hellus. 

.  ee.  Body  slender  and  elongate matHtimiH,  Urm. 

cc.  Scales  comparatively  large,  not  higher  than  long,  and  not  closely  im- 
..  bricated;  scales  in  front  of  dorsal  large;  teeth  without  grind- 

-^  ing  surface.     (MiNNiLUS.) 

/.  Anal  fin  long,  with  about  14  rays olUjaspk. 

'  ff.  Anal  fin  moderate,  its  rays  10  or  11.  '  ■  v 

g.  Scales  above  lateral  line  in  about  9  series umbratilh. 

gg.  Scales  above  lateral  line  in  5-7  series. 
h.  Ventral  f  ns  reaching  beyond  middle  of  dorsal. 

evepticu«,  photogenia,  tcleacopua,  atilbiiia,  percohromm,  m- 
bellua,  dinemua,  rubrifrona,  janczanus. 
hh.  Ventral  fins  scarcely  reaching  beyond  front  of  dorsal. 

microptei-yx. 
§  Anal  fin  short,  its  rays  7-9  (rarely  10).  ,  •    : 

*  Scales  large,  35-50  in  the  lateral  line.  <'• 

t  Teeth  with  the  grinding  surface  more  or  less  developed. 

t  Species  attaining  a  large  size,  with  the  scales  along  the  flanks  nearly 
twice  as  deep  as  long,  and  so  closely  imbricated  that  the  expo.scd  sur- 
faces are  very  narrow  ;  back  elevated  and  convex  in  the  adult  iiiiile; 
the  lower  jaw  included;  dorsal  fin  inserted  directly  opposite  veutrals. 
{Luxilua  Raf.*) 

360.  ]?I.  cornutus  (Mitchill)  J.  &  G.— Shiner;  Eed-fin;  Dace. 

Body  elongate  in  the  young,  in  the  adult  short,  compressed,  with 

the  anterior  dorsal  region  much  swollen  and  gibbous.    Head  ratber 

heavy,  compressed,  rounded  between  the  eyes,  the  snout  bluntisb. 

Mouth  moderate,  nearly  horizontal,  the  jaws  nearly  equal,  the  lower 

somewhat  included.     Eye  moderate,  4-5  in  head,  maxillary  scarcely 

* Ratineaque,  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,47:  t^^6 Luxilua chryaocephaluaVia,i.^=Cijpnnmcornai\it 
Mitch.    (From  Latin  lux,  light  =  "Shiner".)    (=Hypailqfi8  Baird.) 


31.    CYPRINID^ — MINNILUS. 


187 


reachiug  front  of  eye,  the  premaxillaries  below  the  level  of  the  eye. 
Scales  always  deeper  than  long  on  the  flanks,  becoming  extremely 
so  in  the  adult.  Lateral  line  decurved.  Dorsal  moderate,  inserted 
directly  over  the  ventrals  in  the  young,  thrown  somewhat  backward  in 
the  adult  bv  the  growth  of  the  postoccipital  region.  Pectorals  barely 
or  not  reaching  ventrals,  the  latter  about  to  vent.  Region  in  front  of 
dorsal  typically  with  about  23  scales.  Coloration  dark  steel-blue  above ; 
the  scales  with  dusky  edges,  the  bases  also  dusky ;  a  gilt  line  along  the 
back  and  one  along  each  side,  these  distinct  only  when  the  lish  is  in  the 
water ;  belly  and  lower  part  of  the  sides  silvery,  or  bright  rosy  in  spring 
males ;  dorsal  fin  somewhat  dusky ;  other  fins  plain ;  the  lower  tins  all 
rosy  in  spring  males  j  head  dark  above ;  a  dark  shade  behind  scapula ; 
lower  jaw  and  region  in  front  of  dorsal  to  the  tip  of  the  snout  covered 
with  small  tubercles  in  spring  males ;  female  and  young  fishes  are  plain 
olivaceous  above  and  silvery  below.  Head  4^ ;  depth  3J,  varying  much 
with  age.  D.  8 ;  A.  9 ;  scales  (i-41-3 ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  with  rather  nar- 
row grinding  surface.  L.  5-8  inches.  Entire  region  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  excepting  the  South  Atlantic  States  and  Texas;  almost 
everywhere  the  most  abundant  fish  in  small  streams.  Its  variations 
are  great.  The  following  forms  are  worth  distinguishing  by  name. 
Var.  gibbus  Cope. 

Sixteen  scales  before  the  dorsal  fin.  Anterior  dorsal  region  in  the 
males  extremely  short  and  swollen ;  the  base  of  the  dorsal  therefore 
very  oblique.    Michigan  to  Kentucky ;  common. 

{Unpsilcjua  cornutiis  gibbus  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1807,  158.) 
Viir.  frontalis  Agassiz. 

Fifteen  to  eighteen  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Head  heavy.  Body 
less  gibbous  than  in  the  preceding.    Great  Lake  Region,  etc. 

(Lt'Htisctts /ron^a/J«  and  (/rociijs  Agassiz,  Lake  Superior,  368,  370.) 
Viir.  ccrasintis  Cope. 

Sixteen  scales  before  dorsal ;  scales  6-40-3.  Head  4  in  length.  Eye 
large,  3|  in  head.  Colors  very  brilliant,  in  high  coloration  entirely  red. 
Eoanoke  River.  „  . 

{llypsllepw  cormitua  cerasimis  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18G7,  159.)        ..     ;  • 

Var.  eoriiutus.   ,  ,..,.,.v.. .      ..;^     ■?■.*< 

Above  described.  The  scales  22-25  in  front  of  dorsal  fin.  Every- 
where abundant.  .,    , 

{Cypnnm  cornutua  Mitcbill,  Amer.  Month.  Mag.  i,  324:  ITijpaUepia  cornntua  Cope, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18G7, 158 :  Plargyrua  typicua  aud  bowmani  Girard,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185G,  196:  Plargyrua  argentatua  Girard,  1.  c.  212:  Leuciacu^  cornutue 
Glinther,  vii,  249:  Luxilua  chrysocephalua  Raf.  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,  47.) 


'M 


;         v. 

' 

j  ' 

\ 

l» 

.; 

^ 

t 

t 

r  - 

hi 


188    roNTUinuTiONS  to  north  American  ichthyology — iv. 

Viir.  ryniiPUA  Copo. 

St'iihvs  of  the  iloiHiil  iiml  v«Mitral  rogions  very  Niiiall,  31-40  in  front  of 
the<lor.sal  fin.  Heales  10-K>-1.  Coloration  extremely  dark  j  blue  Wliuk 
above;  Huh  oliielly  black.     Lake  Hnporior.  -    -       .     s. 

{Ifjiptihipiii  eorinitnn  cyancHu  Cope,  Proc.  Aead.  Nat.  8ci.  Phtla.  18<57,  100.) 

901.  JH.  M'ICIIO  .Tonlan. 

ilixly  eIoii;;ate,  «'oinpresHe»l.  Head  short  and  stont,  rounded  iihovc, 
IMoulh  terminal,  obU<iiie,  the  lower  jaw  included.  IMtizzle  blunt  mid 
short.  Eye  very  larpe,  '.\  in  head,  witler  than  Hiiont  and  than  intcror 
bital  sjiatie.  Dorsal  tin  very  hif^li.  Lateral  line  little  decurved.  I>rij;lit 
steel-bine  above,  with  a  very  distin<;t  silvery  band  overlyinjj  a  pjiiiii 
beona  shade;  a  dark  spot  at  base  of  caudal;  a  dark  vertebral  liiu>; 
cheeks,  belly,  and  iris  white  ;  tins  plain,  ]>robably  red  in  spriii}?.  Head 
4i  ;  depth  4.4.  Scales  4-40-3 ;  t^^eth  2,  4-4,  2.  Lake  Superior. 
(/.Mji/i(«  «7<'n«' JordiMi,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  X,  00,  1H77.)  '  ' 

{{  Spocioa  of  mmlorato  sizo,  with  tlio  acalcs  nhorl  aiul  do«p,  but  loss  closoly  inihricntcd 
than  in  tho  pn^ciMlinj; ;  body  olongatt^  not  much  elavat»>(l;  niontli  liir;;)', 
obli<iue,  tho  lower  jaw  project  ing;  «lorHal  tin  iuHcrted  lutliiud  ventralN. 

Sff'i.  m..  roecojfonis  (Cope)  .Tordan. — Rvd-chrckrd  Shiner. 

Body  elonjjate,  coini)ressed,  not  at  all  elevated.  ITead  straijjht  and 
rather  i)oint«Ml.  Mouth  larjj;e,  very  oblicpie,  the  i)reinaxillary  nearly  on 
a  level  with  tho  pupil,  lower  Jaw  projectinjf  beyond  upper,  maxillary 
reaching;  ])ast  front  of  eye.  Eye  very  larj^e,  3A  in  head.  About  20  scales 
in  front  of  the  dorsal  tin.  Back  olivaceous;  the  scales  dark-('(l;;cd; 
belly  and  sides  silvery,  rosy  in  sprinj;  males;  a  dusky  scapular  band; 
a  scarlet  bar  like  a  braiul  down  the  line  of  the  i)reoperclc;  mu/,/lo  and 
upper  lip  red ;  a  red  axillary  spot ;  outer  half  of  dorsal  black,  lower  half 
yellowish  ;  outer  part  of  caudal  dusky,  ba.se  paler ;  a  faint  lateral  streak 
aiul  a  dark  vertebral  line ;  lower  fins  white ;  snout  swollen  and  tubcrcu- 
late  in  springy  males;  fenniles  silvery,  with  only  traces  of  red  markiii}j.s. 
Head  4;  depth  4:^-  Scales  7-42-,3;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  L.  5  inches.  (Cum- 
berland to  Savannah  Itivers;   abutulant  in  the  mountain  streams. 

{HypsUcpin  c'()rco(/<'«t« Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.  1HG7,  100:  Leuciacus  coaoijcnk 
Giiutlicr,  vii,  "ioJl.) 

363.  I?I.  zoniMtius  Jordan. 

Body  rather  stout,  comjiressed,  the  back  somewhat  elevated,  tho 
form  that  of  a  young  Minnilus  cornutus.  Head  heavy,  broad  aiul  llattisli 
above,  the  profile  evenly  descending.  Mouth  large,  but  smaller  than 
in  coccogcnisj  oblique,  the  jaws  about  equal,  the  upper  lip  opposite  the 


31.    CYTRlNIDil': MINNILUB. 


189 


tiii<l(IIo  of  tlio  «\VP,  tho  niaxillurv  rpn<',hing  tlio  front  of  orbif.     Kyii  vci-^ 

hivnv,  loiij^cr  thiiiiHiiotit,  '.i.^  in  Im'juI.     HcsiIoh  not,  vrry  cluHrl.y  iiiilii-i<;iiti!(l; 

17  scah'H  in  front  of  dorNiil.     Ii>it<;rul  liiuiHtron^'ly  dciiurvrd.     Finn  nio«l- 

crat*',  iM*<!toralH  si-arccly  n'a<!hinf;  vontralH.    Htoel  l>luo  ii!)ovo ;  h'uU'h  with 

coiisithMablo  copiM'ry  luHtni;  dorsal  tin  with  a  HJiarp  j<^t  bla<;l;  horizontal 

Ikii  about  half  way  up,  reddish  in  yoiint;  (IhIm's,  tln^  tips  of  tho  fin  Moinct- 

wliiit  milky,  th(^  base  pale;  a  round   bla(;k  spot  in^arly  as  lar{;<;  as  tho 

eye  at  tho  baH(M)f  tho  caudal ;  analfln  plain;  oau<Ial  tlndnll  forru^inoiis 

red,  palis  at  basj^  as  in  M.  cocvoycnlHy  milky  at  tip  ;  ba«!k  and  sidos  with 

gilt  linos,  as  in  il/.  ror/f  »/»<«,  tho  formcir  bo(;omin^  dark  aftor  doath ;  a 

faint  rod  bar  down  tho  (^lun^kH  as  in  M.  cocvofjeniH ;  a  dark  humoial  bar; 

iiialos  with  tho  snout  tuboroulato;  fonialos  jdain,  no  nni(;h  rostunbliti}; 

Cliola  inrystoiiKt,  from  tho  samo  wati^rs,  that  tho  two  spoj'ios  havo  boon 

(oiiloundod.     lload  'Af, ;  dopth  ."Sij.     Soulos  7-4()-;{;  tooth  L',  4-4,  2,  with 

very  narrow  {;riiMlin;;  surfaoo  on  ono  or  two  of  thoni.     L.  4  inchos. 

(!liatlahoo(!hoo  Kivor,  tlui  typical  oxamph^H  fiom  Huvvannoo  Crook. 

(Codoma  eHrt/Hloniii  Atmhiu  &  fliiiyloii,  Hull.  II.  H.  Nuf.  Muh.  xii,  i'2,  1878,  »)Xol.  nyii, 
(not  l'li<iln;/cHiM  euryHlomun  .I(M'<liiii) :  LiixiluH  toiiintiuH  Junlan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mim. 
lH7D,'2:tt».) 

ttt  Species  of  Hiiiall  Hizr,  with  (lie  hciiIch  not  mTich  dccpor  flmii  loiij;,  Icrh  rlom^ly  iin- 
lii'i(^a1tMl ;  liddy  oliioiifr  or  <-iiiii^)it(\  little  *'ll^vat«'<l ;  iiioiitli  nioderatc,  obli(iiio 
or  lioi'izoiital  ;  (loi'Ha!  liii  iimfiieil  (dow)  Ixdiiiul  viuitialH;  nuptial  coIofh  cumi- 
miunly  luilliaut.     (^Alhuruopn  (Jrd.*) 

ilOlt  in*  roNCllN  .Jordan. 

body  short  and  stout,  littlo  comi)rcssod.  IToad  rathor  short,  thick, 
bluntly  ronndod.  Month  moderate,  slijjhtly  oblique,  tho  jaws  about 
equal.  Eye  largo,  nearly  3  in  head,  abotit  equal  to  muzzle,  a  little  loss 
than  tho  broad  intororbital  space,  l^'ifteen  sijales  before  dorsal  lin  ;  dor- 
sal tin  high,  directly  over  vontrals.  Olivaceon.s;  scales  dark-edged ;  a 
broad  plumbeous  lateral  band  ;  lii)s  black  ;  a  dark  caudal  spot;  a  dark 
vertebral  line;  anal  region  dusted  with  dark  points;  cheeks  and  belly 
silvery ;  nuiles  with  tho  dorsal,  anal,  caudal,  and  i)ectorals  mostly  rosy 
ml;  iris,  top  of  head,  and  tip  of  snout  red.  llead.'JJ;  dei)th  4^.  Scales 
0-38-5 ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.    L.  2.]  inches.    Notalbany  Uiver,  Louisiana. 

{Luxilua  roiwuH  .Jordan,  Jlull.  V.  H,  Nat.  Muh.  x,  (il,  1877.) 

*i{)!i.  M.  rubrlcroccuN  (Cope)  .J.  &  (i.—Iled  Fall-Jiah. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  somewhat  compres.sed.  Tlead  compara- 
tively long  and  rather  ])ointed.  Mouth  rather  large,  oblique,  the  jaws 
about  equal.    Eye  large,  as  long  an  suout,  3J  in  head,  i)reraaxillary 


*Giraid,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18.'»'5,  194:  typo  Alburnopa  blenniua  Grd.    {Al- 
hirnun;  wi/",  appearance.)    {=^  Uydroj)hIox  Jor.) 


\t 


*    *   *  ■ 

11 


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i 


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t^i^: 


1  ]i*[ 


Rsa 


TBI'  s. 
Ilia; 


190     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

rather  below  pupil,  maxillary  reaching:  beyond  front  of  orbit.    Lat(>Tnl 
line  somewhat  (lecurve(^   Nineteen  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.    Dorsal  in- 
sorted  somewhat  behind  ventrals.     Females  plain  olivaceous.    Males 
dark  steel-blue,  a  djirk  lateral  band  of  coaly  punctulations,  which  is 
usually  distinct  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  body,  and  passes  thron^'h 
the  eye  around  the  snout ;  flns  all  ri(;h,  clear  red,  the  dorsal  criinson 
the  caudal  pink,  the  lower  fins  scarlet;  head  pale  red,  the  lower  ;>\v 
flushed  as  if  bloody ;  eyes  bluish  or  flushed  with  red ;  a  lustrous  stre;' 
along  sides;  silvery  below.    In  high  coloration  the  whole  body  is 
or  less  red.    Males  v  ith  the  head  and  autedorsal  region  dusted  \vitli 
fine  white  tubercles.    Head  4 ;  depth  4i.    D.  8 ;  A.  9 ;  scales  7-38-3 ; 
teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  the  edges  of  the  grinding  surface  often  serrate.    L.  2h 
inches.    Headwaters  of  ^he  Tennessee  and  Savannah  Itivers.    A  sur- 
passingly beautiful  little  fish,  abounding  in  rock-pools  at  the  foot  of 
cascades.         .  i  ;. 

{Ilyhopsis  ruhricroceiis  Cope,  Journ.  Acad,  N.at.  Sci,  Philn.  18(58, 231 ;  Jlydrophlox  rubrl- 
crocviis  J ordiiu  &,  Brtiytoii,  Bull.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  32,  1878.) 

266.  M.  lutipinnai^  .Ionian  Si.  Brayton. 

Body  stout  and  rather  strongly  compressed,  the  dorsul  region  some- 
what elevated,  the  outline  of  the  back  sloping  each  way  from  the  dorsiil 
flu.  Head  short  and  rather  deep,  broad  and  flattish  above,  the  iiuizzle 
moderately  rounded.  Eye  rather  large,  3j|  in  head.  IMouth  rather  hw^o, 
but  smaMer  than  in  the  ^receding,  quite  oblique,  the  maxilhiry  leachiut; 
to  orbit.  Mandible  included.  Eighteen  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  In 
life  clear  olive,  with  very  intense  green  dorsal  and  vertebral  linos ;  an 
intense  metallic  blackish  band  along  sides;  below  this  the  sides  are 
bright  silvery  ;  the  whole  body  in  the  males  bright,  dear  red,  the  color 
of  red  berries;  Any  all  briglit  golden  yellow ;  tip  of  lower  jaw  black. 
Head  4^ ;  depth  4^.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  7-40-3;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  L.  ^ 
inches.    Oconee  Kiver,  (leorgia. 

(Ilydroplilox.  UUipinuia  Jor:iuii  &  Brayton,  Bull.  U.  S.  Naf.  Mns.  xii, 36,  1878.) 

26T.  M.  ciiilorocc|»li:aliis  (Copo)  .I.<r.  &  Gilb. 

Body  stout,  with  deep  caudal  i)edunclc.  Head  broad,  witii  doscoiul- 
ing  muzzle.  Mouth  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  beyond  line  of  orbit, 
premaxillary  oi)i)osite  lowiu"  margin  of  jjupil.  Eye  large,  3  in  head. 
Interorbital  space  greater  than  nuizzle.  Lateral  lino  moderately  dc- 
curve(?  Sixteen  scales',  in  front  of  dorsal.  Color  olivaceous,  every 
where  dusted  w't'.i  blackish  specks,  which  form  a  lateral  band,  wliicli 
terminates  in  a  dusky  spot  at  base  of  caudal;  green  vertebral  and  lat 


II)  before  th( 


31     CYPRINID^ MINNILUS. 


191 


eral  Hues ;  top  of  head  and  upper  portion  of  clieelis  metallic  green ; 
males  witli  the  belly  dark  crimson,  the  whole  body  more  or  less  flushed ; 
suoiit  and  antedorsal  region  tubercnlate ;  fins  plain.  Head  4 ;  depth 
5,  ]).  8;  A.  8;  scales  6-39-3;  teeth  2,  4—4,  2  (1,  4-4,  1,  according  to 
Cope,  but  we  find  2,  4-4, 2  in  numerous  specimens).  L.  2^  inches.  Santeo 
Basin,  in  North  and  South  Carolina. 
(//i//)0/>«JN  t!/i/(>roce/.>/ifli««  Cope,  Pioc.Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  4{)1.)  ;::;  ,?  H* 

!;6§.  in.  chiliticus  (Cope)  J.  &  G. 

Asi>ect  more  clupeoid.  Head  broa«l  behind.  Occiput  convex.  Muz- 
zle iuniininate,  greater  than  interorbital  width.  Eye  large,  3  in  head, 
longer  than  muzzle,  maxillary  extending  beyond  anterior  rim  of  orbit, 
premaxillaries  opposite  middle  of  pupil.  Lateral  line  strongly  decurved. 
Dorsal  fin  small.  Olivaceous ;  dorsal  scales  brown-edged ;  sides  and 
below  pure  white ;  males  with  the  lips  vermilion ;  a  vermilion  band 
through  dorsal  and  one  through  anal  fin.  Head  4;  depth  5A.  I).  8; 
A.  8 ;  scales  7-3G-2 ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  L.  2  inches.  Yadkin  River,  North 
Carolina.    {Cope.) 

{Ililhopsia  chiUticua  Coiy6,Troc.AmGT.  VhihSiicFhWa.  1870,  A62.)  ,  .  . 

260.  I?I.  chalybuctis  (Cope)  J.  »fe  0. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  with  rather  abruptly  elevated  back  and 
slender  caudal  j)eduncle.  Head  flat  above,  rather  narrow,  nuizzle 
Hither  pointed.  Mouth  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  rather  the  longer.  Lat- 
eral line  decurved.  Eye  large,  3  in  head.  Eighteen  scales  in  front  of 
dorsal.  Brownish  above  ;  a  broad,  black,  shining  lateral  band  from 
muzzle  to  base  of  caudal ;  a  light  band  above  it  on  the  muzzle ;  belly 
straw-colored,  bright  orange  in  spring  males ;  fins  plain.  Ilead  3J. 
1).  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  6-35-3 ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  L.  2  inches.  Delaware 
Itiver,  probably  the  smallest  of  the  genus.    {Cope.) 

(IljlhopHis  vhaljibaiua  Cope,  C.vpr.  Poiui.  18(56,  '.W^.) 

370.  ITI.  chrosomiiN  Joi-aan. 

Form  chubby,  little  comi)ressed,  the  ba(!k  somewhat  elevated,  cau- 
dal peduncle  not  much  contracted.  ITead  rather  large,  rounded  above, 
tlio  snout  somewhat  pointed.  Mouth  luoderate,  oblique,  the  upper  jaw 
the  longer.  Eye  3J  in  head,  as  long  as  nnizzle.  Scales  everywhere  large, 
10  before  the  dorsal  fin.  Lateral  line  little  decurved.  Olea.''  hyaline 
{iTcen  in  life,  with  blue  reflections;  belly,  etc.,  clear  silvery;  a  scarlet 
hiiraciross  dorsal,  anal,  and  base  of  caudal ;  a  narrow  scarlet  band  from 
upper  edge  of  oi)ercle8  straight  to  caudal ;  beh)w  this  a  silvery  band  ;  a 
low  of  black  dots  along  the  lateral  line,  forming  a  small,  distinct  spot  at 


m 


192      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV 


;i 


r- 

'*l 

m^ 


l|:| 


base  of  caudal ;  top  of  head  and  vertebral  line  golden.  Snout  tubercii. 
late  in  males.  Head  4^  ;  depth  5.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  5-37-3 ;  tcetli 
2, 4-4, 2.  L.  2  J  inches.  Alabama  Basin ;  very  abundant  in  clear  streams. 
A  graceful  little  flsh. 

( IlybopsiH  vhrosomna  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1876, 333 :  Hydrophlox  chroaomM 
.Jordan  &  Brayton,  1.  c.  49.) 

371.  Ifl.  xsenov^cplialus  Jordan. 

Body  rather  short  and  deep,  with  thick  caudal  peduncle ;  back  wide 
not  elevated.  Head  large,  llattish  and  broad  above,  the  snout  rounded. 
Mouth  large,  oblique,  the  jaws  nearly  equal.  Eye  very  large,  2J  in 
head.  Lateral  line  somewhat  decur\  ed.  Thirteen  scales  in  front  of  tlio 
dorsal.  Dorsal  iin  slightly  behind  ventrals.  Dark  olivaceous  above,  tlio 
scales  being  extensively  dark  edged  ;  a  dark  band  along  the  sides  of  (ho 
caudal  peduncle,  which  vanishes  in  black  poiuts  along  the  sides  of  tlie 
body,  reappearing  on  the  head  and  passing  around  the  snout ;  a  duslvy 
bh)tch  at  base  of  caudal.  Males  without  red  markings,  the  snout  swollen 
and  tuberculate  in  the  spring.  Head  4};  depth  5.  D.  S;  A.  7;  scales 
5-38-3 ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.     L.  2f  inches.     Georgia  to  Mississippi. 

{Hyboims  xamoccphaluH  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1870, 334.) 

979.  m.  pluinbcolus  (Copo)  J.  &  G. 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  the  back  somewhat  arched.  Mouth  obliciuo, 
the  lower  jaw  slightlj' longer  than  the  upper.  Fins  short.  Eye  larfje, 
2f  in  head.  Silvery,  with  bluish  reflection ;  top  of  head  dusky ;  a  dark 
spot  at  base  of  caudal.  Head  4j^ ;  depth  4'^.  D.  8 ;  A.  9 ;  scales  G-39-3; 
teeth  2,  4—4,  2.    L.  3  inches.    Sagiiuiw  River.     (Cope.) 

(Albiiriiopn plumbeoliis  Cope,  Proe.  Acad.  Niit.  Sci.  Phila.  18(J4, 28-i.) 

973.  M.  laccrtosus  (Cope)  J.  &  G. 

Body  stout.  Head  broad  and  deep.  Mouth  wide,  the  lower  jaw  pro- 
jecting. Eye  large,  3,^  in  head,  equal  to  muzzle  and  to  width  of  inter- 
orbital  space.  Maxillary  not  reaching  the  line  of  the  orbit.  Scales 
large,  only  5  above  the  lateral  line.  Silvery:  dorsal  region  dusky;  no 
red.  Head  4.  Teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  L.  4^  inches.  Headwaters  of  Tennes- 
see River.     (Cope.) 

( Ihjbopm  lacvrloHus  Cope,  Jonru.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Phila,  1868, 232,) 

97  1.  Ifl.  sliuinardi  (Grd.)  Jor.  &  Gilb. 

Body  moderately  elongate.  Snout  subconical,  not  strongly  decurved. 
Mouth  nither  large,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  included,  maxillary  reach- 
ing front  of  eye,  ui)per  lip  above  the  level  of  the  lower  border  ofoye. 
Dorsal  over  ventrals.    Eye  large,  3^  iu  head.    Olivaceous j  sides  silvery; 


31.    CYPRINID«E MINNILU8. 


193 


fins  plain.     Hea«l  4^;   depth  4^.     D.  8;  A.  8;  RoaloH  5-40 1-3.     L.  ^ 
inches.     Arkansas  iMver.     (Giraril.) 

(Alhuniops  uliiimanli  ;in<l  illecebroHUH  Girar<l,  Proc.  Aoa<l.  Nat.  Sci.  Phtla.  18.'>6,  194, 
and  U.  S.  Viu:  R.  \l.  Surv.  x,  261, 202. ) 

•i75.  M.  bl<>nniu«  (Grd.)  J.  &  (i. 

Body  inodcratcily  oU)n{4ato.  Ho.jul  moderate,  the  snont  short  and 
Htrongly  convex,  so  that  the  mouth  is  nearly  horizontal,  the  upi)er  lip 
!)eing  below  the  level  of  the  eye,  lower  jaw  shorter  than  upper,  max- 
illary exteudirjg  beyond  trout  of  eye.  Dorsal  <lirectly  over  veutrals, 
nearer  snout  tlum  (;an«lal.  Scales  dee[»er  than  long.  Lateral  line  de- 
curved.  IIea<l  4^;  depth  4^.  I).  8 ;  A.  7  ;  scales  G-'lOH-ii.  L.  3^  inches. 
Arkansas  River,     {(lirard.) 

^Alburnops  hlenniua  Grd.  Frot;.  Aciid.  NtU.  Soi.  Phila.  I85»i,  194,  and  U.  8.  Pao.  R.  R. 

8iirv.  x,9CI.) 

ttTfieth  without  evident  grinding  Hurfaco. 

a.  Teeth  witli  the  e<lge.s  Herrate ;  scales  closely  imbrioated. 

•if  0.  in*  cercostigma  (Cope)  J.  «fc  G. 

"Teeth  2, 4-4,  2,  with  sharp,  serrate  edges  (without  grinding  surface). 
Dorsal  fin  inserted  2  scales  iH'hind  tiiat  above  insertion  of  the  ventrals. 
Dorsal  line  compressed,  elevated,  rising  regularly  from  end  of  muzzle. 
Cranium  convex  abo^'e.  Muzzle  narrowed  in  proportion,  slightly  over- 
hanging mouth.  Eye  4i^  in  length  of  head,  U  in  length  of  muzzle,  and 
2  in  interorbital  width.  Kxul  of  maxillary  opposite  i)osteiior  margin  of 
iiares.  Ventral  outline  less  ctirved  than  dorsal.  Caudal  peduncle 
mther  stout.  Isthmus  narrow.  Scales  rather  elevated,  8-39-3.  Lat- 
eral line  gently  decuived  over  ventrals.  Head  4|  in  length  to  origin  of 
caudal,  1  scale  less  than  <lepth  at  dorsal.  Tln^  pectorals  nearly  reiu^i 
tlio  vcMJtrals,  and  the  latter  attain  the  vent.  Radii:  D.  8;  A.  8;  the 
longest  (anal)  ray  four  thirds  its  base  and  three-sevenths  distance  to 
longest  fulcrum  at  origin  of  <',audal.  Tot^d  length  4A  inches.  Color 
i>ri!fhtoIi\(  above,  without  line  or  spot;  bel«)w  and  sides,  from  fifth  row 
of  scales  ab'  \e,  gohlen  silvery;  all  the  fins,  except  the  pectorals,  with 
white  pigmei  t  at  their  bases,  without  nmrkings;  a  large,  round  bhick 
spwt  at  base  of  caudal."  Pearl  River,  Mississippi.  (Cope.)  The  num- 
Iter  of  teeth  in  the  inner  row  as  above  described  renders  it  necessary 
tor  us  to  refer  this  tlsh  to  the  gtMuis  Minniim.  Its  atflnities,  however, 
are  evidently  with  Cliola,  and  the  recorde<l  dentition  may  be  abnormal. 

yCyprindla  ocrooHtiijma  Copt^  Proc.  Afad.  Nat  Sf.i.  Plula.  1807, 157.) 
M.  LV.th  not  Herrate;  Healtts  loosely  imbrieal.u<l,etoaroeIy  higher  than  long. 

h.  DotHal  fin  inserted  direc^tly  over  the  ventrals;  anal  rays  7-9;  eyo  very  large; 
scales  large.     ("  Kpisetna"*  (!opo  A.  Jordan.) 

*  Nani"^  preocetipiod. 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  Hi U 


•"*:->^ 


"P 


m 


Ik,  ..-4- 


194      CONTllIiJUTJONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV, 


II ;-' 


277.  M.  arioinuiUS  (Copo)  Jor.—nig-eyKl  Shiver. 

Body  stout,  moderately  elev^ated,  somewhat  compressed.  Head 
h(«avy,  broad  above,  the  snout  moderate,  somewhat  decurved.  J\louth 
moderate,  oblique,  the  jaws  equal,  the  upper  lii)  on  the  level  of  the  pu 
pil,  the  maxillary  reaiihinj?  the  front  of  the  eye.  Eye  very  larj^e,  L'j^  ju 
head,  much  longer  than  snout,  larger  than  in  any  other  of  the  Aiiicri. 
Ciin  Cyprinidce.  Fins  moderate,  the  dorsal  almost  directly  opjtosite 
ventrals.  Scah's  large,  15  in  front  of  the  dorsal.  Lateral  line  mucli  de- 
curved.  Olivaceous ;  scales  above  dark-edged  ;  sides  and  below  bright 
silvery;  no  red.  Head  3^;  depth  i^.  D.  8;  A.  9;  scales  G-39-2;  teeth 
2,  4-4,  J.     L.  5  inches.     Ohio  Valley.     A  handsome  species. 

{I'hotoijeuiH  ariommus  Copy,  Cypr.  Peun.  t'iiiO,  37H :  CUola  ariomma  .Jordan,  JSIaii.  Von, 
ed.-J,21>8.) 

218.  M.  seabriccps  (Cope)  Jor.  * 

Body   rather   stout,    iitth?   couipressed,  the  back   slightly  elevated. 

Head  rather  short  an«l  broad,  the  muzzle  bluntish,  somewhat  decurved. 

Mouth  rather  small,  terminal,  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  front  of 

orbit.     Lateral  line  not  much  decurved.     Fin  s  rather  small.     Eyelai'^'o, 

3  in  head.     Oolor  plain  olivaceous;   scales  dark-edged  above;   sides 

white,  with  a  hiteral  band  formed  of  dusky  s[)ecks,  this  band  rnniiiiijf 

through    the   eye   around    the   snout.      Males    tiiberculate  in   spring. 

Snuxller  than  M.  anommus  and  less  silvery.     Head  4;  depth  4^.     D.  8; 

A.  8 ;  scales  (3-;38-,'3 ;  L*,  4-4,  2.    Ohio  Valley. 

{Photofienin  soabrivcpn  Ci)\)v,  Pioe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phihi.  1867,  160:  Cllola  ncabriaps 
Jordan,  Man.  Vovt.  ed.  %  2dti. ) 

S 

279.  I?l.  JfjMims  (Foi'l)e.s)  J(n--  &  Gill>. 

Body  ratlier  slender.  Head  flattish  above,  the  snout  blunt  and 
rounded.  Mouth  rather  large,  oblique.  Eye  rather  large,  .'Jij  in  lioad, 
eipial  to  sm»ut,  less  than  interorbitnl  space.  Dorsal  over  ventrals. 
Sixteen  scales  before  dorsal.  Color  jmle,  with  a  broad  silvery  lateral 
band  overlying  a  plumbeous  shade;  dorsal  sometimes  punctulatc. 
Head  4;  depth  4tJ.  1).  8;  A.  7;  scales  5-37-3;  teeth  2,  4-4,  1.  L.  3 
in(!hes.    Illinois  lliver. 

{EpiHema jejuna  Forbos,  Bull.  IMs.  L;i1>,  Na(.  Hist,  ii,  00,  1878.) 

3MO.  !VI.  louo.ioUlis  (Cope)  Jur. 

Body  rather  slender.  Muzzle  rounded  in  profile.  Mouth  obli(ine, 
the  uumdible  not  projecting.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight.  Twelve 
rows  of  scales  in  fro.it  of  the  dorsal  lin.  Olivaceous;  scales  above 
dark  edged;  sides  silvery,  with  a  purple  band;  a  black  spot  at  base  of 


31.    CYPRINIDiE MINNILUS. 


195 


oiiiulal ;  muzzle  and  base  of  donsal  red  in  the  males.    Head  4^.    D.  8j 
A.  S;  scales  0-39-3.     L.  3  inches.     Ilolston  River.     {Cope.)        ■      , .    - 
(I'liotojaiia  leuciodas  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.  18G7,  1G5.)  "   *    ' 

Ui.  JJcirsal  inserted  behind  ventrals.  ' 

•2S1.  ."TI.  silttipicisais  (Cope)  Jor. 

Hody  rather  short  and  deep.  Ilend  short,  compressed.  Eye  very 
liir,!;e,  longer  than  snout,  2;]  in  head.  Ventrals  extending  to  beyond 
lust  rays  of  dorsal,  reaching  anal.  Dorsal  elevated,  its  height  equal  to 
liair  its  distance  from  the  snout.  White ;  a  lateral  silvery  baud,  strongly 
piiiictate  with  black  j  a  black  band  across  eyo  and  snout.  Head  41^; 
ileptii  5.  D.  8;  A.  9;  scales  5-3G-2.  L.  2,^  inches.  Yadkin  lliver, 
No' Ml  Carolina.     [Cope.) 

(AlbiirnelluH  alt'qnnnia  Copo,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  464.) 

•i§:j.  iTI.  aauabilis  (Grd.)  Jor. 

Uody  elli[)tical,  rather  deep.  Head  short  and  rather  deep,  with  largo 
eye,  which  is  considerably  longer  than  snout,  3  in  head.  Mouth  termi- 
nal, oblique,  the  premaxillary  op])osito  middle  of  i)upil,  the  maxillary 
barely  reacliing  the  front  of  eye.  Snout  moderately  pointed.  Lateral 
lijm  (lecurved.  Fins  moderate.  Dorsal  somewhat  behind  ventrals. 
Color  olivaceous ;  sides  silvery ;  a  dusky  blotch  at  base  of  caud;)l.  Head 
;;>;  depth  41.  D.  S;  A.  9  or  10;  scales  5-38 "?-3.  L.  2\  inches.  Kio  Le- 
oiia,  ;i  tributary  of  IJio  Nueces,  Texas.     [Girard.) 

(Alhurnua  amabilh  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856, 193:  Alburndlua  amaUTia 
(lininl,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Siirv.  Iclith.  T)!.) 

Wi.  ITI.  iiK'aalops  (Grd.)  .)or. 

Very  similar,  but  represented  as  having  the  head  shorter,  deeper^ 
and  more  obtuse,  the  i)remaxilhiry  below  the  level  of  the  pupil,  the 
maxillary  extending  to  beyond  the  front  of  eyo.  Olivaceous;  sides 
silvery;  no  black  caudal  spot.  Head  4,^;  depth  44.  D.  8;  A.  9;  scales 
piob.ibly  as  in  the  preceding.    L.  2.V  inches.    Rivers  of  Texas,    {(jirard.) 

{Albnntua  mcgnlops  and  sociKS  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.  Ic56,  VX):  Albur- 
mllnn  mciialopa  and  mdus  Girard,  U.  B.  JI<^x.  IJonnd.  Snrv.  Iclitli.  52.) 

**8cidc8  small,  about  &r>  in  (he  lateral  line.  .  -  =- 

i.S3.  iH.  bivillsilu*^  (Copi-)  J.  «&  Ci.  .1:1^ 

Body  stout,  tlie  dorsal  legion  arched.  Muzzle  narrow,  not  promi- 
ueiit,  very  obtusely  descending.  Mouth  horizontal,  tho  maxillary  reacli- 
h\^  the  iiont  of  the  t)rbit.  Eyo  4  in  head,  narrower  than  the  Hat  inter- 
orbital  apace.      Dorsal  inserted    slightly  behind   ventrals;    pectorals. 


*;:■»'!  I 


196     ooNTiniurrioNs  to  north  amkuican  ichtiiyolooy — iv. 

roacliiii^  only  h\i\f  way  to  vontnils.  (lolor  silvery;  tlui  scales  punctate 
wjth  blackish;  a  <lai'k  baiul  iVoni  tlio  siioiiUlcrs  to  the  base  of  (Mii(ia|. 
another  iVoin  the  end  of  the  nm//Je,  across  oporciiliini,  to  base  of  anal. 
Head  AH;  depth  4.  I).  8;  A.  7;  scales  12-r.;{-n  ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  b, ;{ 
inches.  Warm  Sprinj^s,  Utah.  (Cope.) 
{ /^/^o/)>.(N  hirilliitns  (;.)])<•,  Hiiydon's  (J.-oI.  Snrv.  Ton-,  lor  1871,  1872,  474.) 

mnH.  !tl.  fiiii|»uiiOMr4>ii««iA  (Copo)  .1.  &.  <i. 

Body  stout,  rather  i'oiupressed.  Head  heavy.  Month  oblique,  l-'^y^ 
loufjfer  than  unizzle,  '.if(  in  head.  Dorsal  tin  slifrhtly  in  front  of  voii. 
trals;  pectorals  not  rea(^hin};  to  ventrals,  the  latter  reaching;  v(Mit,. 
Lateral  lino  more  or  less  incomplete  (in  the  typical  examples,  which  are 
all  younjj;  it  is  probably  complete  in  the  sulult).  Color  brownish ;  the 
scales  tinely  dusted  with  black  points;  a  plumbeous  lateral  streak; 
cheeks  silvery ;  fuis  dusky.  Head  .'{3 ;  depth  4 ;  scales  1 3-52-();  teeth 
2,  4-4,  2.  L.  2  inches.  Streams  of  Utah.  {Cope.)  This  specnes  and 
the  preceding  are  perhaps  young  Sqtialii. 

(fliiooims  Ihnpnnoocnfih  Copo,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc.  Pliila.  1874,  1:I4 :   IfyhopHintim- 
pano/enHiH  Cojio  &  Yivrrow,  ZoJil.  WluMsIor'n  Kxpl.  \V.  lOOMi  Mor.  ^TA.) 

0.  ScaloH  comparaf  iv«'ly  8inall,  more  or  hym  closely  iinbricatod,  ami  with  tho  i^xjmsod 
iHlfion  (li'cp  (as  ill  (^odoma  and  LuxHuh);  Hoalos  in  front  of  dorsal  Hniiill ;  (tMitlj 
witli  tho  >i;rinding  Hurlacti  nioro  or  Icsh  dovolopod.     (Lythrurus  .Ionian.*) 
d.  A  black  spot  :it  base  of  dorsal  in  front. 

^§6.  III.  cyailO<>C|»linlllS  (Copeland)  \h\y. —  IToh^k  licd-finh. 

Body  short,  stout,  chubby,  moderately  compressed.  Dorsal  ontlino 
elevated,  the  axis  of  the  body  being  half  nearer  the  ventral  outliiio 
than  the  dorsal.  Caudal  peduniile  short,  not  contracted,  tlu^  form  re- 
.sembling  that  of  Piniephali's.  Head  very  short,  dtu^p,  its  greatest  depth 
three-fourths  its  length.  Snout  blunt,  shorter  than  eye.  Mouth  largo, 
very  oblique,  lower  jaw  projecting,  luaxillary  reaching  to  border  of  eye 
Eye  large,  .1^  in  head,  not  so  wid«^  as  the  interorbital  space.  Fins  larjjo. 
JDorsal  well  behind  ventrals,  its  longest  ray  about  as  long  as  head  ;  pec- 
torals not  reaching  vontrals^  the  latter  to  anal.  Scales  small,  much 
crowded  anteriorly.  Lateral  line  strongly  <lecurved.  Dorsal  scales 
small;  thoracic  region  mostly  naked.  (Coloration  dark  bluish  above; 
sides  not  silvery.  Males  in  spring  profusely  covered  with  small  tubor- 
clea;  the  sides  and  fins  clear,  bright  rod;  the  back,  and  especially  the 
top  of  the  head,  of  a  clear  glaucous  blue.  Dorsal  fin  in  both  sexes  with 
a  largo  black  spot  at  the  base  of  its  anterior  rays,  this  spot  about  sw 


•Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  187 1>,  iWii:    tyiw  SemoHlug  diplemitis   Kaf.    {XvO/joy,  bloo<l; 
ou/od,  tall.)       i- ,■  /  -,■  .      .--:  ;,,.j,v  .,-  •;i*:_.;    ->■■'/:'-;?-,■;•*■•";■■•;'  .  "■;' i-s-f"'"."'' 


31.    ('YPKINI1>/E MINN1LU«. 


197 


lurgc  JiH  tli<'  <->(';  (loiHjil,  sinal.,  und  ventruls  bluckiHh  at  tij).     Head  4J; 

(U'ptli  4.     I).  8;  A.  12;    scalofc  lM«-4;   teeth  2,  4-4,  2.     L.  2^  inclias. 

Itivers  ol  Sotitlicni  \Vis<u»n.sin,  etc. 

{fjjlthrurug  cyano<!4'l)haluH  iioitohiml.  I'mc.  Acad.  Nftt.  8ci.  Piiila.  1H77,  70.) 

*2§H.  VI.  atri|»cs  (.iDnlini)  Hay. 

Body  iiiodcratel.v  cloiif^ato,  very  Htrongly  coinpresHed  and  olovated. 

Head  ('()iiii)aralively  pointed.     Moiitli  rather  hirge,  quite  ohiiiiuo,  the 

maxillary  reachiii};    to  the  front  of  eye;    lower  jaw  projecting.     Eye 

suiiill,   Hliorter   than    muzzle,  4    in   head,      ycale.s  clcsely   imbricated, 

crowded   anteriorly.     Lateral   line  strongly  diMMuved.     Uorsal  tin  be- 

oiiiiiing  midway  between  ventrals  an<l  anal,  high  anteriorly;  pwitorals 

not  (|uite  reaching  ventrals;    the  latter  to  v<'ut     Coloration  of  body 

(lark  bluish,  without  traces  of  vertical  bars;  sides  not  silvery,  the  scales 

(lusted  with  dark  punctulations;   dor.«al  with  the  usual  black  «pot  at 

base  in  front,  smaller  than  in  the  other  spet'ies;   a  black  bar  crosses  its 

Mlijicr  part;  anal  colorc<l  like  the  dorsal,  tin;  markings  paler;  ventral 

liiis  dusky.     Males  profusely  tuberculate,  and  doubtless  red  in  spring. 

11, ad   I.',  ;  depth  4.     D.  7;  A.  II;  scales  0-52-5;    teeth  2,  4-4,  2.     L.  3 

iiiclies.     Southern    Illinois,     This  si>ecie8,  and   \  ossibly  the  preceding 

iils(t,  may  be  local  varieties  of  M.  diplcinlm. 

^liillininiH  atripiH  .Ionian,  Bull.  111b.  Lalt.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  59,  lb7b.) 

!iHN.  ill.  <li|>lu;iiiill!4  (Ik'al.)  Uay.—Jied-Jin. 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  little  elevated,  the  caudal  peduncle  nota- 

lilv  long.     Ileiid  long,  conic;,  rather  pointed.     Mouth  large,  moderately 

(ilili(|iie,  tla^  premaxillary  on  the  level  of  the  pui>il,  the  nuixillary  ox 

Uiiding  to  opposite  the  eye,  lower  jaw  somewhat  projecting.     Eye  mod- 

t'latc,  about  «'(pial  to  muzzle,  3^  in  head.     Scales  closely  imbricated, 

irowded  anteriorly,  the  antedorsal  scales  about  .'JO.     Dorsal  fin  high, 

inserted  about  undway  between  ventrals  and  anal;  pectorals  not  reach 

iiij;  ventrals,  the  latter  to  vent;  caudal  tin  h>ng.     Coloration  dark  steel- 

liliio  above;  pale  or  silvery  below;  the  males  often  showing  traces  of  8-10 

iilisnuc  crossbars;  a  conspicuous  spot  at  base  of  dorsal  in  front;  the 

liiiN  otherwise  all  jdain.     Mides  with  the  anterior  dorsal  region  and  the 

head  itroliisely   covered   with   small   whitish  tubercles,   the  belly  and 

lowci  liiis  lieing  of  a  bright  brick-red  in  the  spring.     I'\'niales  viiiy  pale 

olive,  sometimes  almost  eidorless.     Head  4;^;  dei>th  4\.     I).  7;  A.  11; 

wales  U-47-;{;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.     L.  ;{i  inelus.     Ohio  and  Upper  Missis- 

xippi  Valley  and  lake  iegi(ui ;  generally  abujulant  in  small,  (dear  streams. 

(SmoiiluK  ilipU'iniuD  lial'.  Iclilli.  Oil. :  UypsiUiiis  diplamia  Co[>(*,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Pliila.  18()7,  Ki'J:  Jordan,  Man.  V«rt,  'ii>i>.  Leuoiacua  di^Uwrniun  of  Kiilluud  aud  of  Giiu> 
\iivx  h  Luxilm<oniutux.j        '*,.■"' 


i 


m 

km 

••ft 


198      COXTIUIUJTIONS    TO    NORTn    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

2§9.  M.  nrdcilS  (Copo)  lUy.— Southern  L'ed-fm. 

Body  eloiij^Jitc,  liltlo  coini)rosso<l  and  not  at  all  elevated.  Head  long 
conic,  and  pointed.  Month  larjje,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  scarcely  lon^rcr, 
the  maxillaiy  reaebiugj  to  oj)po-ite  the  eye.  Eyo  rather  large,  ;>.^  in  Iirad. 
Scales  niodei'ate,  silver}^  not  closely  imbricated.  Lateral  line  decnivod. 
Dorsal  tin  as  in  the  other  species;  pectorals  fallinjj  ('.(nisiderably  shoit 
ofventrals.  Coloration  olivaceous;  the  scales  dark-edged  above :  tlio 
sides  with  a  biilliant  silvery  band ;  dorsal  with  a  rather  small  black- 
spot  at  base  in  front.  Males  in  spring  tuberculate,  the  entire  body  and 
lins  brilliant  red ;  crimson  in  spring,  becoming  more  scarlet  later. 
Young  males  variously  ])nrplish  or  pinkish.  Head  4^;  dei)tli  4'. 
Scales  0-50-3 ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  L».  L.  21  inches.  Cumberland,  TTpjx'r  Ten- 
nessee, and  Eoanoko  Rivers.  A  beautiful  inhabitant  of  the  clear 
mountain  streams. 

{HijimlepiK  ardcva  Copo,  Proc.  A<'-a(t.  Nat.  Sci.  Philii.   18<)7,  lt;;5:   LeuciseuH  ardciis 
Gilntlxer,  vii,  'J.')?.) 

*290.  M.  pun('tuI:U«is  Ilay. 

i>od.y  short,  deep,  comi)ressed.  liack  elevated  in  front  of  dorsal. 
ITead  short  and  dee{).  Prolile  straight  or  slightly  concave.  Moiilii 
large,  quite  oblique,  maxillary  reachin,g  anterior  rim  of  orbit,  l^^yc  mod 
erate,  3J  in  head.  Scales  small,  25  in  front  of  dorsal.  Lateral  line 
Huich  decurved.  Dorsal  beginnuig  midway  between  muzzle  and  ba.si! 
of  caudal.  Caudal  pe<luncle  compressed.  Straw-color;  silvery  <mi  sides 
and  below;  scales  above  dark -edged;  a  <Uirk  dorsal  lino ;  a  dsirk  band 
on  caudal  i)eduncle;  a.  small  black  spot  at  base  of  dorsal.  Head  1|; 
depth  4.i.  I).  8 ;  A.  10  or  1 1 ;  scales  11-40-:) ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  with  grind- 
ing surface.     L.  2  inches.     Tuscumbia  lliver,  Mississippi.     {Hay.) 

(Hay,  Proc.  II.  S.  Nat.  ISIiis.  IS80,  508.) 
tt  A  black  8[)ot  on  tlio  n))i)i  r  autcuior  part  of  (ho  iloraal. 
t!91.  M.  i-ial>ri|»iiiiii$  Hay. 

Body  long  and  shMuler,  nuu!h  compressed.  Mouth  large,  oblique,  tlio 
lower  .jaw  somewhat  projecting,  the  maxillary  reaching  the  vertical  iroiu 
the  front  of  the  eye.  Eye  large,  3.i  in  head,  slightly  longer  than  snout. 
Scales  small,  especially  along  the  back,  sonu'what  higiier  than  long,  l»ut, 
not  so  closely  imbricated  as  in  M.  hcllnn.  Lateral  linc^  much  decurved. 
Dorsal  far  back,  midway  between  i)upil  and  base  of  caudal  and  convsid 
orably  i)osterior  to  ventrals;  j)ectorals  not  reaching  ventraKs,  the  latter 
to  veu:.  Dark  ;  scales  al)ove  all  with  black  points;  a  ])himberns  latend 
band,  ending  in  a  vague  t^audal  spot;  a  narrow  dorsal  baiul ;  a  I)Iiu',k 
.spot  on  the  upper  anterior  portion  of  tlu>  dorsal  and  also  on  the  anal, 


31.    CYPRIMD^E MINNILU8. 


199 


(.acli  surrounded  by  a  diftusc  blotch ;  tip  of  vontrals  and  cdpe  of  pco- 

(oruIsdarU;  vertical  fins  red.     IJead4^;  depth  4.     D.  8 ;  A.  11 ;  scales 

$-ii>-^i.    L.  2i  inches.    Chickasawha  Kivw,  Mississippi.  ^      ^      i, 

( i lay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.  188U,  r>Oy.)  ,  ^^ 

HN'o  flintiiict  Idiick  spot  oil  tlKMlorsal.  .si 

(/.  ISody  short  and  (loop. 


292.  M.  bellus  Hay. 

Body  short,  de(>p,  considerably  coiujiressed.  Dorsal  region  elevated. 
Iloiul  short.  Muzzle  short,  rating'  pointed,  the  profile  somewhat  con- 
oivc.  Mouth  large,  oblicpie,  the  TUiixillary  extending  to  opposite  the 
iioiit  of  orbit,  the  lower  jaw  iirojccting.  Lateral  line  much  decurved. 
.Scales  crowded  forwards,  25  in  front  of  dorsal.  Dorsal  midway  between 
.snout  and  caudal,  behind  ventrals;  pectorals  not  reaching  ventrals,  the 
i;itt('r  to  vent.  Caudal  peduncle  slender.  Dusky  above,  with  a  nar- 
row dark  dorsal  line;  sides  silvery,  with  pbunbeous  streak;  no  sj)ot 
at  ha.se  of  dorsal;  fins  mostly  black-tip[)ed ;  belly  tlame  color  in  life; 
liiis  orange  at  base.  Head  4i;  depth  H?-.  D.  8;  A.  10  or  11;  scales 
7-41-3;  teeth  2,4-4,  2,  "sharp  edged,  but  with  a  n)asti(,'atory  surfa(;o". 
h.  L'{,  inches.     Tond)i.i4beo  liiver,  Mississippi.     {Jlay.) 

(May,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  1880,  r.lO.) 
vn.  IJody  sloiidoi'  and  clong.'ite. 

a93.  ITI.  inatutiBiiis  (Copo)  .Tor. 

r.ody  slendei'.  Orbit  large,  3|  in  head,  scarcely  larger  than  length 
ol  iiinzzle,  equal  to  interorbital  width.  Oliva(!eons  above;  the  scales 
hrown-shaded ;  a  plumbeous  lateral  band;  sides  and  below  brigLt  Hil- 
ary;  a  dark  si)ot  at  base  of  caudal.  Males  with  the  muzzle  and  chin 
red.  Head  4';  depth  G.  D.  8;  A.  U;  scales  7-44-3;  teeth  without 
-rinding  surface.     L.  2 J  inches.     Neuse  Itiver.     {(Jope.) 

{Alburnvllua  matnthtuH  (Jope,  Proo.  An.rT.  Phil.  Sue.  Phiia.  1870,  4G5.) 

','94.  I!I.  lirus  Jordan. 

IJody  slim,  compressed.  Head  small,  short,  moderately  deep,  tlattish 
above.  Mouth  rather  large,  very  oblitpie,  the  lower  jaw  slightly  pro- 
jecting. Eye  very  large,  longer  than  snout,  3  in  head,  the  maxillary 
iibout  reaching  its  front.  S(!ales  snndl,  loosely  ind)ricated,  their  outlines 
<  xtrtiinely  indil^tinct.  Fins  moderate.  Coloration  very  pale  translucent 
HTccn;  scales  of  back  finely  i)unctatc;  8i<lcs  with  a  very  distinct  nie- 
lallic.  blue  band  formed  of  dark  punctulations,  this  band  passing 
thioiigh  the  eye  and  snout  and  forming  a  most  characteristic  color- 
marking;   a   streak    of  black  dots  along  the  bases  of  doisal  and  anal, 


iii?pl 


•  im 


^-Mi*l*»j4aMli«lTli"l'i       nil      I'll 


200      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMKRICAN    ICHTHYOLOOV IV. 

that  on  tho  doiHiil  su^f^ostiiig  the  iKKMiliar  spot  of  the  other  Lythruri  • 
tip  of  Hiiout  Miiclv ;  fills  pale  oUvaceous,  red  in  tlie  inale.^  Males  \u 
spring  with  tho  head  and  antedorsal  region  profusely  tubtucnhiU'd. 
Head  4^ ;  depth  Gj.  l>.  8  j  A.  l() ;  neales  S-4r)-4 ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  with  very 
uaiTowor  obsolete  grinding  aurfaeo.  L.  2^  in<'Iu's.  Tennessije  and  Ala 
bam  a  Uivtirs. 
{A^ototropiH  Htuit  Jordiin,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  HiHt.  N.  Y.  187(5,  'M'li.) 

**  Scales  u(>tii[)arat.ivuly   lnrg<>,  not  higher  than   long,  and  not  ch>8nly  inihricaKxl ; 
HcaloH  in  front  of  dorsal  l:vrgo;  tooth  without  grinding  anrfaco.     (MinniLua.*) 
b.  Aual  tin  long,  i(a  rayu  14. 

» 

99H.  in.  olif^nMiils  (Copo)  Jor. 

"  Under  Jaw  projecting  a  little  beyond  upper,  maxillary  extcMiding  U) 

op|)osite  posterior   nostril.      Head  oonic  in  profile,  witli   muzzle  com 

pressed,  one-lifth  of  length  to  notch  of  caudal.     Eye  3|  in  length  ol 

head.     Opercidum  higher  than  long.     Kins  short  (except  anal);  ventr.ils 

ttuttrior  to  dorsal.     1).  1,8;  A.  I,  14.     Scales  rather  large,  5-41-2;  lat 

eral  line  with  a  long,  gentle  anteiior  deflection.     Above  reddish;  side.*- 

of  head  and  broail  lakUMl  band   silvery ;   body  medially  yellowisli.'' 

{Cope.)     L.  2  inches.     Kansas.     Perhaps  a  member  of  some  other  genus. 

{Albiunuti  oligitxpi.s  ("ope.  I'roc.         id.  Nat.  Sii.  IMnlu.  1804,  28iJ:  Abramiat  oUyii«pk 
Giinthor,  vii,  :MK».) 


!i_l 

^ 


66.  Anal  tin  itxKlcratc,  itN  rays  10  or  11. 

o.  Scalos  iiltovc  lateral  lino  in  aL-jui  9  aeries. 

SI»6.  in.  iimbratilis  (Grd.)  .Tor. 

A  short,  <le*5i)  species,  like  a  Notcmigoiim.     Maxillary  reaching  orbii. 

Lateral  line  deflexed.    ()liva(X!0U8;  sides  silvery.     Head  4;    depth  i. 

1).  8;  A.  11;  scales  0-?-4.     L.  3  inches.    Arkansas  llivor.     {Oirard.) 

{Alburnm  umbratUin  (Jtrd.  Proc.  Aoad.  Nat.  Hvi.  Phila.  185(),  lU^:  Alburnellua  umbraiilu 
Gnl.  U.  S.  l»ai'.  U.  R.  Snrv.  x,  WG(>. ) 

00.  Scales  abov»>  lati'ral  lino  in  .V?  Bories. 

d.   Ventral  lins  reaching  beyond  middle  of  doraul. 

99T.  m.  sceplieus  .Jordan  »fe  Gilb.  Bp,  uov. 

Body  short  and  deep,  comi)ressed  and  somewhat  elevated.  Uciul 
rjither  large,  deep,  bluntish,  resembling  the  head  of  Minnilus  conmtus. 
Moul'<  moderate,  terminal,  oblique,  lower  jaw  slightly  included,  uppw 
lip  opposite  middle  of  eye,  tho  maxillary  (extending  to  front  of  orbit. 
Bye  very  large,  longer  than  snout,  3  in  head;  interorbital  space  broad, 
flatitish.    Scales  large.     Lateral  line  much  decurved.    Fins  moderate; 


!  AlbHi-nellHtf  Girurd,  i'roc.  Aoatl.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  IKMi,  193. 


31.    CYPUINID.K — M1NN1LU8. 


201 


tlio  dorsal  well  beliiii<l  vciitials,  Mn'  tips  of  fclie  ventrals  extending  to- 
tho  UiHt  dorsal  ray.  (Jaudal  ihmIiuu'.U?  moderate.  Ooloration  very  palej 
Hides  with  a  brifilit  Hdvery  l»an<l ;  .scales  with  very  littl<;  dark  edging; 
iidark  line  ill  base  ut' dorsal ;  ntalcs  in  .sprin;^  with  the  Hnont  protiinely 
tuoercnhite.  Qtnid  .'i:| ;  clcpth  4.  1).  H;  A.  ]{);  Kcales  0-38-3  j  teeth  2, 
4-4,  1.  L.  3  ineh(!8.  Saluda  Riv«'r,  South  (Carolina. 
{ XolropU)  phologmiH  {'' imU-:  vurii'ty  ")  Jonlim  &  Hiayton,  Uiill.  U.  B.  Nat.  Mu».  xli, 

'i9M.  ITI.  pliotoKcniM  (Cupu)  Jor. 

IJody  more  slender,  coniiuessed.  Head  moderate.  Month  (]uite  ob- 
lique, lower  Jaw  weareely  jini-jecting;  maxillary  about  reaehlng  orbit. 
BiKik  broad.  Dorsal  lin  inserted  behind  middle  of  body,  a  little  behind 
vciitrals.  Lateral  line  deeurved.  Eye  large,  3^  in  head.  Color  oliva- 
ceous, with  brown  vertebral  and  dor.sal  lines;  Hides  and  below  bright 
bilvery ;  eheeks  silvery.  Ilead  4,^ ;  depth  5.^.  D.  8;  A.  10;  seales  0-40-3. 
li.  .>  iiujhes.  Alleghany  region,  Pennsylvania,  to  North  Carolina,  ou 
both  sides  of  the  mountains  ;  abun<lant  and  variable.  Var.  cngraulinua 
Cope  is  slenderer,  the  drpth  0  in  length,  the  head  3§. 

{SqiKiliiui  photoficiiiM  Copci,  I'roc.  Acad.  Nut.  Hci.  Pliila.  l8(i4,'2H0:  Photofienis  huoopa 
Cdiif,  Vi(n\  Acad.  Nat.  Sci  Phila.  18(57,  KM  :  Lpiu^hcwi  photogcnin  GUntlior,  vii,ii52.) 

W9.  in.  teloNCOpus  (I'opc)  ,Jor.  »fc  (iill>. 

Very  near  the  i»r(^ceding,  but  with  the  d(usal  fin  inserted  about  mid- 
way between  8n<mt  and  base  of  eaudal,  not  rnueh  behind  ventrals.  Ey& 
longer  than  muzzle,  L*;'|  in  head.  Mouth  very  oblicpie,  mandible  not  jiro- 
jiH'liiig.  Color  pale  greenish  ;  the  seales  extensively  dark-edged  above. 
Hciwl  4i;  depth  5.  I).  8;  A.  10;  seales  5-38-3.  L.  3^  inehes.  Teu- 
nossee  Kiver. 

{I'holojienia  telescopiin  Co[>c',  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18(57, 16."> :  LeuoisouH  teleaooptia 
(Jiiiithor,  vii,  252.) 

30O.  IVI.  Mtilbiiis  Jordan. 

liody  rather  slender.  Head  rather  long,  somewhat  pointed.  Moutlt 
large,  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaehing  to  the  eye.  Eye  very  large, 
gr('jit(ir  than  snout  and  than  interorbital  width,  3  in  head.  Fins  rather 
hijjfli ;  the  ventrals  reaehing  to  oi)])osite  the  last  rays  of  the  dorsal.  Color 
pale  silvery  green ;  sides  with  a  broad  silvery  band,  on  whieli  are  many 
(lark  ptnietulations;  thes<i  are  numerous  Just  behind  the  shoulder-girdle 
and  at  the  base  of  the  eaudal,  where  they  form  an  evident  spot;  cheeks 
pure  silvery;  lips  dusky.  Ilead  4^;  depth  5.  D.  8;  A.  10;  scales- 
5-37-15;  t<^eth  li,  4-4,  I.     L.  ;i  inehoN.     Alabama  River.  \     r," 

(SototropiM  atHhiuM  Jordun,  Aim.  Lye.  Nai.  Hin-t.  N.  Y.  1H7(5.  'J4H.)       / 


HI 

'I 

1  i.  i.i| 


202      CONTUIIiUTIOX.S    TO    NORTH    AMKRICAN    ICIITIIYOLOOY — IV, 


301.  in.  porcohromus  t'npc.  « 

Body  iiuMlt'iatcly  eloiigulc.  Ilc^ml  rather  long,  tlieinnzzlo  ;MMimiiia,t(\ 
M<m(h  o!>liqiu',  the  jaws  e<iual,  iho  rnaxiUary  extending  behind  front  of 
orbit.  Eye  niothuate,  .'{^  in  h;n«th,  as  h)ng  as  snout.  Dorsal  begintiiii;r 
slightly  I)ehin<l  ventrals,  Seventeen  seales  in  front  of  <lorsal.  (Jolur 
])ale,  with  lateral  silvery  band  ;  dorsal  scales  and  scales  at  base  of  eaii 
<lal  with  dark  punctnlations.  llead  '.VJ^;  depth  4,/.  I).  8;  A.  11;  scales 
7_;37_;{;  ti-eth  L",  1-4,  2.  L.  li  inches.  Saint  Josei)h,  Mo.  {Cope.) 
{.tlbnnH'llu.i  piTcobroiaii:!  ^2o\^(^,  lIjiydi^u'H  Gool.  Siirv.  Wyoiu.  1870,  IIO.) 

30t!.  M.  rilbcllllH  (A,;;. )  ,1  or.— I.'oh;/  Minnow. 

liody  long  and  slon<leir,  compressed,  the  back  not  elevated.     Tliwul 

blunt,  conic/,  proportionatcily  shorter  than  m  the  other  s{)ecies.     Month 

moderat<»,  very  oblicpie,  upper  li[)  on  the  level  of  the  upper  part  of  tlio 

pupil,  maxillary  about  reaching  to  the  front  of  the  eye..     Eye  large, 

rather  huiger  than  snout,  •i\  in  head.     Fins  low;  the  dorsal  well  belli d 

the  ventrals,  the  tips  of  the  vcntrals  extending  to  beyond  the  middle  of 

the  dorsal,     Ijateral  lino  deeiirved.     Color  translucent  green   above; 

sides  bright  silvery;  scales  above  faintly  punctate,  but  not  enough  to 

render  them  dark-edged,  nor  to  form  bhttches  along  the  shies;  a  faint 

dark  vertebral  line;  males  in  spring  Avith  the  snout  rosy.     Head 4"^; 

depth  "4.     n.  8;  A.  11;    scales  r)-;?8-;j ;  teeth  2,  4-4,2.     L.  5  inches. 

Great  Lake  region  and  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Valleys;  abundant  in  lakes 

and  river  channels.     Variable.     The  largest  and  handsomest  species  of 

this  genus, 

(f?Nolropin  a(herinoi(1en  Raf.  Aincr.  Month.  M!i}».  &  firit.  Rev.  1818,  '204  (very  (lojil)t. 
fill,  i)('ih;iiKs  a.  Xotemifioniis):  Alhiiniun  ruhclhi'i  A'^hsh\/,,  Ij.'iko  Snix^rior,  18.'t0,  W'A:  Al- 
burnum iiitiduH  Kiitlaiid,  (Jl(>,voliiiHl  An!i.  Sri,  18;')),  41:  AlburnelluN  JicuIuh  ami  a kjo 
Copo,  Cypr.  P«'nu.  IHIiil,  ',iH7  :  LeHemum  nibdluH  and  oopei  Giinthor,  vii,  'iM,  35!).) 

303.  Ifl.  dillcmtlN  Raf. — hmerald  Minnow. 

Very  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  smaller  and  more  (M>mpressed,  with 

shorter  snout,  smaller  eye,  narrower  and  more  convex  interorbital  space,, 

which  is  not  wider  than  eye,  and  shorter  ventrals,  which  scarcely  reach 

the  middle  of  the  dorsal.     Colors  very  pale;  lips  dusky.     Head  4:^; 

depth  r>i  (to4.V).     D.  8;  A.  10;  scales  (J-38-; J ;   teeth  2,  4-4,  2.     L.  .i^ 

inches.     Ohio  Valley.     Described  from  specimens  taken  at  the  Falls  of 

the  Ohio.  .^ 

(Minniius  dinrmus  llai'.  Ifhth.  Oh.  4,'):  Alburnus  dileclus  Gnl,  Proc.  Acatl.  Nat.  Sii. 
Philii.  l8r)G,  l!>3:  Aibunidln.Hdihctnf<  Gnl.  IJ.  S.  Pfu-  R.  R.  Suiv.  x,  239:  NolropU dihclm 
and  dinemuH  Jordan,  Man.  "N^irt.  'JSUi,  297.) 

304.  in.  riibrirrons  (Copo)  Jovdau.— Ros  if -fa  ord  Minnaw. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  the  ba<;k  scarcely  elevated,  the  caudal 
peduncle  somewhat  contracted,     llead  longer  than  in  the  other  species, 


31.    CVPU1NI1)/K — I  KOrOl'OUlIS. 


203 


■ ;  ^' 


<'(»ni«!  jvimI  liitluT  poiiitiMl.     Moiitli  liitiuT  lar^is  very  obliqno,  iipiu'r  lip 

iibovc  rhu  lirn^  of  tlu)  middle  of  tlio  pupil,  tltc  iiiiixillury  n^iuOiiii;;  to  op 

pio^o  the  (\vo.     Kye  iiKMU'iMtc,  ;inliMioi',  t  in  head.     OliviiciMuis  }il)ovo  ; 

m'.iU'S  w'illi  darker  edy;es ;  sides  silvery;  a-  dark  v<Mtel)iul  line;  inalen 

willi  tlie  Hiioiit  tulMTcnlute  in  sprinj,',  the   roreliea.d,  oprreular  region, 

iiiiil  l>as«!  of  dorsal  beiii^  then  Hushed  with  red.     Head  4 ;  depth  4i^. 

J).  S;  A.  10;  scales  r>-,51>-;j.     T«'efli  2,  i-t,  U,  little  hooked,  one  of  them 

,s();:i«'tiuies  sbowinj,'  a  wort  of  grindiu;:'  face.    L.  2^  in<!heM.     Ohio  Valley. 

All  elej^ant  species.     Much  snialU'.r  than  tahdluH^  with  larger  head  untl 

deeper  body. 

{ AlhurnuH  ru'in/iviii  {\t\Mi,  Vrtu-.  A<r;i'l.  Ni.t..  Hci.  IMiilii,  lH;i5,  ^5:  AlbiirucUus  rnhri- 
fni:ii  C'<)|us  Cyjir.  I'oiiii.  Id  Id,  Mid:  f,i'in;i«viin  rnhrifroiiH  Giiiith«*r,  vii,  2!i'>:  iVotrnpin  ru- 
hri/roiix  .Ionian,  'ii'').) 

ao.».  M.  j<'iin»/-:iams  (CoiM-)  .lor. 

I'.ody  siiMider.  with  l(>n{?  caudal  peduiulc  Head  liirfxc,  the  muzzle 
]()iii;-aeuuiiuate.  Mouth  lar;.'e,  oblifpu*,  the  ui)per  li|)  below  the  liaie  of 
(li(^  pu[)il,  the  maxillary  extendiuj;  beyond  front  of  orbit.  Itlyo  mod- 
erate, 'S^  in  head.  Dorsal  rather  posterior,  the  tips  <»f  the  vtMitrals  ex- 
teiidinj;'  beyond  its  last  ray.  01ivat!eous;  a  broad  silviu'y  band,  with 
pliiiiibeous  sup(U"ior  margin  ;  a  dusky  vertebral  l)and.  Head  4J  ;  depth 
(i.  1).  8;  A.  10;  scales  5-;J4-2;  tetith  2,  4-4,  1.  L.  ■>  inches.  Han  Ude- 
lonso  (liio  (rrande),  New  Mexico.     {Cope.) 

{JlburncUuH  jeiuvsanuH  Cope,  Zool.  Wlieuler'H  Expl,  VV.  lOOtli  Mi-r.  v,(i50,  leiTCJ.) 

or.  N'ciitrjil  liiiH  Hhort,  Hc,nr«;<ily  niiwliiiiy  buyoinl  front  of  iIorHul. 

ao<».  jTI,  inieroptcryx  ((;<>i>'')  •'<>'■• 
Body  slender,  compressed.     Mead  moderate,  rather  i)ointed.     Mouth 

hir^^e,  oblique,  the  upjier  lip  on  tlic  level  of  the  pupil,  the  maxillary 
iv!i(;hiu<;  to  o[)posite  the  front  of  the  orbit.  Eye  small,  about  as  long 
as  muzzle,  ."i.^  in  head.  Scales  larffo.  Lateral  line  decurved.  Fins  all 
quite  small,  the  dorsal  farther  back  than  in  any  of  the  preceding 
species,  so  that  the  short  ventrals  do  not  reach  much  beyond  its  ante- 
rior rays.  Color  olivaceous;  sides  bright  silvery;  <lorsal  s(!alcs  conspicu- 
ously dark-edj^ed ;  a  dusky  blotch  at  base  of  (;au«lal,  underlying  the 
.silvery  lustre.  Head  4.^;  depth  ns.  I).  8;  A.  10;  scales  r>-;{0-2.  L. 
2,'  inches.  TIead waters  of  Cumberland  and  Tennessee  Tiivers.  — -  -^- 
{AlburnclltiB  mioroptvriix  Cope,  Joiiro.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  IH()8, 2:53. ) 

■ ~"  ""         86.-PBOTOPORrS  Cnpo;       ■. 

(Copo,  llaydon's  Gool.  Surv.T<M'r.  1871,  473:  type  ProtoporuH  (lomtiiniiH  Coitvs.) 

Body  ratluT  stout.  Mouth  noruuil.  No  barbel.  Teeth  2,  4-4,  1, 
hooked,  without  masticatory  surface.    Scales  small,  iu  50-00  transverse 


i"  '!■ 


%i 


*  *  ■  f  f 


'■H 


■jy 


KtM  : 


M" 


I* 


204      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    XOKi'H    AMEUICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

Series.    Lateral  line  short  or  nearly  obsolete.    (Dorsal  flu  not  described.) 
Amil  basis  short.     Small  flshes,  differing  from  Minnilm  in  the  incoui 
plote  condition  of  the  lateral  line;  possibly  merely  the  young  of  some 
Hqualius.     (-|r>(or.-?,  before;  ^'y""?»  Pore.) 

307.  P.  doiniiiniis  Cope. 

Boily  rather  stout,  front  convex.  Muzzle  obtuse.  Mouth  horizontul, 
end  of  maxillary  not  quite  reaching  orbit.  Eye  4  in  head.  Lateral 
lino  not  developed  as  far  as  the  ventral  fins.  Grayish ;  a  broad  dark 
lateral  bana,  spotted  witli  darker;  back  and  top  of  head  dark.  Head 
4i;  depth  5.  1).  8;  A.  7;  scales  U-SG-G;  teeth  2,  4-4,  L  L.  2  inches. 
Fort  Hail,  Idaho.     {Cope.) 

(Cope,  lliiydou's  Gool.  Siirv.  Mout.  1871,  47:»,  1872.) 

§7.-I::KI€YiTIBA  Cope. 
(Copo,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1805, 88 :  type  Eriojmha  buccxita  Copo.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  little  conii)ressed.  Muzzle  broad.  Interopor- 
cle,  suborbital,  and  dentary  bones  crossed  by  (5onspicuous,  externally 
vis'ble,  nuujouH  channels.  Li[)s  thin.  No  barbel.  Teeih  I,  4-4,  0, 
without  grinding  surl'ace,  hooked,  the  edges  entire.  Scales  rather  large, 
Latt  'ill  line  continuous.  Dorsal  fin  above  ventrals.  Anal  basis  short. 
Si!ver;y  lishes  of  rather  small  size,  known  at  once  from  all  other  nun 
nows  by  the  cavernous  bones  of  the  lower  part  of  head,  {ipi,  an  inteii 
Hive  particle;  xob^rj^  a  cavity;  in  allusion  to  the  development  of  the  mu- 
cous channels.) 

AQti.  Vt.  buccutit  Cupu. 

Body  fufciform,  lather  elongate,  little  compressed,  the  back  not  ele- 
vated.    Il«Mid  rather  long,  some^what  depressed  above,  with  broad  and 
prominent  muzzic.     Mouth  rather  small,  horizontal,  subinli  rior,  the 
lower  jaw   considerably  shorter  than  upper,  upper  lip  below  level  of 
])upil,  maxillary  not  rea<;hing  to  eye,  dentary  bones  dilated,  the  mu 
eons  channels  conspiijucms,      Sul)oibital  very  l)r()ad,  silvery,  with  an 
elevated  longitu<linal  ridgt^  an«l  (•ous|»icuous  cross-lines;  opercle  small. 
Eye  large,  4  in  head.     l^^iuH  small,  dorsal  over  v«Mitrals.     Scales  mod 
erate.     Lat'.u'al  line  nearly  straight.     Breast  scaleless;  15  large  seal ih 
before  dorsal.     Color  olivaceous,  rather  pale ;  sides  bright  sdvery,  with 
bluish  relleetions;  a  dark  dorsal  streak,  conspicuous  posteriorly;  lin.s 
plain;  males  witnout  tubercles  or  bright  tiolors.      U^ad  3{^;  i\vi\){\\  T), 
D.  «;  A.  8;  seal'  ^        {.'Ua;  teeth   1,  4-4,  (►.     L.  5  inches.     Ohio  Valhi.v 
to  Mis8i8si|)pi'(/ia/i;  locally  very  abundant.     Oneofoui  most  remark 
able  species  of  (Jypriuida:. 

(Oo|><',  I'loi:.  Ai'iid.  Nut.  Si'i.  Pliil:*.  IHli.^,  H7.  inul  Cypi.  I'umi.  :»ni  ;  (HIiiHut,  vii,  185.^ 


31.    CYPRINIDii': — IMIKNACOUIUS. 


SS.-PHEIVACOBIIJN  Cope. 


205 


*  ( San^dium  Copo. ) 

(Copp,  Prop.  .Vciid.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliil.v.  H  )7,  '.)(}:  hypo  I'hfiuu'obim  terctiiliut  Coi>oi.) 

Body  oloajjiito,  little  <',oinpro-s.sc<l.  .Moiitli  inferior,  the  lower  lip  thin 
lufisially,  but  eularjifed  into  a  (iesliy  lobe  oii  each  side  toward  the  angle 
of  the  mouth,  thus  pre.senting  a  superficial  re.seniblanco  to  that  of  Exo- 
glonsum,  with  which  the  genius  has  i)robably  real  affiidties;  uijper  lip 
with  a  callous  covering  within;  dentary  bones  distinct,  except  nt  sym- 
pliy.'-'s.  No  barbel.  Upper  jaw  protractile.  Teeth  4-4,  hooked,  with- 
out grinding  surface.  Scales  rather  small.  Lateral  line  complete. 
Dorsal  fin  in  front  of  ventrals ;  anal  basis  short.  Isthmus  e.KtreinoIy 
wide,  [iitestines  short ;  peritoneum  white.  Small  species,  with  the 
aspect  of  young  suckers,  (^yt'wa^,  dccei)tive;  ,?£«<?,  life;  the  appearance 
of  tlie  fish  suggesting  an  herbivorous  species  with  long  intestines,  which 
it  really  is  not.) 

'.Scales  modonit  *,  i:<-50  in  th«  course  of  tlio  lat/ttral  line. 

»0!>.  P.  tcrctulus  Copo. 

Body  slender,  little  compressed,  the  back  not  elevat^ul,  the  tsaudal  pe- 
duncle stout.  Head  stout,  the  muzzle  elongate,  obtusely  deourved, 
lit'iivy.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  horizontal,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  to 
t!yc.  Isthnms  wi<le.  Breast  scaly.  I^ateral  line  nearly  straight.  Eye 
large,  high  up,  3.^  in  head.  L*ale  yellowish ;  the  ^.^caics  above  dark- 
edged  ;  snout  blackish  .  a  plumbeous  lateral  l)and  ;  fins  plain.  Head  4fjj 
depth  4§.  U.  8 ;  A.  7  ;  scales  0-43-6 ;  teeth  4-4o  L.  3^  inches.  Kan- 
awlia  River. 

(Copo,  Pim\  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1807,  %.) 

310.  P.  iiiirabiiis  ((ird.)  Jordan. 

Body   modcM'ately  slender.      Head    short,   rather    blunt   anteriorly. 

Mouth  small,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  to  the  eye.     Eye  large,  4  in 

head.    Olivaceous;  a  silvery  lateral  band  and  a  dusky  spot  at  base  of 

oaud;  ,1.     Head  4;  depth  P\.     I).  8;  A.  7;  scales  0-51-5  (teeth  1,  4-4,  It). 

li. '{^  inches,     .\rkansas  Kiver.     [Oirard.) 

J'^ogloaaum  iiiirabih!  OrA.  Vnw,.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Idf)*;,  ISM,  and  U.  8.  Pac.  K.  R. 
^  itv,  X,  '250:   ExoijlosHiim  mirabik  OUulhcr,  vii,   188;  tSarddium  acopiferum*  Copo, 

*  Body  moderately  elongate,  the  hack  not  elevated.  Canclal  pcdnnclo  stout.  Hood 
rtitnor  nhort  and  thick,  witli  prominent  but  obtune  mu?!zle.  Mouth  nmall,  horizontal, 
wiiolly  iuf'nrior,  Mie  ni.ixillsiry  not  reaciiiiiK  Uie  «^ye.  Top  of  head  f  tt.  Lateral  line 
iwarly  siraigiit.  liye  large,  li  in  head.  Yollowisli,  with  a  silvery  lateral  baud,  which 
t.flrmiiiatf>H  in  a  Itliick  caudal  3[)ot ;  tio  do  sal  liand  ;  fins  plain.  i!i'ad4J;  depth  1?. 
D,  8;  A.  7;  Boales  G-4''4-5;  tooth  4-4.     L.  3inohes.     {Cope.)    Missouri  '^iv». a 


mm^m^ 


jUHHUBttlttliaMIU^ 


lif1JtTihh»'*I^MnW» 


Pi., 


-1  »• 


206       CONTRl MOTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

Hajdcu'sGcol.  Siirv.  W.yoin.  1^70,  440, 1H7-2;  Juraaii,  Bull.  Hayfleu'«  Geol.  Surv.  Terr, 
iv,  No.  :>,  (i'.iii  (ii  rjiMn  v  <hul)l)y  spccinu'ii   from  the  Rio  Grande,  with  scales  C-4r)-7 
the  bri-ast  iialad,  is  n-lerrcil  hy  us  ti»  thisspi.cicH):  /  Phenmobiua  lereiuJuH  var.  Uosttrmn 
Nolsou,  Hull.  Ills.  Mus.  Naf.  lli.st.  i,  li:)7(>,  4(i.) 

** Scales  Hiuall,  aliout  (iO  in  the  lateral  line. 
311.  P.  iNitn'stoniiiH  .Ionian. 

Ij()»ly  liitlu'i'  slciiuU'r,  noaiiy  terete,  scarcely  compressed  iit  all,  back 
not  elevated,  cavulal  |)e(luiicle  stout.  Ilt^ad  very  large,  the  mnz/le  blunt 
and  heavy,  the  cheeks  tumid,  rdouth  small,  inferior,  altogether  below 
the  level  of  the  eye,  the  maxillary  barely  reaching  to  the  nostrils.  Eyes 
large,  high  mj),  behind  middle,  of  head,  and  3.V  '.u  its  length.  Scales 
small,  thin,  .ml  loosely  ind)ncated;  the  back  and  belly  scaled;  chest 
naked.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight.  Twt^nty-two  scales  iu  front  of 
dorsal.  Fins  all  small.  Width  of  isthmns  'Ih  in  head.  Pale  oliva- 
I'cons;  white  below;  a  silvery  lateral  band,  nnderlaid  by  dusky,  which 
forms  a  vague  blotch  at  base  of  caudal;  back  dusted  with  dark  si)eck.s; 
*  \\  of  head  olaek;  a  yellowish  vertebral  line.  Head  4^;  depth  C'J.  1). 
H;  A.  7;  scales  7-00-5;  teeth  4— t.     L.  4  inches.     Alabama  River. 

(Jonlan.  Amu.  I^ye.  Nal.  llisi,  N.  V.  l-^TG,  :'.;!.'.) 
'AVi.  V.  llk'anoB>«i  Cope. 

Body  very  slender,  little  enmiMessed,  back  not  elevated,  caudal  i)c- 
duncle  long  and  slender.  Head  long  and  rather  slender,  Hat  aboM^, 
the  muz/le  broad,  blunt,  and  piojee.ting.  Mouth  entirely  inferior,  larger 
than  iu  the  other  si>ecies,  with  conspicuous  lii)s.  Eye  largt;,  placeil  very 
high,  behind  the  middle  of  the  head,  ^.}  in  head.  Scales  small,  L'l  in 
front  of  dorsal.  Lateral  line  straight.  Chest  and  middle  line  of  belly 
naked.  Width  of  istlnniis  JiaU  length  of  head.  Fins  small.  Head  4.,'; 
depth  (>.     I).  8;  A.  7;  scales  7-0l)-(»;  teeth  4-4.    Tcimessoo  Itiver. 

(Cope,  I'voe.  Acad.  Naf.  «( i.  IMiila.  i^'M,  '.Mi.) 

SO.-RIISr^SCam'BIVS  Agasslz. 

BlucL-HOfivd  Dace. 

(Arfiuntnii  Ileelvel,  juxoecupied  in  ICntomology.) 
(Agassiz,  Lake  Superior,  I8ri(»,  ;!53:  lypo  Cijprhiua  atronmua  I^Iitchill.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  not  much  compressed.  IMouth  small,  std)iii- 
ferior,  normal,  the  upper  jaw  nt)t  inotractile,  the  upper  lip  contimioiifj 
with  the  skin  of  the  forehead,  a  barbel  terminal  on  the  maxillary. 
Teeth  mostly  ii,  4—1,  li,  hooketl,  withoui  grinding  Hurfaco.     lutestiuul 


31.    CYPRINlDiE — RHINJCHTHYS. 


207 


canal  short.  Scales  very  small.  Lateral  line  continuous.  Dorsal  liu 
inserted  behind  th<'  ventrals.  Anal  basis  short.  Size  small.  Colora- 
tion dark,  rosy  in  spring,  (/u;-,  snout;  r/.Uoq^  llsla;  the  snout  in  most 
species  being  prominent.) 

31JJ,  B.  cataractae  (Vul.)  .Jor.— ArtKcz-Hosw/  Daw. 

body  elongate,  little  compn'ssed.  not  elevated.  Head  long,  the  muz- 
zle ilattcned,  narrowed,  and  extremely  prominent,  the  mouth  being  en- 
tirely inferior  and  horizonti  I.  Eye  nearly  median,  its  diameter  cou- 
taiucd  twice  in  the  length  of  the  Miout,  about  5  times  in  bead.  Isthmus 
wide.  Barbel  evident,  ijateral  line  commencing  opposite  the  upper 
posterior  angle  of  the  operele,  dccurved.  Pectoral  lins  enlarged  in  the 
males.  Color  olivaceous,  paler  below,  with  numerous  dusky  i)unctula- 
tions;  the  back  often  almost  black;  some  of  the  scales  usually  irregu- 
larly darker,  producing  a  mottled  appearance;  no  black  lateral  bands; 
yeimg  specimens  with  a  dusky  lateral  shade;  a  blackish  spot  on  the 
operele;  males  in  sjuing  with  the  lips,  cheeks,  an<l  lower  fins  crimson. 
Head  4;  depth  5.  u.  8;  A.  7;  scales  14-G5-8;  teeth  L',  4-4,  13.  L.  5 
inches.  New  l']ng'and  to  Virginia  and  Wisconsin;  frecpienting  clear 
and  boisterous  streams  and  rock-pools. 

\<iobio  calaractw  Cnv.  &  Viil.  xvi,  ,]U>,  lH4"i:  Lermseiis  iiaHulim  Ayri's,  IJohI.  Joiirn. 
Nri.  Hint,  iv,  209, 184;{:  Argnreua  nuHutm  Cope,  Cypr.  Pcnn.  ^(iK:  lihinivhthijs  vnxuiua 
fliiiitluM',  vii,  18ih  CcnitichlhijH  calarncttxt  GiiiiMior,  vii,  17o:  JthiniclithuH  ninniwratua 
A;:iissiz,  Lako  Siiporior,  ;J5'1;  RtiUiiahtUnH  murmorutnu  Giinthor,  vii,  16'J.) 

311.  It.  maxillosu<>i  Copi. 

Uody  elongate,  not  elevated.  Head  long,  the  muzzle  long  and  project- 
iiij;,  as  in  the  preceding  si)ecies,  but  rather  heavier,  the  mouth  l)roader, 
tlic  maxillary  extending  nearly  to  the  <'ye  Barbel  evident.  Eye  small, 
lii^h  u[>,  median,  5^  in  head,  I''ins  small,  caudal  not  deei»ly  foiked. 
hiiteral  line  decurved.  Silvery;  darker  above;  a  dusky  lateral  shavie, 
iit  least  in  the  young.  Ilead  4;  dei)th  5.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  11-70-8. 
L.  r»  inches.  Upper  Missouri  region  southeastwaiil.  Vviy  close  to  the 
pieeeding. 

(CoiKi,  I'roc.  Actul.  Nat..  Sci.  Phila.  1804,  27H,) 

ItH'l.  If.  tntii«(BMontaiiiiM  (Jopo. 

'fills  si)ecies,  the  conunon  Uhiniclithi/i;  of  New  Mox'co,  dilfers  from 
JiliinichtliyH  maxUlosm  in  having  the  dorsal  fin  equidistant  between  the 
base  of  the  caudal  and  tlie  end  of  the  muzzle,  and  in  having  the  longi- 
tudinal series  of  scales  below  the  lateral  line  more  numerous  (12~13), 


m 


208       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

and  equal  to  those  above  it.     D.  8;  A.  7;   scales  13-70-13.    Tributaries 
of  the  Rio  Grande  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico.    {Cope.) 

{Uhinichthya  mojcilloam  Cope  &  Yarrow,  Zool.  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mer.  v,  644, 
1877  (not  of  Copo,  1864);  Cope,  Amer.  Nat.  July,  1879,  441.) 

31G.  R<  obti^siis  Agassiz. — Brown-nosed  Dace.. 

Very  similar  to  B.  atronasus,  but  usually  rather  stouter,  the  barbel 
more  distinct,  the  head  a  little  shorter,  and  the  coloration  somewhat 
diii'erent.  Back  olivaceous,  mottled  with  darker;  sides  with  a  rather 
faint  brownish  band,  margined  above  and  below  with  paler;  belly  sil- 
very ;  a  dusky  blotch  in  the  middle  of  the  base  of  the  dorsal  fin;  uiale« 
with  the  pectoral  fins  enlarg  d,  and  with  the  lateral  band  rosy.  Head 
4;  depth  4^.  D.  7;  A.  6;  scales  4r-G3-8;  teeth  ?  4-4,  2.  L.  3  inches. 
Wisconsin  to  Georgia ;  abundant  in  clear  brooks.  Probably  a  variety 
of  the  next  species. 

(Agassiz,  Amor.  Jouni.  Soi.  Arts,  1854,  .357;  Gilnthor,  vii,  190;  Jordan,  Aim.  Lyo. 
Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1870,  331:  Rhinichthya  lunatiis  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Phila.  1864, 
278 :  lihinichthys  meleagrts Agassiz,  Amer.  Joiun.  Soi.  Arta,  1854, 357 :  Ithiniohthyameleagrit 
Nelson,  Bull.  Ills.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  46:  Rhinichthya  meleagria  GUnther,  yii,  190.) 

317.  R.  atronasus  (Mitch.)  Ag. — Black-noaed  Dace. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  little  compressed.  Head  moderate,  rather 
broad  and  flattish  above.  Snout  moderate.  Mouth  small,  horizontal, 
subterminal,  the  lower  jaw  included,  barbel  minute  but  probably  always 
present,  upijer  lip  on  the  level  of  the  lower  part  of  the  pupil,  max- 
illary not  reaching  nearly  to  the  eye.  Eye  small,  nearly  median,  U  in 
snout,  4^  in  head.  Fins  rather  .small;  dorsal  fin  well  back.  Scales 
quite  small,  somewhat  imbedded.  Lateral  line  somewhat  decurved. 
Color  blackish  above;  some  of  the  scales  irregularly  darker ;  a  black 
band  passing  from  snout  through  eye  and  along  the  sides  of  the 
body;  a  pale  streak  below  this  ;  belly  silvery  ;  males  in  spring  with  the 
lateral  band  and  the  lower  fins,  and  sometimes  the  whole  body,  bright 
crimson  ;  males  in  late  summer  with  the  lateral  band  scarlet  or  orange, 
the  red  color  growing  fainter  later  in  the  season.  Head  4 ;  depth  4J. 
D.  7  ;  A.  7  ;  Lat.  1.  04 ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  L.  .'}  inches.  New  England  t^ 
Ohio  and  Virginia ;  very  abundant  in  clear  l)rooks  and  mountain  streams. 
{Cypnnua  atronaaua  Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  i,  4(50;  Glluthor,  vii,  191.) 

90.— AOOSIA  Uirard. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8cl.  Phila.  1856,  186:  typo  Agoaia  chryaogaater  Grd.) 

Body  moderately  elongate.  Mouth  moderate,  normal,  the  preniax- 
illarios  x)rotractilo,  the  maxillaries  with  a  terminal  barbel.    Teeth  4-4, 


Laj«t,„Tiri!raSE'ffiSGMffl»2Vil 


31.  cyprinid;e — apocope. 


209 


nooked,  with  grindinj;;'  surface.  Scales  quite  small.  Lateral  line  con- 
tinuous. Dorsal  over  or  slightly  behind  ventrals.  Anal  basis  short. 
Size,  aspect,  and  (joloration  of  RhinwhtJu/s  and  Apocope.  (A  coined  name, 
wirliout  uu^aning.) 

3IS.  A.  chrysossister  Giranl. 

Body  rather  stout,  the  back  slightly  elevated.  Head  heavy,  the  snout 
bltiutly  conical,  covered  with  tubercles  in  males  in  spring.  Mouth 
siiiiill,  nearly  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  included,  preiiuixillary  entirely 
lielow  the  level  of  the  eye,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  its  anterior  mar- 
gin, barbel  minute.  Eye  ratluu-  large,  about  4  in  bead.  Fins  well 
d(n<'l(>i)ed.  Lateral  line  somewhat  decurved.  Color  t)livaceous  above, 
with  black  spots ;  yellow  below ;  a  black  streak  along  the  sides.  Head 
4j\;  depth  4^.  D.  !);  A.  8. ;  Lat.  1.00.  L.  3^  inches.  Rio  Gila,  Ari- 
zona.     (Oinird.) 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliilfi.  185fi,  187,  and  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Snrv.  Ichth. 

48.) 

319.  A.  metallica  Grd. 

Stouter,  the  head  shorter,  and  the  snout  more  convex.  Dorsal  rather 
iiiglier  and  narrower.  Scales  (in  tjgure)  considerably  larger.  Colorar 
tion  and  i)roportion8  essentially  as  in  the  preceding.     Lat.  1.  75.     Rio 

Gila. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8oi.  Pliila.  185(5,  187,  and  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  Ichtb. 

49.) 

91.— APOCOPF  (Jopp. 

(Cope,  Hayden's  Qeol.  Surv.  Mont,  1871,  47*2  :  type  A poropc  cnrrhttjtoni  CoytPi.) 

Body  somewhat  elongate.  Mouth  normal,  rather  .small,  .vith  thickish 
lips  and  a  terminal  maxillary  barbel,  premaxillaries  i)rotractile.  Teetli 
mostly  1,  4-4,  1,  hooked,  without  grinding  surface.  Scales  very  small. 
liiiteral  line  weak,  often  more  or  less  broken  posteriorly.  Dorsal  fln 
inserted  behind  the  ventrals.  Anal  basis  short.  •  Isthmus  broad.  Size 
small.  Colors  dusky,  with  red  in  spring.  The  species  are  closely  re- 
lated and  difficult  to  separate,  and  the  geinis  is  scarcely  distim^t  from 
Agosia.  {dTroumr^,  a  deficiency,  in  allusion  to  the  incompleteness  of  the 
I  literal  line.) 

'Lateral  lino  with  (50-70  soalos. 
ViO.  A.  carriniirtoni  (Jopc, 

Body  rather  stout.     Head  blunt  and  heavy,  the  snout  scarcely  over- 
liaiijjitig  the  mouth;  maxillary  not  quite  reaching  the  line  of  the  orbit; 
Itiirbols  minute:   isthmus  wide.     Eye  4^   in   lu^ad.  li  in  iuterorbital 
B\dl.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  10 14 


<.M 


«i ' 


it,/  ,^ 


^^ 


210     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

width.  Dorsal  fin  slightly  behind  ventrals,  nearer  caudal  than  muzzle. 
Lateral  lino  in  the  young  running  about  half  way  to  caudal,  nearly  com- 
plete, or  wanting  on  some  scales  only  in  the  rlult.  Olivaceous;  a  dark 
lateral  band  ;  dark  shades  along  the  back ;  i  des  with  the  loral  region 
and  the  bases  of  all  the  fins  except  the  dorsal  scarlet.  Head  4^;  iicpllj 
6.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  KMJO-ll;  teeth  1,4-4,  1.  L.  4  inches,  Utah 
to  California ;  very  abundant  in  i-ock-pools. 

(Cope,  Hayden'H  Geol.  Hiirv.  Mont.  1871,  472  ;  Jordan  &  Honshaw,  Rept.  Chief  En<'. 
U.  S.  Ge.og.  Siirv.  W.  lOUth  Mer.  187e,  191.) 

321.  A.  nubila  (Grd.)  Jor.  &  Gilb. 

This  species  is  very  similar  to  A.  carringtonij  but  in  Girard's  original 
types  the  head  is  quite  slender,  while  in  the  latter  species  it  is  blnnt 
and  stout.  Lateral  line  continnous,  but  broken  and  feeble  posteriorly. 
Body  stout.  Mouth  small,  barbels  small.  Fins  rather  small.  Color 
blackish,  with  a  darker  lateral  shade.  Head  black  above.  Head  4] ; 
depth  4i.     1).  8;  A.  7  ;  Lat.  1.  GO.    L.  4  inches.     Washington  Territory. 

{Argyrcus  nubilm  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185(),  181) :  Argi/reuK  nubituit 
Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  It.  R.  Surv.  x,  '241.) 

322.  A.  vulBicrata  Cope. 

Body  elongate.  Mui<;:le  obtuse,  not  projecting.  Mouth  inferior,  hor- 
izontal, maxillary  not  reaching  line  of  orbit.  Eye  as  long  as  muzzle,  4 
in  head.  Dorsal  fin  behind  line  of  ventrals,  nearer  caudal  than  snout. 
Barbels  small.  Olivaceous;  yellow  below;  a  blackish  lateral  band; 
head  blackish  above;  males  with  the  chin  rtd.  Head  4^;  <l(^pth  5i. 
D.  8 ;  A.  7 ;  scales  12-65-12 ;  teeth  1, 4-4, 1.  L.  2^  inches.  Utah  to  Cal- 
ifornia, Oregon,  and  Arizona;  generally  abundant  in  the  mountain  re- 
gion. 

(Coi)e,  Hayden'H  Geol.  Surv.  Mont.  1871,  47:^;  Cope,  vol.  v,  Zool.  U.  S.  Geog.  Surv. 
W.  100th  Mer.  187(5,  (140;  Jordan  &  Honshaw,  Rept.  Chief  Eng.  U.  S.  Goog.  Surv.  W. 
100th  Mer.  1878,  11)1 :  Tyjoina  rhiinchtlujoxdea  Cope,  Ilayden's  Geol.  Surv.  Mont.  1871, 
473:  Apocope  couvni  Yarrow,  vol.  v,  Zooi.  U.  S.  Geog.  Surv.  W.  lOOHi  Mer.  187G,  018.) 

B23.  A.  hcnsliavii  Cope. 

Body  rather  elongate.  Miiz:ile  rather  long,  broad,  obtuse,  but  over- 
hanging the  mouth.  Barbel  small.  Eyes  small,  high  up,  shorter  tliaii 
snout.  Ventral  fins  reaching  anal,  but  not  reached  by  the  i)ectoraIa; 
dorsal  fins  originating  somewhat  behind  base  of  ventrals.  Color  pule, 
with  a  few  dark  clouds  on  the  sides  and  dark  shades  on  head ;  lower 
fins  r(^d  at  base;  young  with  dark  (jrossstreaks.  Head  4|;  deitth  4^. 
D.  9;  A.  7;  scales  14-02-10;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1.  Utah  and  Idaho;  abun- 
dant in  I'rovo  liiver.    Not  very  diflfereut  iiom  the  preceding. 

{Jihinichthya  hcunhavii  Copo,  Proc.  Aim-r,  Phil.  8oo.  Phila.  1874,  13;);  Cope,  vol.  v, 
ZoOI.  U  S.  Goog.  burv.  W.  lUOth  Mer.  (545. ) 


\;,^5  «:■ 


31.    CYPRINID^ CP:RATICHTHYS. 


211 


321.  A.  OSCllla  (Grd.)  Cope. 

Difters  from  A.  henshavii  in  having  a  longer  and  more  attenuated 

body,  and  narrow,  sliarp-pointed  muzzle.    Base  of  dorsal  intermediate 

between  base  of  caudal  and  end  of  snout;  ventrals  reaching  anal,  but 

not  reached  by  pectorals.    Yellowish  white  above ;  bright  yellow  below  j 

a  broad  blackish  lateral  band ;  a  narrow  black  stripe  around  muzzle  j 

males  with  the  lower  jaw  and  lower  tins  crimson  in  life.    Head  4^  ("  in 

total  length") ;  depth  7^;  eye  4?-  in  head.    D.  8;  A.  7 ;  scales  10-G3-10. 

(Colorado  to  Arizona.     {Cope.) 

(Argyreus  oacuiun  aud  notabilia  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1850,  18G,  and  in  U. 
S,  Mex.  Bound.  Siirv.  Icbth.  47 ;  Cope,  vol.  v,  Zoiil.  U.  S.  Geog,  Surv.  W.  100th  Mer. 

()47.) 

'"Lateral  line  with  80-90  scales. 

323.  A.  vcntricosii  Cope. 

Tiody  rather  elongate.    Muzzle  obtuse,  but  narrowed  anteriorly,  not 

ovcriianglng  the  mouth.    Eye  4  in  head,  shorter  than  snout.    Caudal 

IxnUmcle  stout.    Barbels  small,  sometimes  obsolete.     Scales  very  small. 

Dusky  olive  above;  a  blackish  lateral  band.    Males  with  the  axils  of 

the  pectorals  and  ventrals  scarlet;  a  scarlet  spot  above  the  gill-openings 

and  one  on  the  side  of  the  muzzle.    nead4;  depth  4|.    D.  8;  A.  7} 

scales  18-89-15 ;  teeth  1,  4-4, 1.    L.  2f  inches.    New  Mexico  to  Arizona 

and  Oregon ;  abundant. 

(CeratichthijH  ixntricosus  Cope,  Proe.  Anier.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1876,  136;  Cope,  vol. 
V,  Zoiil.  U.  S.  Geog.  Surv.  W.  100th  Mer.  648;  Jordan  &  Henshaw,  Ropt.  Chief  Eng. 
U.  S.  Geog.  Surv.  W.  100th  Mer.  1878.  1!)2.) 

9:2.— CERATICUTIIVS   Baird. 
Horny  Heads. 

(Nocomis  Grd ;  tllybopaia  Ag.) 

(Baird,  1853,  brief  notice ;  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1850,  212 :  type  Semott- 
lus  higultaius  Kirthiud.) 

Form  various.  Mouth  terminal  or  inferior,  with  lips  thin  or  some- 
what  lleshy,  a  consi)icuous  barbel  terminal  on  the  maxillary,  premax- 
lllaries  projectile.  Teeth  4-4,  or  1,  4-4,  1  or  0,  hooked,  without  evident 
i,Tiudiiig  surface.  Scales  rather  large.  Lateral  lino  continuous.  Dorsal 
fin  inserted  over,  in  front  of,  or  slightly  behind  ventrals;  anal  basis 
short.  A  large  and  varied  group.  (z^|oa?,  horn  j  ixOu^yii^]!)  from  the 
nuptial  tubercles  of  the  typical  spetiies.) 

The  species  may  be  thus  dividi'd  : 

•Spuciescf  large  hissf,  with  tlie  mouth  anterior,  the  lower  jaw  included ;  the  dorsal 
(in  sli^'htly  behind  the  ventrals  (CKKATlcirniYa). 

Mf/uttatuit,  mUropoijon.  simmetriais^ 


mim 


:  It 


4  * 


J'3. 


m 


Mi:;'  1 


I'. 

•'s 


212    coxTRinniONS  to  north  amkrican  ichthyology — rv. 

*•  species  of  .siiijill  size,  witli  th«  inoiitit  siibinferior  .inil  hori/ontal ;  the  dorisal  fin  in- 
serted sliy^litlv  ill  front  of  the  ventnils,  iiiul  tlie  scalcH  generally  lar^e  ami  sil- 
very  (f  UvuoPsirt  A^fussi/. ). 

ft.  Teeth  two-rowed cumiiii/i,  liinfiii,  ainblops,  ruhri/rotiH,  hypninotu». 

bb.  Teeth  «»ne-rowed dit'^imiliH.  itirlftun,  (imtirnliii,  (fdidHH. 

"••tipecicH  of  small  size,  with  the  niunth  subinferi<»i-  and  horizontal,  with  thickened 
lips;  the  dornal  tin  inserted  slightly  bohiiul  the  ventrals,  nsnally  with  a  Itlaek 
Idoteh  on  its  last  rays;  scales  rather  large,  silvery. 

labroaua,  zanemitH,  nioiKuliiin. 
*Speeiesof  large  size,  with  the  month  anterior,  the  lower  jaw  iucluded;  the  dorsal 
tin  slightly  behind  the  ventrals.     {CeratlvhthyH.) 

aa6.  V.  bi^lltlatllS  (Kirt.)  Grd.— //(>/•»(/  Hmd ;  Hirer  (huh;  Jerker. 

Body  rathor  rolmst,  little  elevated,  little  coiii])ressed.  Head  larj,'o, 
rather  broadly  r<junde(l  above;  the  snout  conical,  bluntish.  Mouth 
rather  lar^e,  subterininal,  little  obli(iiie,  the  lower  jaw  somewhat  the 
shorter,  the  upi)er  lip  rather  below  the  level  of  the  eye,  and  the  maxil- 
lary not  reaching  to  the  front  of  the  eye.  Eye  small,  median,  high  up. 
Suborbitals  very  narrow;  preorbital  larj^e.  Fins  moderate;  the  dorsal 
rather  posterior,  slightly  behin«l  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals;  caudal 
broad,  little  forked.  Scales  large,  not  crowded  anteriorly,  18  rows  in 
front  of  the  dorsal.  Lateral  line  somewhat  decurved.  Color  l)luish 
olive;  sides  with  bright  green  and  coppery  reflections;  a  curved 
dusky  bar  behind  theopercle;  scales  above  with  dark  borders;  ix'lly 
I)ale,  but  not  silv«'ry,  rosy  in  spring  males;  tins  all  pale  orange,  with- 
out black  spot.  Males  in  spring  with  a  crimson  spot  on  (5ach  side  of 
the  head;  the  adults  with  the  top  of  the  head  swollen,  forming  a  sort 
of  crest,  which  is  sometimes  a  third  of  an  inch  higher  than  the  level  of 
the  neck  and  is  covered  with  large  tuben^les ;  young  with  a  dark  (;audal 
spot.  Barbel  well  develoi>ed.  Head  4;  depth  4[.  D.S',  A.  7;  scales 
6-41-1;  teeth  1,  1-1,  1,  or  1,  4-4,  0,  sometimes  4-4.  L.  (>-t)  inches. 
Pennsylvania  to  the  (ireat  Basin  of  Utah  and  southward;  everywhere 
uibundant.  The  most  widely  ditfused  of  oiu'  CyprmidiK.  Western  speci- 
mens usually  have  the  teeth  in  two  rows. 

{Semotihoi  bUitiitatiiH  Kirtland,  Host.  Joiirn.  Nat^  Hist.  IrtlO,  iii,  ;i44;  Cope,  Cypr. 
Poun.  1866,  36(5;  CJiinther,  vii,  178:  Xocomin  nrbraitveiinis  iuul  f  Xocomis  belUcuH  (i'wtivA, 
Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Se.i.  Phila.  1H.')(),  2V.i:  CeratichtliyH  cyclotia  anil  atigmatUus  Cope,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phihi.  lHti4,  277, '278:  i'eraUchthya  cyclotia  ij'nnWwr,  vii,  178:  Ceratich- 
thy  a  aiigmaiicua  O.Wu%\\i-^i\  vii,  17'J.) 

^97.  €.  iiii4'i'0|»0{iroii  Copp. 

Body  moderately  stout.  Head  much  as  in  MinnlhiH  mrnutuH,  broad, 
the  muzzle  obtuse,  the  pioflle  rounded,  descending.  Mouth  slightly 
oblique,  its  itngle  opposite  front  of  the  orbit.  Eye  3|  in  head.  Barbel 
luiuuto.    Caudal  peduncle  slender.    Yellowish  brown,  with  brown  ver- 


31.    CYPRINIDiE — CERATICIITHYS. 


2\[\ 


tebnil  biiinl ;  ii  hrown  lateral  shade.     Head  3^;  ileptb  i\.     I>.  8;  A.  7; 
scales  (J-K)-;» :    teeth   4-4.     L.  'Mj  inches.     One  specimen  known,  from 
Conestojja  kiver,  i*ennsvlvania.     Perhaps  a  variation  of  tlu;  preceding. 
(Cope.) 
((•(ipo,  I'roc.  AciMl.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18«4,  277 ;  CSIintlicr,  vii,  179. ) 

3*i§>  C  Myiiiinvtri<;us  (Uaird  &  Girard)  J.  &,  G. 

Body  elongate,  slender,  moderately  compressed,  not  elevated.  Head 
short,  rather  slender  and  pointed.  Mouth  small,  little  oblique,  the  lower 
jaw  included.  Eye  large,  anterior,  huiger  than  snout,  .'i  in  head.  Bar- 
bel small,  but  evident.  Scales  small,  ratlur  loosely  imbricated.  Lat- 
eral line  strongly  decurved.  Dorsal  slightly  behind  ventrals.  Coloration 
|)uU' ;  scales  dotted  with  black;  cheeks  silvery.  Head  4| ;  depth  G.  I>. 
8 ;  A.  S :  scales  9-58-4  ;  teeth  4-4,  without  grinding  surface.  L.  G  inches^ 
Rivers  of  California. 

{I'oqoinclitliijn  fijimmilridiM  li.  «V  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sri.  Phila,  1H.^)4,  i:SG :  Leucosomvs 
njimiiKlriciin  (iiinthiT,  vii,y(>7.j 

"8]K'cit!s  of  Hriiall  nixv,  with  the  month  subinferior  and  horizontal;  the  doraal  fin  in- 
serted slightly  in  front  of  the  ventrals,  and  the  scales  generally  large  and 
silv»>ry.     ( ffyhopxlx  Agassiz.*) 
/).  'rcclli  two-rowed. 

:piO.  €'.  riliningi  Glinthi-r. 

IJarbels  minute.  Eye  entirely  in  the  ant<^rior  half  of  the  length  of  the 
ticad,  aiul  nearly  as  long  as  the  snout,  which  is  obtuse,  rounded,  convex, 
tlic  mituth  being  sui)inferior.  Interorbital  space  convex,  as  wide  as  the 
(irl)it.  Suborbital  ring  extremely  narrow.  Origin  of  dorsal  fin  a  little 
lu'hind  ventrals.  somewhat  nearer  root  of  caudal  than  end  of  snout. 
IV'cronds  not  reaching  ventrals.  A  grayish  silvery  band  from  gill- 
opcniiig  to  the  root  of  caudal,  where  it  terminates  in  a  black  spot, 
lloiid  t  L ;  body  T).  I).  8:  A.  8;  scales  G-4o-G ;  teeth  one; rowed  ? 
L.'W,  inches.     [Giiiithet:)     "California"? 

((iiitilher,  vii.  )77.) 

!i:iO.  <'.  luceim  .Ionian. 

Ilody  elongate,  comi)resse<l,  the  back  somewhat  elevated  from  the  oc- 
cip'ii  t()  the  base  of  dorsal,  thence  rapidly  declined  to  the  long  and 
slciider  caudal  peduncle.  Head  short,  compressed,  the  cheeks  nearly 
vi'iiical.  Interorbital  space  rather  broad  and  (lat,  somewhat  grooved. 
Kye  very  large,  circular,  high  uj),  placed  lu^arly  midway  of  the  length 
of  the  head,  its  diameter  about  equal  to  the  length  of  the  snout  and 


'Ayassiz,  AiniT.  .loitrn.  Sci.  Arts,  i'^ri4,  ;{r>8:  typi-  /////>()/»k/n  iiraeiHiiAy;.    (/ ijof,  gibbouB; 

Wl"'  ,   CilCC.  ) 


mmmm 


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214     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

scarcely  greater  than  the  width  of  the  iuterorbital  space.  Preorhitul 
bone  large,  oblong,  conspicuous,  and  silvery.  Mouth  rather  small,  hor- 
izontal, the  lower  jaw  included,  the  edge  of  the  premaxillary  below  the 
level  of  the  eye,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  to  the  vertical  from  the 
front  of  the  orbit.  Barbel  quite  small.  Snout  boldly  and  abruptly  do- 
<!urved  much  as  in  C.  amblops,  the  tip  of  the  snout  thickened,  foruiirijf  a 
sort  of  pad.  Lateral  line  decurved.  Rows  of  scales  along  the  back 
convergiug  behind  the  dorsal  wliere  the  upper  series  run  out,  as  in 
Minnilus  cornutm.  Fins  rather  higher  and  more  falcate  than  in  Q, 
biguttatm.  The  dorsal  fin  inserted  well  forward,  over  veutrals.  Pec 
toraV  lins  pointed,  not  reaching  veutrals,  veutrals  not  reaching  vent. 
Teeth  4-4,  hooked,  without  grinding  surface.  Translucent  greenish 
above;  sides  and  below  brilliantly  silvery;  cheeks  and  opercles  with  a 
bright  silvery  lustre;  lius  plain ;  a  slight  plumbeous  lateral  shade.  Head 
4J;  depth  4.  D.  8;  A.  8;  8cales5-4L'-4.  L.  5  inches.  Fallsof  the  Ohio. 
(Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1879,  238.) 

•331.  C.  amblops  (Kat.)  Gv<\.— Silver  Chub. 

Body  rather  slender,  somewhat  heavy  anteriorly,  not  much  com 
pressed.  Head  large,  somewhat  Uattened  and  broad  above.  Eye  very 
large,  longer  than  snout  and  longer  than  iuterorbital  space,  3  in  lusad. 
Mouth  horizontal,  subiuferior,  and  rather  snuill.  Muzzle  bluntly  de 
curved.  Upper  lip  below  le\'el  of  orbit,  maxillary  not  reaching  the  line 
of  the  front  of  the  orbit.  Barbel  evident.  Fins  moderate.  Lateral 
line  somewhat  decurved.  Sixteen  scales  before  dorsal.  Color  translu 
cent  greenish  above;  scales  somewhat  dark-edged;  sides  with  a  bright 
silvery  band,  which  overlies  dark  i)igment,  so  that  sometimes  a  plumbe- 
ous or  even  blackish  baud  a])pears ;  a  dark  band  through  eye  around 
snout ;  males  ".vithout  tuberciles  or  red  coloration.  Head  4 ;  depth  5. 
D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  5-38-4 ;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1.  L.  2-4  inches.  Ohio  Valley 
iind  southward.  Southern  specimens  (var.  wincliclli)  have  the  head 
narrower  and  the  barbel  rather  shorter. 

{Itntiliis  amblops  Raf.  Ichtli.  Oh.  IS'JO,  51:  ?  Jlnbopnin  graviliH  Agasaiz,  Aiikt.  .Jouni. 
»Sci.  Arts,  1854,  'SM :  Gohio  rrrnalis  and  Jli/bopsh  winchrUi  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
A^hila.  18oG,  188,  211:  Cvmtichliins  hj/alinua  Cop<',  Joiirn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1809,  SJ): 
■Cerativhtlujti  hijaHDUii  GiinthiiV,  vii,  179:  Nocomw  amblopH  Jovihiu,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist, 
-N.  Y,  1870,  328.) 

333.  C.  riibrifi'oiis  Jordan. 

General  form  of  the  i)receding.  Head  long,  narrower  than  in  the  pre- 
•ceding,  longer  than  in  the  next.  Eye  moderate,  3^-3-^  in  head,  wider  than 
the  interorl»ital  space.     Mouth  smalhu-,  interior,  overhung  by  the  bluntly 


bb.  Teeth  one- 


:n.  CYPRiNiD^: — ceratichthys. 


215 


decurve^l  but  not  very  broad  muzzle.  Barbels  quite  long  and  distinct. 
Thirteen  scales  in  front  of  the  dorsal.  Fins  well  developed ;  the  first 
developed  rays  of  the  dorsal  about  twice  the  heij^ht  of  the  last.  Pale 
oliviiceous;  sides  with  a  plumbeous  silvery  band,  in  some  specimens 
forming  a  stripe  through  eye  and  snout,  and  a  dark  spot  at  base  of 
caudal;  cheeks  silvery;  snout  in  males  red,  with  numerous  dust-liko 
tubercles;  specimens  in  high  si)ring  coloration  have  the  fins  largely  red. 
Hoad  4;  depth  5.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  5-3(}-;j;  teeth  1,  4-4,  0.  L.  3 
inches.  Basin  of  the  Altamaha,  Georgia. 
(Nocomia  rubrifrona  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1976,  330.) 

333.  C.  hypsinotus  Copo. 

Body  much  stouter,  more  elevated,  and  more  compressed  than  in  the 
preceding.  Head  short,  broad  above,  much  smaller  and  more  conical 
than  in  the  preceding.  Outline  of  back  rather  abruptly  declining  behind 
front  of  <lorsal  fin,  so  that  the  base  of  the  fin  is  oblique.  Mouth  inferior, 
horizontal,  small,  the  maxillary  reaching  the  line  of  the  orbit.  Barbels 
fiinall.  Eye  small,  3i  in  head.  Color  silvery,  with  a  double  series  of 
black  specks  along  the  lateral  line,  and  a  lateral  band  of  dusted  black- 
ish, which  passes  through  eye  and  snout;  males  with  the  fins  bright 
red,  and  the  body  with  a  deep  violet  lustre,  as  in  Minnilus  ruhricroceus. 
Head  35;  depth  4.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  5-40-3;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1.  L.  3 
inches.     San  tee  Basin,  in  X  rth  Carolina  and  South  Carolina. 

vCopo,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  4r)8 ;  .Jordan  &  Dr.aytou,  13idl.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mils,  xii,  1878,  2').  Ceratichthys  leptocephalnn  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185G, 
'dJ,  from  Salom,  N.  C,  may  bo  the  same,  hut  th(»  flescription  ia  wholly  iihsuffieieut  for 
determination.) 

bb.  Teeth  one-rowed. 

334.  C.  dissiinilis  (Kirtlaud)  Copo. — Spotted  Shinir. 

Body  long  and  slender,  little  compressed,  with  long  caudal  peduncle. 
Head  long,  rather  flat  above,  the  snout  somewhat  bluntly  decurved,  pro- 
'  ji'cting  a  little  beyond  the  rather  small,  horizontal  mouth  ;  lower  jaw 
iiichuled ;  both  jaws  with  the  skin  hard  in  front,  forming  a  sort  of  lip 
l;it(!i'ally.  Barbel  considerably  shorter  than  ])upil,  maxillary  not  reach- 
iiij,'  nearly  to  orbit.  Eye  very  large,  high  up,  somewhat  directed  up- 
ward, rather  behind  the  middle  of  the  head,  forming  more  than  one- 
third  the  length  of  the  head.  Opercle  small.  Dorsal  rather  large,  its 
l)osterior  border  oblique;  anal  small;  caudal  well  forked;  pectoral 
rather  long.  Scales  rather  large,  22  in  front  of  dorsal.  Lateral  line 
nearly  straight.  Olivaceous  ;  sides  silvery,  with  a  bluish  lateral  baud, 
which  is  widened  into  .several  dusky  spot.s,  fbrnu'd  by  dark  punctnlatious, 


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21G     C0NTR1I5UTI0NS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 

and  most  distinct  posteiioily ;  a  dusky  band  on  bead,  tbrougb  eyes  and 
snout;  tins  j)lain.  Head  4^;  deptb  oi.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  0-47-5 ; 
teetb  4-4,  otten  wi.b  sbght  j^mnding  surface.  L.  5  incbes.  Obio  Vul. 
ley  an<l  tribntaries  of  tbe  Great  Lakes. 

{LeuuacuH  dmhiiiliif  Kiitliiiiil,  Boat.  Jonrii.  Niit.  Hist,  iii,  ;{11,  1840:  CoratichthyH  din. 
>iimilin  Cope.  Cy[ir.  Penti.  367  :  Cemtichthya  disnimilis  Guuther,  vii,  177.) 

333.  €.  «tei-letii»i  Cope. 

Body  slender,  witb  long  caiulal  iieduncle,  tbe  least  deptb  of  wbiuli  is 
little  more  tlnin  a  tbir«i  of  tbe  greatest  deptb  of  tbe  body.  Head  long 
and  slendCi,  tbe  muzzle  mucb  projecting  and  broadly  rounded.  Mouth 
moderate,  inferior,  tbe  maxillary  not  reacbing  tbe  front  of  orbit,  liar- 
Cels  conspicuous.  Eye  moderate,  4.i  in  bead.  Fins  ratber  long,  t  le 
caudal  deeply  forked.  Color  silvery:  sides  witb  a  few  duskj^  siuiIcm; 
forebead  i)iidv  in  tbe  males,  as  in  C.  riibrifrom.  Head  4;  deptb  4'^.  D. 
8:  A.  7;  scales  (•-;}( !-.■» ;  teetb  4-4.     Kio  Grande,  in  New  Mexico.    {Cope.) 

(Cope,  Zoiil.  Wl-HH'l»!r's  Expl.  VV.  KtOtii  Mer.  v,  0;V2,  lb7G.) 

336.  C.  »P»  iivalis  ((ir«l.)  Cope. 

Head  (.'ontained  about  4J  times  in  tbe  total  lengtb.  Differs  from  0. 
yelidm  and  (/.  cenmlis,  its  Ameriijan  congeners,  by  a  ratber  compressed 
body,  elevated  and  arebed  upon  its  middle  region,  and  tapering  rapidly 
towards  tbe  peduncje  of  tbe  tail.  Tbe  snout  is  more  prot;:uding  tluui 
in  0.  !feli(h(s^  tbe  (\ve  larger,  an<I  tbe  ventral  fins  inserted  somewluit 
nior<!  forwards.  Tbe  scales  are  also  larger  (about  30  in  tbe  lateral  lino 
in  tlie  tignre),  deej  er  tban  long,  anteriorly  subtruncated  and  posteriorly 
rouiuled,  witb  radiating  furrcvws  iii)on  tbe  latter  section  only.  1).  1,  8; 
A.  I,  7,  etc.  Tbe  color  is  yellowisb  brown,  souiewbat  ligbter  beneath 
tban  above,  witb  a  silvery  streak  along  tbe  middle  of  tbe  Hanks.  Kio 
San  Juan,  Cadareita.  New  Leon.  {Girurd.)  (Of  course  tbese  little lishes 
have  uo  intimate  relation  witb  tbe  Euro|iean  genus  (Joblo,  wbicb  is  an 
ally  of  SeinotUas,  witb  tbe  teetb  3,  5-5,  3,  and  tbe  barbel  lateral  and 
very  long.) 

{(iohhi  (vnUraliHViivavil,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  I'hihi.  18.50,  l!iU.) 

83V.  <:.  KClidiis  (Urd.)  Jor. 

liody  very  slender,  not  elyvated.  He!a<l  slender  and  elongate,  tlie 
Butnit  protuinent  and  tapering.  Eye  small,  ratber  bigb,  4  in  head. 
Moutb  small,  subterminul,  tbe  maxillary  not  extending  to  tbe  cyti. 
Fills  large.  Lateral  line  Jecurved.  Scales  ratber  large.  (Joloration 
Bilvery;  a  dusty  lateral  streak,  and  a  blackisb  spot  at  base  of  caudal. 


31.    CYPRINID^ CERATICHTHYS. 


217 


Head  33;  depth  5.^.     I).  8;  A.  8;  Lat.  1.  i4.     L.  2  inches.     Milk  River, 
Montana.     (Oirard.) 
{Gohio  (lelidm  (Jul.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Phila.  IS.'iC..  188,  and  U.  S.  Pac   R.  R.  Surv. 

""Species  of  small  Hize,  with  tlni  mor.th  Hiihinferior  and  horizontal,  with  thickened 
lips;  the  doinal  (in  inscrtiid  slij;hll\  lifhiud  the  ventrala,  asually  with  a  black 
blot(;h  on  its  last  rayn;  scales  rather  lar^e,  silvery. 

33§.  €.  labrosiis  Cope. 

Body  slender,  little  compressed,  the  back  not  elevated.  Head  long, 
gently  decurved  tc»  the  muzzle,  which  scarcely  overhangs  the  mouth. 
3i(»iith  entirely  horizontal,  the  maxillary  reaching  the  orbit.  Eye  3"|  in 
lioad.  Dorsal  inserted  slightly  behind  origin  of  ventrals  (not  directly 
over,  as  stated  in  original  <lescription).  Lips  thickened.  Barbels  very 
long.  Color  silvel'y;  sides  .sometimes  with  vague,  dusty  cross-bars. 
Head  4.^;  depth  oi.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  6-34-4;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1.  L.  2 J 
inches.    Catawba  Ri\'ei",  i^^Torth  Carolina.     [Cope.) 

(Cope,  Proc.  Aiiier.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  458.) 

339.  €.  xaiiciniis  Jordttn  &  Brayton. 

Body  long  and  slender,  little  compressed.  Head  rather  long,  narrow, 
and  pointed,  very  slender  in  young  specimens,  stouter  in  adults.  Snout 
decurved  in  profile,  an  angle  in  front  of  the  nostrils  Muzzle  long,  over- 
hanging tlie  large  mouth.  Lii)s  mu<;h  thickened,  the  lower  with  a  con- 
spicuous internal  fringe  of  papilke.  Barbels  extremely  long,  longer 
tiian  in  any  other  of  our  Gifpritmhr,  their  length  more  than  half  the 
diameter  of  the  t»ye.  Eye  moderi'te,  nearly  median,  3;^  in  head.  Scales 
ui  .'derate,  closely  iuibri<5ated,  IG  in  front  of  dorsal.  Lateral  line  slightly 
decurved  anteriorly.  Fins  rather  small.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  its  pe- 
duncle long  and  sleiuler.  Coloration  pale;  a  small,  round  black  spot  at 
base  of  caudal ;  dorsal  scales  dark-edged ;  a  dark  lateral  streak,  obso- 
k'te  anteriorly;  large  specimens  with  a  large  dark  j)atch  on  the  last 
rays  of  the  dorsal,  as  in  Gliola  analostana  ^  base  of  the  (!audal  with  dark 
p!)ints;  males  in  spring  with  the  head  and  neck  profusely  tuberculate 
and  the  fins  flushed  with  criTuson.  Head  4^;  depth  44-  D.  8;  A.  7; 
scales  5-40-3 ;  teeth  1, 4-4, 1 .    L.  3  inches.    Saluda  River,  South  Carolimi. 

(Jordan  &  llrayton.  Bull.  U.  S   Nal.  .Mos.  xii,  -£>,  ll^8.) 

3<I0.  ('.  Hioiia<*llll«i  Cope. 

Body  sleiMler.  somewhat  t'oinpressed,  not  nnieh  elevated.  Head  long 
and  ratlu'r  sleuiler,  flattish  abov«'.  with  in'ojcicting  muzzle.  M(Mith  in- 
ierior,  horizontal,  small,  the  nuixillary  not  reaching  tln^  eye,  which  i» 


218    CONTillBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 


^•"^m 


rathor  small,  4^  in  head.  Scales  rather  small.  Lateral  line  somewhat 
decurved.  Twenty-four  scales  in  liout  of  dorsal.  Fins  moderate.  Color 
light  olive  j  a  n)etallic  vertebral  band:  sides  and  belly  silvery ;  no  lateral 
baud;  a  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal;  muzzle  dusky;  membrane  of 
upper  posterior  part  of  dorsal  fin  black.  Head  4;  depth  5^.  D.  8;  A. 
8;  scales  8~5G-4;  teeth  4-4.  L.  4  inches.  Tennessee  Kiver. 
(Copo,  Jourur  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1867,  227.) 


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93.-COUJKSIUS  Jordan. 

{Jordan,  Bull.  Haydcn's  Geol.  Siuv.  Terr,  iv,  76b,  1878:  type  Nocomia  milneri  Jordau  = 
Leucosomua  dhsimilia  Grd.) 

Body  elongate.  Uead  normal,  not  depressed,  the  prolile  convex. 
Mouth  terminal,  normal,  a  well-developed  barbel  at  the  posterior  end 
of  the  maxillary.  Teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  hooked,  without  grinding  surface. 
Scales  rather  small.  Lateral  line  continuous.  Dorsal  flu  over  or 
slightly  behind  ventrals;  anal  basis  short  Size  rather  large.  (Dedi- 
cated to  Elliott  Coues.) 

•Scales  small,  (JO-70  iu  the  course  of  tho  lateral  lino. 

t  About  thirty  "cales  in  a  transverse  series  from  dorsal  to  ventrah'. 

341.  C  sqiiaiiiileiitiis  (Cope)  Jor. 

I'orm  stout,  profile  nearly  plain.  Muzzle  not  prominent.  Mouth 
horizontal,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  the  orbit.  Eye  rather  small,  4§ 
in  head,  sho^^ter  than  snout.  Isthmus  wide.  Barbel  quite  small.  Dor- 
sal lin  slightly  in  advance  oJ  ventrals,  behind  middle  of  the  body. 
Scales  (piite  small.  Olivaceous  above;  sides  silvery;  a  lateral  band  of 
dark  punctulations.  Fins  plain.  Head  3i;  depth  5.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales 
17-00-14;  teeth  2,4-4,  1.  Henry's  Fork  of  Green  liiver,  Wyoming. 
{Cope.) 
(CcraliohthyH  nquamilenltia  Cop(^,  Haydeu's  Geol.'Siirv.  Wyom.  1870,  442,  1872.) 

ft  About  20  scales  iu  a  transverse  series  from  dorsal  to  ventrals. 

342.  C.  dli»isimilis  (Grd.)  Jor. 

Form  of  i^anotilus  eorporfdis,  but  more  elongate  and  less  compresiscd. 
Head  llattisli  above,  the  snout  broad,  projecting  over  tho  large,  ob]i(]iie 
mouth,  maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.  Barbel  very  evident.  J^yo 
huge, as  long  as  snout,  about  4  in  head,  1^  in  interorbital  space.  Scales 
small,  crowded  forwards,  those  on  the  back  snuiller.  Dorsal  flu  begin- 
ning over  last  ray  of  ventrals.  Dusky  above;  sides  somewhat  silvery; 
ixu  obscure  dusky  band  through  eyearoun<l  snout;  fins  plain.     Uead  4^; 


ir  ^ ' 


31.    CYPRINID^. PLATYGOBIO. 


219 


depth  4J.     D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  11-08-7;  tectli  2,4-4,2,     L.  6  inchos. 
Lake  Superior  to  Upper  Missouri  region  ;  i)robably  abundant. 

(?  (lobio  phimbens  Agasaiz,  Lake  Supoiior,  SlJfi :  Lvucosomua  dissmilis  Gixanl,  Proc. 
Ac;i(l.  Nai.  Sci.  Philu.  185(),  189,  and  U.  S.  Pac.  K.  R.  Siirv.  x,  250:  Nocomia  milncri 
Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  x,  C4,  1870 ;  Jordan,  Bull.  Haydcu's  Geol.  Surv.  Terr. 
iv,784,  1878.) 

3/|3.  C  prosthcinius  (Copo)  Jor. 

Body  fusiform,  r.itber  slender.     Hoad  small,  the  muzzle  abruptly  de- 

s('(>n(linf?      Mouth  rather  small,  somewhat  oblique,  the  maxillary  not 

reaching  to  the  orbit.     Eye  4  in  head.     First  TAy  of  dorsal  opposite  vcn- 

tiuls.    Color  dusky;  a  plumbeous  lateral  band;  white  below;  fins  plain. 

Head  5;   depth  5.     D.  8;    A.   7;    scales   11-03-8,  somewhat  crowded 

anteriorly;   teeth  2,  4-4,  2.     L.  0  inches.     Upper  Great  Lakes. 

(Ccralichtliijn  pro8thi)iuius  Copo,  Cypr.  Ponn.  18ti(),  :if35:  CcraUvhthya  plumbeun  Giln- 
t\m;  vii,  142.) 

»*  Scales  rather  large,  ahont  .'jO  in  the  lateral  line  and  10  in  a  transverse  series. 

341.  C.  pBiysignatlius  (Cope)  Jor. 

Body  slender,  the  caudal  peduncle  stout.  Head  wide  and  depressed. 
Dorsal  outline  little  arched,  the  j)rofile  descending  steeply  to  the  lip. 
Lower  jaw  included,  niaxillary  reaching  anterior  border  of  orbit.  Bar- 
bels v/ell  developed.  Eye  J§  in  head,  1.}  i:«  muzzle.  Twenty-three  rows 
of  scales  in  front  of  dorsal.  Dorsal  iin  inserted  in  front  of  ventrals. 
Olivaceous  above,  white  below;  a  phimb»\ius  lateral  band:  fins  plain. 
Head  '6^ ;  depth  5.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  5-49-4 ;  teeth  2,  4-4, 2.  Arkansas 
River  at  Pueblo.     {Cope.) 

{Cvmliohihija  phyaignathuH  Cope,  Wheele.r's  Expl.  W.  lOOth  Mor.  v,  G51,  1876.) 

94.-PL.ATVOOBIO  Gill. 
Flut-hcaded  Ohubn. 
(Gill,  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  18G1 :  typo  Pogon'whthijH  conimunia  GrJ.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  somewhat  compr(>ssed.  Head  rather  short, 
bioad  uiid  dei)ressed  above.  Mouth  normal,  rather  large,  subler- 
miiial,  with  a  well-developed  barbel  at  its  angle,  at  the  extremity  of 
the  maxillary.  Scales  large.  Latera-l  iine  continuous.  Dorsal  in- 
serted anteriorly,  rather  in  front  of  the  ventrals.  Teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  with 
rather  narrow  grinding  surface.  Size  large.  {TcXarOq,  broad;  Latin 
(lobio,  a  gudgeon;  the  broad.  Hat  head  resembling  tlie  head  of  a  Oila.) 

345.  P.  gracilis  (Rieh.)  (Jill  &  Jor.— /'7rtf-/icadtvi  C/tttft. 

Body  rallu^r  elongate,  sonjowhat  compressed,  little  elevated.  Head 
small  and  short,  its  upper  surface  very  broad  and  depressed,  the  inter- 


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220      (.'ONTUIIUITIONS    TO    NORTH    AMEKICAM    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

orbital  width  bein^'  ncaily  hull"  the  hMi^^th  of  the  head.     Mouth  ratlu'v 

Ijirjijc,  slightly  obliijue,  The  upiH^i-  bpoii  the  h'vel  ol  lh<>  h)\ver  part  ot'tlu; 

eye,  the  maxiihirv  rea«'hiiig  the  line  of  the  front  of  the  eye,  the  upp«'i  jiiw 

very  protractih*,  the  lower  jaw  included.     Eye  small,  rather  hi^jh  up 

and  anterior,  (I  in  head.     I'inM  ratiicr  huf^c;  d<»rsal  in  advance  of  tiui 

nii<Ulle  of  the  body;  caudal  peduncle  rather  stout.     JScale.s  larjic  and 

silvery;  lateral  line  decurved;  23  scales  in  front  of  dtusal.     <'oloiati()ii 

pale;   back  bluish:   .si«les  and  below  silvery;    head  mostly  white;  lins 

pale.     Head  f, ;  depth  1,'.      I).  8;  A.  8 ;  scales  (»-i50-5  ;  teeth  2,  4-1,  l>. 

L.  12  inches.      Hocky  Mountain  region  from  the  Kansas  and  Yellow 

stone  llivers  to  the  Saskatchawan  ;  abundant. 

{Vifpriiiun  (LvKciitcHii)  (jraciUn  Kicli,  Kauiiii  llor.-Amer.  I'isc.  18IU5,  120:  roi/oniihihiis 
<ommn»in  (iid.  I'mc  A-ad.  Nat.  Sci.  IMiila.  lH,-,(i,  IS,'^.  ar.d  IJ.  S.  T-ic  K.  If.  Snrv.  x, 
'247:  PoijoiiiihthiintmiimiiHin  («ill,  Iclilli.  Ciii)(aiii  SiiiipsouV  Surv,  40H:  I'oijoulvhlhfiHd'ia. 
lyi/ohin)  niiloiiclhiH  Vo)H',  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  IHOt, 'i77:  Lru('incu>i  t/racUli' CWti- 
ther,  vii,  24(»:  LriKonomnx  rotumtinif  and  gnhmUtiH  (iiintln'r,  vii,  li(i7,  2t)H.) 

31<(.  I*,  pallidum  KorlK'8,  sp.  nov. 

"The  depth  is  contained  4g  tiujes  in  lenj^th,  and  the  head  I.  Tiieeyo 
ecpuds  the  snout,  aiul  enters  leufith  of  heatl  .'J;^  tinu's  and  tlu>  interor- 
bital  s[)ace  twice.  The  head  is  tlat  above  and  tlu!  snout  overhanjiirs  tlio 
mouth,  which  is  large  aiul  wide,  with  a  ma.\illary  barbel  about  on(^lliinl 
iis  long  as  the  eye.  The  mandible  reaches  a  vertical  line  drawn  tlir<»ii;;ii 
the  middle  of  the  iris  in  front.  The  greatest  dt^pth  of  the  head  entors 
its  length  Vj  tinu's.  The  scales  are  ()-55-,"),  with  22  rows  before  doi-sal, 
where  they  are  mu»;h  smaller  than  elsewhere.  The  lateral  line  is  stiaiji;lil, 
except  for  a  few  scales  in  front.  The  pectoral  tins  are  large  and  pointed, 
reaching  the  ventrals,  iiud  the  latter  attain  the  vent.  The  front  ol'  rho 
dorsal  is  situated  a  trille  before  the  ventrals  and  a  little  nearer  snout 
than  caudal.  I).  8;  A.  8.  The  color  in  alcohol  is  plain,  witli  a 
phunbeous  lustre  along  sides,  ami  traces  of  a  «lusky  late)  Jil  Htripe  behind 
dorsal.  The  pharyngeal  teeth  are  stout.  2.  4-4,  2,  hooked,  with  masti- 
eatery  surface.  L.  2.3  inches.  One  s|»ecinu'u  from  the  Ohio  Uiver  at 
Cairo,  probably  adult,  as  the  snout  is  tid)erculate.'''     {Forbids,  MSS.) 

»5.-SEMO'riLlTS  Ifaliiimiuf. 
CIlKhs. 

(LeuvononiHfi  HtH'Uol  ;  (■liiloiivmiin  Haird.) 

(KaliiR'supu',   k'htli.  Oh.  4'.',  I'^'iO:    type  Stmotilitu  dormlis  Rnf.  —•.Cyprhiiis  corpunilis 
MHvh.) 

Body  robust.      Head   large.      Mouth   ti'rminal,  the  upper  jaw  pro 

tractile,  a  small  barbel  on  the  umxilhiry  just  above  its  extremity,    lu. 


;n .    CYPUINID/K — SKMOTILUS. 


221 


testinal  cJinal  sluHt  Tooth  2,  r»-l,  L',  li(><>k<Ml,  witliout  inusl icutory  sur- 
lacc.  Sciilos  modornti'.  Ijiitornl  lino  coiitinpoiis.  Dorsal  more  or  less 
l)Ost*'i'i«»i'  lo  von'  als.  Anal  basis  short.  Spocios  of  largo  sizo,  dillorinj;" 
I'loiii  S<iualivn  in  tho  i)roson('o  of  a  maxillary  barbol.  («■/;//«,  bannor — 
,/'.,  dorsal  lin;  tho  se(M)nd  i)art  of  tho  \vor«l  was  olsowhori'  nsod  by 
i;iiliiios(|UO  to  moan  "spottod". 

•  Iiisiititiii  of  (Idr.sjil  till  cvidj'iilly  Id'himl  vciitiiils  and  ii()t,il)Iy  hchiiid  tlio  iniddlo  of 
(ho  body  ;  .sirales  Deduced  in  f^izi-  aii<l  iiiiich  crovvdod  anteriorly  ;  a  block  spot 
at  base  (ifddr.sal  in  front.     {HemoiUnH.) 

,147.  S.  <-4»l'|»Ol'ali!4  (Mitch.)  VnU\.  —  <'hHh;   Ifonnd  Dace. 

r.ody  stont,  tho  dorsal  otitlino  aroJiod  in  iront  of  tho  dorsal,  tho  body 
tiipcring  baokward  from  a  point  oonsidorably  in  adv^anco  of  tho  dorsal, 
so  that  tho  biiso  of  that  fin  is  obliqno.  I  load  larjijo  and  hoavy,  broad 
iiiid  jonndod  abovo.  Snout  broad.  Month  l)road,  oblicjnt!,  tho  low«?r 
j;iw' slifihtly  inchnlod,  tho  u'iper  lip  Just  bolow  tho  lovol  of  tho  pupil, 
tli(»  maxillary  barely  reaching  the  front  of  tho  |»upil ;  maxillary  bar- 
bel small,  not  ovidont  in  spooinions  of  h'ss  than  'J  or  3  inches  iu 
Iciifith.  Eyo  rathor  small,  abont  5  in  hoa<l.  Scales  small,  <;onsidorably 
(Towdod  and  rodn(!od  anteriorly,  abotit  'M)  series  in  front  of  the  dorsal 
tin.  Lateral  line  considerably  decnrvod.  Fins  small ;  tho  <lorsal  well 
licliiiid  vontrals,  its  last  ray  well  in  advance  of  tlio  base  of  anal.  Color 
dusky  bluish  abovo;  si<los  with  a  vaf>ue  dusky  band,  black  in  tho  young, 
disappearing  in  the  adult;  belly  creamy,  rosy-tinted  in  tho  males  in 
K|)riMg;  dorsal  fin  always  with  a  consi)iciu)ns  bla(!k  spot  at  tho  base  in 
front,  which  is  btudorod  with  r(>d  in  the  male;  a  dark  vertebral  line; 
scales  everywhere  edged  with  dark  |>nnctulations ;  a  dusky  bar  behind 
opj^rclo ;  males  with  tho  snout  coarsely  tuborculate  in  si)ring.  Head  .3.^ ; 
depth  1.  1).  7;  A.  8;  scales  0-<58-0  [those  in  the  lateral  line  varying 
from  r>2  (?  var.  paUhluH^  Alabama  to  Arkansas)  to  upwards  of  (>o] ;  teeth 
L',  0-4,  2.  L.  10  inches.  \V(^storn  Massachusetts  to  (Georgia  and  lT])i)er 
Missouri ;  ev(U'ywhere  very  abundant,  ascending  small  streams. 

{I'mmnnx  oorporalix  and  atromaoiilatim  Mitcliill,  Auior.  Month.  Mag.  ii,  324:  SemolUuH 
ikmiUti  and  vviiholii>*  RafnH'miuf,  Ichth.  Oh.4t>:  fAm<;i8(^ii8  ir'm  aiu\  xforeri  C\iv.  &  Val. 
xvii;  Scinotihia  eori>orali>i  Copo,  C'ypr.  Ponn.  'VV,\:  LeucommuH  lorporalia  GUnther,  vii, 
W:  Lr.ncommHH  pallidus  (Lat.  1.  52),  Leiicoaomua  incraumtus  (Lat.  1.  64),  Semotilm 
macrocephalm,  and  SemotilnH  spedosus  Girurd,  Proc.  Acad.  Kat.  Sci.  Phila.  IB.'jG,  '2.')l, 
•2r-2,  504.) 

31N.  §.  thoi'oniiiniiiis  .Tnrdan. 

Body  short  and  rather  stout,  abruptly  narrowed  behind  dor.sal.     Head 
sliort  and  thick,  almost  rouiul.    Mouth  largo,  obli(iue,  the  jaws  equal. 


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B^JL. 

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Hit  ;-,k  "li.i,! 


W>^^ 


222     CONTUnurTIONH    to    north    AMRHICAN    I(jnTIIYOLO(^Y — IV. 

Baibcl  l..t«T:vl,  well  (1<»v(>1<>|km1.     IO.v(^  .small,  5  in  1h*!m1.     Ohoek.s  swollen. 

Scales  l;iij;(*r  lliiiii  in  S.  corpondis,  not  imicli  crowded  I'orwjinl.     Lateral 

lino  nuuih  dtuMuvcd.     Dorsal  Hn  entirely  l>eliin<l  ventnils,  its  last  ray 

over  the  (hHt  ray  of  the  anal.     Imiis  all  small.     Coloration  of  «S'.  corpo. 

rails;  the  black  <lorsal  spot  distiiul.     Head  iJ;/ ;  dei)th  t.     I).  8;  A.  ?• 

scales  O-lS-5;  teeth  li,  5-1,  U.     li.  1  iiu^hes.     I'Mint  Itiver,  (leorj^'ia. 

(J«>nliit>,  IJiill.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  (lH,  ItJ??.) 

**  IiiBi'rtiou  of  doiHul  lin  sc-arccly  lu'liiiid  vcntrul.s;  ncah-s  nearly  »"<iual  over  tho  body- 
no  eoiiHpiciionM  Idack  tloraal  n\w\,     (Lciimsomiit  lleekel.) 

349.  «.  IlllllariM  (llaf.)  .Jm-.—lnill-JhU;  Sih-er  Chub. 

Body  oblong",  robnst,  little  (!oini)ressed.  Head  hirjje,  convex,  tho 
snont  bluntly  conic.  Mouth  lar^e,  terminal,  somewhat  obli<|ue,  tho 
lower  jaw  inchuled;  pnMnaxillary  below  the  level  of  the  eye,  the  max- 
illary barely  reaching;  the  front  of  the  orbit.  Eye  moderate,  rather  h\<^\\ 
up  an<l  anterior,  1^  in  head.  Barbel  shorter  than  i)ni)il,  not  evident  ii> 
younj;  spec^imens.  Scales  lar^e,  U2  in  front  of  dorsal,  not  crowded  an- 
teriorly. Dorsal  fin  slio-htly  behind  middle  of  body,  just  behind  veu- 
trals.  Fins  moderate.  Coloration  brilliant;  steel  blue  above;  sides 
and  belly  silvery  ;  males  in  sprin,ir  with  the  belly  and  lower  tins  rosy  or 
crimson,  lleadl;  depth  t.  1).  S;  A.  8;  scales  8-45-^1 ;  teeth  2,  fi-t,  :i. 
L,  18  inches.  Largest  of  our  biasteru  Cyprinidcc.  Abundant  from 
Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  east  of  the  Alleghanies. 

{Cyimnua  huUariaR'Ai\noM\ni\  Xi\\n\  Month,  Maj^.  and  Crit.  Rov.  IH17,  r.iO:  Lcumeui 
arffcnteus  and  pulchvllus  Storcr,  Kept.  !•  IhIi.  Ma.is.  lrt:5t),  90 :  ChiloncmuH  pulchellun  Storor, 
Fish.  Mass.  28(5 :  LcnroKonum  cataraoliiit  Baird :  Stmwiiluh  rhothous  Copo,  Cypr.  Pcnn.  3C2: 
Leiu'08omua  pulohfUua  Giiulhvir,  vii,  'Jii'J.) 

90.— SYiTIITIKTBlJRUS  Jordan. 

(Jordan,  liiiU.  Iliiyden's  Oeol.  8urv.  Terr,  iv,  788,  1878:  tj-pe  Pogonichlhya  argnreioaui 
Girard.) 

This  genus  diilers  from  Pogonichthys  chiefly  in  tho  caudal  fin,  which 
is  developed  as  in  Scmotilus  and  other  related  genera,  tho  two  lobes 
equal,  and  the  ruditnentary  basal  rays  comparatively  few  and  small. 
The  presence  of  grinding  surface  on  tho  teeth  and  tho  i)osition  of  tho 
barbel  chielly  distinguish  Si/mmclrurus  from  Semotilus.  {aumxeTptx;,  sym- 
metrical ;  ovpd,  tail.) 

330.  S.  ar;iryriosus  (Girard)  Jor. 

Body  elongated,  pretty  strongly  compressed.  Head  moderate,  con- 
siderably compressed,  tho  snout  subconi(;al.  Mouth  moderate,  nearly 
horizontal,  the  lower  Jaw  included,  tho  maxillary  reaching  tho  front  of 


^■^%lK  - 


CI.  cypkiniim: — htypodon. 


223 


tlu'  oyp.     K.ye  larfjc,  '.'t\  iti  hv.ul,    Sculcs  moderate,  very  silvery.    Lut- 

onil  lino  HJij^liily  <I('ciirv('(l.     FiiiK  nillicr  liinli.     Dorwil  fin  ratlier  in  lul- 

vaiico  of  vonlriilH.     (huuhil  iin  witli  i(s  ludiincntaiy  layH  low  and  little 

(icvcloped,  tli«'.  two  lobes  equsd.      IltowniMli  above,  with  black  dot.s; 

Hides  iind  below  bii^jht  Nilvf'iy.     IJead  4,^.     1).  1);  A.  8;  Lat.  1.00;  teeth 

'j,  r»-(4,  2).     L.  4  iiieheN.     Presidio,  (Jal. 

(/V)</rtn/fA//M/H  uriiiirriosiin  (i'wiird,  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Hci.  Pbila.  18.'")4,  154:  LeiKVHomuB 
aryymoHUM  (.IWiiiUfi,  vii,  2(»7.) 

»7.— POOOIMICIITIIVS  Giriird. 

(Qiran!,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  IH.'>4,  13(»:  typo  PogonichthyH  incBqitUobui  H.  &, 
0.=:  LeuoiHouH  macrolcindnl iiH  Ayrcs.) 

Body  elongate.  Head  smull,  conical.  Month  moderate,  terminal, 
normal ;  maxillary  wi(l«  a  well-de'.  'loped barbel ;  premaxilhnies  jirotrac- 
tifo.  Tei^th  2,  4-5,  2,  or  2,  5-5,  2,  hooked,  with  well-marked  grinding 
surface.  Scales  lather  largo.  Lateral  lino  (continuous,  dccurved.  Dor- 
Hal  Iin  beginning  rather  in  advance  of  ventrals.  Anal  basis  short. 
Ciindal  fin  with  its  rudimentary  rays  numerous  aiid  greatly  developed, 
Bupported  by  strong  a|)opliyses  of  the  caudal  vertebra',  the  upper  lobe 
oi  the  (in  consJ<lerably  longer  than  the  lower.  Intestinal  canal  short; 
|u'iitoneUm  brownish,     irpecies  of  large  size,    (ttw^wv,  beard  ;  ^;^ryNc,  lish.) 

351.  P.  mncrolupidotus  (Ayrou)  .UM-.—SpUi-iail. 

Hody  (elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  the  back  a  little  elevated,  the 
lonn  somewhat  that  of  Cydcpim.  I.Iead  short,  slender.  Mouth  mod- 
c.nito,  nearly  horizontal,  the  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit;  lower 
jaw  included;  preorbital  longer  than  deep.  Eye  large,  A\  in  head; 
intcrcrbital  space  convex.  ])orsa,l  fin  midw.ay  of  tho  body,  rather  in 
front  of  tho  ventrals.  Scales  rather  largo,  moderately  imbricated.  Lat- 
eral lino  decurved.  Fins  rather  large ;  upper  lobe  of  caudal  half  longer 
tliau  head.  Coloration  uniform,  somewhat  silvery.  Ilead  41;  depth 
3;|.  D.  1);  A.  8;  scales  10-GG-G;  Vert.  2G  -f  15;  teeth  2,  5-5,  2.  L.  12 
iuclies.  liivers  of  California.  Singularly  distinguished  from  our  other 
GiiprinidcD  by  tho  great  develoi)meiit  of  the  ui)per  lobe  of  tho  caudal  and 
its  rudimentary  rays. 

{VogonichthyH  iiuvquilohiis  IJaird  &.  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1854,  13G 
(August),  ami  II.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Siiiv.  x,  245:  Lcvcoaomua  incrquilohua  Giinthor,  vii,  271: 
Lenciacus  macrohiHilotus  AyiCH,  Placer  Times  and  Transcript,  1854,  May  '.iO ;  Jordan, 
PiDc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  1880,  [KG.) 

07  {b).  STYPODON  Garman. 
(Ganuan,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  viii,  90, 1881 :  typo  Stypodon  aigni/er  Garni.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  large,  deciduous  scales.    Lat- 
eral line  complete,  decurved.    Dorsal  and  anal  fins  short.    Mouth  small, 


!fe>  '■! 


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i  f 


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sr:>4*'' 


!■   ,  ■ 


n> 


224    coNTKinrTioNS  to  north  American  ichthyology— iv. 

anterior;  promaxillarie.s  protractile;  fold  of  lower  lip  uot  crossinjr  ii,^ 
symphysis;  lower  jaw  trenchant,  without  horny  covering ;  no  barbels. 
Gillrakers  short.  Pharyngeals  strong.  Teeth  3-.'3,  of  the  Myloehilnn 
type,  more  or  less  cylindrical,  with  rounded  grinding  surfaces,  posterior 
more  slender  and  subconical.     ((Tr?;r»^,  stump ;  (Wwv,  tooth.) 


Sfr-:- 


1*1 '-">■'    -i 


IS.2L2Jt3 


I*  r* 


IP' 


W::h 


W3: 


pi: 

WS-Vi  ■"' 


352.  S.  sigiiifcr  (iarniiui. 

Dorsal  and  ventral  outlines  similar.  Eye  large,  longer  than  snout. 
Mouth  oblique,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  front  of  eye.  Lower  Jaw  tlio 
longer.  Pectorals  not  reaching  ventrals,  the  latter  to  anal.  Brown  j 
silvery  below ;  a  broad  brown  lateral  band,  bordered  above  by  a  nar- 
row silvery  line.  Head  3§ ;  depth  3§.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  G-35-2 : 
"  teeth  3-3,  stout,  stump-like,  with  convex  summits."  Lago  de  Parras, 
an  isolated  lagoon  in  Coahuila,  Mexico.    {Garman.) 

(Garniiin,  1.  c.  l»t).) 

9S.— ]VIVL.OCHIT^IJS  Agaasiz. 

{Mylocheiliis  Agassiz,  Amcr.  Joiiru.   Sci.  Arts,   1855,  '229:    type  Mylocheilus  lateralii 
Agassiz  =  Leucincus  caurhnis  Rich. ) 

Body  elongate,  not  elevated,  little  compressed.  Head  rather  short, 
conic,  somewhat  pointed.  Mouth  rather  small,  little  oblique,  the  lower 
jaw  in(;luded ;  maxillary  with  small  barbel  at  its  end ;  upper  jaw  i)r()- 
tracf'le.  Scales  moderate  not  closely  imbricated.  Lateral  line  do- 
curved.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  nearly  opposite  ventrals.  Caudal  fin  with 
the  rudimentary  rays  little  developed.  Anal  basis  short.  Intestinal 
canal  about  as  lonjj;  as  body.  Teeth  2,  5-5,  2,  or  2,  .~)-4,  2,  two  or  three 
of  those  in  the  main  row  molar,  much  enlarged,  blunt  and  truncate 
above.  (A  third  deciduous  row  sometimes  present,  according  to  Girard, 
in  this  genus  and  in  Mylopharodon;  we  have  seen  nothing  of  the  kind.) 
Size  large.     (/xoAoc,  grinder;  ;^e?A()?,  lip.) 

353>  I?I.  caiirinus  (Riehanlson)  Ord. — Columbia  Chub. 

Bye  large,  shorter  than  snout,  5  in  head;  interorbital  space  broad, 
convex.  Mouth  horizontal  or  nearly  so,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  the 
front  of  the  eye ;  suborbital  bones  wide;  preorbital  elongate.  Color 
dark  above;  sides  silvery,  a  dark  lateral  band;  below  this  a  pale 
stripe;  under  which  is  a  dark  stripe  which  extends  about  to  the  vent; 
fins  plain;  belly  and  pale  stripe  red  in  spring  males.  Head4f;  depth 
4^.    D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  13-70-10;  teeth  2,  ry-o,  2.     L.  12  inches.    Streams 


334.  M.  coi 


31.    CYPRINID^ PTYCHOCHILUS. 


225 


chiefly  Wfist  of  tlu^  Cilscade  liniige,  from  California  to  British  Coluiubii, 
often  entering  the  sea ;  abnndant. 

(Cifpriniis  (Leiiciscits)  murhiux  HifhiirdsDii,  Fanna  Bor.-Anicr.  Fishes,  IS'M,  1)04:  My- 
kcheilm  latcralin,  caiiriiius,  nud  fralercitliiH  Giraid,  V.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Siirv.  x,  2V>i-2K>: 
leuvosomus  caurinus  Giintlier,  vii,  270,) 

99.-I?IVL.OPIIARODO]y  Ayics. 

(Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acatl,  Nat.  Sci,  1855,  33:  typo  Mylophnrodon  robnsiua  Ayvca  ^^  (iita 
conocephala  B,  &  (r. ) 

Body  elongate.  Head  large,  pike-like,  the  upper  jaw  not  protrac- 
tile; no  barbel.  Teeth  2,  4-5,  2;  two  ov  three  of  the  teeth  in  the  main 
row  molar,  truncate  or  bluntly  rounded  at  the  apex,  much  enlarged. 
Mouth  terminal,  rather  large,  with  thickened  lips.  Scales  rather  swiall. 
Lateral  line  continuous.  Dorsal  tin  inserted  behind  the  ventrals.  Anal 
basis  sliort.  Size  very  large.  This  genus  has  been  confounded  with 
Mtjlochilus,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  noii-protractility  of  the  upper 
jaw.  (Shortened  from  Mylopharyngodon — iw?.o^,  grinder;  fdpuy^,i)h'd- 
rynx;  6Su>yj  tooth.) 

334<  M.  conoccphalus  (Bainl  <&  Girard)  Grd. 

Body  elongate,  subfusiform,  compressed.    Head  broad  and  depressed, 

tlie  snout  tapering,  almost  wedge-shaped.    Mouth  horizontal,  the  jaws 

about  equal,  the  maxillary  extending  to  eye.     Eye  small,  about  7  in 

head,  2A  in  snout;  preorbital  elongate.    Intermbital  space  as  long  as 

maxillary,  3  in  head.    Scales  rather  small,  of  thC'  type  usual  in  the 

Pacitic  coast  Cyprinidcc.    Dorsal  tin  a  little  behind  ventrals.    Caudal 

till  U  in  head ;  caudal  peduncle  very  long,  4i  in  length.    Color  dark, 

paler  below. '  Head  3h;  depth  i'^.     D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  17-74-7.    L.  18 

iiicbes.    liivers  of  California.    Next  to  the  species  of  PtychocMlus  the 

largest  of  our  Cyprinidw. 

{Gila  conocephala  B.  &  G,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  134:  Mylopharodoa  ro- 
ims/iis  AyrcH,  I'roc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1855,  33:  Mylopharodon conoccphalus  audrobuntuH 
(!rd.  r.  S.  Pac.  II.  R.  Siirv.  x,  2ir>;  GUntbcr,  vii,  m^.) 

100.— PTYCIIOCH1L.US  AgaHsiz. 

(Plliclwcheilus  Agasbiz,  Anior.  Joiiru.  Sci.  Arts,  1855,  229:   type  Ptychocheilna  gracilix 
Agassiz  =:^  Leuciacud  orcgonevm  Rich. ) 

Body  elongated,  little  elevated,  the  caudal  peduncle  not  contracted. 
Ilead  long,  slender,  pike-like.  Mouth  nearly  horizontal,  widely  cleft, 
the  maxillary  extending  to  below  the  eye,  the  upper  lip  rather  below 
the  level  of  the  eye,  the  lower  jaw  included  both  anteriorly  and  later- 
ally; no  barbel;  lips  thick.  Scales  small,  little  imbricated,  mostly 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  10 16 


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1) ,  _ 

■»■ 


.  226      CONTRIBUIIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

longer  thau  deep.  Lateral  Hue  deciirved.  Dorsal  lin  well  back,  some- 
what behind  ventrals.  Anal  basis  short.  Caudal  fin  strong,  its  nv^x. 
mentary  rays  not  greatly  developed.  Intestinal  canal  short.  Teeth  2 
.5-4,  2;  the  straight  limb  of  the  pharyngeal  bone  extremely  long  and 
slender,  its  teeth  wide  apart,  subconical,  scarcely  compressed,  and  but 
slightly  curved  at  tip,  the  hook  being  turned  in  the  direction  of  the 
angle  of  the  bone ;  no  trace  of  grinding  surface.  Fishes  of  very  large 
size,  reaching  a  length  of  more  than  4  feet,  the  largest  of  the  Leucisciue 
Cyprinidce.  With  a  general  resemblance  to  Sqiialius  and  Gila,  this  genus 
differ  strongly  in  the  form  of  the  pharyngeal  bones  and  teeth,  {^ru-j^r^ 
fold;  x^i^o:,  lip;  the  skin  of  the  mouth  behind  the  jaws  being  folded.) 

3«I3.  P.  orcg^onensis  (Rich.)  Grd. — Sacramento  "Pike," 

Body  comi)aratively  robust,  with  stout  caudal  peduncle.  Mouth  large, 
the  maxillary  reaching  middle  of  the  eye.  Eye  small,  2^  in  snout,  7| 
in  head ;  in  young  specimens  the  eye  is  proportionately  much  larger. 
Lateral  line  strongly  decurved,  much  nearer  belly  than  back.  Coloratiou 
olivaceous ;  the  fins  in  spring  with  red  or  orange ;  scales  thickly  punctate 
with  dark  dots.  Head  4;  depth  5.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  12-73-6  (13-79-9 
in  Columbia  Kiver  specimens);  teeth  2,  .5-4,  2  (in  all  specimens  exam- 
ined; not  2,  5-5,  2,  nor  2,  4-4,  2).  L.  3-5  feet.  Rivers  of  the  Pacific 
sloije,  chiefly  west  of  the  Sierra  iS^evada.    Largest  of  our  Cyprmida'. 

{Cifprinus  {Lenoiacus) oregonensis  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.  iii,  305,  lc'56:  Ptiicho- 
clwilua  gracilis  and  major  Agassiz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1855,  2*29:  Gila  jrandi) 
Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1854,  18:  PUjchocheilua  oregonensiH  and  (jrandk 
Girard,  l^.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Siirv.  Fish.  !ii98-300 :  Leuciacua  grandia  and  oregonenaia  Giin- 
ther,  vii,  239.) 

3S6.  P.  rapax  Grd. 

Body  shorter  and  deejjer  thau  in  Pt.  oregonensis.  Head  similar,  rather 
more  depressed  above.  Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  middle  of 
eye.  Lateral  line  moderately  decurved,  passing  along  the  median  line 
of  the  body  between  dorsal  and  ventrals.  Dorsal  inserted  but  little  be- 
hind ventrals.  Coloration  dark;  the  sides  somewhat  clouded;  fius 
plain.  Head  3'^;  depth  ^.  D.  9;  A.  8;  Lat.  1.  78.  L.  12  inches. 
Monterey,  California.    Perhaps  not  distinct  from  the  foregoing. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856,  209,  and  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  x,  M.) 

9S7.  P.  harfordi  Jor.  &  Gilb. 

Form  of  P.  oregonensis,  but  more  slender,  the  lateral  line  similarly 
much  d  ^curved.  Scales  much  smaller  than  in  P.  oregonensis.  Caudal  less 
deeply  forked,  the  pectoral  longer,  reaching  f  to  ventrals.    Head  ■ 


31.    CYPRINIDiE — GILA. 


227 


depth  5|.     IX  H;  A.  7;  scales  17-90-0;  teeth  2,  5-4,  2.     L.  .iO  inches. 
Sacramento  Kiver,  with  P.  oregonensix,  but  less  common  in  the  markets. 

(Jonlau  &,  (Jilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mum.  1861. ) 

358.  P.  luclus  Grd.— Colorado  "  l'ike'\ 

Body  slender,  elongive,  with  long,  slender,  depressed  head ;  the  form 
and  general  appearance  hoing  that  of  Ft.  oregonen.sis.  Maxillary  reaching 
past  anterior  margin  of  the  eye.  Eye  small,  U^  ni  snout,  7  in  head. 
Lateral  line  very  strongly  decurved.  Fins  low,  the  dorsal  evidently 
behind  ventrals.  Scales  very  small.  Coloration  iilain,  darker  above. 
HeudSJ;  depth  5 J.  D.O;  A.  9;  Lat.  1.  104;  teeth  2, 4-5 ,  2.  Colorado 
River;  abundant. 

((lirard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  lo.")U,  209,  and  IT.  S.  M»'-x.  Bound.  Surv.  Iclith. 
GT).) 

lOl.— GILA  liaird  &  (lirard. 

(Haird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18.")3,  3()S:  typo  Gila  robuMa  l\.  &.  G.) 

Body  elongate,  little  compressed,  the  back  :nched,  especially  in  tlie 
adnlt;  the  caudal  peduncle  typically  extremely  long,  slendei",  con- 
tracted, much  narrower  than  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin,  which  is  widely 
forked,  with  its  basal  fulcra  very  much  developed.  Head  in  typical  spe- 
cies broad,  depressed,  its  profile  ccmca  ve.  Mouth  large,  horizontal,  and 
overlapped  by  the  broad  snout.  Dorsal  fin  behind  the  middle  of  the 
body,  slightly  behind  ventrals.  Anal  basis  short.  Intestinal  canal  short. 
Scales  very  small,  little  imbricated,  sometimes  scarcely  imbricate  at  all, 
longer  than  deep,  especially  posteriorly.  No  barbel.  PseudobranchitB 
present.  Teeth  2,  5-4,  2,  close  set,  compressed  and  hooked,  without 
grinding  surface.  Vertebrie  about  46  (5  or  (5  more  than  usual  in  Sqiialuia). 
Intestinal  canal  short;  peritoneum  dusky.  Species  of  large  size,  the 
typical  form  remarkably  unlike  the  usual  Cyprinoid  type,  but  varying 
through  a  series  of  intermediate  forms  directly  into  Squalim,  so  that 
the  genus  is  hardly  distinguishable  by  any  definite  technical  character, 
unless  the  greater  number  of  vertebne  be  found  constant.  {Gila,  the 
name  of  the  river  where  the  typical  species  Avas  first  obtained.) 

*  Head  depressed  anteriorly,  the  occipital  region  high,  so  that  the  profile  is  notably 
concave. 

359.  O.  cleg^ans  B.  &  G. 

The  extreme  species  of  this  type.  Body  elongate,  somewhat  com- 
pressed, the  region  before  the  dorsal  elevated,  forming  a  sort  of  hump, 
the  dorsal  fin  inserted  on  the  downward  slope  of  the  back,  so  that  its 
base  is  quite  oblique.    Caudal  peduncle  extremely  long  and  slender,  as 


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228     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

broad  as  deep,  and  nearlj'^  terete,  its  length  (from  end  of  anal  to  middle* 
of  base  of  caudal)  1^  times  the  length  of  the  liead,  its  least  deptli  about 
one-seven-li  of  its  length,  its  extremity  dilated  and  compressed.  Ilea,! 
short,  broad,  the  snout  depressed  and  broadly  rounded ;  the  auterior 
part  of  the  head  from  b'»hind  the  eyes  broad  and  depressed;  the  pos 
terior  pari  high,  so  that  the  profile  forms  a  concave  arc.  ]\Iouth  ratlitr 
liirge,  nearly  horizontal,  the  upper  lip  on  the  level  of  the  lower  part  of 
orbit,  the  maxillary  extending  to  the  front  of  the  orbit,  the  lower  Jaw 
on  all  sides  included.  Skin  of  the  lower  jaw  hard.  Eye  small,  anterior, 
placed  low,  5  in  head.  Isthmus  narrow.  Gill-rakers  rather  weak. 
Fins  all  long  and  falcate.  Pectorals  reaching  ventrals.  Caudal  liu 
deeply  forked,  its  lobes  long  and  pointed,  the  upper  somewhat  the 
longer;  the  rudimental  basal  rajs  strong,  about  12  ir.  number  ou  each 
sides.  Scales  scarcely  imbricated  at  j.U,  on  the  caudal  peduncle  hardly 
touching  each  other,  on  the  sides  of  the  body  much  longer  than  deop; 
their  texture  thin  and  membranaceous;  scales  on  back  aiul  belly  mucli 
smaller  than  those  on  the  sides.  Coloration  bluish  above,  pale  below. 
Head 5;  depths.  D.  0;  A.  10;  scales 23-98-10;  teeth  2,  4-5,  2.  L.12 
inches.    Colorado  and  Gila  Rivers. 

(Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1853,  361);  Giranl,  U.  S.  Pac.  1{.  1{. 
Snrv.  X,  2*^6:  Leuchcua  degana  Giiuther,  vii,  241.) 

360.  G.  robusta  Baird  &  Girard. 

Body  elongate,  the  back  elevated  and  the  head  depressed  as  in  (i. 
elegans,  but  the  caudal  peduncle  notably  stouter,  its  least  depth  about 
one  third  its  length,  3^  in  the  length  of  the  head.  Mouth  large,  the 
upper  lip  ou  the  level  of  the  lower  part  of  the  orbit,  the  maxillary  reach- 
ing past  the  front  of  the  orbit.  Fins  rather  lower  than  in  G.  eleijam, 
the  i^ectorals  in  the  male  reaching  the  ventrals,  but  falling  short  in  tlus 
female.  ICye  small,  low,  anterior,  5-S  in  head.  Lateral  line  mudi  de- 
curved.  Coloration  plain.  Head  4;  depth  5.  D.  1);  A.  9;  scales 
17-00-10 ;  teeth  2,  i5-4,  2.     L.  12  inches.    Kio  Colorado  and  Kio  (Jila. 

(Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  P'dla.  1853,  3G8,  and  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  K.  Sun. 
X,  285:  Ldidscna  robuafiia  Gilnthcr,  vii,  241.) 

361.  O.  Kr.iPiami  Baird  &.  G'rard. 

General  form  of  the  preceding,  with  similar  head  and  caudal  pedun- 
cle, but  with  rather  larger  and  more  closely  imbriciited  scales.  Upper 
iip  below  level  of  eye,  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit.  Caudal  fin  less 
deeply  forked,  and  pectorals  not  reaching  nearly  to  ventrals.    Colora 


31.    CYPRINID^ GILA. 


229 


tiou  plain,  darker  above.    Head  .'i^;  depth  4i.     I).  9;  A.  0;  Lat.  1.  82. 

Rio  Gila  and  Colorado  Basiu. 

(Hainl  &  Giiard.  Prr,c.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  I8u3,  ;W9;  Girard,  TJ.  S.  ilex.  Bound. 
ijiXTV.  Ichtli.  01 :  Lcuciscns  tjraiiami  GuutluT,  vii,  '242:  Ptychocheilus  roras  Girard,  Proc. 
Acatl.  Nat.  Sci.  riii'a.  IH'>V>,  -^09,  and  IT.  S.  Pac.  R.  K.  Snrv.  x,  30^.  The  typis  of 
"rorax"  exaininod  by  na  is  a  tnie  Gila.) 

363.  O.  afliiiis  Abbott. 

A  species  iiUied  to  the  preceding,  described  as  follows :  "  The  body  is 
slender,  tail  greatly  attenuated,  head  constituting  something  more  than 
one-lifth  of  the  total  length.  Eye  rather  small,  subelliptical,  its  diam- 
eter (5^  times  in  the  entire  length  of  the  head.  The  posterior  extremity 
of  the  maxilltiry  extends  to  a  vertical  line  drawn  posteriorly  to  the  an- 
terior edge  of  the  orbit.  Anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin  nearer  the 
base  of  the  caudal  than  the  extremity  of  the  snout.  Anterior  margins 
of  the  ventral  (ins  somewhat  nearer  the  extremity  of  the  snout  than  the 
base  of  the  caudal.  The  lateral  line  is  nearly  concurrent  with  the  ven- 
tral outline.  The  numbers  of  the  fln-rays  are:  D.  10;  P.  10;  V.  8;  A. 
l);C.  liSif."  {Abbott.)  Dull  violet  above,  pinkish  below.  Kansas  Hi ver ; 
Platie  River.  (We  have  some  time  since  examined  specimens  from 
Platte  River,  and  thought  them  distinct  from  0.  robusta  and  G.  graham i, 
but  iiaving  lost  our  notes  are  unable  to  add  to  Dr.  Abbott's  account.) 

(Abbott,  Froc.  A«ad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  ISOO,  4/4.) 

363.  G.  Ki-ucilis  ISaiid  &.  GiiaL-d. 

Body  slender,  the  back  not  much  elevated,  the  caudal  peduncle  not 
very  slender,  about  twice  as  long  as  deep.  Head  large,  its  upper  pro- 
file not  very  strongly  concave.  Mouth  large,  terminal  and  oblique,  the 
upper  jaw  scarcely  longer  than  the  lower,  maxillary  reaching  past  the 
frout  of  the  eye.  Interorbital  space  broad.  Pectorals  falling  consid- 
erably short  of  ventrala.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Dorsal  well  behind 
veutnils.  Head  3i;  depth  4J.  D.  9;  ^.9;  Lat.  1.  88.  Gila  and  Col- 
orado liivers. 

(Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1853,  309;  Gir.-vrd,  IJ.  S.  Pac.  R.  R. 
Surv.  X,  2S7  :  Lvucincua  zunnenm  Giiutlier,  vii,  241.) 

**  Head  conical,  scarcely  depressed,  the  prolilo  not  concave. 
(I,  Holly  scaled. 

364.  G.  omorii  liaird  &  Girard. 

Body  slender,  the  back  not  notably  arched.    Caudal  peduncle  very 

slender,  its  least  depth  about  oue-iifth  its  length.    Head  rather  small, 

ouic,  scarcely  depressed  above  the  eyes,  its  pioUle  continuous  with  that 


230      CONTRinUTlONS    TO    NOKTIl    AMRUICAN    lOIITIlYOLOaV — IV. 

of  (1)0  hit('](.  Mouth  .sni.'ill,  nciirl.v  i(Mtiiiiuvl,  tlio  nuirnllary  not  rciicliiii^r 
to  (lio  tVoiil  of  tlu^  tn'bit.  I'i.vo  ratluM'  Inrjjfo,  iiiitorior,  not  pliuu'd  low. 
Scalos  Hinall,  ONiMU'iiiU.v  on  tlio  buck  »Mnl  boll.v,  tbo  cxpoHtMl  NinriU'CH 
louy:«M'  than  (Um>|>.  Fins  lar^o;  llu>  poctorals  t-oa<'liin^  vtMit-ials;  tli« 
oaudal  doopl.N*  forkod.  Donsal  (in  instM(«Ml  inMiror  tlio  top  of  Nuout  than 
to  tho  biiso  of  nuubil.  lload  li\ ;  <loptli  Ij.  I).  I);  A.  <>;  hat.  I.  <.KS.  Ujo 
(!ila.     (Oininl.) 

(Mainl  iV  (lininl,  Pro.-.  A.-iul.  Nii«.  S.i.  V\\[\n.  IK'".?,  \\KH;  (Jiiiml,  IJ.  H.  Mcx.  ilouiul. 
Hui'v.  Iclitli.  »>'2:  lA'udHciia  rmorii  ()ilnllit«r,  vii,  llili.) 

SUA.  U.  iiii4'r«Mi  ('()])<>. 

\\o{\\  rath«M'  sUmhUm-;  protilo  an«l  intiM-orbital  rop;i«)n  p:on(l.v  coiivox. 
Maxillary  not  reaching  lint*  of  orbit,  ('aiulal  piMbincIo  Hlonilor,  its  ItMixt 
(lopth  4  in  lioa«l.  Kyo  5  in  lioad.  IVctonils  not  roacliinjj:  vtMitrals. 
Dorsal  boliind  \ontrals,  Sih«My  whito;  bark  narrowly  tlark-Hliadcd; 
pootoral  (his  pink.  Iload  I;  (U'pth  •t^  I>.  t);  A.  10;  snilos  LM-T-13; 
tooth  2,  5-4,  L\     (5roon  b'ivor  (Kio  (%)lorado).     {iUipv.) 

(Co\w,  Ha.vdouN  (;i'.>l  Siuv.  Wy<»iu.  IHTO.  441,  lH7'i. 
an.   Ht^ll.v  s«'i»l«'l«'M,s. 
396.  a.  M>iiiiiiii«la  Copo  A  Yarn)\v. 

Ilody  ino(lorat«>ly  «h'i'p,  with  Nlon<U»r  and  taporinj;  caudal  pcdunohi, 
the  least  depth  of  which  is  about  ono  third  its  lonj^th.  Itat^k  bttlo  etc- 
vatotl,  not  aix'hod  in  front  of  dorsal.  Iloa«l  snndl,  traiisv'.-rsoly  convex, 
its  proldo  continuous  with  thai  of  the  back  und  not  ct)ncavj5.  Mouth 
rather  suialU  oblitpie,  terminal,  the  upper  lip  opposite  th(<'  middle  of  the 
orbit,  the  maxillary  not  roachin};-  the  lino  of  the  orbit.  I'^yc!  larfje,  ratli(>r 
anterior,  but  not  very  low,  its  length  4  in  head.  l<Mns  moderate.  Dor- 
sal slijjhtly  behind  \eutrals.  Hrownish  above,  lower  tins  pink.  Ilcjul 
5;  ilepth  r»\».  D.  10;  A.  10;  scales  2:-{KS-l2;  tooth  U,  5-4,  L».  L.  (1 
inches.  Kio  Virgen,  in  I'tah.  {(jopc.)  This  species  tonus  a  transition 
to  SquCitim  and  other  normally  formed  Ci/prinida; 

(Copo  A  Yarrow,  Zoiil.  Wlioolci's  i:\pl.  W.  lOOMi  Mor.  v,  fiGd,  1870.) 

lOa.-MQIIALIirS  Itoiiapartfi. 
Jhur. 

(3\7fs<Kt  Uotiaparto;  Cheonda,  Tifioma,  Sihoma,  and  ClinootoniH*  (.liriinl.) 

(Bonapnrto,  Faniin  Italicn,   1837,   If   G:  typo  Cjf^rinn«  leucmm  L.,  tho  European 
"Daoc".) 

Body  oblonji',  eompi-essed  or  robust,  covei-ed  with  nioderato  or  sniall 
scales,  which  aiv  not  closely  ind)ricated.  Lateral  lino  complote,  do 
curved.  Mouth  lar^e  or  suuUl,  \isually  t4)rminal,  tho  lips  normal,  with- 
out barbel.    Teeth  mostly  2,  5-4,  2,  sometimes  2,  5-5,  2,  or  1,  5-4, 2, 


•-"f- 


81.   CYPRlNIOil': — flt/TTALnm 


231 


liooki'tl,   with    iiati'ow   f^iindin^'   Hiii-fiu-(«   o;    ?m)||(>.     (<h-in<liii({    Hiirruro 

prcHciit  in  SqualiKM  IcucihouH,  ohHoK^to  in  iiioHt  of  our  HpccicH.)     Aiuil 

iHUsiH  Hlioii  or  Noininvtiiit  ('lon^ati'.     Docsal  tin  poKtorioi,  nHniilly  iMtliind 

veiilralH.     IntoNlinal  «ranal  Hliorit.     Hi/o  >;<UM'iall.v  larj,^'.     A  very  lar^fo 

|riiMi|),  onci  of  Mio  lar^ivst  cnriiMit  (;rn(>ra>  in  icIitliyoloK.v*  r(>|>reH(Mit<Ml  hy 

liiiiiKM'onH  N|HM'ioH  in  IImi  rivtirH  of  Mnro|Mi,  AMia,  and   Noiih   Ainericji. 

MoHl  of  otir  Hpccii'H  luivo  bcien  poorly  «I('IIihmI.     TIio  nnij<»rily  of  (linird'H 

ori(;inal  typcH  liavo  liocn  pr«fHorv<!(I,  and  tlio  dcHcriptionH  lu-rr  j^ivcn  uro 

miii:ily  Uiln'u  from  llnMn.     Mticli  lar^^or  H<>ri(>H  of  viwU  form  aro  n(*.<;i;H- 

Miiry  boloni  tlio  Hpec.ioM<;an  Imi  properly  diHeriminated.     In<livi<lnal  irrei;- 

iiiiu'itieH  in  dentition  nni  eominon   in   IIiIh  ^(MntN.      (l<'rom  HqiiahiH,  a 

NJiurk;  Mome  early  writers  on  iclitliyolo^ry  having  eaJied  the  typieal  Hp(v 

cics  iStiualus  minor,  for  no  evilent,  reaHon.) 

The  Np«u^i(<N  nujy  be  divided  as  followH: 

'Tcctli  iioniiiilly  wiMxHil  ^liinliii^  NinTa<'4>. 

K'iiihIiiI  pi-dunclo  iiol   vi>ry  nIoiiI.,  IIh  IciiHt.  <li«[)tli  iicil.  two-MiirilH  Miu  loii}{t.h  <»i'  tho 

liciul. 

{Month  very  wiilr,  (lie  lower  Jaw  iniii'h  projccfiii;^  heydntl  iii»|K't',  Mie  upper  lip 

on  Mie  level  ol'tlie  iriiddleol' tlie  pupil,  iiiiil  the  maxillary  reaehiiiK  t<i  lin- 

low  Mie  pupil ;    liody  elongate,  roiii|ireHHe(l ;  dorwil   well  haekwiinl  ((Jm- 

No.sroMUS  (Jrd.) eloii()nliin,  randoinuhiH,  vhIoi,  I'lniduloidiH, 

II  Month  tiioderale  or  Hinall,  terminal,  c>l>!i(|iie,  llie  lower  Jaw  titile  |iroJ()(;tiii)(, 
premaxilliiry  liidow  Mie  levidof'llie  |)iipil,  and  the  maxillary  not.  reae,hin)( 
to  the  |)upil.     (TKioMA  <irtl.) 
((.  Anal  hahiH  (don^alt^  itH  rayn  W-VZ..  ..hiiilrojihlox,  liimia,  montunuH,  humholdti, 
lut.  Anal  haNiH  Hhort',  \ln  luyn  H  or  1). 
/;.  HcaleH  in  iat<ual  lino  ri()-(ir>. 

cniomiH,  nriJmlariiM,  pamlorn,  numfariluH,  nutn,  putrhor, 
vijieijiiiH,  Ihwatus,  ;/racilin,  vonj'orm'm,  Inrolor,  oIichiih,  piirpurviia, 
hb,  BcaloH  in  latural  liint  (iG-UO. 

pulnlirlhiH,  inlvrmnliuH,  al'mw,  r.opci,  iiii/ar,  enniipcrMUH. 

tICatidai  piMlnindi)  very  d(M'P  and  einnpreHHitd,  it,H  l(;aHt.  dtplli  nearly  e(|nal  to  tlin 

greatest,  di^pth  of   the  lutad  ;   doPHal  ovor  ventralH;   Hcah'H  rattier   lAr^n 

(SiiioiMA  (iirard) f/ilihomtii. 

•"Teeth  with  evident.  urindiiiK  Hiirt'ace.     (H(jUAt,niH.) 

c.  liidniHt.  N|)ee.ieH,  llitt  depth  U-itJ  in  lenKtli;  lateral  line  1«hh  tliau  (K). 

rhomalvuH,  HipiamutiiH,  atrariiiH,  cramiUH, 

rv,    ShMidcr  npech^H,  tli(t  dtqdh 'l-'l^  in  length;    lateral  line  (>()-7()  ((-'m';()>fl)A 

(Jrd.) ,...rarul<'un,  cooperl,  tni/rnnTriH,  modeHtim. 

"i'cuth  (norimilly)  withont  ^^rindinff  mirfaee  (variouH  IrregnlarltieH  often  proHont,  no 
that  tile  charaeter  Iuih  little  valuo).  , 

ICaiidat  pedinnde  not  very  Htout,  its  luaHt  depth  not  two-thirdH  flie  length  of  tho 

liitad. 
!.      t  Mouth  very  wi<h^,  tli<»  lower  Jaw  inneli  propHitiiij?  hoyoiid  upper,  tho  uppor 
lip  on  the  level  of  the  middle  of  the  inipil,  and  the  maxillary  reach- 
;  :!•  /       iiig' to  helow  the  ))upil ;  hody  elongatn,  coiiipreRHnd  ;  dorHal  well  back. 

((.7iMo«<(>mM»  Oirard.") 

*Girard,  rroc.  Acad.  NAt.  8ci.  Philu.  185G,  211:   typo  Luxilua  ehngatua  Kirtland 
(x^iVgj,  to  Incline;  (Jro//a,  uiovsth.) 


I       '}i 


i.^m 


'LAi 


'       J- 


I. 


232      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICIITHYOLOOy — IV, 


ft'  ' 


3ii7.  S.  elongiiius  (Kirnaml)  J.  &.G.—nvd-8i(kd  Shiner.  ''    ' 

Body  elongate,  coinpro«ise<l.  Mead  long,  rather  pointed.  Mouth  very 
large,  oblique;  the  lower  jaw  notably  projecting,  with  a  small  knob  at 
the  syiriphysis;  upper  lip  on  the  level  of  the  pupil;  maxillary  extondiu},' 
to  the  middle  of  the  orbit;  posterior  angle  of  operelo  acute.  Eye  mod 
erate,  nearly  4  in  heiA.  Scales  very  small.  Fins  short  and  high,  the 
dorsal  somewhat  behind  ventrals.  Lateral  line  decurved.  Color  dark 
bluish;  the  scales  mottled  with  paler;  sides  with  a  broad  black  band; 
belly  more  or  less  silvery;  the  front  half  of  the  lateral  band  bright 
crimson  in  s])ring  males;  the  belly  and  lower  tins  more  or  less  reddened; 
a  dark  vertebral  band.  Head  4;  depth  5.  D.  8;  A.  0;  scales  10-70-5; 
teeth  2,  4-5,  2.  L.  5  inches.  Great  Lakes  and  Upper  Mississip])!  Val- 
ley, chiefly  from  Pennsylvania  to  xMinnesota. 

{Liisilits  eJougatus  Xiitlaiul,  Kept.  Zoiil.  Ohio,  1(59,  :ind  in  3o8t.  Jonrn.  Nat.  Hist. 
iii, :!;?;) :  Leiiciscua  elongatua  Giiuther,  vii,  '245:  Clbioatomns  clongatus  Girard,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  185!>,  212:  (»'i7«  e/oHflrate  Jordan,  1500:  CUnoatomm  prorigcr  Co\w,  (l\;\n: 
Pcmi.  375:  Leuciacua  jvoriger  Giiuther,  vii,  245:  Gila  lirorigcr  Jordan,  1500  (may  be  a 
difl'cri'ut  species;  sidca  more  eoniprcsaod  and  luuro  silvery;  Lat.  1.  Gil;  teeth  2,  4-,'),  1; 
common,  with  tlio  other.) 

368.  S.  vandoisulus  (Val.)  Jor  &  Gilb. 

Body  oblong,  deep  and  compressed.  Head  rather  large.  Mouth 
large,  oblicpie,  the  lower  jaw  projecting,  and  the  mandible  extendiiifj 
to  the  pui)il.  Eye  moderate,  3J  in  head.  Lateral  line  decurved.  Color 
bluish  green;  some  of  the  scales  of  the  back  irregularly  darker,  pro- 
ducing a  mottled  appearance;  no  dark  lateral  band;  males  in  spring 
with  the  region  behind  the  head  and  above  the  pectorals  as  far  back 
as  the  anal  of  a  bright  rose-red,  brightest  anteriorly.  Head  3^;  d(q)th 
3'^.  D.J);  A.  8;  Lat.  1.  53;  teeth  2,  5-5,  2.  L.  5  inches.  Virginia  to 
Georgia;  abundant. 

{LcuciacHH  vamloiaulva  Ciw.  &,  Val.  xvii,  '.Wl:  Clhwatomiia  affintJ  Girard,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185G,  212:  Latciacua  randoiauhta  Giiuther,  vii,  25G:  Leitciaciis  affinia 
Gnnther,  vii,  257:  CUiwatomua  affmia  Cope,  Jonni.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliiln.  IHfiH,  228: 
Gila  vaiidoiaula  Jordan  &  Bray  ton.  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xil,  24.) 

360.  S.  cstoi*  Jordan  «fc  Brayton. 

Body  ellii>tical-elongate,  compressed,  the  caudal  peduncle  rather  long, 
but  not  so  long  as  head.  Head  very  long  and  large,  flattish,  but  not 
broad  above.  Mouth  larger  than  in  any  other  of  our  Cyprinida',  veiy 
oblique,  the  upper  jaw  on  the  level  of  the  pupil,  the  maxillaries  ex 
tending  to  opposite  the  middle  of  the  orbit,  the  length  of  the  gapo  a 
little  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  head,  the  lower  jaw  considerably 
the  longer.    Eye  rather  large,  less  than  snout,  4  ih  head.    Scales  mod- 


31.    CYPRINIDJE SQU ALIUS.  . 


233 


prate.  Lateral  line  strougjly  decurved ;  23  series  of  scales  in  front  of 
dorsal  liu.  Fins  high.  Color  dark  olives  above,  many  scales  irregularly 
darker;  sides  sil'.  jry;  no  dark  hiteral  band;  a  broad  shade  of  deep 
rose-color  along  the  sides  in  spring  nudes,  below  which  most  of  the 
belly  is  bright  crimson,  these  red  colors  brightest  anteriorly.  A  nar- 
row, tlark  lateral  streak  like  a  i)encil -mark,  from  head  to  tail,  overlaid 
by  the  scales.  Head  3;^;  depth  4^.  1).  8;  A.  8;  scales  S-oO-f);  teeth 
1',  5-4,  2.    L.  4  inches.    Cumberland  and  Tennessee  Rivera. 

{(lila  entor  Jordan  «fe  Brayton,  Bull.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  6(i:  Gila  eator  Jordan,  300.) 

i)70.  S,  £unduloidos  ((ird.)  Jor.  &  Gill>. 

Body  rather  elongate,  somewhat  (;omi)ressed,  with  arched  back  and 
liitluu'  slender  caudal  peduncle,  the  latter  longer  than  head.  Head 
moderate,  smaller  than  in  any  of  the  i)receding  species.  Mouth  as  in 
the  i)receding,  but  less  deeply  cleft.  Eye  large,  3  in  head.  Dusky 
above;  a  dark  lateral  bam',  with  a  narrower  pale  streak  above  it;  belly 
and  lower  part  of  head  yellowish,  red  in  males  in  spring.  Head  4^; 
depth  4.^.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  0-48-4;  teeth  2,  5-4,  2.  Streams  tribu- 
tary to  Chesapeake  Bay,  south  to  North  Carolina.    (Cope.) 

(Clino.stomu!'  fiaiduloides  and  caroUnus  Grd.  Proc.  Aiiad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18o6,  212: 
ClinoHtomus  fiiiKhiloiilcH  Oopo,  Cypr.  Pciin.  ilTG:  LeticiHcuH  J'unduloidcs  (Jiiuthcr,  vii,  250.) 

it  Month  moderate,  terminal,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  little  projecting,  the  premaxillary 
below  the  level  of  the  pnpil,  and  the  maxillary  not  reaching  to  ])uj»il.    ( Tigoma 
Girard.") 
((.  Anal  basis  elongate,  its  rays  10-12. 

371.  S.  Iiyilrophlox  (Cope)  Jor.  &,  Gilb. 

liody  rather  slender.  Head  small;  front  straight.  Mouth  rather  small, 
obli(iiie,  the  maxillary  just  reaching  line  of  orbit,  lower  jaw  ])rojectiug. 
Eye  small,  5  in  head,  ih  in  iuterorbital  width.  Anal  lin  long.  Color 
iilive  above,  with  a  dusky  lateral  border,  below  this  a  crimson  band, 
a'ul  still  lower  a,  blackish  band,  which  runs  above  the  lateral  line  to  the 
base  of  the  caudal  fin;  cheeks,  sides,  and  belly  crimson  anteriorly  in 
iiiides,  silvery  in  females.  Head  4:|;  dei)th  4^.  D.  8;  A.  11;  scales 
ir)-o8-7;  teeth  2,  5-4,  2.  L.  0  inche.*:.  Blackfoot  Creek,  Idaho.  {Cope.) 
A  spee-  ;s  intermediate  between  the  typical  Glinostomi  and  the  Tigomce^ 
closely  related  to  ;S'.  wonfuHW*,  etc.  ^^ 

[CVmostomun  hydrophlox  Cope,  Hayden's  Geol.  Surv.  Mont.  1871,  475,  1872.) 

♦Giriml,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185(5,  205:   type  Gila  puchella  B.  «fe  G.    (A 
cuinpclnamo.)  i  .  .       ,„>  .^    .       iv,  ,    .,  si^->       >     - 


Pi 


234      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

372t  S.  ticnia  (Cope)  J.  &  G.—Leather-ndcd  Minnow. 

Body  rather  elongate,  but  deep  and  compressed,  formed  as  in  Clino- 

stomuft  proper.    Head  rather  small,  short,  compressed,  but  broad  above, 

the  Jaws  equal.    Mouth  oblique,  short,  the  maxillary  reaching  the  front 

of  the  orbit,  the  upper  lip  opposite  middle  of  orbit.    Eye  large,  ^  in 

head,  equal  to  iuterorbital  space.     Lateral  line  decurved;  33  scales  iu 

front  of  the  dorsal  fin.    Coloration  greenish  silvery;  the  back  dusky;  a 

blackish  lateral  band,  between  t'vo  silvery  stripes;  the  lateral  band  aud 

below  bright  orange,  red  in  the  males.    Head  4J;  depth  4.    D.  9;  A. 

10  or  11;  scales  12-58-5.    L.  3-5  inches.     Salt  Lake  Basin;  abundant 

in  Provo  River.     Very  close  to  the  next,  dift'ering  in  shorter  anal  and 

rather  deeper  body. 

{CUnontomns  twnia  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1874,  I'Xi:  Gila  twnia  Cope,  Zool. 
Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mer.  v,  658.) 

373.  S.  moiitanus  (Cope)  J.  &  G. 

Body  rather  slender.    Muzzle  decurved,  obtuse,  but  less  so  than  in  8. 

tcenia.    Jaws  equal ;  end  of  maxillary  extending  beyond  margin  of  orbit. 

Eye  large,  3^  in  head,  equal  to  iuterorbital  space.    Anal  fin  elongate. 

Lateral  line  decurved.    Olive  above;  a  dark  lateral  band;  sides  crimson 

in  males.    Headl;  depth  4.    D.  9;  A.  12;  scales  12-5G-C.    L.  3Jiuches. 

Idaho  to  Arizona;  abundant  in  the  Utah  Basin,  with  the  preceding. 

(CUnosloinns  montanua  Cope,  Iliiydeu's  Geol.  Surv.  Mout.  1871,  476,  aud  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1871,  1:56:  Gila  montana  Cope,  Zool.  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th  M»>r.  v, 
657.) 

374.  S.  Iiuiiiboldti  (Gid.)  .J.  &  G. 

Body  short  and  deep.  Head  moderate.  Mouth  terminal,  obliqne, 
the  cleft  rather  short,  the  maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.  Eye  largo,  4 
in  head.  Lateral  line  little  decurved.  Dorsal  fin  rather  behind  ven- 
trals.  Anal  fin  rather  elongate.  Color  bluish;  sides  with  two  dusky 
lateral  bands.  Scales  large.  Head  4;  depth  3.  D.  8;  A.  12;  scales 
12-5G-8;  teeth  2,  4-5,  1.     Humboldt  River,  Nevada. 

{T.gima  hiimboldll  (Jrd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1H.')6,  206,  and  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R. 
Surv.  X,  291.) 

aa.  Anal  basis  short,  its  rays  8-9.  ^ 

h.  S(!alos  in  latta-al  Hue  50-65. 

375.  S.  cruoi'ciis  J.  &  G. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  symmetrical,   not  strongly  compressed. 

^  Head  broad,  rounded  above,  maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.     Eye 

rather  large,  4^  in  head.     Lateral  line  running  low.     Dorsal  a  little 

behind  ventrals,  scarcely  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  snout.    Caudal 


-\M[>''' 


31.    CYPRINID^ — SQUALIUS. 


235 


evenly  forked.     Pectorals  short,  uot  reacbinjj;  nearly  to  veutrals;  ven- 
tnvls  to  vent.    Dusky  bluish;  skies  dark;  a  red  spot  at  bases  of  ven- 
trals  and  anal.     Ilead4;  depth  4.    D.  9;  A.  8;  scales  11-56-6;  teeth 
2,  5-4,  2.    L.  6  inches.     Utah  Lake. 
(Jonlau  &,  Gilbert,  Troo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  1H80,  461.) 

376.  S.  ardesiacuN  (Copo)  J.  «fc  G. 

Body  rather  stout,  compressed.  Head  heavy,  muzzle  short.  Mouth 
short,  very  oblique,  the  jaws  about  equal,  the  maxillary  reaching  past 
the  front  of  the  large  eye.  Eye  4  in  head.  l*ectoral  fin  long,  nearly 
reaohiug  anal.  Olivaceous  abov^e ;  a  narrow  dark  lateral  baud,  follow- 
ing the  direction  of  the  back.  Anal  tin  short.  Head  3^;  depth  4^. 
D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  17-63-8;  teeth  2, 5-4, 2.  L.  4  inches.  Exact  locality 
unknown ;  probably  Nevada. 

{Gila  ardeaiaca  Cope,  Zool.  Whe.'ler's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mer.  v,  060.) 
SI"?.  S.  pandora  (Cope)  J.  &  G. — Chub  of  the  liio  tirande  ;   Peacadito. 

Body  fusiform.  Head  small,  broad  and  rather  flat  at  the  muzzle. 
Jaws  equal,  maxillary  not  reaching  line  of  orbit.  Eye  small,  6^  in  head. 
Dorsal  fin  posterior.  Silver j,  darker  above.  A  broad,  ill -defined  lateral 
band.  Physiognomy  of  Ceratichthi/a  rather  than  of  iiquialim.  Head  4; 
depth  4i.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  17-61-9  (17-59-10  to  18-65-11);  teeth 
normally  2,  5-4,  2,  sometimes  2,  4-4,  2,  or  even  1,  4-4, 1,  in  abnormal  or 
immature  specimens;  the  second  tooth  sometimes  with  a  small  grinding 
surface.  L.  8  inches.  Eio  Grande  region.  "The  most  abundant  fish 
in  New  Mexico,"  and  quite  variable  in  characters  usually  very  constant 
among  these  fiahes. 

{Clinontomus pandora  Cope,  Hayden's  Gool.  Surv.  Mont.  1871,  i7!j.) 

378.  S.  marfifaritus  (Cope)  J.  &  G. 

Body  stout  and  thick,  little  compressed,  *he  back  somewhat  elevated. 
Caudal  peduncle  thick.  Head  blunt,  thick  and  rounded.  Mouth  small, 
terminal,  oblique,  the  upper  lip  below  the  orbit,  the  maxillary  not  reach- 
ing the  line  of  the  orbit.  Eye  rather  large.  Scales  rather  small.  Lat- 
eral line  decurved.  Fins  rather  large.  Dorsal  fin  posterior.  Colora- 
tion above  dusky  olive;  sides  plumbeous  silvery;  belly  white,  crimson 
in  spring  males;  snout  dusky;  fins  plain;  scales  punctate.  Head  4; 
depth  4.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  11-58-8;  teeth  2,  5-4,  2.  L.  3  inches. 
Susquehanna  Eiver.  A  handsome  fish,  quite  unlike  any  other  American 
species,  resembling  most  P/toa?im<s  neo</a?«s.  •      *        .    '       -" 

(CHnostomuH  margarita  Coi)o,  Cypr.  Ponu.  186H,  377:  Lcuoiscus  viargarita.  QVinther, 
vii,  246.)  • 


.'ifw 


.*  i<  »^ 


»•  iff  IT<4l 

11 


I 


!       f 


'1  f'l' 


MH\: 


>  ^im 


'«:i 


!.■' 


23G     COXTRIHUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMKRICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

:i7».  ^'.  KUla  (Copi")  J.  A.  0.  ..  :  :   ..."■■■      ^:-:u-'-: 

liody  lalhcr  robust,  lu^avy  anteriorly.  IIea<l  larger,  with  wido  front 
and  broad,  obb(|ue  luoutli:  luiixillary  reucliiiifj  Iront  of  eye.  Ky*^  ^, 
in  head,  2  in  interorbital  width.  Dorsal  fin  posterior.  Cohn*  dusky 
above;  belly  silvery;  axils  ol' lins  erinison  in  males.  llea<l  .'U;  d('|)tli 
4H.  I).  S;  A.  S:  s<ales  KMJO-ll;  teeth  2,5-^1,2.  L.  7  inches.  New 
Mexico.  {Cope.) 
(<;j/a  !7«/a  Cop«j,  Zoul.  Wlioi'ler's  r.xpl.  W.  imith  Mer.  V,  «()!.) 

380.  S.  pulrli4>l>  (Cnl.)  .lor.  A- r.ill>. 

Body  rather  slender,  little  conij)ressed.  Head  rather  long  and  pointed. 
Month  obliqne,  terminal,  the  jaws  about  equal,  the  maxillary  barely 
reaching  the  front  of  eye.  Scales  moderate.  Lateral  line  decurved. 
Fins  large.  Dorsal  behind  ventrals,  its  ti])  \jhen  depressed  reacliin^f 
the  posterior  base  of  the  anal.  Pectorals  nearly  reaching  ventrals. 
Coloration  brilliant;  dusky  above;  sides  and  belly  golden  (red  in  life?); 
sides  with  a  vague  dusky  baud,  llead  3^;  depth  4 J.  J).  8;  A.  8; 
scales  13-03-7;  teeth  1,  4-4,  1,  without  grinding  surface.  L.  G  iiK^iies. 
Chihuahua  Itiver.  A  handsome  species,  resembling  SqualiuH  vocnileim, 
but  with  the  lins  larger  and  the  number  of  teeth  ditt'erent.  Although 
Crirard  places  this  lish  among  the  Tigomw  with  grinding  surface  on  the 
teeth,  we  are  unable  to  iind  such  surfa<!0  on  his  typical  specimens. 
AUtl  it  we  hav3  examined  have  the  teeth  sharp,  and  1,  4-4,  1.  If  this 
dentition  is  constant,  it  may  be  necessary  to  refer  A.  ptdcher  to  a  ditt'er- 
ent genus. 

{Tiijoma  piilchra  (Jiranl,  Proc.  Aoad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18r)<),  207,  andU.  S.  Mcx.  Bouinl. 
S.irv.  Iclitli.  (?:..) 

3§l.  S.  ogre^ius  (Gid.)  J.  &  G. 

Body  rather  elongate,  subfusiform.  Head  moderate.  Snout  thick- 
ish,  subconicjil.  Mouth  oblique,  the  jaws  equal,  the  maxillary  reachiiifj 
front  of  orbit.  Eye  moderate,  4J  in  head.  Lateral  line  not  much  de- 
curved.  Color  bluish  black ;  sides  with  two  irregular  bands  of  dark- 
spots  ;  the  interspace  red  in  males.  Uead  4 ;  depth  4.  D.  8 ;  A.  9 ;  Lat. 
1.  G5.     Great  Basin  ;  exact  locality  unknown. 

{Tigoma  cgrcgia  Gnl.  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Snrv.  x,  291.) 

3§3.  S.  linentus  (Grd.)  J.  cSd  G. 

Body  elongate,  subfusiform.  Head  njoderate.  Snout  subconical. 
Mouth  oblique,  lower  jaw  somewhat  included,  maxillary  reaching  to 
orbit.    Dorsal  flu  posterior.    Scales  small.    Lateral  line  with  an  opeu 


Surv.  X,  292.) 


K'^Q^^sf  i:j  31.    CYPRINID/E SCJUAUUS. 


237 


curve,  ninning  unusually  low.  Yellowish ;  above  dunky,  with  darker 
spots  aud  narrow  dark  lines.  Head  4,^.  D.  8;  A.  8.  Utah  liaain;  ex-. 
act  locality  not  known.     {Girard.) 

(Tlfjoma  lineata  Giranl.  I'roc.  Acud.  Nat.  Ht;i.  I'liila.  1H5G,  *i<l(;,  and  U.  .S.  I'ac.  K.  R. 
Surv.'x,  a92.) 

3§3.  S.  ffracillN  (Crd.)  .1.  «.V  <i. 

Described  as  still  slenderer  and  with  still  smaller  scales  than  in  S. 
UneaUix.  Lateral  line  little  decnrved.  Snout  sub(!onical,  rather  short. 
Coloration  plain,  dusky  ivbove,  paler  below.  1).  S ;  A.  7.  Exact  locality 
unknown;  i)robably  from  Utah.     {GiraKl.) 

{Tiijoma  gracilis  (}rd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Set.  I'liila.  1H.')(),  201).) 

3§4.  S.  confortnis  (H.  A  (i.)  J-  «&  ('■ 

Body  robust,  rather  elevated.     Head  moderate,  the  mouth  rather 

small,  oblique,  maxillary  not  (piite  reaching  eye.     Eye  moderate,  nearly 

5  in  head.     Dorsal  lin  considerably  behind  veutrals.     Scales  large. 

Liiteral  lino  decurved.    Purplish  brown  above,  yellowish  below.     Head 

\\h;  depth  3^.     D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  0-52-5;  teeth  2,  4-?,  1     L.  4  inches. 

Tulare  Valley,  California. 

{Lavinia  conformis  B.  «fc  (t.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  137:  Tigoma  conformis 
Gnl.  IT.  S.  Pac.  U.  K.  Siirv.  x,  ii8J).) 

385.  S.  bicolor  (Gii-ard)  .1.  &  G. 

Body  robust,  heavy  anteriorly,  tapering  backward.      Head  long. 

Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  the  eye.    Eye  small,  6  in  head. 

Scales  rather  large.     Lateral  line  decurved.    Dorsal  tin  inserted  almost 

directly  over  ventrals.     Fins  rather  small.    Dusky  above,  sides  and 

below  silvery.     Head  3;^ ;  depth  3;f .     D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  13-04-0 ;  teeth 

2,  5-5,  2.    L.  12  inches.    Klamath  Lake,  Oregon. 

(Tijoma  hicolor  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  TSiat.  Sci.  Phila.  1H5G,  'Mi,  and  U.  S.  Pic.  K.  II. 
Surv.  X,  '28J.) 

3§6.  S.  obcMls  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

Body  short  and  compact,  the  caudal  peduncle  rather  slender.  Head 
small,  the  snout  short  and  rounded.  Mouth  moderate,  maxillary  reach- 
ing to  eye.  Eye  moderate,  4 J  in  head.  Dorsal  tin  smaller  than  ayal, 
nearly  median.  Scales  moderate.  Lateral  line  little  deflected.  Bluish 
gray  above,  yellowish  below.  Head  4^.  D.  8 ;  A.  9.  Salt  Lake  Valley. 
(Girard.) 

{Tigoma  obeaa  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Soi.  Phila.  1856,  206,  and  U.  S.  I'ac.  R.  K.  Snrv. 
X,  290.) 


SI 


h 


i.    lift 


» '"JIM 


i  I-  \ 


238      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


.   I"  A 


3§7.  §.  pui'pureuM  ((ird.)  •lur. 
^     Stout  and  (ioinpressed.     Ueud  lonp.     Latorul  line  deciirved.     DoiHal 
tin  slifflitly  behind  ventrals.     Fins  all  small.    IJlackish  above,  pale  be- 
low.    Head  .^;  depth  aif.     A.  8;  scales  13-02-8;  teeth  2,  4-!,  1    San 
Bernardino,  Mexico. 
( Tigoma  piirpitrca  iivi\.  I'rnc  Aciwl.  Nat.  Sci.  Philu.  185(5,  'JlMi.) 

bb.  Scales  in  lateral  lino  ()r>-S(), 

3§8.  S.  |»ulch«>llns  (H.  &  (>.)  J.  &  O. 

Body  lonji"  and  slender,  the  caudal  peduncle  rather  nari'ow,  but  not 
specially  i'ontracted.  Head  slender,  rather  ]>ointed.  Mouth  moderate, 
somewhat  oblicpie,  the  maxillary  scarcely  reaxjhinjjf  to  the  eye.  Lateral 
line  strongly  <lecurved.  I'Mns  high,  th(  dorsal  somewhat  behin<l  ven- 
trals.  Eye  t.V  in  head.  Grayish;  two  dusky  lateral  streaks;  belly 
white.  Head  4 ;  depth  4^.  D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  Lat.  1.  ('(i ;  teeth  2,  5-4,  2.  Kio 
Mimbres,  a  tributary  of  Lake  (luzman,  in  Mexico. 

{Tijoma  puU'hdJa  Baird  &  (Jiianl,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  f-Ci.  Pliila.  185-1,  2i>:  Tujoma 
pnklulla  Grd.  IT.  S.  Mcx.  Bonnd.  Sniv.  Iclitb.  ii2.) 

389.  J«.  intorinodius  ((ird.)  J.  &  G. 

"  Intermediate  between  S.  jndehelluft  and  8.  purpureus,  much  nearer 
the  former  than  the  latter."  Similar  to  the  i)reci'ding.  The  caudal  pe 
duncle  slender.  Dorsal  tin  somewhat  behind  ventrjils.  Fins  small. 
Coloration  silvery,  with  dark  dots.  Head  3^;  depth  4.  D.  8;  A.!); 
scales  15-73-9.    Rio  (lila. 

(Tii/oma  intermedia  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PJiila.  185(>,  20(». ) 

390.  S.  .'ilicise  .Tony. 

Body  elongate,  little  compressed,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  outlines 
sinular.  Head  short,  rather  stout,  its^  breadth  f  its  length.  Snout 
rounded,  jaws  e«iual,  the  maxillaries  reaching  front  of  eye.  Eye  4  in 
hea'l.  Pectoral  tin  as  long  as  head,  not  reaching  ventrals.  Dark 
plumbeous  above,  with  a  median  steel-blue  lateral  band;  belly  pinkish; 
cheeks  silvery.    Head  4^ ;  depth  4^.    D.  8 ;  A.  8 ;  scales  minute,  18-80-1'). 

Utah  Lake. 
OJouy,  Proc.  I^  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1881,  x.) 

391.  S.  eoB»ci  Jordan  A  (Jilbtsrt. 

Body  comparatively  elongate  and  compressed,  the  caudal  i)eduucle 
long  and  rather  slender.  Head  short,  rather  broad  and  flattish  above, 
the  interorbital  space  convex  and  broader  tlian  the  eye.  Eye  moderate, 
as  long  as  snout,  3^4  in  head.    Mouth  rather  small,  low,  terminal,  ob- 


31.    CYPRINID.E SQUAL1U8. 


23S 


liqiio,  the  premaxillary  Jiwt  below  the  level  of  the  pupil,  the  iiuixillary 
reiu'hinff  to  just  below  the  level  of  the  eye.  Dor.siil  (in  inserted  souio-_ 
wiuit  behind  veutrals.  Pectorals  short,  not  reaehiiijjf  nearly  to  veutrals, 
the  latter  not  to  the  vent.  Scales  very  small.  Lateral  lino  somewhat 
docurved.  Bluish  olive  above,  with  dark  points ;  a  dusky  lateral  shade ; 
liiis  nearly  i>lain ;  axils  red  in  the  males.  Head  4.^;  depth  ;J^.  I).  S; 
A.  'S;  scales  about  ll)-80-lL'  teeth  2,  5-1,  2,  tyj>ieally  without  {^rindinjj; 
surface,  but  subject  to  an  unusual  amount  of  irregularity,  occasionally 
2,  4-4,  1  or  2,  and  sometimes  with  grinding  surfiice.  L.  0  inches.  Uio 
Grande  and  basin  of  Utah ;  very  abundant.  Described  from  specimens 
from  Bear  Kiver,  Wyoming. 

((rila  egrcffia  Cope,  Zool.  Wheekn"'«  Kxpl.  AV.  lOOth  Mcr.  v,  ()(5'i  (not  Ti(;>mu  vgrvijia 
(iirnnl,  u.h  (Jinird'H  origiuul  apucimeua  huve  Liit.  1.  (».'>);  Jor,  &,  Uilb,  I'loc.  II.  S.  Nut. 
MiiH.  IHHO,  4(51.) 

392.  S.  niirer  (Cop(^)  J.  «.^  G. 

Body  robust,  the  back  elevated  antiaiorly,  the  caudal  piMluncle  short- 
ish and  not  very  stout.  Oc(!iput  depressed.  Head  large.  liJye  rather 
liirge,  5  in  head.  Mouth  large,  moderately  obli(]ue,  the  lower  Jaw  in- 
cluded, the  maxillary  extending  to  the  i)upil.  Fins  small,  the  dorsal 
well  backward.  Scales  small,  posteriorly  smaller  and  more  crow<led. 
Lateral  line  little  decurved.  Color  dusky,  the  scales  with  l)la(;k  dots. 
Head  3J;  depth  3^.  I).  8;  A.  8;  Lat.  1.  80;  teeth  2,  4-r>,  2,  said  by 
Girard  to  have  a  developed  grinding  surface,  which,  however,  we  are 
unable  to  find.  Rio  Gila.  A  well-marked  species,  approaching  the 
genus  Qila.  • 

{(Vila  fiibboaa  B.  «fc  (i.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philii.  1854,  '28:  Tigoma  glhhosa  Giranl, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila..  IrtoG,  207,  and  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  Iclith.  (U :  ?  (iila 
nigra  Copn,  Zoiil.  Wheolor's  Expl.  W.  lOOtb  Mer.  v,  G'SS,  The  name  gihbosa  is,  iiufor- 
tiiuiittily,  preoccupied.) 

393.  S.  conspersus  (Ganu.)  J.  &.  G. 

Form  of  8.  niger.  Profile  of  head  concave,  maxillary,  reaching  front 
of  orbit.  Pectorals  extending  three-  fourths  distance  to  ventrals,  which 
reach  vent.  Brown  above;  scales  of  back  and  sides  speckled  with 
darker;  an  obscure  dusky  lateral  shade.  Head  3f ;  depth  3 J.  D.  8;  A. 
8;  "teeth  4,  1-1,  4,  clawed";  scales  13-09-9.    Nazas  Eiver.    (Garman.) 

{Gila  conapersa  Gurniau,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zoiil.  viii,  1881,  91.)  ^.        -.^^  ^-_-.. 

ft  Caudal  peduncle  ver}"^  deep  and  compresHed,  its  depth  nearly  equal   to  the  depth 
of  the  head;  dorsal  over  ventrals;  scales  rather  large.    (Sihoma  Girard.) 

^M,S.Kit»hOSUS{Gn\.)J.&G.— Mullet;  Chub. 

Body  short,  deep,  compressed,  the  antedorsal    region  arched,   the 

"audal  peduncle  nearly  as  deep  as    jug,  about  as  deep  as  the  head. 


m 


240      rONTRiniTTlONH   TO    NORTH    AMKUTCAN    KMITIIYOLiMJY — IV. 


I  loud  conic,  tlic  prolllo  Httu^p,  Mm  lunx/.lc  Nliort   and   rather  pttiiitid, 

Montli  small,  ul)]i(|n(%  tlio  jawH  nearly  cipial,  tno  tipper  lip  on  the  level 

of  the  lower  part  of  the  pnpil,  the  in.ixillary  Ncarcely  reat^hin;;  to  IVunt 

of  eye;  isthnnis  very  narrow;   preorl)ital  neaily  as  deep  as  lon-^f.     |.;y,. 

small,  ant4M'ior,  r>  in  head.      l<^i'is  low.      Dorsal  tin  oppi»sit<^  ventnils 

ntvirer  candal  than  snont ;  caudal  tin  short,  little  tork(Ml,  sear<'ely  hroiitlcr 

than  the  very  deep  caudal   peduncle,  the  spines  of  the  caudal  verleltin' 

very  stronj;.     Scales  lary;e,  rather  closely  indiriisited,  their  exposed  sm' 

faces  rather  deeper  than  lon^;  LM>  scales  before  d(usal.      Lateral  iinf 

<lecurved.     ('olor  l)rownish;  sides  white;  younji  spott«'d  above;  scales 

everywher(>  with  dark  dots;  (Ins  plain.     Mead  1^;  di^pth.'L     !).  H;  A.S; 

scales  J)-r>(>-7;  teeth  2,  5-4,2.     li.  12  inches.     Iiiv«Msof  (/alilbrnia  ;  very 

abundant.    One  (»f  the  most  pecidiar  of  otir  ('///)>//*  (V/(f,  but  hardly  cniisti. 

tutinjr  a  distinct  j;enus. 

(/w?rinirt  «T(iJ«n(<'((M(/(j  Haiid  A  (iiranl,  Vuw.  Anid.  Nit.l.  Sci.  1'Iiiln.  IK')!,  1117  (Au;{imt>; 
Siboma  rrintnii'iiiiilii  iVwixn],  Vvnv.  Acini.  Nat.  Sri.  I'liiln,.  1H,")(),  VJOH,  hmiI  I'.  S,  I'dc.  |{ 
|{.  Siirv.  I'lsli.  \i'.)r»:  Lriivixriin  ri'dssiciiiiitii  (iiliitlicr,  vii,  'Jl^t:  l.nirim'KH  ijilihonii:!  Amcs, 
Daily  Placor  TimoH  and  TraiiMi"rii>t,  May  'M\  Is.M:  l.avinia  fjihluiMtt  Ayn-s,  I'loc,  Cjii. 
Arad.  Sci.  IH.'..!,  yo.) 

**T«M'th  with  ovidont  niiiidiiij^  siirfai'i'.*     (.S(/h«/ih«.) 

c.  KubiiHt  spocics;  depth  a  to  :i^  in  lou^jlh;  latoral  liiif  1(<hh  than  til). 


liiHi.  H,  rllOlliallMIN  .lor.  A:  (iill). 

Body  very  n)bust,  elevated  anteriorly,  the  sitles  compressed,  alth(ni;;li 
the  back  ivS  very  broad.  Mead  broad,  the  i)rotllc  concave  as  seen  from 
the  side,  the  interorbital  space  tlattish,  scarcely  raised  above  the  ey<'. 
Snout  broatl,elrva(ed  at  tip,  preinaxillary  on  th(^  hn'cl  of  impil.  Moiitli 
very  oblicpie,  the  mainlible  iiuich  luojeclinj;',  nuixillary  reachinj;  front  ol 
eye.  Rye  small,  anterior,  1/  in  snout,  7  in  heatl;  isthmtis  very  narrow. 
Scales  lar^jfe,  subequal,  broadly  exposed,  linn.  Lateral  line  tlecurvcd. 
Dorsal  nearly  median,  insertetl  directly  over  vontrals.  Caudal  <'vciily 
forked,  the  peduiu'le  lonj;;  and  deep.  Pectorals  short,  extendiiio-  three- 
fifths  the  distance  to  ventrals,  ventrals  about  to  vent.  liower  tins  slioit. 
Color  blackish;  everywhere  dark.  Mead  .  U  ;  <h'i)th  JU.  D.  :);  A.  8; 
scales  l()-or)-,"» ;  teeth  2,  5-4, 2,  short  and  stout,  one  of  them  with  ^rindiii^' 
surface.  L.  12  inches.  Utah  Lake.  One  of  the  largest  and  best  marked 
species. 
(Jordan  «fe  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  1880,  4(51.) 


•A  variable  cbaractor  in  thlH  jfrmip. 


'  SI  ■  U^.  1< 


.i*r' 


31.    CYPKINII)^, — H(jrAMUR. 


241 


,<|04l.  !■!•  M|Ullllllltllll  (Oill)  .1.  iV.  (>. 

Itoily  vory  robiiNt,  Niibuvut«',  roiiipn^HS(Ml.  Ilciul  Itu't;*^  ami  loii^^, 
(Oiiiciil.  Moiitli  I'Htlicr  liir^r,  olili(|ii(>,  ti^nniriiil,  tlio  iiinxilliuy  nsirhin^; 
Iron  to*  orbit,  Uwi  iipprr  li|>  on  thci  lv\v\  of  tUit  |«>w«'r  part  of  tln',  ttyo,. 
Hyc  iiuMlrratc,  anlnior,  r»j{  in  ImmuI.  Dorsal  (In  .sriiiill,  iiiHcitiMl  posfi'- 
riorly,  but  <lin'«^tly  ov«m"  i\w  vrnlrals.  S<!al«'H  nio<l«M'at«',  Hiiborbicular, 
wiilrly  <'xposc(l.  ('olor  «lark  or  blackiHli;  tlni  Mc^alrs  all  uiar^^incul  with 
liliicU;  IliiN  tluHky.  Ilrad  :i\',  depth  .'{.  I).  «;  A.  S;  ncalcH  10-r.;M{; 
tcctii  'J,  Ti-I,  li.     L.  H  inches.     Halt.  Lakc^  Basin. 

(Tiiliimii  Hiiiiiimata  ii\\\,  Vrof.  KomI.  Hoc.  Nal.  HJMt.  1H(>I,  mid  TcliMi.  Cnpt.  Hitii|moii'H 
lispl.  |H7(i,  •lO."'..) 

;M>r.  N.  niriirliiw  (CJnl.)  J<»r.  *,  Oill».— r;<o/t  Mullet;  Chub  of  Utah  Lake. 

ISody  ratluir  stont,  the  randal  pcMlunc^lo,  not  slender.     Head  nioder'te, 

siihcoiiieal.     Month  arderior,  cpnte  snnill,  the.  iiiaxillary  not  rua<'hin;;  to 

the  eye.     I'^yei  small,  TiA  in  lu^ad.     Fins  (|iiit<^  small.     Dorsal  tin  nearly 

or(|uit«M)ver  th(^  ventrals.     .Seales  larp",  not  mneh  iu'dirieated,  li.T  bo- 

I'orc  dorsal.     Tiat<sral  line  deenrved.     Olivaceous,  blackish  above,  the 

color  formed  of  small   black  j>oints.     IIea<l  1;  (lejdh  ."».^,.     I).  0;  A.  8; 

sculcs  ll-r)7-({;   t('eth  2,  5-4,  li,  usually  with  civident  K'''u<1'"«  surface, 

;iitlMiiit;h  phu'cd  by  Girard  and  ('ope  in  Hihoina,  which  wants  siudi  snr- 

I'KT.     b.  20  inches.    Utah  llasin.    Very  (common  in  Utah  Luki^    A  larj;o 

siK'cies,  usi^d  as  food;  and  very  destructive  to  younj;  trout. 

{Sihoma  ulniria  (Jnl.  I'roc.  A<'iwl.  Nut.  Sci.  I'liilii.  IH'»(>,  iJOH,  anil  II.  H.  Piic.  U.  R, 
Siirv.  X,  21(7:  Siboma  atraiia  uiul  viir.  loHyirApv  Unite,  Zool.  Whoolcr'H  l'Jxi>l.  VV.  100th 
M.T.  V,  (51)7.) 

:j«N.  S.  4-raNMi!>(  ((}nl.)  .lor.  »fe  (Jill». 

Hddy  robust.  Ilciad  ratluM-  small,  the  snout  short  and  depressed. 
Mouth  moderate,  oblicpie,  the  maxillary  not  leiwihing  to  the  eye.  Eye 
small,  0  in  head.  Dorsal  fin  inserte<l  slij^htly  behind  ventrals.  Hcales 
iiuxlcrate,  broadly  exposj^d.  Dusky  above,  sides  and  below  paler.  Head 
I;  depth  .'U.  D.  8;  A.  8;  seales  10-57-7;  teeth  2,  5-4,  2,  with  narrow 
piiidiufi'  surfaces     L.  10  inches.    Sifccramentt)  lliver,  California. 

[Tifioma  vraaaa  Old.  Proc.  Acud.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  185G,  207,  aud  U.  S.  Pac.  li.  R,  Snr  v. 

x,29:i.) 

<v.  S'.cMidor  .spociciH,  the  depth  4-4J  in  length;  lateral  liuo  (50-70.     (Chvonda*  (ird.) 
399.  S.  c<erillcus  ((ird.)  Jor.  &.  (iilli. 

Body  sleuder,  subfuisiform.     Head  sleudcr,  the  i<iiout  long,  couical, 


*  Chamda  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185(5,  207;  type  Clieonda  coopcri  Grd. 
(.VcoiiKMl  name.) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  10 10 


i-.- 


M 


I  '^v 


:* 


nili 


Z    Ml 
ft 


Jf^'V 


t>iMiiit>.ll 


-■''i^m) 


.::rJ^f,S!A:  ■i^.,J,■ 


242     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    jfiMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

rather  flattened  above.    Jaws  equal,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  orbit 

Dorsal  fin  inserted   behind   ventrals.     Aual  flu  quite  small.     Scales 

rather  small.    Dusky  bluish  above,  pale  below ;  scales  everywhere  witli 

fine  punctulations.     Uead  3^;  depth  4J.     D.  9;  A.  7;  scales  13-01-7- 

teeth  2,  5-5,  2,  with  narrow  grinding  surface.    Lost  Kiver,  Oregon. 

(Chconda  cocrtilea  Grd.  Proc.  Aca'l.  Nat.  Wei.  Phila.  Id5G,  '207,  and  U,  S.  Pue.  l{.  i? 
Siirv.  Fish.  295.) 

400.  S.  cooperi  (Gnl.)  Jor.  &  Gilb. 

Body  elongate,  subfnsiforra.  Head  moderate,  the  snout  tbickisli, 
subconical,  slightly  projecting.  Mouth  oblique,  the  maxillary  not  (juito 
reaching  to  the  eye.  Eye  large,  4J  in  head.  Fins  large,  the  anal  no- 
tably so.  Dorsal  somewhat  behind  ventrals.  Coloration  plain,  rather 
pale.    Head  4i^j  depth  4J.    D.  8;  A.  10;  Lat.  1.  (i3.     CoUunbia  lliver. 

(Cheonda  cnoperi  Gnl.  Proc,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18oG,  207,  and  U.  S.  Pao.  11.  K, 
Snrv.  Fish.  294:  Leuciscua  cooperi  Gllntli-.r,  vii,  243.) 

401.  S.  nig^rcsccns  (Grd.)  Jur.  &  Gilb. 

Body  rather  elongate,  subfusiform.     Head  long  and  rather  jwinteil. 

Caudal  peduncle  long.    Mouth  terminal,  oblique,  the  maxillary  scarcely 

reaching  to  eye.    Snout  prickly  in  male  specimens.     Fins  moderate,  the  I 

dorsal  slightly  behind  ventrals.    Color  very  dark,  the  sides  with  black  | 

spots,  t^e  scales  with  line  punctulations.     Head  3^ ;  dei)th  4.    I).  8; 

A.  7;  scales  lG-70-10;  teeth  2,  4  (-5,2?).     Boca  Grande  and  Janosj 

Eiver. 

(Tigoma  iiiyreaeenaQvil.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185G,  207,  and  I  J.  S.  Mcx.  Houiul, 
Surv.  Ichth.  (54.) 

40a.  S.  iiis^cstlis  (Gavm.)  J.  &  G. 

Brownish,  paler  below;  flanks  not  lustrous  as  in  S.  nigrescoift.  Form  I 
moderately  stout,  the  outlines  regular.  Dorsal  behind  ventrals,  its  froej 
border  convex.  Anal  truncate.  Distinguished  from  S.  nigrciii'cns  byj 
the  greater  length  and  the  shape  of  the  head,  and  a  dilferenco  in  thel 
position  of  the  dorsal.  Head  3^ ;  depth  3.^.  D.  8 ;  A.  8;  scales  14-05-9.1 
Saltillo,  Coahuila. 

{Cheonda  modciita  (larnian,  Bull.  Mhh.  Comp.  Zool.  viii,  92,  1881.) 

103.— PIIOXINUS  Agassiz. 

Minnoim. 

.    gaasiz,  M(?m.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  NoufchiXtd,  i,  :{7,  1837*  type  Cyprinm  phoxinmL-- 
riioxiiiit8  la'r'iH  Aff.;  the  comnion  "Minnow"  of  Enropc.) 

Body  stout.  Mouth  normal,  without  barbel.  Teeth  2,  5-5,  2,  or  L'J 
5-4,  2,  hooked,  without  grinding  surface.    Scales  usually  small,  littld 


-t  t 


v)^f;.,f 


31.    CYPRINID^ — PHOXINUS. 


243 


imbricated.  Lateral  line  incomplete  or  wantinj;.  Dorsal  lin  behind 
veutrals.  Anal  basis  shor<^^.  Species  of  small  size  and  brilliint  colora- 
tion ;  tbnnd  both  in  Europe  and  America,  (^o^iw;?,  a  minnow;  from 
f«,-",-,  tapering.) 

♦Scales  vciry  Hinnll,  75-90  in  tlio  Ijitoral  lino. 

103.  P.  noo^scus  Cope. 

Body  short  and  thick,  little  compressed,  the  back  little  elevated. 
Head  very  hvrge  and  broad,  the  muzzle  blunt.  INIouth  moderate,  quite 
()bli(iiie,  tiie  lower  Jaw  projecting;  maxillary  reaching  to  beyond  front 
of  orbit;  upper  lip  on  the  level  of  the  middle  of  the  pupil.  I'Mns  mod- 
enite.  Dorsal  well  backward,  much  nearer  caudal  than  suout,  some- 
\vh;it  behind  ventrals.  Pectorals  lauge.  Scales  very  small,  almost 
imbedded  in  the  skin.  Lateral  line  dccurved,  very  short,  not  exlend- 
iiifj  to  ventrals.  liack  and  belly  scaly.  Eye  large,  3A  in  head.  Color 
very  dark;  back  plain,  almost  black;  a  black  band  througli  snout  aiul 
eye  to  caudal;  above  this  a  i)ale  band;  below  thisabr.ptly  white;  belly 
iind  lower  tins  (;rimson  in  spriug  males;  pectorals  dusky.  Head  i$.^; 
(lei)th  4^.  1).  8;  A.  8;  scales  18-80-11;  teeth  2,  i-Ty,  2.  L.  .'3  inches. 
Midiigan  to  Iowa;  not  common. 

(Copo,  Cypr.  Peiin.  186(5,  37r);  GUutlier,  vii,  247.) 

"Scales  luodorate,  40-45  in  the  lateral  lino. 

404.  P.  flainineilS  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Body  moderately  stout,  slenderer  and  more  compressed  than  in  P. 
neofin'Hs.  Head  rather  short  and  deep,  the  up])er  outline  round(>d,  the 
muzzle  rather  blunt.  Eye  lar  e,  3iV  in  head.  IMouth  small,  obli(pie,  Mio 
Jiiws  about  equal,  the  upi>er  lip  on  the  level  of  the  pupil,  the  max- 
illary extending  to  th*''  front  of  the  orbit.  S<rales  much  larger  and  more 
loosely  imbricated  thivn  in  the  other  ;q)eeies.  Back  and  belly  scaled. 
Lateral  line  short,  decurved,  on  14  scales,  not  reaching  base  of  ventrals. 
Fins  small,  tlie  diu'sal  well  backward.  IJack  dark;  a  black  lateral  band, 
formed  of  dark  specks;  above  this  a  pale  band ;  the  belly  below  this  pale; 
brifiiit  scarlet  red  in  the  males  hi  spring.  Head  4;  depth  4.  D.  8;  A.  8j 
scales  7-4IJ-5;  teeth  2,  4-5,  '}.     L.  2.^  inches.    Tennessee  Kiver. 

i..ortlan  &  Gilbert,  Man.  Vort.  E.  IT.  S.  ed.  2,  187H,  30:i;  Jordan  &  Hrayton,  Bnll. 
U.  8.  Nat.  Mns.  xll,  (5(5.) 

405.  P.  milncrianus  Copo.       ^  ,    . 

"Form  elongate,  chin  slightly  beyond  upper  lip.  Pharyngeal  teeth 
2, 5-4,  2.    Scales  in  15  longitudinal  rows  between  the  dorsal  and  ven- 


M^'Mf! 


1         "i'S 


I   ^>J 


n 


.a 


'mm, 


244      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 

tral  fius.    Diameter  of  orbit  eqial  to  length  of  muzzle,  and  entering 
length  of  head  3J  times.    The  latter  enters  the  length  to  origin  of  the 
caudal  flu  4  times.    The  greatest  depth  enters  the  same  o.J  times,    Tho 
dorsal  flu  originates  above  a  point  behind  the  entire  base  of  iIk;  vcu. 
trals.    Kadii :  D.  I,  8 ;  A.  I,  8.    The  mouth  is  rather  large,  the  extreni 
ity  of  the  maxillary  bone  extending  nearly  to  the  lino  of  the  pupil  of  the 
eye.    The  head  is  rather  Hat  above  and  wide,  the  parietal  width  Whyr 
about  one- third  the  length  between  the  last  dorsal  ray  and  the  base  of 
the  caudal.    The  distance  to  which  the  lateral  line  extends  is  uiikuown 
because  the  scales  of  the  posterior  part  of  the  body  n,re  lof^-^ .    Color 
brownish  olive  above,  below  silvery;  a  black  band,  not  well  defined  on 
the  borders,  extends  from  the  end  of  the  muzzle  to  the  base  of  tht  cau- 
dal fin,  where  it  terminates  in  a  black  spot;  a  reddish  spot  at  the  base 
ofthe  anterior  dorsal  rays;  muzzle  dark."    {Cope.)    L.2J  inches.    Upper  i 
Missouri  Ei  ver.    "  This  species  diii'ers  from  P.  neogoiutt  in  its  slender  form 
and  the  small  number  of  rows  of  scales." 
(Copo,  Amer.  Nat.  July,  1879,  440.) 

***  Scales  large,  35-40  in  the  lateral  liue. 

406.  P.  phlegcthontis  (Cope)  Jor.  &  Glib. 

Body  short  and  deep.  Mouth  very  oblique,  the  jaws  even,  the  maxil- 
lary reaching  front  of  the  eye,  which  is  rather  large.  Dorsal  behind  ven- 
trals.  Lateral  line  entirely  wanting  (in  the  typical  examples;  probably! 
more  or  less  developed  in  the  adult,  perhaps  complete,  in  which  oasol 
the  species  is  a  Telestes).  Olivaceous;  a  broad  plumbeous  lateral  baud;, 
a  dusky  dorsal  line;  belly  golden.  Head  4;  depth  3^.  D.  7;  A.  8;| 
scales  11-37;  teeth  1,  5-4,  2.    L.  lA  inches.    Beaver  Kiver,  Utah.    {Coik.)\ 

(Clino>ito)nm  phlegcthontiH  Copo.   Pror.   Amor.    Phil.   Soc.  Phila.    1874,   137:   Gi\i\ 
phlocfethontk  Copii,  ZoiJl.  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mor.  v,  657.) 

104.— LEUCUS  Heckel. 
Roaches. 

[Myloleuvus  Copo ;   fAhjansca  Giranl ;   not  LcncuH  Kanp,  1824,  a  iioiiiinal  geuus  ofl 
Laridw,  the  word  Lenvm  being  r.  misprint  lor  Lcucuh.  ) 

(Leuco»  Hiickel,  RuHseggers'  ReiHCU,  i,  1038,  1843:  typo  Leucos  dmlpimis  Ilockel.) 

Body  stout,  compressed.     Mouth  normal,  oblique;  no  barbel.    Teetij 
4-5*  or  5-5,  hooked,  with  narrow  grinding  surface,  the  lower  usually  on 


I  Tr»t«~i      fv,i^^    ^*fe''     ^  ^  "i 


•  Teeth  4-4  in  the  lype  of  Leucva  tinccUa. 


31.    CYPRINID-ffi — LEUCUS. 


245 


a  prominent  raised  prominence  of  tho  bone.  Scales  moderate.  Lateral 
line  continuous,  decu^ved.  Anal  basis  short.  Abdomen  not  comijressed. 
latestiaal  canal  not  elongate.  Species  numerous  in  Europe,  Asia,  and 
America.  This  genus  is  very  closely  allied  to  the  European  Leuciscus 
Cuvier,  differing  in  the  presence  of  teeth  5-5  or  5-4,  instead  of  G-5  or 
G-6.  The  name  finally  to  be  adopted  for  this  group,  if  admitted  as  dis- 
tinct, is  uncertain.    (Aewzw?,  white.) 

J,  Tc'th  4-4,*  with  entiro  edges.     {Algansea  Girard.t) 

407.  li.  tincella  (Val.)  J.  &  G. 

Body  stoutish.  Head  heavy.  Mouth  moderate,  oblique,  the  maxil- 
liiiv  not  reaching  to  the  eye.  Jaws  about  equal.  Eye  rather  small. 
Caudal  peduncle  thick.  Fins  small,  the  caudal  short.  Dorsal  just  over 
vcntrals.  Scales  quite  small,  firmly  attached  and  not  closely  imbricated, 
as  ill  Myloehihis,  etc.  Coloration  dark,  plain ;  fins  unspotted.  Head  3| ; 
deptli3|;  scales  17-70-9;  teeth  4-4.    L.  6  inches.    City  of  Mexico. 

{[jnn-iscus  iinceUa  C.  «S:  V.  xvii,  323;  Guuther,  vii,  244.) 

M.  Tenth  4-5,  with  entire  edges.  (Myloleucua  Coptj.t) 
10§>  L.  obesus  (Grd.)  .Tor. 
Body  stout.  Head  short,  the  muzzle  not  decurved.  Moutn  small, 
[oblique,  terminal,  the  lower  jaw  somewhat  projecting,  maxillary  nearly 
reaching  to  orbit.  Eye  4J-  in  head ;  preorbital  deeper  than  long.  Color 
(lark ;  the  belly  silvery ;  the  st;ales  everywhere  dusted  with  black  specks ; 
a  dusky  lateral  baud.  Head  3J;  depth  3^.  D.  9;  A.  8;  scales  12-58-7 
(13-58-9,  Cojjc) ;  teeth  5-4.     L.  G  inches.    Utah  Basin ;  abundant. 

(Al(iansm  ohcsa  Girard,  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185G,  183,  and  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R. 
ISttiv.  Fisli.  239:  Leuviaciin  obeaus  GUnther,  vii,  244:  MyJoleueus  pulverulentus  Cope, 
iHavdcu's  Geo].  Surv.  Mont.  1871,  475,  1872;  Jordan  &  Henshaw,  Rept.  Chief  Eng. 

ISe,  App.  NN.  1U2.) 

1409.  L.  formoSUS  (Grd.)  Jor. 

Very  close  to  the  next,  and  perhaps  identical  with  it.  Body  a  little 
Imore  slender,  tlie  scales  smaller,  and  profusely  dotted  with  black  as  in 
ll,  o&esMS.    Head  3^;  depth  4.    D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  10-5^^-0;  teeth  5-4. 

|L,  4  inches.    California. 

(Ahjanaea  formom  iiirard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  185G,  183:  Lcucisous  formoaua 
ICiintlicr,  vii,  •*.45;  .Fordau  &  Honshaw,  1.  c.  193.) 


•  In  specimens  examined ;  tho  normal  number  is  probably  5-4.    If  permanently  4-4, 
Hpnsea  may  bo  re),;ardod  as  a  distinct  genus. 

tOiraril,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856, 184:  type  Leuciscus  tincella  Val.    (A  coined 
mil',) 

JCoite,  llayden's  Geol.  Surr.  Mont.  1871,  475,  1872:  typo  Myloleucua  lyulveruUntus 
'/i'^  =  Alganaea  oheaa  Qixxox^.    (a^u/IoJ,  grinder ;  /lei;x(5$,  Leucus.) 


Hi 


m 


'U\ 


i.  I 


m 


:<• 


246     CONTRIiJUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 


it 


•:V 


?» 


410.  Bj.  bicolor  (Gnl.)  Jor.  ii,':,-"; 

Body  moderately  stout.  Head  rsither  heavy,  the  muzzle  very  short 
iiiid  conical.  Mouth  moderate,  very  oblique,  the  jaws  equal,  the  max- 
illary reaching  line  of  eye.  Scales  rather  large.  Lateral  line  decurved. 
Eye  rather  large,  4 J  in  head.  Color  transparent,  olivaceous;  a  distinct 
l)lumbeous  lateral  band.  Fins  dusky-shaded.  Scales  with  some  brown 
dots,  but  not  profusely  dusted  with  black  specks  as  in  the  two  preceding 
species.  Head  3'^;  depth  3^.  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  8-50-5  (11-48-5,  Cope)- 
teeth  4-5.    L.  5  inches.    Steams  of  Oregon,  Nevada,  etc. 

{Alganaea  bicolor  Giranl,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phiki.  185(),  183:  Leuciacua  bicolor 
Giinther,  vii,  245:  Myloleucua  parovanua  Copr,  Zool.  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mer.  v 
GOD;  Jordan  &  Heusluiw,  1.  c.  193.) 

411.  It,  anticus  (Cope)  Jor.  &  Gilb. 

"  Xearest  to  the  fonnosm  of  Girard,  but  differs  in  the  much  more  pos- 
terior position  of  the  fins.  In  this  the  anterior  base  of  the  dorsal  is 
equidistant  between  end  of  muzzle  and  base  of  tail;  in  anticus  much 
behind  the  median  point.  The  ventrals  are  much  nearer  the  caudal 
thiin  the  chin ;  in  .tbe/brmos?is  the  reverse  is  the  case."  Body  moderate, 
shortened  behind.  Caudal  peduncle  short,  thick.  Caudal  fln  short, 
little  forked.  Mouth  oblique,  muzzle  not  reaching  line  of  orbit.  Eye 
5  in  head.  Profile  long.  Hat,  descending ;  dorsal  outline  arched.  Pur- 
plish slate  abov^e,  yellow  below;  sides  of  head  and  edges  of  scales  puuc- 
tulate.  Head  3  J.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  10-50-0;  teeth  not  described.  L. 
5  inches.    Texas.     {Cope.) 

{Ahjanaea  antica  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PLiia.  1864,282.) 

412.  L,.  boucardi  (Gliuther)  Jor.  &.  Gilb. 

Body  moderately  elongate.  Head  thick,  obtuse.  Mouth  broad,  its 
(ileft  not  extending  to  the  eye.  Snout  convex,  the  lower  jaw  included. 
Eye  moderate,  4;^^  in  head.  Caudal  tin  moderately  forked.  Origin  of 
dorsal  fln  close  behind  that  of  the  ventrals .  Brownish;  a  bluish  lateral 
band,  forming  a  faint  caudal  spot.  Head  4;  depth  4.  D.  8;  A.  0;  scales 
0-30-4 ;  teetli  5-4.    L.  3^  inchei.    Cuernavaca,  Mexico.     [Qilnther,) 

{LcHchcua  boiivardi  Giinther,  vii,  485.) 

105.-OPSOPCEODUS  Hay. 

(Hay,  Proc.  I  J.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  507:  type  Opaopcvodua  emiliw  Ha,y.) 

Form  of  Ihjbognathiis.  Mouth  very  small,  almost  vertical,  its  position 
entirely  anterior,  with  scarcely  any  lateral  cleft.  Teeth  5-5,  with  grind- 
ing surface  and  seriated  edges.    Abdomen  not  compressed.    Dorsal 


:^fnf 


31     CYPRINID^ — TRTCHERODON 


247 


nearly  over  veutrals.  Anal  basis  short.  Lateral  liue  complete.  Intes- 
tinal canal  short.  Peritoneum  white.  Small.  (^diiioTzoUw,  to  feed  daintily; 
*y;,  tooth.) 

413.  O.  emiliae  Hay. 

Body  rather  elongate,  moderately  conij^.ressed,  not  elevated.  Head 
short,  slender.  Muzzle  blunt  and  rounded.  Mouth  very  small  and  verj- 
oblique,  smaller  than  in  any  other  of  our  Cyprinidw,  withscar  .ely  any 
lateral  cleft ;  its  size,  when  opened  wide,  less  than  that  of  the  eye.  Man- 
dible short  and  deep,  strongly  curved,  jaws  equal.  Eye  lonj?er  than 
snout,  3  in  head.  Dorsal  beginning  over  i)osterior  raysof  ventrals,  nearer 
snout  than  base  of  caudal.  Pectoral  very  small,  not  reaching  veutrals, 
tlie  latter  to  anal.  Caudal  peduncle  long  and  slender.  Anal  short  and 
()  V.  Breast  naked;  16  large  scales  before  dorsal.  Yellowish;  sides 
silvery;  •scales  above  dark-edged ;  a  dark  lateral  band  from  snout  to 
caudal,  above  and  below  which  are  series  of  black  dots;  anterior  rays 
of  dorsal  dark;  sometimes  a  black  spot  on  the  posterior  rays.  D.  9; 
A.  8;  scales  5-40-3;  teeth  5-5,  serrate.    Eastern  Mississippi. 

(Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1380,  r.07.) 

106.— TRYCIIERODON  Forbea. 
(Forbes,  MSS.  geu.  nov. :  typo  Trychcrodon  viegalops  Forbes.) 

Pharyngeal  teeth  in  one  row,  5-5  or  5-(),  strongly  hooked,  deeply 
creuate,  without  masticatory  surface.  Lateral  line  imperfect.  Dorsal 
over  veutrals.  Intestine  shorter  than  head  and  body.  Peritoneum  pale. 
Thorax  naked  almost  to  ventrals.  ]\Iouth  terminal,  upper  jaw  protrac- 
tile.   No  barbels,    {rpuxepa^,  ragged ;  6dwv^  tooth.) 

414.  T.  iilcg:alops  Forbes,  spec.  nov. 

"A  small,  fusiform  species,  with  a  small,  terminal,  oblique  mouth,  a 
very  large  eye,  an  imperfect  lateral  line,  a  narrow  black  lateral  stripe, 
a  partly  naked  breast,  and  large  fins.  The  dorsal  has  a  large  dusky 
black  blotch  on  the  front  rays.  The  depth  is  contained  from  4  to  5 
times  in  the  length  without  caudal ;  the  head  4^  to  5  times.  The  eye 
is  longer  than  the  snout,  and  goes  but  2i^  times  in  the  head.  Its  verti- 
cal diameter  equals  the  interorbital  space.  The  mandible  scarcely 
reaches  a  vertical  from  the  anterior  border  of  the  nostril,  and  falls  far 
short  of  the  orbit.  The  lateral  line  is  variously  imperfect;  sometimes 
present  only  on  the  first  4  or  5  scales,  and  sometimes  extending, 
with  uumerous  interruptions,  to  the  middle  of  the  caudal  pedunclo.    It 


if? 


; :  I ; 


,-:.  ■ « 


248      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOQY — Jv. 

is  slightly  decurved  when  present  on  the  anterior  half  of  the  body. 
The  caudal  fin  is  long  and  very  deeply  furcate.  It  is  contained  ;5U4 
times  in  head  and  body,  and  the  median  rays  are  about  t\vo-lifth!<  the 
length  of  the  longest.  The  dorsal  is  high,  its  longest  ray  reaching  nearlv 
or  quite  half  the  distance  from  front  of  dorsal  to  tail.  The  front  of  the  lin 
is  a  little  nearer  nose  than  caudal.  The  pectorals  extend  about  three 
fourths  the  distance  to  the  ventrals,  and  the  latter  nearly  or  quite  attain 
the  vent.  D.  I,  7  or  8  ;  A.  T,  7  or  8;  scales  5,  38-40,  4,  with  15  or  IG  rows 
before  dorsal.  The  ]>haryngeal  bones  are  thin,  and  suddenly  and 
broadly  dilated  at  outer  third,  this  part  of  the  bone  being  nearly  .'3  times 
as  wide  as  the  inner,  and  in  shape  not  unlike  a  horse's  jaw-bone.  Tiie 
odontoid  process  is  unusually  distinct  and  high.  The  teeth  are  very 
slender,  strongly  hooked,  and  sharply  and  irregularly  crenate,  the  edges 
having  a  spinose  appearance.  The  scales  are  crowded,  higher  than  Ion;;, 
a;id  wanting  on  the  anterior  half  or  two-thirds  of  the  breast.  Color  in 
alcohol  yellowish  brown,  with  a  faint  silvery  lustre  on  sides.  A  narrow, 
black  band,  about  one  scale  wide,  extends  around  the  nose,  through  the 
upper  half  of  the  eye,  to  the  tail,  terminating  therein  the  most  highly  eol 
ored  si)et'iinens  in  a.  narrow  vertical  bar.  The  scales  above  the  lateral 
band  are  all  dark-edged.  In  all  the  specimens  the  dorsal  shows  a  large 
aubmedian  blotch  in  front,  crossing  about  4  rays.  In  one  this  blotch  is 
so  enlarged  as  to  include  the  whole  anterior  half  of  the  tin,  except  a 
small  space  at  base,  and  a  second  blotch  extends  similarly  across  the  3 
posterior  rays,  leaving  only  a  narrow  pale  vertical  stripe  between, 
Length  of  largest  s])ecimen  2^  inches.  Se^ral  specimens  trom  the 
Illinois  lii ver  at  Tekin  and  Peoria,  and  from  Maciiinaw  Creek."    {ForbeH,) 


iOT.— NOTEIVIIOOIVUS  Ratinesqiie. 
Golden  Shiners. 


{Saibe  DeKay.) 

(Ranuc8((U(',  Joiirii.  do  Physiqiu.',  do  Chyuiio  ct  d'llistoiro  Natnrollo,  Paris,  1819,  4'<J1 : 
type  XotemijoniiH  aiirdfun  l?'.f.  -^=Cypiinu8  chrnmlcucus  Mitch.) 

Body  subelliptical,  strongly  compressed,  both  back  and  belly  curved, 
the  curves  different;  back  narrowly  compressed;  belly  behind  ventral 
tins  forming  a  keel,  over  which  the  scales  do  not  pass.  Tail  not  keeled. 
Head  small,  conic.  Mouth  small,  terminal,  oblique,  normal,  without 
barbels.  Scales  rather  large.  Lateral  line  continuous,  strongly  dc 
curved.  Dorsal  tin  inserted  behind  the  ventrals.  Anal  fin  with  its 
base  somewhat  elongate,  of  from  0  to  18  rays.    Teeth  5-5,  hooked,  with 


31.    CYPRINIDiE — NOTEMIGONUS. 


249 


grindiug  surface,  the  edges  of  which  are  more  or  less  creuate.  Alimen- 
tary cfiiial  short,  though  rather  louger  than  the  body.  Size  rather 
large.  As  here  understood,  Notemigomis  differs  from  the  European 
Xbramis  (Uream)  only  in  the  much  shorter  anal  fin — from  9  to  20  rays  in- 
stead of  30  to  40.  All  its  8i)ecies  aie  American.  There  is  much  varia- 
tion in  the  length  of  the  anal  and  in  the  form  of  the  mouth  among  the 
species  left  in  AbramiSj  and  a  reunion  or  a  different  division  of  the 
group  may  be  necessary',  (vwroc,  back;  if/it',  half;  y^'tvo^^  angle;  the 
Iniek  being  almost  carinated.) 

•luaeition  of  dorsal  midway  of  body  or  nearer  Huoiit  than  base  of  caudal, 
t  Anal  rays  9  or  10. 

413.  N.  K^rdonens  (C.  &  V.)  Jor. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  compressed.    Head  obtuse.   Isthmus  small. 

.Mouth  small,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  included.    Eye  4  in  head.    Dorsal 

nearly  midway  of  body,  little  behind  veutrals.    Olivaceous.    Head  5J; 

(Icptli  3^.    D.  10;  A.  9;  teeth  5-5,  with  grinding  surface  and  serrated 

edge.    Scales  7-39-3.     South  Carolina.     One  specimen  known. 

{Leiicincua  gardoneua  Cuv.  &  Val.  xvii,  lUG:  Chondrostoma  gardoneum  Cope,  Trans. 
Auit'r.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  18615,  3D5:  Lcudscua  gardontm  Giinthor,  vii,  258.) 

416.  W.  lucidns  (Grd.)  Jor. 

Body  rather  elongate,  subfusiform.  Head  moderate.  Snout  subcon- 
ical,  tapering.  Mouth  somewhat  oblique,  larger  than  in  the  other  spe- 
cies, the  maxillary  reaching  eye.  Eye  large,  3  J  in  head.  Dorsal  nearer 
tip  of  snout  than  caudal.  Scales  rather  large,  much  deeper  than  long. 
Grayish  above,  yellowish  beneath.  Head  ^^.  D.  8 ;  A.  10.  Canadian 
Kiver.    {Oirard.) 

(LiixUus  lucidtts  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185(5,^0;},  and  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  U. 

Surv.  X,  282.) 

tt  Anal  rays  about  13. 

417.  IV.  leptosomus  (Grd.)  Jor. 

Body  rather  elongate,  slen  Jer,  the  back  elevated.    Heiwl  small  and 

short,  its  profile  continuous  mth  that  of  the  back.    Mouth  small,  quite 

oblique,  the  maxilhiry  not  reaching  the  front  of  the  large  eye.     Eye  3^ 

iu  head.    Insertion  of  dorsal  tin  about  midway  between  snout  and  base 

of  caudal.    Anal  lin  high  and  long.    Bluish,  silvery  below.    Head  5; 

depth  3;|.    1).  9;  A.  13;  Lat.  1.  55.    Texas.     [Oirard.) 

(LuxilH8  leptuHomtis  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856,  203,  and  U.  S.  Mex. 
Bouud.  Surv.  Ichth.  GO:  Abramiat  leptosomus  GUnther,  vii,  300.) 

'•  Insertion  of  dorsal  nearer  base  of  caudal  th  j,u  snout, 
a.  Anal  rays  about  11. 


•''-U'-ra 


fe 


250      CONTUIHLTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 


I*i; 


'1 18.  N.  occideiitalis  (Hainl  &  (}irar*l)  Jonliui. 

Body  ino(lyriit(ily  oloiigjite.  Snout  subconical,  rather  tapering. 
Mouth  oblique,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  orbit.  Eye  large,  4  in  head, 
lirownish  above ;  sides  silvery;  the  belly  speckled  with  gray.  I).  10 ; 
A.  11.    Tulare  Valley,  California.    {Girard.) 

( r.eiicoHomiis  occid(  II talis  Haird  &  Girard,  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat  S<'i.  Phila.  1854,  137  :  Am- 
iluH  occUlfiiitaliH  Girard,  U.  8.  Pac.  II.  R.  Surv.  x,  1280:  Abramis  occidcntalia  Gilntbor,  vii, 

nor>.) 

aa.  Anal  rays  about  i:i  (12-14),  ... 

419.  M.  clirysolcucus  (Mitch.) -lor. — Golden  Shiner ;  Bream. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  strongly  compressed.  Head  short,  sub- 
conic,  compressed,  the  prolile  somewhat  concave.  Mouth  small,  ob- 
li(pie,  the  upper  lip  on  the  level  of  the  upper  part  of  the  pupil,  the  max- 
illary not  reaching  the  front,  of  the  eye.  Eye  moderate,  about  4  in  head. 
Fins  medium.  Color  clear  greenish  above;  sides  silvery,  with  bright 
golden  retiections;  htjs  yellowish;  the  tips  of  the  lower  Uns  sometimes 
orange  in  spring  males.  Head  4^;  depth  3.  I).  8;  A.  i3;  scales  10- 
51-3;  teeth  5-5.  L.  12  inches.  New  England  to  Dakota  and  Texas; 
everywhere  abnndant  in  bayous  and  weedy  ponds.  One  of  the  most 
familiar  and  characteristic  of  our  Cyprinidw. 

(Ci/prlmtH  chrynolviiviin  Mitch.  I{ei)t.  Fish.  N.  Y.  1815,  23:  Abramis  rersieolor  DeKay, 
N.  Y.  Fauna,  Fish.  191:  Leuvosomus  aiiuricanus  Storcr,  Fish.  Mass.  283:  Stilbe americana 
Cope,  Cypr.  Pcun.  18(U),  389 :  Leaciscus,  Leiicosomus,  Litxilus,  I'largyrus,  Stilbe,  Stiliiua, 
or  Aliraiiiin  aiiurieaniix  of  various  autliors  (not  Cyprinua  americanm  L.):  Litxilus  scco 
Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18:)6,  203:  Abramis  americanm  GUuther,  vii,  305; 
Jordan,  Bull.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  x,  05.)  •         . 

a.  Anal  rays  a\)out  10  (15-18). 

420.  N.  ainei'icaiiiis  (li.)  Jor.— <S'ou/A6rn /ireani. 

Body  moderately  elevated,  very  strongly  compressed.  Head  rathei 
broad  and  flat  between  the  eyes.  Mouth  small,  quite  oblique,  the  max 
illary  barely  reaching  the  eye.  Eye  very  large  and  prominent,  anterior, 
about  3  in  head.  Dorsal  tin  short  and  very  high,  almost  falcate,  well 
back.  Anal  tin  high  and  long.  Scales  rather  large,  the  lateral  liiu 
running  very  low.  Color  j)alc  olive,  with  silvery  lustre ;  lower  fins  red 
in  the  males  in  spring.  Head  4.^;  depth  3.^.  D.  8;  A.  16;  scales  S-43- 
2;  teeth  5-5.  L.  12  inches.  Itivers  of  the  South  Atlantic  States ;  locally 
abundant.  *  ;      ' 

(Cifpriniis  amei'icaima  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.:  LeuciaeuH  bond  Cnv.  ♦&  Val.  xvii,  313:  Xotc- 
migoiius  imlianun  Jordan,  Aun.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  187C,  364;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mu8.  X,  05.) 


ballcatua  Grd. 


E.  R.  Surv.  F 


31.    CYPRINID^. LEPIDOJfEDA. 


109.-RICIIARDSO1VIIJ8  (iirard. 


251 


(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Hci.  Philiv.  lrtr)(>,  201:  typ*)  Cifitrimui  ballmtun  Uicb.) 

Body  oblong  or  elevated,  strongly  coniprcHsed.  IJead  rather  Hinall. 
Month  terminal,  oblique,  jaws  normal ;  no  barbels.  Teeth  li,  5-5,  2, 
or  li,  5-4,  2,  hooked,  without  grinding  surface,  the  edges  entire.  (Mll- 
lakcrs  very  small.  Belly  compressed  behilul  ventral  lins,  the  scales 
l)as;;iiig  over  its  edge.  Back  of  tail  not  keeled.  Scales  rather  small. 
Liit(;ral  line  continuous,  decurved.  Dorsal  fin  well  behind  the  ventrals. 
Anal  basis  elongate.  American;  closely  related  to  the  European  genus 
AlburnuH.    (Dedicated  to  Sir  John  Kichardsou.) 

431.  B.  ImltcutiiM  (Rich.)  Grd.  *" 

Body  strongly  compressed  and  somewhat  elevated.  Head  small,  the 
snout  rather  short  and  conical.  Mouth  terminal,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw 
slifllitly  projecting  beyond  the  upper.  Eye  large,  3^  in  head.  Colora- 
tion plain,  the  sides  bright  silvery,  crimson  in  males  in  spring.  Anal 
and  caudal  large.  Dorsal  low,  much  behind  ventrals.  Base  of  anal  4J 
in  length.  Head  ^^,  depth  3 J.  D.  10;  A.  17  or  18;  Vert.  40;  Lat.  1. 
13-02-0;  teeth  2,  5-4,  2.     Columbia  Kiver  and  northward  ;  abundant. 

{Cyprinu8  (Abranm)  haltvatua  Ricliardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Aiiier.  iii,  ;i01 :  ItichardsoniuH 
halhatua  (jvd.  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  x,  278:  Ahramia  balteatun  Oiinthor,  vii,  ;{t)l>. ) 

423.  B.  lateralis  Grd. 

Body  slenderer  and  less  compressed.  Mouth  moderate,  terminal,  ob- 
lique, jaws  equal.  Anal  basis  5J  iii  length.  Blackish  above;  a  dark 
lateral  band;  the  interspace  and  belly  pale;  crimson  in  males  in  sum- 
mer. Head  4.^;  depth  3,^-4.  D.  10;  A.  14;  scales  13-55-0;  teeth  2, 
5-5,  2.    Cobimbia  River  and  streams  about  Puget  Sound. 

{Rkhardaonius  lateralw  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1856,  202,  and  U.  S.  Pac. 
R.  R.  Surv.  FiHh.  279:  Abramia  lateralis  Giiiillier,  vii,  309.) 

100.— LEPlDO]?IEDA  Copo. 

(Cope,  Proc.  Amcr.  Phil.  Soc.  PhUa.  1874,  131:  type  Lepidomeda  vittata  Cope.) 

Body  elongate.  Mouth  terminal,  without  barbels.  Teeth  2,  4-4,  2, 
hooked,  without  grinding  surface.  Scales  small.  Lateral  line  com- 
plete. Dorsal  tin  with  a  strong  spine,  comi)osed  of  two,  the  posterior 
received  into  a  longitudinal  groove  of  the  anterior.  Inner  border  of  the 
veutral  iius  adherent  to  the  body.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  behind  the  ven- 
trals.   Anal  bagis  short.    Size  small.    (A^rrt^oc,  scaly ;  Meda.) 


'W' 

3^ 

4^' 

--?i> 

M 

5i 

if! 

* 

M 

!l« 


I  I 


'A 


•!l 


hi 


ft 


,.-,M 


K    i!H 


^sm 


262      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTOYOLOGY — IV. 

493.  L.  vlltata  Cope. 

Body  rather  .stout.  Head  wide  and  flat  above,  Hlightly  depressed  be- 
hind  the  eyes.  Muzzle  obtuse,  not  prominent.  Mouth  terminal,  ob- 
lique. Eye  "v-f  in  head.  Scales  small,  covering;  the  whole  body  except 
the  space  behind  the  pectorals;  20  series  above  the  lateral  line  and  5^ 
in  front  of  the  dorsal.  Preorbital  bone  tre[)ezoi«lal.  .Second  dorsal 
spine  as  long  as  the  liisi.  and  wider.  Dorsal  rays  somewhat  eidar/j^ed 
and  ossified.  Pectoral  rays  scarcely  enlarged.  Color  silvery ;  a  lead 
colored  lateral  band  and  a  black  dorsal  band.  Head  S'^ ;  depth  4^.  I). 
II,  7 ;  A.  9 ;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  L.  3A  inches.  Colorado  Chiquito  River, 
Arizona.    (Cope.) 

(C».pe,  Pror.  Anier.  Phil,  Soc.  Phila.  1874,  i:U,  and  Zoiil.  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th 
Mor.  V,  G42.) 

434.  li.  Jarrovil  Cope. 

Body  more  elongate.  Mouth  nearly  horizontal,  lower  jaw  somewhat 
projecting.  Eye  larger  than  in  L.  vittata,  3^  in  head,  the  maxillary 
reaching  its  anterior  border.  Spines  slender.  Scales  very  small  and 
difficult  to  detect,  51  series  before  the  dorsal  tin.  Olivaceous  ;  a  median 
black  vertebral  band ;  sides  silvery ;  bases  of  ventral  fins  red.  Head  4; 
depth  5.  D.  II,  7;  A.  9;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.  L.  3  inches.  Colorado  Chi- 
quito Kiver,  Arizona.    {Cope.) 

(Cope,  Proc.  Acjul.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1874,  i:V.{.  and  Zool.  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th 
Men  V,  643.) 

110.— OTEDA  Girard.  ' 

(Girard,  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856,  lUl :  type  Medafulgiia  Grd.) 

Body  elongate.  Mouth  terminal,  normal,  no  barbels.  Teeth  1,4-4, 1, 
hooked,  without  grinding  surface.  Body  entirely  scaleless.  Fins  as  in 
Jjepidomeda.  Size  small.  {Meda,  a  classical  feminine  name,  of  no  con- 
ceivable application  to  these  singular  lishes.) 

435.  in.  fulgfida  6i<].  ,  ,,      . 

Body  slender,  elongate,  compressed.  Head  elongate,  subconical, 
the  snout  rounded.  Mouth  large,  subterminal,  slightly  oblique,  the 
lower  jaw  included,  maxillary  extending  to  below  orbit.  Second  dorsal 
spine  highest ;  dorsal  behind  ventrals.  Colortition  silvery.  D.  II,  7  ;  A. 
8;  teeth  1, 4-4,  1.    Eio  Gila.    {Oirard.)  --rrr^^"  ,, :, 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856,  191;  Gtiuther,  vii,  263.) 


WA  "t  ■ 


31.    CYPRINID^ — CARA88IU8. 


253 


111.— PLAOOPTEBUS  Cope. 

(Coj)e,  Proc,  Amor.  Phil.  Sor.  Philu.  IH71,  '301:  typo  Plagoptrrui  argentimm^'a  Copo.) 

Body  slender.  Month  terminal,  a  barbel  at  the  extremity  of  the  max- 
illary. Teeth  2,  5-4,  2,  hooked,  without  grinding;  surl'aee.  Botly  en- 
tirely Rcaleless.  Fins  as  in  Meda  and  Lcpidomeda.  Size  small.  (-^«;'ij, 
wound;  Ttrzfiw,  fin;  in  allusion  to  the  armature  of  the  dorsal  fln.) 

• 

420.  P>  urgcntii^siinus  Copo. 

Body  slender.  Head  rather  broad,  the  muzzle  slightly  depressed,  over- 
liaugiug  the  rather  small,  horizontal  mouth.  Lips  thin,  the  maxillary 
reaching  front  of  eye.  Eye  moderate,  4^  in  hea<l.  Dorsal  tin  entirely 
behind  veutrals,  the  first  spine  curved,  longer  than  the  second ;  soft 
rays  of  the  dorsal  thickened  and  ossified  at  base ;  fifth  ray  of  the  ven- 
tral bound  to  the  abdomen  by  a  membrane  for  nearly  its  whole  length; 
pectoral  rays  osseous  at  base.  Lateral  line  complete,  slightly  deflexed. 
Color  clear  silvery  ;  dorsal  region  dusky,  with  minute  black  dots.  Head 
4;  «lepth  «.  D.  II,  7 ;  A.  10;  teeth  2,  5-4,  2.  L  2J  inches.  San  Luis 
Valley,  Western  Colorado.     {Cope.) 

(Copo,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Sw.  Phila.  1874,  130,  and  Zool.  Whooler'g  Expl.  W.  100th 
Mcr.  V,  640.) 

lia.— CARASSIUS  Nilsson. 

Cnieian  Carps. 

(Nilssou,  Prodroinus:  type  Cypriuun  caramm  L.  ^=:  Carassiun  vulgaris  Nilss.) 

Body  oblong,  conipressed,  and  elevated.  Mouth  terminal,  without 
barbels.  Teeth  4-4,  molar,  but  compressed.  Scales  large.  Lateral 
line  continuous.  Dorsal  fin  very  long,  with  the  third  ray  a  stout  spine, 
which  is  serrated  behind  ;  anal  short,  with  a  similar  spine.  Ventrals 
well  forward.  Large  species  of  the  iresh  waters  of  Europe  and  Asia; 
often  domesticated.  {Carassius,  a  latinization  of  the  vernacular  names 
of  the  European  Crucian  Carp,  KarasH  or  Karaiisthe.) 

427.  C  aiiratUS  (L.)  Bleektir. — (fold-Jinh. 

Bodj  stout,  covered  with  large  scales.  Dorsal  and  anal  tins  with  the 
spines  strong,  coarsely  serrated.  Coloration  olivaceous,  usu.'illy  orange 
or  variegated  in  domestication.  D.  II,  18;  A.  II,  7;  Lat.  1.  26;  teeth 
4-4.  L.  12  inches.  China  and  Japan ;  introduced  everywhere  as  an 
aquarium  fish,  and  now  naturalized  in  many  of  our  eastern  streams. 
The  variations  Jire  innumerable. 

{Cjiprinva  auratus  LinuiEiiB,  Syst.  Nat. ;  Giiutber,  vii,  32.) 


;  J; 


■    H 


^i! 


sf 


i^u. 


m 


264      CONTRIDUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

113.-CYPBIWITS  LinumuH. 

Carps.  ' 

(Artedi ;  LiiiuiiMiH,  Sy-st.  Nut.:  tyiH^  CyprinuH  carpio  L. ) 

Body  robust,  compressed,  reaerablinj^  thut  of  the  ButfaioiiBli.  Month 
m»  derate,  anterior,  with  four  long  biirbels.  Snout  bhint,  roundwl. 
Teeth  molur,  broad  and  truncate,  1,  I,  3-.'$,  I,  1.  Scales  hirge.  Lateral 
line  continuous.  Dorsal  lln  very  lonj;,  with  a  stout  spine,  serrated 
behind;  anal  fln  short,  also  with  a  spine.  Large  fishes  of  th«^  frt\sh 
waters  of  Asia;  introduced  into  Europe  and  America  as  food-tislies, 
(xuTTfHvo;,  the  ancient  name  of  the  Carp.) 

43§.  C.  carpio  L.—Carp. 

Body  stout,  more  or  less  (K)mpre8sed,  heavy  anteriorly.  General 
color  olivaceous.  D.  111,20;  A.  111,5;  scales  5-3S-5;  teeth  1,  I,  .'J-3 
1,  1.  L.  18  inches  or  more.  Fresh  waters  of  Central  Asia;  introduced 
as  a  food-lish  into  Europe  and  America.  In  domestication  it  has  rim 
into  many  varieties,  distinguished  by  diii'erences  in  form,  squamation, 
and  development  of  the  flns. 
(Linnwua,  Syst.  Nat.;   Giinther,  vii,  25.) 


Family  XXXTI.— CHARACINID^. 


kizr 


I 


{The  Gharacins.) 

Body  variously  formed,  covered  with  cycloid  scales.  Head  naked. 
Margin  of  upper  jaw  formed  mesially  by  the  premaxillaries  and  later- 
ally by  the  maxillaries;  no  barbels;  premaxillaries  not  protractile. 
Teeth  various,  often  incisor-li  a^  often  wanting.  Branchiostegals  nsii- 
ally  3.  Gill-membranes  U!«i.ea  to  the  isthmus  or  not.  No  pseudo- 
branchiae.  Gills  4,  a  slit  beaiud  the  fourth.  Lower  pharyngeals  not 
truly  falciform,  but  more  or  less  curved,  armed  with  small,  sometimes 
villiform,  teeth.  Adipose  flu  usually  present  (absent  in  Erytkrinhw). 
Pyloric  cceca  usually  numerous.  Air-bladder  transversely  divided  into 
two  portions,  and  communicating  with  the  organ  of  hearing  by  means 
of  auditory  ossicles,  as  in  the  Cyprinidw.  Anterior  vertebroe  coalesced 
and  modified.  A  very  large  family  of  60  genera  and  300  species,  inhab- 
iting the  fresh  waters  of  South  America  and  Africa,  where  they  take 


i.-;  ..v.v 


32.    CHARACINlDiE TETRAG0N0PTERU8. 


255 


tbo  place  of  the  Salmonido'  and  Cyprinhlrc  of  the  NorthtMii  Ilciuisphero. 
A  single  species  reaches  the  United  States. 
(CVirtradHirfrt' Glinther,  vii, -JTS-SHO.) 

•A<lii»08e  flu  proHcnt. 
t Dentition  coni])lote  in  hotli  jawa;    gill-opcninfiH  wide,   tlio  ini'inltranrH  not   at- 
tached to  thu  isthmnH ;    nasal  openingH  of  eucii  sidu  cIohc   together;    tcuth 
couipre88e<l,  notched.     (Tclrngonopti'i'inw.) 
i  Anal  fin  olongato  (layH  *20-50);  belly  in  front  of  vcntraLs  roinidcd  ;  jironirMillury 
,;  teeth  in  a  double  Heries;  a  single  scries  of  teeth  in  lower  Jaw,  with  no  conical 

teeth  behind  it ;  no  canine  teeth;  gill-rakers  setiform-.TiiTiiAUONOPTKii us,  HI. 

114.— TETRAGONOPTERVS  Cuvior. 
{Jstyanax  B.  &  G. ;  PacilnrivhthyH  Gill.) 
(Artedi;  Cnvier,  M6m.  du  Muh.  iv,  45rr   ISlH:  tyi>e  Tctragonopterna  argeiitcHH  (^uv.) 

Body  oblong  or  elevated,  compressed,  covered  with  moderate  scalers. 
Belly  rounded.  Cleft  of  mouth  medium.  Anterior  teeth  strong,  incisor- 
like; lateral  teeth  small.  Premaxillary  and  mandibuhir  teeth  subequal 
in  size,  with  a  compressed,  notched  crown,  the  former  in  a  double,  the 
latter  in  a  single,  series.  Maxillary  with  few  teeth.  Nostrils  of  each 
side  close  together,  separated  by  a  valve  only.  Lower  pharyngeals  very 
slender,  curved,  approaching  the  form  in  Cyprhdda:^  armed  with  a  single 
series  of  slender,  hooked  teeth.  Gill  openings  wide,  the  membranes 
free  from  the  isthmus  and  from  each  other.  Gill-rakers  setiform.  Dor- 
sal iin  midway  of  body,  above  or  just  behind  ventrals.  Anal  tin  long. 
Species  about  40,  in  all  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  (r£7/>«j'wi'o?, 
four-angled;  -zspw^  fin  or  wing;  of  no  special  ai)plication  to  this  group, 
the  original  word  used  by  Klein  and  Artedi  being  Tetragonoptruti.) 

a.  Body  oblong,  moderately  elevated,  the  depth  less  than  half  length.    {AittyaHax  Baird 
&Girard.*) 

429.  T.  argentatus  (Baird  &  Girard)  J.  &  G. 

Olivaceous;  a  broad  silvery  band  along  sides;  a  black  spot  at  base  of 
caudal,  running  up  on  the  fin.  Body  oblong,  compressed.  Snout  blunt, 
lower  jaw  included.  Dorsal  inserted  above  ventrals.  Pectorals  reach- 
ing ventrals,  the  latter  to  vent.  Head  4  in  length ;  depth  .'5.  D.  10;  A. 
21;  scales  C-38-6.  Arkansas  to  Mexico;  probably  abundant;  the  north- 
ernmost representative  of  the  family. 

(Astyanax  argentafita  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vii,  27,  18.'54:  Aatyanax 
argenlatus  Grd.  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Snrv.  Ichth.  74;  Giinther,  v,  HHO.) :    - 


*  Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vii,  26, 1854 :  type  Aaiyanax  argentatua 
B.  &  G.    {a^Tvdya^,  a  son  o{  HcctoT.)  ,.„.,,„. 


m 


'V.  d 


■'  wm 


i  I'M 


rn 


■s» 


i-'h 


=^. 


mitmtvsmamBSBimiiseiis 


256      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


■ 

I 


IU-- 


m-  -. 


1! 


mpm 
mm: 


Order  M.-I80SP0NDYLI. 

{The  IsospondyloiM  Fishes.) 

Parietals  present.  Syinplectic  present.  Xo  iuterclavicles.  A  i)riT»t'oi' 
acoid  arch.  Anterior  vertebrai  simple.  No  auditory  ossicles.  Phiiryu- 
geal  bones  simple  above  and  l)elow,  the  lower  not  falciform.  Gills  i^  a 
slit  behind  the  fourth.  A  very  large  group,  presenting  many  moiliiitii. 
tious  of  structure,  (iffn^,  equal;  aTzdvduko^,  vertebra.) 
{I'hysostomi  Glint  her,  part.) 

ANALYSIS   OK    FAMILIES   OP   I80SP0NDYLI. 

•  Tail  <lij»liycorcul. 

a.  Lateral  margins  of  upper  jaw  fonnod  by  tho  maxillarios. 

b.  Adipose  lin  none:  no  phosphoroseeut  spots;  body  usually  scaly ;  head  naked- 

throat  without  barbel. 

c.  Latsral  line  present. 

d.  Gular  plate  nouo. 

c.  Air-bladder  none ;  dorsal  posterior,  opposite  anal  and  similar  to  it ;  month 

small,  with  small,  point-'l  teeth;  doeji-sea  tishes. 

Alkpockpuamd.i:,  ;«!. 
ev.  Air-bladder  present ;  dorsal  in  front  of  anal. 

/.  Mouth  small,  horizontal;  posterior  part  of  tongue  an<l  tht!  ruoidi  tim 

mouth  covered  with  coarse,  paved  teeth.  ..Ai.hulid.k,  :i4. 

//.  Mouth  larger,  oblique;  teeth  all  pointed;  those  on  tlu'  tongut-  larKf. 

IIYODONTID.K,   X). 

dd.  Gular  plate  present ;  mouth  large;  teeth  all  pointed Elopid.s,  Hi!. 

ce.  Lateral  line  obsolete. 

ij.  Mouth  terminal,  large;  maxillary  in  three  parts,  mostly  broad. 

Clupkid.k,  :>7. 
gg.  Mouth  smal!,  inferior;  maxillary  short  and  narrow;  not  in  tiiioo 

parts DonosoMATiD.i:,  :(8. 

ijgij.  Mouth  very  large,  subiuferior;  maxillary  very  narrow,  produced 

backward ENGitAUi.i!>ii).i:,  ;!',), 

bb.  Adipose  lin  present  (rarely  absent,  and  the  body  with  phosphoiesccnt  spots). 
h.  Throat  with  a  long  barbel;  .scales  very  small  or  wanting;  nioutli 

large Stomiatum;,  l.'), 

/i/».  Throat  without  barbel, 
i.   Sides  with   phosphoresoeut   ap'  is;   oviducts   present;   dee))-seft 
fishes. 

j,  PseudobranchiiB  none;  body  scal.v Cuaii.iodontid.i:,  U. 

jj.  I'seudobranchiu)  present ;  body  naked.  .STKUNOPrYciiiu.i:,  Hi. 
it.  Sides  without  phosphorescent  spots;  ovkliicts  none. 

.Sai.momd.i;.  III. 
aa.  Lateral  margins  of  upper  jaw,  like  thi^  anterior  margin,  formed  by  the  prcinax- 

illari<'8  ;  adipose  fin  usinilly  present. 
k.  Prcmaxillaries  short,  with  villiforni  tec>th  ;    mouth  sniiill; 
bones  of  head  cavernous ;  scales  ctenoid,  .Pkhcopsio,!:,  I?, 

.  kk.  Promaxillaries  elongate ;  uumtlt  largo;  bones  of  licail  not 

cavernous;  scales  mostly  cycloid. 

/.  Dorsal  short,  u'Mirly  median;  bo«ly  scaly ..Scopki.id.k,  W. 

W.  Dorsal  short,  posterior:  body  Kciily.  PAHAi.KPnniM:,  41, 

III.  Dorsal  occupying  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  Imrk; 

body  naked ALBPiuosAuniu.K,  40. 


33.    ALEPOCEPHALID^ ALEPOCEPIIALUS. 


257 


Family  XXXIIL— ALEPOCEPHALID.E. 

Body  oblon}?,  compressed,  covered  with  tliiii  cycloid  or  keeled  scales, 
or  with  naked,  prickly  skin.  Head  naked.  Lateral  line  developed.  No 
biirbi'ls.  Mouth  moderate  oc  large.  IMargin  of  the  upper  jaw  formed 
1)V  the  prcmaxillaries  and  the  maxillaries,  the  former  being  placed  along 
the  lipped  anterior  edge  of  the  latter.  Teeth  feeble.  Opercvilar  ap- 
paratus complete,  its  bones  thin.  No  adipose  tin.  Dorsal  fin  long 
iiiul  li)\v,  posterior,  inserted  opposite  t\m  anal;  pectorals  short,  i)laced 
nitUer  high ;  veuuals  usually  well  back,  sometimes  wanting.  Gill-open- 
ings very  wide,  the  membraues  free  from  the  isthmus.  Pseudobranchiai 
present.  No  gular  phite.  No  air-bladder.  Stomnch  curved,  without 
blind  sac.  Pyloric  c(i?ca  in  moderate  number.  Fishes  of  the  deep  seas; 
but  one  species  known  until  recently.  Lately  5  genera  and  7  species 
have  been  described  from  the  abyssal  faunae  of  the  mid  Atlantic  and 

I'acitic. 
(AhpocejyhaJidw  Gimtlior,  vn,  477.) 

(I.  Scales  cycloid ;  dorsal  and  anal  suboqnal,  opposite  eac'a  other;  month  small ;  jaws 
nearly  even;  small  tooth  in  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Alicpocephali's,  lir». 

1I5.-AIL.EPOCEPHAL.US  Risso. 

(Risso,  Mom.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Tnrin,  xxv,  270,  IK20:  typo  .ilcpoccphahta  roatmtuH  Risso, 
from  the  Mediterranean.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed.    Mouth  rather  small,  the  snout  somewhat 

prolonged.    Jaws  nearly  equal  in  front ;  a  series  of  small  teeth  in  each 

jiiw  and  on  the  vomer  and  palatines.    Eye  very  large.    Gill-membranes 

oiitiioly  separate.    Branchiostegals  (>.    Opercular  bones  thin.    Dorsal 

low  and  rather  long,  with  a  scaly  base,  opposite  and  similar  to  the 

anal.    Pectorals  and  ventrals  rather  small.    Caudal  moderately  forlced. 

Scales  rather  large,  thin  and  cycloid.    Dee])-8ea  fishes  of  the  Atlantic 

and  Mediterranean,     {a,  privative;  Ae-t'r,  scale;  xtfaX-j^  head.) 

430.  A.  bairdll  Goodo  &  Bran. 

ITnifo'in  indigo-blue,  the  color  extending  to  the  inside  of  the  mouth 
and  the  gill-membranes.  Body  rather  elongate.  Head  moderately 
compressed,  subcouical,  the  lower  jaw  included.  Maxillary  extending 
nearly  to  b(>low  middle  of  eye.  Eye  large,  as  long  as  snout.  Dorsal 
slightly  in  advance  of  anal.  Head  4j\  in  length;  dei)th  5^.  D.  Uli;  A. 
:."»;  r.  12;  V.  I,  \) ;  pyloric  co'ca  15;  B.  G;  scales  T-IJH-U.  L.  Ii4  inches, 
(irand  Banks;  dredged  at  a  depth  of  200  fathoms.     {Ooode  tt  Bcivu) 

(Goode  A-  Hoan,  Proc,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  il,  53,  IHTU.) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  KJ 17 


\  '  I  'Ai 


258     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 


Family  XXXIV.— ALBULID^.       ^ 

•^  '  {The  Lady-Jishes.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  little  compressed,  covered  with  rather  small 
brilliantly  silvery  scales.  Head  naked.  Snout  conic,  subquadrangulai, 
shaped  like  the  snout  of  a  pig,  and  overlapping  the  small,  inferior,  hor. 
izontal  mouth.  Maxillary  rather  strong,  short,  with  a  distinct  supply. 
mental  bone,  slipping  under  the  membranous  edge  of  the  very  broad 
preorbital.  Premaxillaries  short,  not  protractile.  Lateral  uiarpfiu  of 
upper  jaw  formed  by  the  maxillaries.  Eye  large,  median  in  head,  with 
a  bony  ridge  above  it,  and  almost  covered  by  an  annular  adipose  eye 
I'd.  Opercle  moderate,  firm.  Preopercle  with  a  broad,  flat,  nicmbni 
Jiaceous  edge,  which  extends  backward  over  the  base  of  the  opercle. 
Pseudobrauchia)  i)resent.  Gill-rakers  short,  tubercle-like.  Gill  mem- 
branes entirely  separate,  free  from  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  about 
14.  A  fold  of  skin  across  gill-membranes  anteriorly,  its  posterior  free 
edge  crenate.  Ko  gular  plate.  Both  jaws,  vomer,  and  pah; t"v«  i, 
bands  of  villiform  teeth.  Broad  patches  of  coarse,  blunt,  paved  teeth 
on  the  tongue  behind  and  on  the  sphenoid  and  pterygoid  boue.s.  Lat- 
eral line  present.  Belly  not  carinate,  flatfish,  covered  with  oidiniirv 
scales.  Dorsal  fin  moderate,  in  front  of  ventrals,  its  membranes  scaly. 
No  adii)ose  fin.  Anal  very  small.  Caudal  widely  forked.  Pyloric  octea 
numerous.    A  single  species  known,  found  in  all  warm  seas. 

{Clupcidw  group  AlbuUna  GUnther,  vii,  4G8,  469.) 


116.— ALBIJL.A  Grouovius. 


m 


IIJI'  i  'i. 


(Gronovius;    Blocli  &   Schneidor,  Syst.   Ichth.  1801,  432:    typo  Albula  conorhynclnm 
Bloch  «fc  Schnoid«r-=:^«oii;  viilpea  L.) 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.    (Latin  albm,  white.) 

431*  A.  VUlp<!S  (L.)  Goodo. — Lady-fish;  Bone-fish. 

Brilliantly  silvery;  olivaceous  above;  back  and  sides  with  faiiif  strealis 
along  the  rows  of  scales ;  fins  plain ;  axils  dusky.  Upper  lobe  of 
caudal  the  longer.  A  band  of  peculiar,  elongate,  membra nacoous 
scales  along  middle  line  of  back;  accessory  ventral  scale  large,  llend 
3f ;  depth  4.  D.  15;  A.  8;  scales  9-71-7.  L.  18  inches.  Cape  Cod  to 
Southern  California  and  East  Indies;  abundant  in  tropical  seas.  Not 
much  valued  as  food,  but  beautiful  and  gamy. 

{Esox  vulpca  L.  Syst.  Nat. :  Albula  conorhynchm  GUnthor,  vii,  468.)  .  ,t 


35.    HYODONTID^ — HYODON. 


259 


Family  XXXV.— IIYODONTID^.  ;r, 

.  .'v    :     i      ,x  {The  Moon  Eyes )  •  V  i* 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  moderate-sized,  brilliantly 
bilvery,  cycloid  scale.^.    Head  naked,  short,  the  snout  blunt.     Mouth 
moderate,  oblique,  terminal,  the  jaws  about  equal.     Prcmaxillaries  not 
protractile.     Maxillarj'^  small,  slender,  without  evident  supplemental 
boue,  articulated  to  the  end  of  the  premaxillary,  and  forming  the  lat- 
eral margin  of  the  upjier  jaw.     Dentition  very  complete.     Premax- 
illary and  dentary  bones  with  small,  wide-set,  cardiform  teeth.    Max- 
illarics  with  feeble  teeth.     A  row  of  strong  teeth  around  the  margin 
of  the  tongue,  the  anterior  canine  and  very  strong ;  between  these  is  a 
band  of  short,  close-set  teef  h.    Vomer  with  a  long,  double  series  of  close- 
set,  small  teeth.     Similar  series  on  the  palatines,  sphenoid,  and  ptery- 
;;oids.    Sides  of  lower  jaw  fitting  within  the  upper,  so  that  the  denta- 
lies  shut  against  the  palatines.    Eye  very  large,  the  adipose  eyelid  not 
miicb  developed.     Preorbitals  very  i\arrow.     Nostrils  large,  those  of 
each  side  close  together,  separated  by  a  flap.    Gill-membranes  not  con- 
nected, free  from  the  isthmus,  a  fold  of  skin  covering  their  base.    No 
g.lar  plate.    Branchiostegals  8-10.    Gill-rakers  few,  short  and  thick. 
Pseudobranchia)  obsolete.     Lateral  line  distinct,  straight.    Belly  not 
serrated.    Dorsal  fin  rather  posterior.    Anal  elongate,  low.    Ventrals 
will  developed.    Caudal  strongly  ibrked.     No  adipose  liu.    Stomach 
borseshoe-shaped,  without  blind  sac;  one  pyloric  ccccum.    Air-bladdtr 
large.    No  oviducts,  the  eggs  falling  into  the  cavity  of  the  abdom  m\ 
before  exclusion.    A  single  genus,  with  3  known  species,  inhabiting 
i  fresh  waters  of  North  America. 
'  '  iojUWis  GUuther,  vii,  375,  376.) 

IBT.—HirODON  L«  Sueur. 
Moon  Eyes. 

\{niodoii  Lo  Suenr,  Jonru.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  \,  3'.i4,  1818:  typo  Iliodon  terghm  Lo 
Suour.) 

Generic  charr^cters  included  above.      {Oott<JTj(;,  hyoid;    <ii'^<uv,  tooth; 
"bvoid"  is  the  bone  shaped  like  the  letter  J",  forming  the  base  of  the 

[tongue.)  '■  ''  -       -.-      ^ —  .^    .;'       ■L_4^.._i^_i4- 

'Bdly  ill  front  of  ventrals  strongly  carinated  ;  dorsal  rays  (developed)  9, 

\m.  II.  alosoides  (Raf.)  J.  &  G. 

Body  closely  compressed,  becoming  deep  in  the  adult.    Eye  mod- 
Icmte,  smaller  than  in  other  species,  about  3J  in  head,  the  maxillary 


is:  I 


-* 


'HI 


I   ;• 


I  <  i 
\      I 


;3i 


i 


•v'l 


t . 


m 


i 


^msgimmmma^immim 


260      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

reaching  to  beyoud  its  middle.    Caudal  peduucle  rather  stouter  than  iu 

H.  tcrgism,  and  the  fin  not  so  deeply  forked.     Back  less  arched  and 

snout  blunter  than  in  the  other  species,  the  mouth  larger  and  more 

oblique.     Pectorals  longer  and  ventrals  shorter  than  iu  H.  tergimn 

Belly  carinated  both  before  and  behind  ventrals.    Bluish;  sides  silvery. 

with  golden  lustre.     Head  4J;  depth  3^.    D.  9;  A.  32;  scales  G-5G-7. 

Ohio  River  to  the  Saskatchawan ;  common  northward. 

(Amphiodon  alosoides  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  Paris,  1819,  421:  Hijodon  chrysopsia  Richard- 
son, Fauua  Bor.-Amer.  iii,  232, 183G:  Htjodonchryaopsia  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x 
^,  1877 :  Hyodon  amphiodon  Haf.  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,  42.)  -  .;  .      > 

•Belly  iu  front  of  ventrals  not  carinatocl;  dorsal  fin  with  11  or  12  tlcvelopctl  ijiys. 
t  Belly  behind  ventrals  carinated. 

433*  II«  ter^isiis  Lo  Sneur. — Moon  Eye;  Toothed  Herring. 

Body^  oblong,  moderately  compressed.  Eye  large,  3  in  head,  the  max- 
illary barely  reaching  its  middle.  Pectoral  fins  not  reaching  ventrals, 
the  latter  just  short  of  vent.  Belly  behind  ventrals  somewhat  carinato. 
Color  silvery,  ;;Iive-shaded  above.  Head  4J;  depth  3.  D.  12;  A.  28; 
scales  5-55-7.  L.  12  inches.  Great  Lakes  and  Mississippi  Valley; 
abundant  in  our  larger  streams.  One  of  our  handsomest  fishes;  not 
valued  as  food. 

(T,o  Sueur,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1,  364,  1818:  Iliodon  clodalua  Lo  Sueur, I.e. 
367:  Cyprimia  (Abraniiaf)  amifhi  Rich.  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.  iii,  110;  GUnther,  vii,  375; 
Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  G8,  1877.) 

H  Belly  nowhere  carinated. 

A34.  H.  selenops  Jordan  &  B(>an. 

Body  more  elongate,  little  compressed,  not  elevated.  Belly  nowhere 
carinate.  Eye  very  large,  2^  in  head.  Pectorals  not  reaching  nearly 
to  ventrals.  Clear  silvery.  Head  4^;  depth  4.  D.  12;  A.  27;  Lat.  1. 
50.    Cumberland  River  and  southward. 

(Jordan  &  Bean,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  68,  1877.) 


Family  XXXVI.— ELOPIDiE. 

{The  Big-eyed  Herrings.) 

Body  elongate,  not  much  comi)ressed,  covered  with  cycloid  scales. 
Head  naked.    Mouth  broad,  terminal,  the  lower  jaw  prominent.    Piv 
maxillaries  not  protractile,  short,  the  maxillaries  forming  the  lateral 
margins  of  the  upper  jaw.    Maxillary  composed  of  about  three  pieces, , 
extending  backward  beyond  the  eye.    An  elongate  bony  plate  between  j 
the  branches  of  the  lower  jaw  (like  the  gular  plate  in  Amia).     Bands] 


36.   ELOPIDiE — MEGALOPS. 


261 


of  villiform  teeth  in  both  jaws  and  on  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids, 
tongue,  and  base  of  skull.  No  large  teeth.  Eye  large,  with  an  adipoee 
evelid.  Gill-membranes  entirely  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus. 
IJriinchiostegals  numerons  (20-35).  Gill-rakers  long  and  slender. 
Pseutlobranchiie  present  or  absent.  Belly  not  keeled  nor  serrated, 
covered  with  ordinary  scales.  Lateral  line  jireseut.  Dorsal  flu  over 
or  rather  behind  vcntrals.  Caudal  fin  forked.  No  adipose  fin.  Pyloric 
cceca  numerous.  Two  genera,  not  much  alike,  with  4  or  5  spec'es,  widely 
distributed,  sometimes  entering  fresh  waters.  ;    v 

{ClupcUlw  group  Elopina  GiinthtT,  \u,  iGQ-472.)  -.-,-, 

'Body  elongate,  covered  with  siuall  scales;  anal  fm  smaller  than  dorsal.     (Elojnnw.) 

a.  P  iMidobrancliia)  present Elops,  118. 

"  Body  oblong,  covered  with  largo  scales ;  anal  tin  larger  than  dorsiil.    {Megalopinw. ) 
b.  Pseudobranchi-TB  obsolete Megalops,  119. 

11§.— EL.OPS  LinnjeuB. 

Big-eyed  Herrings.  '''^' 

(LinntEUS,  Syst.  Nat :  type  Elopa  aaurua  L. ) 

Body  elongate,  covered  with  thin,  small,  silvery  scales.  Dorsal  fin 
slightly  behind  ventrals,  its  last  rays  short,  the  fin  depressible  into  a 
sbeath  of  scales.  Anal  fin  smaller,  similarly  depressible.  Pectorals 
and  ventrals  moderate,  each  with  a  long  accessory  scale.  Opercular 
bones  thin,  with  exi)anded,  membranaceous  borders;  a  scaly  occipital 
sheatli  or  collar.  Lateral  line  straight,  its  tubes  simple.  Pseudobrau- 
cbife  present,  large.  Species  2  or  more,  widely  distributed,  remarka 
ble  for  the  development  of  scaly  sheaths.  (e'Aoi/',  name  of  some  sea-fish — 
I  a  sword-fish  or  sturgeon;  from  i;.a«>,  to  drive  or  move.) 

i  13S.  E.  saiirus  L. — Big-eyed  Herring. 

Uniform  silvery,  darker  above.    Gular  plate  3-4  times  as  broad  as 
I  long.    Head  4J;%epth  5-6.    Eye  large,  4-5  in  head.    D.  20;  A.  13;  V. 
15;  B.  30;  scales  12-120-13.    L.  24  inches.    Cape  Cod  to  Cape  of  Good 
[Hope  and  China.    A  handsome  fish,  not  rare  on  our  Atlantic  coast. 

(Liun.  Syst.  Nat. ;  GUnther,  vii,  470.) 

■-'■/    -'^.jt-L^,?-    110.— MEOAJLOrSLaciSp^de.   7^^'' "^Z-" ^'^ - 

■■.-'  J,  Tarpuma.  -—-——■— """^rJ'^^-'!'i^:.':'-'- 

|(Coinuior8on  ;  Lacdpfedo,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Poissous,  v,  289,  1803:  typo  Megalops  filamen- 
toaiia  Lac.  =  Clupea  cyprinoidea  Broussouet.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed.    Head  large,  compressed.    Eye  very  large. 

IBelly  narrow,  covered  with  ordinary  scales.    Mouth  large,  oblique. 


i 


4 


'    ■!  i 


'I* 

Hi 


-k 


■V 


t     l' 


m 


ft 

I'i' 


liJ:>  .• 


262      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

Maxilhiry  broad,  extending  beyonrt  the  eye.  Villiforra  teeth  on  jaws 
vomer,  palatines,  tongue,  sphenoid,  and  pterygoid  bones.  Scales  large 
linn.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight,  its  tubes  radiating  widely  in  eimh  of 
its  scales.  Dorsal  fin  short  and  high,  over  or  behind  ventrals;  last  ray 
of  dorsal  elongate,  filamentous,  as  in  Borosoma  and  Opisthonema.  Anal 
lin  long,  falcate,  its  last  ray  produced,  its  base  much  longer  than  that 
of  the  dorsal.  Caudal  liu  widely  forked.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  rather 
long.  Gill-rakers  long.  Anal  lin  with  a  sheath  of  scales;  dorsal  fin 
naked;  caudal  fin  largely  scaly;  nape  with  a  collar  of  large  scales, 
Pseudobranchite  none.  Species  of  very  large  size,  largest  of  the  Clupcoid 
fishes,  found  in  all  warm  seas.    (//^^'aAov'',  large-eyed.) 

*  Origin  of  dorsal  beliiud  tho  ventrals. 

436.  ]fl.  thrissoid<;s  (Bloch  &.  Schneider)  Giiuther. — Tarpum;  Jew-fish. 

Uniform  brilliant  silvery,  back  darker.  Body  elongate,  conii)rosse(l, 
little  elevated.  Head  4  in  length;  depth  3f.  D.  12;  A.  20 ;  Lat.  1.  4i>; 
B.  23.  Dorsal  filament  longer  than  head.  Atlantic  Ocean,  enterin<r 
fresh  water;  common  on  our  southern  coasts,  and  noted  for  the  groat 
size  of  its  scales,  which  are  used  in  ornamental  work. 
{Chipea  thriaaoides  Bloch  &  Schneider,  1801,  424;  Giiuther,  vii,  472.) 


r 


Family  XXXVII —CLUPEIDJa. 

{The  Herrings.)  .i   . 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  raoriB  or  less  compressed,  covered  with  cycloid 
or  pectinated  scales.    Head  naked,  usually  compressed.    Mouth  rather  I 
large,  terminal,  the  jaws  about  equal.     Maxillaries  forming  the  hiteral| 
margins  of  the  upper  jaw,  each  composed  of  about  three  pieces.    Prej 
maxillaries  not  protractile.    Teeth  mostly  feeble  or  wanting,  varioiislyl 
arranged.     Gill-rakers  long  and  slender.      Gill-mefhbranes  not  couj 
nected,  free  from  the  isthmus.    No  gular  plate.    Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  tlie 
fourth.     Branchiostegals  usually  rather  few  (G-15).     Posterior  lowei 
part  of  ojiercular  region  usually  with  an  angular  emargiuation,  tho  tip^ 
of  the  larger  branchiostegals  being  abruptly  truncate.    Pseudobranchin 
prese  it.    No  lateral  line  (at  least  in  our  species).    Dorsal  tin  median  i 
some  ivhat  posterior.    No  adipose  fin.   Ventrals  moderate  or  small  (waiitl 
iug  in  Pristigaster).  Anal  usually  rather  long.  jGaudal  fin  forked.    Belljj 
sometimes  rounded,  sometimes  compressed  and  armed  with  bonywij 
ratures.    Genera  15;  species  130;  iidiabiting  all  seas,  and  usually  swiiia 
ming  in  immense  schools.    Many  species  ascend  fresh  waters,  and  somj 


37.    CLUPEID^ SPRATELLOIDES.  263 

remain  there  permanently.  The  current  genera  are  ill  defined  and 
apparently  too  numerous,  and  we  have  followed  Dr.  Giinther  in  refer- 
rin.ir  most  of  them  to  Clupea.  The  rudimentary  teeth  are  extremely 
variable,  even  in  the  samo  species. 

(Clupeiike  groni^  Clupeina  and  Duaaumieriina  G'iLnthor,  v'l'i,  il2-'iG7.) 

*  Belly  roiiudod,  covered  with  ordinary  scales ;  supijleinontal  bouos  of  maxillary  very 
narrow.     (Duasumieriitia:') 
a.  Veutrals  small,  behind  dorsal ;  teeth  small,  persistent  on  jiiws,  vomer,  palatines, 

pterygoids,  and  tongue Etrumkus,  TiO. 

aa.  Ventrals  below  dorsal ;  teeth  wanting  oi  deciduous Spratelloiues,  121. 

•*  Belly  compressed,  armed  with  bony  serra) ;  supplemental  bones  of  maxillary  broad. 
( Clupeince. ) 
ft.  Scales  with  their  posterior  margins  entire  and  rounded.     .:  ■:  j, ;,, 

c.  Last  ray  of  dorsal  not  produced, 

d.  Scales  thin,  deciduous Clupea,  122. 

dii.  Scales  lirm,  ailherent,  regularly  arranged Harengula,  123. 

ci\  Last  ray  of  dorsal  produced  in  a  long  fdameut Opisthonema,  124. 

bb.  Scales  with  their  posterior  margins  vertical,  and  pectinate  or  fluted. 

'     '       "  Brevooutia,  126. 

120.— ETRUIWEUS  Bleeker.  ' 

Round  Herrings. 

(Blceker,  Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  xxv,  Japan,  48:  type  Clupea  micropua  Schlegel,  from  Japan.) 
Body  elongate,  fusiform,  subcylindrical,  snout  pointed.  Mouth  ter- 
minal, rather  wide,  the  maxillary  extending  to  opposite  the  eye,  its  sup- 
plemental i)ieces  slender;  jaws  and  most  of  the  bones  of  the  mouth 
with  small  but  permanent  teeth.  Scales  cycloid,  entire,  very  decidu- 
ous. Branchiostegals  fine,  about  15  in  number.  Pyloric  coeca  numer- 
ous. Belly  rounded,  covered  with  ordinary  scales.  Fins  all  small, 
the  anal  especially  so.  Ventrals  behind  dorsal.  Two  species  known. 
{fiTpov,  abdomen;  (J/iM<r,  even?) 

437.  E.  teres  (DeKay)  GUnther. — Round  llcrring. 

Olivaceous  above,  silvery  on  sides  and  below.  Body  terete  and  fusi- 
form. Head  slightly  compressed  forwards.  Mouth  small,  mnxillary 
reaching  front  of  orbit.  Eye  large,  equal  to  snout.  Fins  all  very  small. 
Vomerine  teeth  present.  Head  4  in  length;  depth  C.  U.  li;  A.  10. 
Atlantic  vjoast  of  the  United  States;  not  common. 

(Atom  la-m  DoKay,  Now  York  Fauna,  Fish.  184>,  262;  Giinther,  vl,  407.) 

131.-SPBATEL£.OIDE§  Bleeker. 
(Blocker,  Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  xxiv,  Ilaring,  29:  typo  Clupea  argyrotaniia  Bleeker.) 

Body  elongate,  subcylindrical  or  slightly  compressed,  covered  with 
moderate-sized  deciduous  scales.     Abdomen  obtuse,  without  keel  or 


■I,' 


i 


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n 


(■•ii  m 


1 


-P. 


yi 


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i 

'1: 


I 

I 
ill 

'I; 


'-, 


^■Ba 


mi 


26i     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

serrature.  Moutli  essentially  aa  in  Clupea.  Teeth  none,  or  minute  and 
deciduous.  Gill-membranes  separate,  with  about  0  tlat  branchio.ste<;als. 
Pseudobranchiae  well  developed.  Dorsal  opposite  ventrals;  anal  fiu 
short.  Stomach  with  long,  blind  sac;  pyloric  coeca  iu  moilerate  nuin. 
ber.    Pacilic  and  Indian  Oceans.    {Spratellus,  spnit',  eI5«;?,  reseiublaiici'.) 

438.  S.  fl>ryoporu«  Cope.        -,;.'.       .-...,_...'        •■,  'A'.-v-  -^  ■■■^.■■''^     ■v^.r-   ■ 

Form  compressed,  moderately  elongate.     Belly  rounded,  excei)t  be 
tween  ventral  fins  and  vent,  where  it  is  angular.     Maxillary  lnoad, 
flat,  reaching-  to  opposite  middle  of  pupil.    Ventrals  a  little  in  t'loiit  (»t 
middle  of  dorsal.     Lower  fins  short.     Pectorals  2J  in  distance  to  ven 
trals.    Golden;  bluish  above.    Top  of  head  with  a  bifurcate  dei)res8ion, 
filled  with  delicate,  branching   mucous  tubuli3s;  opercular  and  post- 
frontal  regions  with  similar  tubes.     Ilead  5;  depth  4^.     D.  18;  A.  18; 
scales  51-12.    L.  14  inches.    Coast  of  Alaska.    {Cope.) 
(Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1873.) 

laa.— CLUPEA  LinusDus.  . 

Herrings. 

(Clupea,  Alosa,  Pomolobus,  Meletta,  Spratella,  etc.,  of  authors.) 
■(LiunaiUH,  Syst.  Nat.:   type  Clupea  harengus  L.) 

Body  oblong,  more  or  less  compressed.  Mouth  moderate,  termiual, 
the  jaws  about  equal,  or  the  lower  projecting  Teeth  feeble,  variously 
placed,  rarely  absent.  Mandibles  very  deej)  at  base,  shutting  within 
the  maxillaries.  Gill-rakers  more  or  less  long  and  slender,  nHmerou«. 
Scales  thin,  cycloid,  deciduous,  entire,  rounded  posteriorly.  Dorsal  fin 
rather  short,  nearly  median,  beginning  in  advance  of  ventrals,  its  pos- 
terior ray  not  prolonged  in  a  filament.  Ventrals  present.  Anal  mod 
erate.  Belly  compressed,  more  or  less  strongly  serrated,  at  least  be 
hind  ventrals.  Species  very  numerous;  found  in  all  seas.  (Latin  elin)eii, 
a  herring.)  .  !    , 

Our  species  may  be  divided  as  follows: 

•Vomer  with  an  ovate  patch  of  teeth;  ventral  serratures  weak;  herrings  (Cm'Pka). 

'  '    "   ■  harengus,  mirabilis. 

**  Vomerine  teeth  none, 
t  Cheeks  longer  than  deep,  the  preopercle  produced  forward  below.     (Pomolobv.s 
-':       Raf;) 

a.  Ventral  serratures  weak sagax. 

aa.  Ventral  serratures  strong. 

b.  Jaws  with  persistent  teeth chrysochhm. 

bb.  Jaws  without  persistent  teeth  (Meletta  Val.). 

mediocria,  vcrnalia,  a'stivaUs, 
ft  Cheeks  deeper  than  long;  shad  (Alosa  Cuvier) mpidimma. 


!  JliiitiJf  i'^ 


37.    CLUPEID^ CLUPEA. 


265 


•Vomer  with  an  ovate  patch  of  teeth  ;  ventral  serratures  weak;  herrings.     {Clupca.) 

439.  C.  Iiarengus  L.— Common  Herring;  "  Wliitvbail"  {young). 

Bluish ;  silvery  below,  with  bright  reflections.  Body  eloiifrate,  com- 
pressed. Scales  loose.  Cheeks  longer  than  high,  the  junction  of  the 
maudible  and  preopercle  under  middle  of  eye.  Maxillary  extending  to 
middle  of  eye.  Upper  jaw  not  emarginate.  Lower  jaw  much  project- 
ing. Grill-rakers  very  long,  fine  and  slender,  about  40  on  the  lower 
put  of  the  arch.  Eye  longer  than  snout,  4  in  head.  Dorsal  inserted 
rather  behind  middle  of  body,  in  front  of  ventrals.  Pectorals  and  ven- 
trals  short ;  anal  low.  Abdomen  serrated  in  front  of  ventrals  as  well 
as  behind.  Peritoneum  dusky.  Ilead  4^;  depth  4^.  D.  18;  A.  17; 
Lat.  1.  57 ;  ventral  scutes  28  +  13 ;  vertebrae  50.  Atlantic  Ocean ;  abun- 
dant on  the  coasts  both  of  Europe  and  America.    Spawns  in  the  sea. 

(Linn.  Syst.  Nat.;  Giiuther,  vii,  415:  Clupea  elongata  Le  Suenr,  Joum.  Aca<l.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phiia.  i,  5J34.) 

440.  C  mirabilis  Girard. — California  Herring. 

Bluish  above;  sides  and  below  silvery;  peritoneum  dusky.  Lower 
jaw  strongly  projecting;  upper  jaw  not  emarginate  Belly  scarcely 
compressed  in  front  of  ventrals,  serrate  onlj'  between  ventrals  and 
anal.  Gill-rakers  very  long  and  slender.  Vomerine  teeth  weaker  than 
in  C.  harengus;  usually  a  few  teeth  on  tongue  and  prenmxillary.  Ver- 
tebrae also  fewer,  30  +  20=50.  Insertion  of  dorsal  slightly  nearer  front 
of  eye  than  base  of  caudal.  Head  4^;  depth  4.  D.  10;  A.  14;  Lat. 
1. 52.  Pacific  coast  of  North  America.  Very  similar  to  C.  harengus^  and 
equally  abundant. 

(Girard,  Free.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  138;  Giiuther,  vii,  418.)  •     ^■ 

**  Vomerine  teeth  none. 

t Cheeks  longer  than  deep,  the  preopercle  prodnced  forward  below.     (Pomolohua 

Raflnesque.*) 
'  •'    a.  Ventral  serratures  weak ;  mouth  entirely  toothless. 

441.  C.  sagax  Jenyns. — California  Sardine;  Sadina. 

Dark  bluish  above;  silvery  below;  a  series  of  round  black  spots  on 
the  level  of  the  eye,  running  backward,  bounding  the  dark  color  of  the 
back ;  similar  smaller  spots  above,  forming  lines  along  the  rows  of  scales ; 
these  spots  rarely  obstmro  or  wanting,  especially  in  old  examples ;  tip  of 
lower  jaw  yellow ;  lower  part  of  dorsal  yellow ;  peritoneum  black.  Body 
very  slender,  subsiform,  slenderer  and  less  compressed  than  a  herring, 
tlie  back  rather  broad.    Veutrsil  serratures  very  weak.    Maxillary  reach - 


*  Raflnesque,  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,  38:  type  Pomolohua  chrysooMoria  Raflnesque. 
operculum;  XofJoi,  lobe.) 


{iT&fiC, 


m 


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Nl 


n 


Hi 


' 


J'' 


ft- 


KT 


266      CONTKIUUTIONS   TO    NOttTII    AMEUICAN   ICHTUYOLOOV — ly, 

ing  nearly  to  middle  of  eye.    Mandible  little  projecting,  the  tip  included. 

Gill-rakers  longer  than  eye,  very  slender  and  numerons,  close  set.   Op. 

ercles,  top  of  head,  and  8cai)ular  region  with  conspicuous  briiiithiii" 

tubes  and  stria}.     Insertion  of  dorsal  considerably  nearer  snout  thau 

base  of  caudal.     Pectorals  and  ventrals  with  sheathing  scales.    Ihad 

4;  depth  5.     D.  15;  A.  17;   Lat.  1.  53;   scutes  18+14.    L.  12  inches. 

Paciflc  coast  of  North  and  South  America ;  very  abundant,  spawninj,' 

in  the  sea.     Resembles  the  European  Sardine  {C.  pilchardus),  but  lia.s 

no  teeth,  and  the  belly  liess  strongly  serrate. 

(JenjnH,  Zoiil.  Bwifile, Fish.  134:  Meletta  coerulea  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Snrv.  x, 
330 :  Aloaa  musica  Grd.  U.  S.  Nav.  Astron.  Exped.  Zoiil.  24G :  Alauua  calif ornica  Gill, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  186:^,  281;  Guuther,  vii,  443.)  -  ' 

aa.  Ventral  serratnres  Htrong. 

b.  Ja%V8  witli  persistent  teeth,  at  least  on  premaxillaries,  and  sometimes  ou  sym- 
physis of  lower  jaw. 

442.  C.  clirysochloris  (Raf.)  Jor.  &  Gilh.— Ohio  Shad;  Skipjack. 
Brilliant  blue  above;  sides  silvery,  with  golden  reflections;  no  dark 

spot  behind  operclo.  Body  elliptical,  highest  near  the  middle,  much 
compressed.  Head  rather  slender  and  pointed,  its  upper  ])rofile 
straight.  Lower  jaw  strongly  projecting,  its  tip  entering  the  itrofile; 
upper  jaw  emarginate.  Premaxillary,  and  often  tip  of  lower  jaw,  Mith 
moderate-sized  teeth.  Maxillary  large,  reaching  to  opposite  posterior 
part  of  eye.  Eye  large,  well  covered  by  adipose  eyelid.  Fins  moderate. 
Caudal  peduncle  slender,  the  caudal  widely  forked.  Gill-rakers  coii;- 
paratively  few,  short,  stout,  and  coarse,  about  23  below  the  angle  of  the 
arch.  Oi)ercles  with  radiating  and  branching  stride.  Peritoneum  pale. 
Head  3^;  depth  3f.  Eye  shorter  than  snout,  4^  in  head.  D.  10;  A.  18; 
Lat.  1.  52;  ventral  scutes  20+  13.  L.  15  inches.  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
Mississippi  Valley;  abundant,  and  resident  in  all  the  larger  streams, 
and  introduced  through  the  canals  into  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Michigan. 
A  handsome  flsh,  not  valued  for  food. 
(Pomolohus  vhnisochloriH  Raf.  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,  38.) 

1>.  Jaws  wifcbout  persistent      oth;  a  few  teeth  usually  present  on  the  tongue.    (^Alektta 
Val.) 

443.  C  nicdiocris  M-itchilh—Hlckwy  Shad;  Tailor  Herring ;  Fall  Herring. 

Bluish  silvery;  sides  with  rather  faint  longitudinal  stripes.  Head 
comparativelj'  long,  the  profile  straight  and  not  very  steep,  form  more 
elliptical  than  in  the  others  and  less  heavy  forwards.  Lower  jaw  con- 
siderably pi  ejecting;  upper  jaw  emarginate.  Opercles  rather  less 
emarginate  below  and  behind  thau  in  C.  vernalis.     Fins  low;  dorsal 


37.    CLUPEID.E CLUPEA. 


267 


fin  inserted  nearer  snout  than  basp  of  caudal.  Peritoneum  pale.  Head 
4;  (leptli  3|.  D.  15;  A.  21;  Lat.  1.  50;  ventral  scutes  20+10.  Now- 
foumlland  to  Florida;  rather  common.     Little  valued  as  a  foo<l-tish. 

(Mitili.  TiauB.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  451:  Clupea  maitowaoaa  GUnihev,  vii,  438: 
Jlosa  lineata  Storer,  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  U4"^,  aud  Hist.  Fish.  Maus.  W>2.) 

414.  C.  vernalls  Mitch. — Alewife;  Branch  Ilerring ;  Gaapereau, 

Bine  above;  sides  silvery;  indistinct  dark  stripes  alonj?  the  rows  of 
sciik's;  a  blackish  spot  behind  opercle.  Body  rather  deep  and  com- 
pressetl,  heavy  forward.  Head  short,  nearly  as  deep  as  long,  the  pro- 
tile  somewhat  steep  and  slightly  depressed  above  the  nostrils.  INIaxil- 
lary  extending  to  posterior  margin  of  pupil.  Lower  jaw  somewhat  pio- 
jectiug ;  upper  jaw  emargiuate.  Eye  large,  slightly  longer  than  snout, 
3^  in  head.  Gill-rakers  long,  30-40  below  the  angle  of  the  arch,  shorter 
and  Htouter  than  in  C.  sapidissima.  Lower  lobe  of  caudal  tlie  louger. 
Dorsal  fin  high,  a  little  higher  than  long,  its  height  G^in  length  of  body. 
Head  4§;  depth  3 J.  D.  10;  A.  19;  Lat.  1.  50;  scutes  21+ 14.  Perito- 
nciuu  pale.  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States;  abundant;  entering 
streams  to  spawn ;  laud-locked  in  the  lakes  of  Western  New  York. 

(Mitchill,  Kept.  Fish.  N.  Y.  22.  aud  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  454 :  Clupm 
pseudoharengua  Wilson,  Rees's  Encycl.:  Aloaa  tyrannus  Storer,  Hist.  Fish.  Mass.  15tJ: 
Fomolobus  paeudoharengua  Gill,  Rept.  U.  S.  Fish  Com.  1871-72,  811:  Ponwiobua  vernalia 
Goode  &  Bean,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  1879,  24.) 

445.  C.  BBStivalls  Mitchill. — Glut  Herring;  Blue-back. 

Very  similar  to  the  preceding,  from  which  it  is  best  distinguished  by 
the  black  i)eritoneum.  The  fins  are  lower  and  the  eves  smaller.  At- 
lantic coast,  appearing  later  than  the  preceding;  less  abundant  and 
less  valuable  as  a  food-fish.  >  •• 

(Gliipea  wativalis  Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  il,  1814,  456:  Aloaa  cj/anonoton 
Storer,  Hist.  Fish.  Mass.  161 :  Pomolohua  wativalia  Goode  &  Bean,  Bull.  Essex  Inst. 
1879,  24.)      ,  ,  .      . 

tt Cheeks  deeper  than  long,  the  pr<soporcle  scarcely  prolonged  anteriorly  below;  no 
teeth,  or  a  lew,  caducous,  on  the  jaws;  shad.    {Aloaa  Cuvier.*) 

446.  C»  sapidissima  Wilson. — Common  Shad. 

Bluish  above;  sides  white  or  silvery;  a  dark  spot  behind  opercle,  and 
sometimes  several  along  the  line  dividing  the  color  of  the  back  from 
that  of  the  sides;  axil  dusky;  peritoneum  white.  Body  comparatively 
deep.  Mouth  rather  large,  the  jaws  about  equal,  the  lower  fitting  iuto 
a  not(;h  in  the  tip  of  the  upper.     Preorbital  moderate.    Cheeks  much 


n»a 


>  'V 


.  !^S 


*  Cuvier,  Rfegno  Anini.  od.  2,  1829:  type  Clitpea  aloaa  L.     (Latin  alausa  or  aloaa,  uu 
early  name  of  the  shad;  English  allia,  German  alae,  Latin  halve.) 


208       (MINTUIIUJTIONS    TO    NOKTIt    AMKUICAN    ICIITIIYOLOOY — IV. 

ih'rprr  lliiiii  loiifjf,  (lio  pn»()|K>in'ki  isxti'JHliii^  littlr  Ibrwiinl,  joining;  n,,, 
iiiiiiiilililo  at  a  point  ratlit^'  Itcliiiid  tli(>  <>>(;.  Oill  nikors  (>\ti'«'iiH>ly  loiiir 
uimI  sIciMlor,  iiiiicli  lon^(«r  than  (\vu,  about  <>b  below  tint  an^lt^  of  tlio 
arcli.  l*Mii.H  Niiiall.  DoiniiI  iiiiicIi  iicaror  Niioiit  Mian  liam^  of  «:iii<|;i|, 
lb';nl  l|;  (h'ptli  .'{.  I).  15;  A.  LM;  hat  1.(10;  vctitral  Nciitrs  Jl -f  K;. 
Atlantic  coast  of  tlio  llnlt(><l  Htatos;  asct'inlinf;  rivrrs  to  Hpawn.  Oii(« 
of  the  nioNt  inipoi'tant  ot*  our  too(ltl.sli.  Also  introduced  on  tlic  I'iiciiic 
coast. 

(Wilson,  Uim'h'h  I'licyrlopoiliu:  .Hona  privnliibiliH  DoKiiy,  Ninv  York  l''ittiiiu,  I'ihIi.  •^.'m: 
Alvm  9ttj}Hli»»iiH»  vf  iiioNt  late  Aiiiorit'jin  writoi'H, ) 

ia;i.~IIAIlliI%*»lJLA  Val.«ii<i..im.'M.  ■-» 

(Viili'ncicnnoM,  WM.  Niit.  l'oisn.  xx,  277,  1H.|7:  typo  lluniiuula  IntiiliiH  VmI.) 

ClniracJiM's  Cvsscntiidly  tlioso  of  the  jjcnus  (Jltipca,  »'x<'cpt  that  \\w 
scales  arc  iiriu,  adherent,  and  regularly  arranged.  (Latin  diminutive 
of /(a/'t>/t(/u/(,  herring.) 

'14T.  II.  p4*ll!incolW  Dootlu  A;  1U>un. 

IUmI.v  «leep,  with  projecting  belly,  formed  much  a8  in  tln^  ^\nu\. 
Head  very  short.  JScales  of  the  back  in  front  of  dorsal  with  radial iiuj 
strije  and  sharply  serrated  edges;  otlu'r  scides  smooth,  with  I  •'giilur 
but  unarmed  IVcH*  nnirgiuH;   scales  all  marked  with  wavy  lii  oiiio- 

times  forming  reticulations.  Lower  jaw  rather  long,  maxniary  ex- 
tending beyond  front  of  orbit.  Teeth  very  small,  inconspicuous  in  IIk* 
jaws.  A  large  patch  of  asperities  on  the  tongue.  (Jill  rakers  Ihu',  closo 
set,  shorter  than  the  eye,  about  50  below  tlu^  angle.  J^^ye  largt?,  loii}>er 
than  snot:'.,  ;(  in  head.  Head  4;  depth  ti.  1).  10;  A.  17;  Lat.  1.  -10; 
scutes  12  behind  ventrals.     Pensacola,  Fla.    {Ooode  ct  Bean.) 

{JI<ircngu!a  pvnaacoUv  (iootU\  &  Hoaii,  Proo.  U.  H.  Nat.  Mus.  1S79,  152.) 

ItfJ.-OPISTIIONEinA  (.ill. 

Thread  Herring.  ■  -  r 

(Gill,  Pro< .  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18151,  y7:  typo  Cbipea  Ihrma  ONbock.) 

Chan  cters  essentially  those  of  Ilarenyula,  except  that  the  last  ray  of 
the  dorcial  is  produced  in  a  loiig  lllameut  as  iu  Dorosonia.  {uruaOs^  be- 
hind; w)~/ia,  a  thread.)        „  .         /     ;.  . 

4I4§.  O.  tOirissa  (Osbcek)  Gill. 

Bluish  above;  silvery  below;  an  indistinct  bluish  shoulder-spot;  each 
scale  on  the  back  with  a  dark  spot,  these  forming  longitudinal  streaks. 
Body  oblong,  compressed.  Belly  strongly  serrate.  Tongue  with  minute 
teetli.    Jaws  toothless;  lower  jaw  slightly  laojecting;  maxillary  reach- 


37.    ('LIJPKH).!; — lUlKVOOKTIA. 


200 


inj;  iK'iirly  lo  middlr  •t'otlut.  (Jill  raUors  vory  lonff  and  Nlciidcr.  I)<>r- 
Hiil  till  iiiNci'tcd  ill  IVoiit  <>r  vciitraiN,  iinirli  iioarrr  Ntioiit  Miaii  bas<*  of  (van- 
dal. noiNai  (lliiiiH'iit  alMdit  aH  loiijf  hh  li«'ad.  Anal  v«Ty  low.  Paired 
tins  Hiiinll.  H(;al<>H  rather  llriii,  hiikioMi.  II(^a<14;  dr|)tli  •'{.}  in  length. 
J).  11>;  A.lil;  Lat.  1.  TiO;  Hciitew  17  +  1 1.  AManti<',  coantH  of  Ainciica, 
(!lii('ily  soiitliwat'd,  ilie  IU^hIi  Haid  to  Im*  Hoinctiincs  poisonoiiH.        »      "' 

(ClHiwa  IhriHHd  OhImtU,  lti)iw<,  W'M:  Clupca  thrimia  (fihithtir,  vH,  4112:  ('luftm  libirlaliB 
Glint Im'I-,  vil,  4,^'\,  I'ltrilic  coiiHtuf  Ci^iitral  uikI  Hoiilh  AtiM>ri<;a,  Ih  at  l<t<Mt  vrry  Hiiiiilar.) 

l2A.-BKI^VOOItTIA  (iill. 

Mcnlunh'UH. 

(Gill,  I'll"'.  Arnd.  Nat.  Hci.  Phila.   IHOl,  ;{7:    \y\ui  CI upra  mcnhadm  Mitch.  ^Clupe 
t!)rainiuH  htitrit\»\)  i  :   i  is 

15<)dy  clliptiiral,  eoml^^^^H<1(l,  doopost  anteriorly,  tajifrin^  Ix^liind. 
Ilciid  very  larj^e.  OlieekH  de<'per  than  lon^.  Month  lar^e,  tin;  lower 
jiiw  inelmleil.  N«»  teeth,  (iill  rakers  very  I(»n^  and  Hlend(T,  detiHely 
set.  (iillarehes  an^nlarly  bent.  Scjalos  deeper  than  lonjf,  (!los(?ly  im- 
bricated, tliiMr  eA'poNcd  edjj;eH  vertieal,  and  fliite<l  or  pectinated.  Dor- 
Hjil  lln  low,  rather  posti'rior.  Anal  fin  Hniall.  Intestinal  canal  (donjjate. 
I'critonenin  dusky.  Hpecies  few,  inhabi'inj?  the  Atlantic.  (Dedicated 
to.I.  ('arson  Hrevoort.) 
•ScaliH  with  tluiir  odj^cH  OTitiro,  fliit««l. 
149.  II.  imlronus  (Joo(l(».  '      *  • 

Head  larjjer  than  in  B.  ijirannuH.  Fins  lonj^,  the  lieij^ht  of  the  dorsal 
prcater  than  the  length  of  the  maxillary;  tliat  of  the  anal  more  than 
liiiir  the  iHMj^ht  of  the  maxillary.  Pectorals  rca(!hin{i  beyond  front  of 
vciitrals;  inserti(m  of  dorsal  in  front  of  ventrals,  just  bi^hind  the  middle 
jioint  b(;tween  the  snout  and  the  base  of  the  (jaudal.  Scales  mod(;nite, 
with  their  niarKins  entire,  tinted.  Axillary  appendafjes  larjjf".  Lar«e 
scales  at  base  of  pectoral.  Opercnlnm  delicately  stiiated.  (Jn(;nisli 
gray  above;  sides  silvery,  with  brassy  lustre;  scapular  blotch  incon- 
spicuous. Head  3  in  length;  depth  2j|.  D.  19;  A.  22;  Lat.  1.  r>0-(}5. 
Gulf  of  Mexico.    (Goode.)  ,  ,     .. 

((!o()(l(>,  Proc.  U.  S  Nat.  Mus.  i,  39,  1878.)  :  ;  ':*" 

*"8caU'H  (ivory where  with  thoir  edges  strongly  Herratcd.     .  ,.j;  ■ 

450.  B.  tyrannus*  (Latrobo)  Goode. — Menhaden;  Momhunkvr ;  Bony-finh;   IVliite- 
Jiah;  Buy-fish;  Fat-hack;  Ydlow-tatl, 

Head  and  jaws  shorter  than  in  B.  patronua.    Fins  comparatively  short, 

*A  paraHitio  CruBtacoan  ( Oniacus  prwgusiator  Latrobe)  is  found  in  the  nioiithsof  a  very 
largo  jiroportion  of  the  individuals  of  this  species.  The  specific  names  l)oth  of  the  fish 
and  the  Crustacean  refer  to  this  p  -culiarity,  the  ancient  Roman  rulers  ( tyranni)  having 
had  their  tasters  (prwguetatores)  to  tasto  their  food  before  them,  to  prevent  poisoning. 


:''M 


t  n 


m 

m 


270     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

the  height  of  the  dorsal  less  than  the  length  of  the  maxillary;  heijjht,  ot 

anal  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  maxillary.    Pectorals  not  reacliiug 

to  ventrals.    Dorsal  inserted  slightly  behind  ventrals,  about  midway 

between  snout  and  base  of  caudal.    Scales  moderate,  strongly  seriiUed 

arranged  very  irregularly.  Operculum  strongly  striated  or  almost  sniootii 

( var.  ttwrea).    Gill-rakers  much  longer  than  eye.    Bluish  above;  sidos 

silvery,  with  a  strong  brassy  lustre;  fins  usually  yellowish ;  a  conspicuous 

dark  scapular  blotch,  behind  which  are  often  smaller  spots'     Head  3!- 

depth  3.    D.  19;  A.  20;  Lat.  i.  60-80;  ventral  plates  20  +  12.    L.  12-18 

inches.    New  England  to  Brazil ;  very  abundant  southward,  spawiiin^r  in 

the  sea.    Held  in  no  esteem  as  a  food-fish,  but  very  valuable  for  oil  and 

manure;  the  young  canned  as  sardines. 

{Clupea  tyrannua  Latrobo,  Tmns.  Aiiicr.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  v,  77, 1802 :  Clupca  ininhtKJa) 
Mitcbill,  Trans.  Lit.  &,  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  4515,  1814 :  Chtpea  menhaden  Giliither.  vii,  liUi: 
Cliipanodon  aureus  Agassiz,  Spix.  Pise.  Bras.  5'2  (Brazilian  var.  OMwa  (Jo<.«).  ('luptu 
aurea  Giiuther,  vii,  437 :  Alosa  menhaden  Storor,  Hist.  Fish.  Mass.  337 ;  Goodf,  Pntc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mas.  i,  5,  31,  1878;  Goode,  Rojit.  U.  S.  F»sh  Comin.  for  1877,  complete  bioj^raphy.) 


■'vlt*^ 

Wm'^ .'. 

Wm'-: 

fm^^ 

K'Vl 

Family  XXXVIII.— DOROSOMATID^. 

{The  Gi::sard  Shads.) 

Body  short  and  deep,  strongly  compressed,  covered  with  thiu,  decid- 
uous, cycloid  scales.  Belly  compressed  to  an  edge,  which  is  armed  with 
bony  serratures.  Head  naked,  short,  rather  small.  Moutu  small,  in- 
ferior, oblique,  overlapped  by  the  blunt  snout;  no  teeth.  Maxillary 
narrow  and  short,  with  a  single  supplem  ntal  bone,  not  extendiiij;'  to 
opposite  the  middle  of  the  eye,  and  forming  but  a  small  portion  of  tlic; 
lateral  margin  of  the  ui>per  jaw.  ^landible  short  and  deep,  its  rami 
enlarged  at  base.  Premaxillai  '  not  protractile.  Gill-rakers  slender, 
exceedingly  numerous,  not  very  long,  similar  on  all  the  arches.  Gill- 
membranes  not  united,  free  from  the  isthmus  PseudobrancliiiX',  large. 
An  adipose  eyelid.  No  lateral  line.  Dorsal  fin  about  midway  of  the 
body,  usually  behind  ventrals.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  moderate,  each 
with  an  accessory  scale.  Anal  very  long  and  low.  Caudal  forked.  No 
adipose  fin.  Stomach  short,  muscular,  like  the  gizzard  of  a  fowl.  Genera 
2,  species  about  12.    Mud-eating  fishes  of  the  coasts  and  rivers  of  warm 

regions,  of  little  value  as  food.  '.^  ^,., .  ^    ..■  y___, 

(C7upewi<c  group  CViatotJigstBa  Giinthor,  vii,  4(M>-411.)  .    i.^  ■.;    .  ,: 

•  Last  ray  of  dorsal  produced  iu  a  long  illaiuont DonosoMA,  12(5. 


39.    ENGRAULIDIDiE. 


271 


126.— DOJtOSOlUA  Knfmesqiie. 


{,»^y  d  >r; ' 


Gizzard  Shad. 
{ChatoesHus  Cuvier,  1829.) 


(Kafincsqne,  Iclitli.  Oh.  1B20,  39:  typo  Dorosoma  notata  llaf.=^CIupca  heternra  llaf.) 

Cbaractei's  of  the  fumily,  with  the  addition  that  the  last  ray  of  the 
dorsal  is  prolonged  and  filiform  as  in  Ophihonema  and  Megalops.  {<^opi>-, 
ii  lance;  aS>ixa^  body ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  body  in  the  young.) 

451.  D.  cepedianum  (Lo  S.)  Gill. — Gizzard  Shad  ;  Hickory  Shad. 

Silvery;  bluish  above;  young  with  a  round  dark  spot  at  the  shoulder; 
tips  of  ventrals  and  edge  of  anal  often  dusky.  Body  deep,  compressed, 
the  back  elevated  in  the  adults.  Dorsal  about  median,  its  filamentous 
ray  about  as  long  as  head,  sometimes  longer,  sometimes  shorter.  Caudal 
widely  forked,  the  lower  lobe  the  longer.  Head  4J;  dei)th  2|.  Eye  ^i^ 
ill  head.  D.  12;  A.  31;  Lat.  1.  5C;  L.  transv.  23;  scutes  17  +  12.  L.  1.") 
inches.  Cape  Cod  to  Mexico;  abundant  southward,  entering  all  rivers, 
iiiul  permanently  resident  ("A'^ar.  heterurum^^)  everywhere  in  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  in  the  larger  streams;  also  introduced  into  Lake  Michigan 
and  Lake  Erie,  and  land-locked  in  ponds  from  New  Jersey  to  Nebraska 
and  Texas.    A  handsome  fish,  of  no  value  as  food. 

{Megalops  cepediana  Le  Suonr,  Jouni.  Acad.  Nat.  Sfi.  Phila.  1817,  'Ml :  ChatoessuH 
cepedianus  Giintlier,  vii,  409:  Clupea  hetenira  Raf. /Auier.  Mouth.  Mag.  1818,  ;J54; 
Vhatuilsms  ellipticHS  Kirtland,  BoHt.  Jonrii.  Nat.  Hist,  iv,  235.) 


Family  XXXIX— ENGRAULIDID^. 

'  ,  {The  Anchovies.) 

Body  elongate,  more  or  less  compressed,  covered  with  thin,  oy(!loid 
scales.  Head  compressed.  Mouth  extremely  large,  nearly  horizontal, 
usually  overlapped  by  a  pointed,  compv?ssed,  pig-like  snout,  (rape 
very  wide,  the  maxillary  very  long  and  slender,  formed  of  about  three 
l)ioce8,  extending  backward  far  behind  the  eye;  in  some  genera,  much 
1\'yoiul  the  head.  P::emaxillaries  not  protractile,  very  small,  firmly 
joined  to  the  maxillaries.  Teetb  small,  variously  arranged,  usually  fine 
and  even,  in  a  single  row  in  each  jaw.  Eye  large,  well  forward,  so  that 
ii.o  snout  is  very  short.  Preorbital  narrow.  Opercles  little  developed, 
luonibranaceous.  Gill-rakers  long  and  slender.  Branchiostegals  slender, 
7-1 4  in  number.  Gill-membranes  separate  or  joined,  free  from  the  isth- 
mus. Pseudobranchirei  present.  No  lateral  line.   Belly  rounded  or  weakly 


f*' 


fi " 


^\\\^\-)\\V\\\^'i\-.\>\t'<  S>'!»("r0\  i'H»»»\i'(>)l'll.  H>i>  oHI  h|*r>»|lMf»'<  IrfliilJ  t'tl^H'iiu>lv  ^1  I'll'!  till 
^>»n'inV!\nU!U1\«>MIS!  MU\\  l\tl  m»<'iU»Vh1t'.  llM  tMl(il(l  lii'lllini  i'iini  nl  II).- t|i,|Mi||| 
«mwvV.jrt\V  j\h\|>**'H«H   h»\VtM»»l   \\s\K\^\'\  HdUllllMlt'rt  HlM"  h»tt>ll(ll(tK  ltl>yiMii|  ^||| 

^sjMv^^fH^A t  Hvth  «mn)l,  »»>  \\mt«h\>t.  IH  mi''  lit-  ImM)  Jii^t*..  NHM.HHtitiM'M.  js^t, 

0,i*v^^\^^>^  Huf.  Krtt  VSv<t«,  v>  rtj»l,  1W:h  t.yv*'  .^^OfHHrt  ^»fw»Jw  rtmt^ihi.) 
}\\\\\\  ts\\\\\\\ii.  >'<m^Miw-<o>t,  nn»Mi»«i  \\\\\\  nHliiM-  linyo,  Ihlii,  th't'ltlniMiH 

^;^<>Kv\!\h<  \\\\-  W\\\\\\\  \s>c\\  \\\^\s\\{  [w  Hu' l>Hf4«M»r  Mh<  nituitHltlc.    Upii 
v^^^um  ^\!<vt>N\\.  mombi-i^HfUMM^us*     IViMh  ««h!tll,  mmmhIIv  dm  iIk-  jdhm, 
\-«>mo>\  ^>t>l!M<n«^!».  !vn<1  ^*hM'\yi»l<U,  thi»s«M»r  ono  or  l>it||»  jiiwm  MiMiiiMiniiM 
^>\>!*x\|«^xv     AlV:»l  l\^»  <\<o«<oV!»!«\  Um»  IViMM  «'!»M(I(»I  ^ll^^  m,\ «  IH    10).     Nil  |m«i' 
h>\^>t  i^<!^n\»M\t)«.     l>ov«tvl  \\hxw\  mUhvivy  ol  \\\y\\\,  |>(»«I«>iI(M'  (k  mmiIihIm. 

x\Usi^Wtt^.  H\tuu>hWv><tivy^O(*  O-li.  i\\\\  iHt'(nlMin««'s  m»l  intili'tl,  li>;)vliiy 
!h<^  >^rt\'»v\v  <«ihmu!*  nMO(^v»"int  v^^mvI«>s  wWnW  '>(^.  \\\  nil  «nvm  n>|iltuiM, 
(vvrv)A^v  «^  st^Mo.  i\  \\\\\u^  \\t\\\\\  \\\\\w  U\  pvloMlHj  ftv'tl?,  luMiilnjii  In  iillii-4iiiii 
tvNtW  rUwv.v  Irtt^M'iU  \m\\\\\.) 

UU«sh  rtl>\>\-x^^  si-tUvR  rtn«l  ^ol«>v,  mihory,  \\o\  ht»nHlni>«M»l.     No  mIIvimv 
liMvi'!^!    Iviv^ht      U\>xl\    \\\\\%^  o<Mop\v«MO«l,  t-ojtiulril   iilM»\t>,  hII^IiIIv  Citli 

^>(>ouxsl  rt«<^  \M\M»iuU«)i.  UnMol  M«MVvl\  <\vUm»  us  Um^  tm  «li>o|».  IIm' 
<AV3ix\  xt^rv  wivj^v  tho  f<p  of  th'>  .H«ooi,  MtuiUnn  ovltMHllo}f  bo.vonti  \vo\ 
^  mM\\\ih\t\  t>|>iMvW\l,H^<>iM  thno  looji.  j»lt»oo«l  vovy  ol»ll«|nol.v.  dill 
!Wik\M^  \x^v  Kwji.  nuu^l*  hmn^w  tluut  Uu*  i\v»»»  lloiol  ;5,\;  drplli  r>i 
<V  \4;  A.i^>2;  U-iK  I  40:  1^,  14.  L.  7  «oolov«.  IWillc  oouf^(,  IVom  \  uii 
oiMUvrV  Ulrt««l  tx^Wnit  o\(«vim*l>  «U>mHli»ot.     Tho  IutmohI  orournn 

\  Ji^«<»»NH».?«»i  f^^j^^if  ,Vn>«*>  Voyji^ri^  \Vi»>jh\  \W'  ^Vit»'«tHM'»  WMtn^i*  UllullitM'.  vii,  HW; 


;m.    l';N(lMAt'l,ff»ll»^i— 8lOLifil*lin»Mf«. 


9jin 


liiit!  Ill  liit«i'Mt:liool«;:  f;»(//i  »»»/(■>  /•»/»■/(»'>/»« 'Jlmid,  1'.  M.  Niiv,  A«<f«»iii,  Kxpid.  /i»/il.  ^"ImI). 
I  llfll.v  ('t(iti|iH'«M»'(l  lit  (III  Mli|t' Mtnl  hilnM.r  «»'<-i-iif<>*f. 

Kill.  •«.  llBOWMl  MIHIt>l.)  J,  ^  U<        l»»('/(((»/r 

(HIviM'HtMMi  mI(1«'h  Mllvff.v;  fli<»  m|Iv«'»,v  ltii«'fMl  litifMl  filiodt  m  wUI^ 
iiM  llio  H'«%  VIM'.V  <llM(liM'f,  KMM'h  m  (liMfi  l»(  oMf  oMif'f  HpH'W'M.  (Wxly 
i!illii«t  j'Imifiiilj",  iMiotpH'MMi'd,  Moi  I'lfVHh'*!.  MmmI  nilltfr  Hhort,  fl^^ 
miiiiii  itiMlcclltijr  tuncli  Im>.voii«(  IIm«  flfMil'  Mi«*  UiwN-  jfiw.    'l'^^Mr  pr^-Hy 

qllllHi'.    IIIKslMlliy    l>\(MMlltH(    Ifl'yHfMl    ll!lH«»  or    (ttlMMlilih^   tlljf    Wit  nuH<' 

iviH'liiiiu  lit  Mm«  ••<I(m<  mI'  IIh>  ylP  o|t«'f(lii)(.     Ily^'  Imik**,  Mj  )r(  h<'(i<(.     Oil! 
iiiltciM  Inny,  lull  hIiimIm-  Himii  In  /Sf.  I'ltrnprmHHii.     A  mil  wifli  n  Mlr<'fiflf  of 
HHili'Mi  iliii-Niil  ImmmIimI  iii>iii(>I' cimkIiiI  liiiMt  Hdodl.      Mcitd  M'/;  d<')ifli  f^. 
II,  I'Jt    A-  i*0|     IjmI.  I.   III.      I,.  1  11  Iiu'IK'n.     ('ii|»o<'m«I  I<.  JIim/1I;  v^fy 
iijitliitlsiiil  mmiiIIiwiikI. 

(,0/irt'Mt»fih»i('»tMllllt>l.   flvNl,    Wnl.    ItWri  MIKillK-h  vll,  !1M<T:  t'lil/U'H  ritlithi  MUthUI, 
|i,,ii«   I, II,  A    I'lill    Mil.'.   N,  V.  I,  H'lll'  h!ii!lfiiiilt>4  Hillflilllt  (mtilhhf,  vll,;«i|;   /Uiffnuinn 

HfflllM'i  "I    IIIHkI    It'ft'dl.   WllllMM.  ) 

mi.  N.  Illlllcil«  (IIoimIk  a   Mhmi)  .Utf.  fit  (lllli. 

Hiittiil  «uiiii'\vliiil  HsiiipH'MwiiwI.  MiivlllM/y  mllulilly  <lllfifNl,/<fi/11fit't«^fl' 
iii>iili>  poliil,  \vlil('li  ««iI(mmIm  Ii!|I'|{wiimI  In  IIm'  ^11)  ofM'iilf(t(,M,  foof h<wl  >\\htm 
||s('iillii>  ItMVt'f  Hl|^fi«j  iiilniili*  M'olli  ill  Ixilli  JiiwM.  full  rjilNTM  rrfrf  vf-fy 
iimiicnuiM,  llii>  ltMi|4(«Hl  im  Iniiy;  iim  flio  cy*'.  Orlyln  (il'HorHnl  friMlwfiy  hft 
IwpiMi  iittMlt'ilnr  iiiiii^iti  oi'  (iilill  iiimI  Mk^  i«>  >I  of  flio  <^)iimIiiI.  f/!iN>rfi( 
Htil|H>  iiii(>  llili'it  Mil'  liniylil  nl'  llio  liody.  Ilritd  '.\f,  In  l<>fi«Mi;  dofnHi  r4. 
live  )!ii>iil«*i  lliiiH  Hiimil.  h.  iTi}  A.  2'J,  {(hmilf  li'  flfnn.)  C/hMir  Wuf^-if 
lliiiliitr,  l''l(til(lii.     llvidiMilly  <*losi'ly  N'ImIi'iI  I<»  A/,  hrinvni. 

[l:»tminU*  hhilimn  (iooili!  A.  Uiiiiii,  ri-eio.  (;.  H.  Niil.  Mim.  II,  :l'i;i,  l^7l».> 

llHi'ltv  (ittl  liiilitiiloil  iipHt«iiiil(w1. 

II     Moily  iitil  Hlmiiylv  f(it!i|Mi'«Hti<l,  VCfV  Nlcildcf. 

iA4.  M.  |M«rni>i<>flllll«  (  pKt'v)  .l<ird  Ollti. 

Ildilv  «'l(iii(jsiil«>,  miK'li  hIimkIi'Iit  I.Idih  In  H.  hrnwn^,  nuA  mrf.  n<f  mfi<ih 
rMiii|tivMH«'(l.     IIi'imI  iioI  h«mIi'<<|i  mm  In  H,  hnmnij  Wimi  |KiinU'(I,  M»»i  nmmf, 

nihil  mIiim|i,  \<)y{y  iiiIIm*!-  himmII,  I^  In  lM>ii(t,  not.  lon^(^r  Mian  HUO\if. 
Miixllliiiy  (ri'lli  wrlhlov<'lo|MMl>  nuMHJilMiluty  t<'^Mi  vt^ry  nU'in^fr.  Oill- 
iiiliciM  vi>ty  loiij(,  iiH  loiiK  HR  oyis  MiixillMiy  Nliort^r  Ui»fi  in  a.  h,"ni>nif 
not  KMii'liliiu  (|iiito  to  Mm  \mm  of  Mk^  nnindllilft.  Dclly  mliKfiMy  f.<iim- 
luoHW'il,  not  HonnUMl,  HiuiIoh  v«iry  ih^j-iduoiiH.  Vr.nfrHh  stUort,  v>rjr 
Hull.  Ntil.  Mum.  No.  10 18 


if 


'  '•i 


; ! 


;l  «i 


'iikmmmm^?:'m^''m^f^!Xmtt&* 


W- . 


pifc'    ■  f  ■:    1 1 


274    CONTRIDimONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICnTlIYOLOQY — IV. 

slinliMy  ill  front  of  dorsal.     Caiulal  pcdimclo  long  and  .slondor.     Dorsal 

insi'iU'd  scanicly  nearer  eundal  than  .snout.    Silvery  stripe  broad,  half 

wid«r  than  the  e.ve,  bonlered  above  by  a  dusky  streak.      Head  ;j|. 

depth  (».      I).  IL';  A.  LM>.     L.  4  intjhes.    West  Indies;  o(!easional  north. 

>vard.    A  speeinien  in  our  <!oIlee,tion  from  Wood's  I  loll,  Mass.  ' 

( ICnyraulix  jwrfiiHciatiiH  I'ooy,  Mom.  ('iibii,  ii,;U'i:  JinyrauliH purfaHvintuH {iihiihi'T  vii 
391.)         ...      :    ,    .-,  .  '     ' 

aa,  Ho»ly  Htrongly  comprosmMl,  iriinHhiccMjfc  ill  lifii.         ,  '■v>;     .*■    >    ?>  =  '  .,  ' 
490.  S.  «l«>licntisNiiiliiK  ((iimnl)  .l«>i-.  «.V  (iilb. 

Vt^rv  pah^,  olivaceous,  (ranslueeni,  with  some  dark  [)oints,  and  a  sil- 
very  lateral  band  not  as  wide  as  the  eye.  llea<l  short,  nearly  as  di'i'p 
as  lonjjf.  I'iye  large,  mutth  longer  than  the  blunt  snout,  whieh  j)r(ij('(;ts 
considerably  beyond  th^^  lower  Jaw.  (i ill-rakers  numerous,  sIcmkIci' 
nearly  as  long  as  the  eye.  Maxillary  reaching  past  the  root  of  I  he  man- 
dible. Lower  h)be  of  caudal  the  longer.  Anal  rather  lowy;.  Dorsal 
inserte«l  midway  between  caudal  and  front  of  eye.  Head  l\  ;  deplli  i'j. 
]).  i;{;  A.  2;{.  Lat.  1.  40.  L.  3  inches.  San  Diego  JJay  and  southwanl; 
locally  abundant. 

(ICHiiraiilimh'tiratmiiHiiH  ilivavd,  I'roo.  Acad.  Nut.  8ci.  Pliila.  1854,  154,  aud  U.  S.  I'iic, 
It.  It.  Sui'v.  X,  ;W:J:  1'Jinjnutlin  ddicaliHHiiniiH  Glhxlliov,  yi\,\V.)l.) 

4iSi7.  S.  (i*oaii|>r«'s»iiiN  ^(Jirarl)  Jor.  &  Gilb.— "(Sj>m/." 

N'ery  pale,  olivaceous,  translucent;  a  silvery  lateral  band  as  broad  as 
the  eye.  JJody  strongly  compressed,  deeper  than  in  other  species. 
Head  short,  nearly  as  deep  as  long.  Eye  large,  anterior,  nuich  lo.ifjcr 
than  the  blunt  snout,  which  does  not  project  nuich  beyond  the  lower 
jaw.  (i ill-rakers  numerous,  sleuiler,  nearly  as  long  as  the  eye.  Maxil- 
liu'y  reacddng  beyond  the  root  of  the  nnimlible.  Lower  lobe  of  caudal 
the  longi'v.  Anal  fm  very  h)ng.  Dorsal  inserte«l  midway  between  cau- 
dal anil  front  of  eye.  Pectcmd  with  a  basal  sheath.  Head  4A  ;  deplli  ',]'\. 
D.  12;  A.  ;n.  Lat.  1.  40.  L.  0  inches.  Very  similar  to  S.  (lellcatissi- 
vius,  but  larger,  with  a  longer  anal  lln.  Point  Concepcion  to  Mt^xico; 
abundant  southward.  ;   .  * 

{ICiKjrtxiiUs  I'oinprcnnuH  Gininl,  U.  S.  Pao.  R.  R.  Siirv.  Fish.  330:  Enijraulin  t'omprc.wui 
CUnthor,  vii,  31)5.) 

Family  XL.— ALEPIDOSAURIDiE. 

( The  Lancei-JhhcH.) 

Body  elongate,  rather  compressed,  si^delesa.  ITead  compressed,  with 
the  snout  much  imxluced,  and  with  the  cleft  of  the  mouth  very  wide. 
Premaxillary  very  long  and  very  slender,  forming  the  entire  margin  of 
the  upper  jaw,  not  protractile.    Maxillary  thin,  needle-like,  as  long  c 


40.    ALEPIDOSAURIDiE — ALEPIDOSAURUS. 


276 


the  ])roniaxillary,  immovablo.  Tcietli  vcjry  unequal,  iininovablo,  and 
snbjcc/t  to  many  variationH  in  tho  Hanio  sju'cii^H;  a  Hcri«8  of  Hinall  tcetli 
the  cntiro  lenij^tli  of  the  prciniaxillary ;  those,  in  front  HonietiincH  larfjor 
iiud  « iii'vcd.  Palatine  teeth  coinpreHsed,  triiiin^ular,  pointed;  two  or 
three  of  the  anterior  ones  exeee«lin;jfly  lonjf  and  stroiif;,  fiuifj^-Iike;  th<^ 
|)()st('rior  ones  moderate.  Teeth  of  the  lower  .jaw  simihir  to  those!  on  tiie 
piiliiliiies,  one  pair  in  front  and  two  or  thr(Mi  pairs  in  the  middht  l)ein;^ 
iiiiioh  enlarj;ed.  No  teetli  on  the  tonfjne.  Ky(^  larp*.  (lill-openin^fs 
very  wide;  the  j^ill  iiKMahraiuis  not  niiite«l,  free  from  the  istliinns.  (Jill- 
rakers  stilf, shortish,  spiiK*  lilv(\  l{raiiehi<)st<'f,''iils  5-7.  l*s<'U(lol)ran(!llii^^ 
liirfje.  Operenlar  l)on(^s  thin,  meiid)ianiieeous.  Dorsal  (in  v«'ry  lon;jf,  oc- 
(Uip.yinfjf  nearly  tlu^  whole  of  tln',  haitU,  of  more  than  10  rays;  adipose  lin 
present,  moderate;  anal  tin  moderati^;  eanda!  tin  forked.  Air-bladder 
iioiio.  Larfje  fishes  of  tiuMleep  seas,  found  in  the  Atlantic,  and  I*a«;ific. 
One  {j;enus  and  ({'or  S  spe<'ies.  Kvery  j»iirt  of  th<i  AU'jndoHniirnn  is  so 
fni},nle  that  it  is  extremely  didiciilt  to  lu-ociin^  specimens.  Thc!  strtietnre 
of  the  dorsal  tin  is  so  delicate!  tliat  it  must  be  liable  to  injury  eveti  in 
the  water;  tin;  bones  are  vc^ry  feebly  ossill«'d,  and  tlu^  librous  lij;iimeiits 
connectinfi;  the  vertc^bra^  are  very  loose  and  extensible,  so  that  the  body 
iniiy  be  eonsid<M'al)ly  stretcjhed.  "This  loose  aonnection  of  the  sinj;lo 
])iirts  of  the  body  is  found  in  numerous  deep  sea  lisluis,  and  is  men'iy 
tho  conseepienee  of  their  witiulrawal  from  tin".  i)r(!ssure  of  the  water  to 
which  they  are  exi)osed  in  the  (bipths  inhabited  by  them.  \Vhe!i  within 
the  limits  of  their  natural  jiaunts  the  osseous,  nuiseular,  and  fibrous 
liarts  of  the  body  will  have  that  solidity  whic^h  is  n^piired  for  the  rapid 
and  powerful  movements  of  a  ]U'eda1ory  fish.  That  fishes  of  this  jjiuuis 
(Ah'pi(lomuruH)  belong  to  the  nu)st  ferocious  of  the  class  is  prov«'d  by 
their  dentition  and  the  contents  of  their  stomach,  but  it  is  worthy  of 
notice  that  althouj^h  the  nu)uth  is  so  deeply  cleft,  the  lower  Jaw  cannot 
bo  moved  from  the  upper  at  a  greater  angle  than  about  4()o."  {Q'dnther.) 
(liropcHd(v,  f^roiip  Alcpidotiaxrhin  Giintlior,  v,  420-12:1.) 


13§.-ALEPlDOSAlJRIJ$i  Lowe. 
Lancct'JiHlies. 


'  r'  _ 


[.\\f\i\mxwm  Lowe,  Proc.  ZnBt.  Soc.  liond.  18;W,  104:  typo  Alcpimiiriis  fcrox  Lowo.) 

Clianu'ters  of  the  genus  inciluded  above.    Tlu^  nanu^  Plagyodun  Steller 

(Pallas,  Zoogr.  lloss.  Asiat.  iii,  383)  has  been  lately  accepted  by  J)r. 

|(lili)(li(>r  for  this  genus.     A  specimen  of  one  of  the  Pacific  species  was 

obtained  by  Stella'  from  thc  Kurilo  Islands,  and  a  brief  description  of 


t  ^ .  %  1 1 


aid    «0Niitnunn?i8  iu  Kuurn  AMinnn'AN  inmivni.tiuv    IV. 

tf»  \\\\\\\A'  iho  1U0UI*  of  Hrtf»w»nf«<f.  li'h  l»v  l«l»i»  In  iniMUtMj'Hpl,  «'i»m  nil.., 
Wimh  nMOhMl    \\\    iSilliiM,  uIHmmM    iMdoiMj'hHMtl.      Mli'llt<»   \vh»fi'  ImHIih, 
l.i\\^l>«n^«,  \\\\\\  \\\\\^i\\vu\\\  omimI  Htr  niniH*  rMtM/itif»r«  im  it  nitMiiMiiiniiiij 

\l<V««ifi\U»tU>H  \\\\    \\\(*  \\\\\\\v\\\\\\'  S|MM'lnMM>  0«   M|M>»'I»'M,  (tlUl    flMl   It)   |||t>  Mt»((N(< 

\\\  w  [M\\u\H\\\  n«M»\tM.     H  Mt'iMttM  <oHM,  nl  |no!«»>ttl,  Im«m|  In  ii'Inlii  ll(i«  iimihi. 

i4^^»'»f»V'H»M>t»>v.      \.s  HH\lHl\«M    Urrlti  Nt'ltllM    .tun^'iKf^  HlttlMlM  —  M\  H((||||m,) 

*  \  tM\Mn\  hvyt  ^^  \vv  it».   ^  in>ttftf.tiWMi»»,) 

Tho  lv<^{tll\  ol  lht»  \\v'm\  \a  t\\l«'t»  llir  Itflfilt!  or  lln>  lmtl\,itnil  inllifi  Ii.m>< 
\\\\S\\  xww' h\\\\\  \\\  iho   lolttl.     M,\r  tttiMlltiii,  tl  lt<  lintil,  it«  mIiIi»  hm  ||||. 

<tUV<-\»»\>ilnl  HjMU'O.  PotMitl  l\tt  tttm»|t  t*lt»VHll't|j  (UM'IntUlM  l'lHlt|aHl»>t|,  lull 
W\S\  hMh»htt»jii  n»M»Vl\  to  \l»ttl»HlMt  Ht'Ml  m\  oltllM-Mitl,  jM'flOtnl.  Iltlll   M'llliiil 

^t^vt'!Mo«l,  TpjMM nnnlitl  IoIm>  |>hMltt«'i>tl  Into  II  lt»tiM  "li'intMil.  I»  II  ||; 
\  W  IVi  WW  JAt  N.O  10.  yfiifnfhn:)  I»»m>|Mvi(I«>»m  ol  llio  Alhiilli'i 
<i\h^l\  «>^!niu»»«l  oO  tho  >'ohnI  oI  iMiiMMitclntMrllM  l»\  Ilii»  l'tilli«il  HlnlcM 
V'<!*h  Oownw^sMion.  A  M|MM<im«»t»  \\\'  (hl«  tM'  h«»hh«  t»loM««l>  t»>lnliMl  mimm-Iiw 
hi»)*  lv»M\  ^»hMMnv»nv\  hv,  Hotnt  in  MumIui.  - 

V  <V*''>'»>'«»».i'^>'»vv  <,«\\v\Vv  ^^1^m.  j».>»<»l.  wm>.  \.\y\\\\.  l,  'M^\  I1lliillit>t,  v,  Wl  ) 

<Vmvs:»<  \\\\  \\\\\\  [\h\\\\\  :\\  »>nvM,  H\o  UtMl  or  wlilcli  h  tullmf  mIuuI.  iiml 
«u\hMi<M^\  ht»!»  a  ^n>M0it\rt\1  oottmii»Mrtnl  tlilm»,  which  Im  im'imiiiIiiIi>(I  in 
!\>M\<.     \o\u<n<H\os  \\\  \\^m\  us  hn»)a  n«  Iho  ht.'iul.     \.  I.'*;  U.  H.    Mini 

t^Ul  \^w.  A>^rt«t  N\U,  M,  \'\\\\is,  <!*ii^»  \'^i  t^W.^»«»»»»•H»  ^lltYrt«(^  nihil lit'i.  V,  W:l 
tW.'rtfMtx  «>><»><  <^<U,  \Sm\\  A»'rt>l  Nrtt.  H(-l.  IM\ll«.  IWW,  J:»l.  IVinii  Moiilotcv  i  KmmniM 
M  m«tOrttv<\  ^^v<^U\\o»^  o«\\,  whioh  "lUtW**-".  \\^\\\\  i'.  N»»tNi  Ity  tlii' oldoiin  H|M>iriiliiiii, 
fW  «<NHA\  <\\»rtt  t\\rt>v>i«li«i  Alum«>  M  i\w  «'<vnl(>mM>\\l  liOVtun*''! ''"!'>'  Iimic  iilnni'  lln' 
^*\tt\m}i  »>\t^>iv,  \n«»  wuh  rt«  »^Wl^^«t>  >>\>'H\iO(on  tu  Iih  ln««i<,  «  hlili  tliwilltiw  ihiiiiI,v 
tV  tHoM  ot"  rt  o«v\«\  rt*  \\»>\<   (»!«  <<»o  rtowli^tiKt*  i>r  1hi>  nioilon  ln>l(iu   llii<  tll\|iliii|i 

Kanui.v  \i.r    PAicAi.Krinih.K   ^  - 


( rhf'  tSt^'^trfUih.) 


h-  - . 


I^mIn  olon)ijUx\  somowhot  »»t»»n|>iVH.mMl,  l\>t'iiu««l  iion'hiiMlnn  Hiitrni'iiiiii, 
\>N\\M\"sl  w  \t\\  \\\vU>ul  st\»Uvs  or  inodoi  itto  or  vitlJtor  htt'int*  sl^.o.  I  Inul  loii^;, 
Ws«rtll>  ^v.^l>  <MV  th**  suUvH.  Mouth  \im\v  hn'^»\  hovov  jitw  prolci'liiij;. 
l^vmrtxillrtVA  not  |m\itvt\U\  v*m\v  looji  ;uul  j^UmuIov,  t\ninlun:  Ihooiiliiv 
Itt^^ym  ot  «ho  ui>|HM  jjj^NV.     M»»\iUju\v  long  i\\\\\  NloiuhM,  oIohoI\  iuIIumviiI 

*f5iR  «NvH\  A*'"*^.  X«t->  5«i>4.  rhilA.  !5«lft},  l\?H;  |,v|^^  .^If/nsimfM*  rtUii'tU*  Vwy,  ftvm 


I'l'l"'!'  JllW  (M 


41.  l'A^MM1^•l(•l(•4^- «iff»fM  277 

liiilit'  |tH»HtM«tlll)n  V.     'r«w»ll(  MiMiM-  tthtimt,  pn\iiU<(\,\u  mI»»i/J<>  N^f•l^(l|  m» 

|||(>  lll^VM  lillll    pIlllllldCMI    M(l(M«  ttl    (llt>MIMtl   lotVM'    )flW   flltfl    |(Ml((Hn««M  MOrM^ 

lliitiM  vt<i,v  loll);;    mill   rmiu  111(1',  1111(1   iikimI  of   lliCMi  hN\\y  (|(<|if(<MMMrli<(. 

niM'KtlllM    ImiMI'M  lllltl.       l'Hl>ltl|(ilMIIII('llll«<    |tt'CM(<lll.      Olll  iriMlltlMf IM'M  N«>)f 

iiiiili',  I1-i<l<  ri'iiili  IliK  ImMiiimim.  lliiitlclildMJcuiilM  iilfdiil  I.  ii\\\  mkt-tH 
mIiihI.  hIiiuis  Mtiltiiv  lll(i>.  |il>'(>  Imi^(>.  IiiiIm-mI  llii(«  |>r('H(>ri(,  Mm  nciil^M 
,i>4itiilly  i<iiliiiM*'<l.     hiiiMiil  (III  mImiiI  imkI  Mtfiiill,  tM«lilii(l  Mi«  irii(t(ll(>  (if  tfi^ 

Initio,  IH'IUIV  III'  l(llll«'  MVM-   IIm>  VI'IiIimIm,       A(|i|»((M(N  fill   pK-NMll}     IIJl/ll    f)ll 

low,  iiilltM-  liMiiit}  i'IMkIk!  (Ill  hIkiiI,   mimi(iw,  lnrhcd  j    p('«l(»fiilM  iiiilK^f 

slllllll,  pIlH'I'll    llMV,       I'vImiIc  ('(MMMMllM',        Nil  Ulf   l»lll«l(l(l .       I'llONplKrN'rt 

i.i>iil  MpnlN  Hmv  ((I  Miiiii'.  fhlii'M  (if  lli«  (l(*c|i  wiiicrN  (if  Mi^  A(li;riM(^  uwl 
I'lit'lllf,  ii«mi<iiiIiIIm/j  f-iiilif/nnin  In  loidi  mid  defilKioff,  A.  »UtuU)  ^«ijiU« 
mill  IiIhiHI  M  M|M'('I(»M  HM>  IMIW  IdKtWMi 

(.VM(/»»'Ni/tl',  II  iiltji  /'(i(((/(7il<^//»»H(llt((lM<|v  V,  1(«,  -fi/d  )  f' 

mo.   winnin  iM(i»(»>M<(((c, 

ji.        £.;>  :    { I'limlviih  I(Inw».) 

lHitlliif'<i|Hi',  ('MImUmI  til  Alf'iml  Niidvl  Uciioi-I,  cfn.  |M(0<  tt(>;  f,«r^»^  Af«^^//»  liiinlhiii  Unf.  iit 
llti>  M*'tllli<i)rini-MM  I 

(liiMiM'li't'M  (»r  I  lie  liriiiiM  liicliMlcd  u\ut\i\  Two  Ki-riMii  Mf-^  ii*(i<rtfly 
iiMoitMl/iMJ,  dll1Vi'lii|r  III  IIm^  d(>v(>l(i|iiii('iil  (if  lli(W')iiii(i<'M(il'  Mi(>  l(>w(>r  Jow^ 
iMliiinii'lot' witlcli  ii|ipi>iii'M  Id  liiH  (iC  iiiliKii  }iiip()rliific(s  (fiiMh  nu/lh,  n 
hIiiIii*,  nil  iiiK-liMil  iiiiiiMxd'  fulfil j/rtniii.) 

'I.MWi'i  jiuv  Willi  ;l  tt  vfiv  l(MiK  fiiiiK  lll«(<  (r<t<((i  ((((  NU'U  Hide,     (ftii/lh.j        . 

14(0.  «.  iiilM»'M««  •'"•'liiit  <*  <Mllii.||.       ;v 

MimIv  viM'V  hIcimIi'I' iiiid  ("Idii^dlc,  ('(impicHMcd,  Mi(M((>pMi  furtit'tim  fti'drif, 
iiiii>  hUIimmiMi  oC  llii^  IimikIIi  MimkI  ihIIk^i  Mitwidcr,  >ndcri(rrly  fio'intHl 
mill  iiinili'iiilrlv  dl>p^l^H^<'d.  Mould  liii'^c,  liofl/oiil)il,  llM^f;Mp(^  CKf^fKlirii; 
iiiiiro  lliiiii  liiiir  I  ho  li'iijilli  id"  I  lie  ImmmI.  IMiiryiii  (ti'  t)n\  iipftcr  |)iw  fotwH\ 
('iitin'l\  lt,v  llio  viM'.v  Mlciidcr,  iiMirly  hIiiiI((IiI,  (ncfiui'dlldrlcM,  witich  urc 
i'l<)Nit|,V  iippri'MHiHJ  III  Mio  loii|{  iiiid  Hl('iid(*r  titiixillMricH,  Mux'tWurU'A  *^%- 
Ii'IuIIiim:  I'»  Ih'Iow  llio  i\vo,  iMMirl.v  h«  liir  mm  IIk*  m«fidil»iil»r  i«>iut.  Tip  (tf 
ii|i|H>i' jiiw  (Miiiirt^ltiiilr;  lipid'  low(M- jiiw  diHicc  hr(M(l,  hirru^d  rip,  »Fid 
lllliiiK'  In  llii<  iioli'li  id'  llii«  upper  jiiw.  I'rcrniiKilliiricM  nrtual  wifh  f% 
Hi'iii'M  of  Hiiiiill,  fdinrp,  f^iilH^piiil,  cIohc  hcI  f«>,(dli,  which  (iic,  h(K»kcd  hjwk 
i  ^viird;  11  toii^;,  Mloiiilor  ciiiiliM^  In  fidiit.  on  cHch  nldc.     fi/>wer  |;iw  wifh 

|"n  iiltoiil  l(»  hIiih'p,  Hloiidor  lindh  on  <'H('Ii  Hide,  lh<'«<i  U'fih  very  nn<'<pij»l, 
HoiiuMd'  llioni  Mliorl,  lliico  or  four  very  loiij;  iind  r.uuiiu-  Uku.  Sffir  thft 
i'roiil  JH  ono  riuiy:-liUo  lootli  on  oaoli  Hide,  tlicn  n  coriMidcrHblf.  tuU'THinu.e.^ 


11, 


,1   ^ 


•jASjii^^'i 


"It- >««*«««. 


278    coNTitnumoNs  to  noutii  American  ioiitiiyouxjy — iv. 

l)«'Inn(l  \vlii«'h  (ho  otliors  avo  urrnn^od  purtly  in  two  iowh.  Most  of  ilmn,, 
tiMMli,  (vspociiilly  (lio  iniUM'  ntid  liii't^or  oiioh  iiiul  (ho  iinttM-ior  ciitiiiicN,  aro 
fVooly  <h»pn'ssil»I(».  A  long  Hvr\vH  of  tooth  on  t\w  jmUitinoH,  ono  «»r  two 
oC  tho  :ni(tM'i«)r  to(>(h  on  osioh  hUUs  iitul  ono  or  two  othoi'H  h)n>f,  nIcikIci 
and  rung  liki'.  Tonyno  i'nH}  lUitoiiorly,  i'onp;hish,  hnt  iipparontly  wiili. 
out  toolh.  Scalos  vory  liiijifo,  <'y«'h»id.  Dorsal  tin  in.sorto*!  Noiucvvlial 
hohind  tiio  ini(hii<'  of  tho  body,  at.  a  distanoo  of  lUMirly  4  thnoH  its  base 
in  Iron  I  id'  tho  anal,  its  hoigid  a  littlo  nn>idor  than  tho  lonnlh  of  jis 
baso.  I).  11  ;  A.  25.  Anal  lln  aidoriorly  noarly  us  hiyli  as  tliod(»r,saI, 
its  postovior  rays  low.  IVotoral  tins  phuMMl  low,  rathor  short,  about  as 
long-  as  tho  niaxillary.  (\nulal  tin  short,  narrow,  appanMdIv  tbikcd. 
Vontrals  (lost  in  tho  typo)  probably  in  tVont of  Mio  «h)rsal.  <'ol(>rii(ioii 
light  olivo,  tho  sidos  silvery,  with  dark  ])nnotnlations.  PoriloiuMim 
«ilvory,  nndorlai<l  by  bhu'k  pi};niont.  Saida,  Ilarbara('hannol,('alil'oniia. 
(.)  iilan  &  tJllltorl,  I'nx'.  tl.  S.  Nut.  Mils.  IHeO,  «7:J.) 

•*I.owor  jaw  without  fUiig-lUvt^  toolh.    v''*i»"«i/»';*is  KiHsd.") 

fi.  Vontral  (lu8  iii8«rt«Hl  bchiml  tho  doi-Hid.    (/trctOfl-fniM  0111.) 

461.  S.  boivnils  (UVInhnrdt)  Jtmlau  tV  OiH»«>rt. 

OlivaoooMs.  vSnont  as  long  an  rest  of  hoad  ;  niaiidibh^  Ini'lndcd,  lis 
uptnrnod  tip  lltting  into  an  oniargination  of  npjxM'.iaw.  Toi^th  as  in  ,s'. 
C()»'»<Arf?».v,  but  oonsidorably  strongor.  Pootoral  and  vontral  tins  small. 
tl»o  lattor  in.sortod  bohind  tho  dor.".al.  ll'nd  1|\;  dopth  I'J.  II.  7;  I).  8; 
A.  IV2\  \\  It;  V. !».    Ciroonland  to  (Jnlf  of  Saint  Lawronco. 

{1\ivah'})is  horaiUit  h'oiiiliiUiK,  Xattirv.  Malhoin.  Al'iiainll.  vii,  1t.^:  t'ornfrph hoyeiiUn 
Gilnthor,  v.  418:  Arctozeitun  bomilis  iiiW,  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Hoi.  I'hilu.  IHIH,  18f<.) 

•iO*i.  Si.  roriiMM«ii<«  .Tor.  &  Gilh. 

Dusky  olivaoootis;   sidos  of  hoad   silvory;   l>aso.s  of  flns  gononilly 

blaok ;   rami  of  ntandiblo  oaoh  with  a  doiddo  sorios  of  nunnti;  pliofs- 

phoivsoont  spots.     Hody  vory  olongato,  of  noarly  uniform  doptli,  (lie 

oaudal    i>odunolo  vory  slond<M*;    abdomou  compro.S8od.      Head    Ion;;; 

snout  sharp,  half  long'Ii  of  hoad.    Eyo  largo,  high,    .laws  o«pial ;  max- 

illary  reaching  vertical  from  nostril;   tip  of  Iowhh*  jaw  ilfling  into  an 

omargi nation  of  i>romaxillarios.    None  of  tho  tooth  fang-liko;  preinax- 

illaries  laterally  rvith  minute  teeth;  4  or  5  longer  teeth  in  front;  vomer 

with  luinuto  teeth;  anterior  palatiuo  teeth  long,  tho  poat'iior  short; 

t<ioth  of  lower  Jaw  slond.'r,  distant,  unequal.    Scales  dociduotts,  those 

of  lator.U  lino  enlarged.     Fins  all  very  small ;  ventrals  eutirely  behiuil 

•Risso,  Etir.  Mi5rid.  iii,  47v»,  1886:  type  Coregontu  j>arale}>i»  lUsiiO.  {napu,  iioari 
^ciriV,  scales.) 


49.    8C01'15LIDi15 — SYNODUS. 


279 


0' 


(lorHiil,  tIn'li'«1int»itico  from  front  of  oil  vjf,  twl(ni  Unit,  from  tmHoof  cinulal; 
(liHtmico  of  front  of  dorsal  to  lt:iH(>  of  oinilnl  Inilf  ilH  <liHtan<;o  from  tip 
of  Ntiont;  (Manila)  widt^ly  forked.  Mead  t;  depth  l.'(.  I).  H;  A.  .'U;  P. 
11;  V.  U.  bat.  1.  (K).  I'njfct  Hound,  warcjily  dillerin^  from  Mio  pro- 
cediiijX.  Hio  teeth  a  Jit.fhi  weaker. 
(I'anikpiH  iornnntiiH  .lor.  *.  (lilb.  I'loc.  II.  H.  Nut.  Miih.  IHHO,  ill.)  \ 


"I 

I 


Familv  XlAl—tiCOVl'AAUM.      : 

(77/r!  NntpcliilH.) 

Iloily  oldong  or  (>lon^at(>,  (^ompieHscd  or  not,  naked  or  covered  with 
HCiilcM,  whieh  are  nsnally  cycloid.  Month  veiy  wid(^,  the  (Mitire  inar((iu 
of  tlu^  upper  Jaw  fornu'd  tty  IIm^  loii^  ami  HJender  premaxillaricH,  ehmely 
lullierent  to  whi(;li  are  tJie  NlemU^'  luaxillarieH,  tlici  latter  Hometime.s  rndi- 
iiKMiliil  or  o1)8ol<^te.  Teeth  variouH,  moHtly  <;ardiform  on  both  jawH, 
toiijiue,  and  palatines;  canines  often  pn'Menl ;  lar^e  teeth  UHually  de- 
])n>SHihle.  NoharbelH.  Opercular  honcH  UHnally  thin,oft<M:  incomplete. 
(jlill-iiiembraneH  Keparale,  free  from  the  iHlhinuM.  ISranc/hioHte^alH  imit- 
ally  numeiouH.  I'Hetuiobrancliiai  preHcnt.  (iill-rakerH  variouH.  Lat^u'al 
line  iiHually  pr(!M«!nt.  (Jlnu'kH  and  «>pcrcl«'K  <*<»mnioidy  Hcaly.  Adipose 
tin  present  in  most  of  the  genera.  Dtusal  iln  mIkuI,  median  or  ratJier 
imleriof,  of  soft  rays  oidy.  i'ectoials  uml  ventrals  present.  A?nil  llu 
moderate  or  loiij?.  Oandal  forked.  Hkelelon  weakly  ossilhid.  Air- 
liliidder  small  or  wanting.  Iidestinal  canal  short.  Hides  sometim<>.N 
with  piiosphores<HMit  spots.  Hggs  imdosed  in  th(»  siicsof  tlui  ovary  and 
(xtnided  through  an  oviducst.  G<'nera  10,  species  about  /5(),  mostly  iu- 
liiibitiug  deep  water  in  warm  n^gions.  •  :  ii^ 

{Sroiiclidw  gmup  iSaarina  (iiliillitT,  v,  :j;KJ-<1I7.)  ' 

•Itnily  witlumt.  pli  mj)lKmwc(>iit>  h])oIh.     (SjiHodniitinw.)  '  ' 

(I.   iVrlli  not  (xirbrd;  iiiiixillary  not.  (Iilut<><l.  boiiinil;  teoth  on  tlio  jialato  in  a  HJnglo 

liniid  on  fiicli  hUIo Rynoous,  130. 

**U(Hly  Willi  piiKHplion'Mctuit  HpotH.     [SroiwUiifi\) 

b.  Uody  conipi'OHHiid,  covered  with  larp;e,  Htnootli  wuiIoh Myctohiu.M,  131. 


ictsr--  ■• 


180.— SVNODUm  Hloch  A  Sohnoidor. 

Jjkard-JiHhcH. 

(SanruH  Cuvicr,  1H17.) 
(OronoviuH;  Bloch  &,  Scluieid.  Ichtli.  IHOI,  liOCi:  typn  Khox  niiuodnn  L.) 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  nearly  terete.    Hc.ad  depressed,  the  snoat 
triangular,  rather  pointed.    Intcrorbital  region  transversely  concave. 


t  i 


280     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

Mouth  very  wide;  premaxilljiry  not  protractile,  very  long  and  strong 
more  tlian  half  the  length  of  the  head;  maxillary  closely  connected 
with  it,  very  small  or  obsolete.  Premaxillary  with  one  or  two  series  of 
large,  compressed,  knife-shaped  teeth,  the  inner  and  larger  depressible. 
Palatine  teeth  similar,  smaller,  in  a  single  broad  band.  Lower  jaw  with 
a  band  of  rather  large  teeth,  the  inner  and  larger  teeth  dei)ressihle ;  a 
patch  of  strong,  depressible  teeth  on  the  tongue  in  front,  and  a  loner 
row  along  the  hyoid  bono.  Jaws  nearly  equal.  Eye  rather  largo 
anterior.  Supraorbital  forming  a  projection  above  the  eye.  Pseudo. 
branchijB  well  developed.  Gill-rakers  very  small,  spine-like.  Gill- 
membranes  slightly  conuecteil.  Top  of  head  naked.  Cheeks  and  oper- 
cles  scaled  like  the  body.  Body  covered  with  rather  small,  .adherent, 
cycloid  scales.  Lateral  line  present.  No  phosphorescent  spots.  Dor- 
sal  fin  short,  rather  anterior.  Pectorals  moderate,  inserted  high.  Ven- 
trals  anterior,  not  far  behind  jiectorals,  large,  the  inner  rays  longer  than 
the  outer.  Anal  short.  Caudal  narrow,  forked.  Branchiostegals  12-lG. 
Stomach  with  a  long,  blind  sac  and  many  pyloric  cceca.  Skeleton  rather 
firm.  Species  numerous.  Voracious  fishes  of  moderate  size,  inhabiting 
sandy  bottoms  at  no  great  depth.  In  most  warm  seas.  {ffU'^6<h)or,  ancient 
name  of  some  fish,  from  au.^udov<;j  teeth  meeting,  not  shutting  i)ast  ea<jli 
other  like  scissors.) 

*  Snout  rathor  poiutod,  lonijor  than  eye;  upper  jaw  the  louger.    (Synodua.) 

4^^,  S,fCBtcns{h.)G\U.— Sand  Pike;  LizarUfmh. 

Olivaceous;  yellowish  below;  back  mottled;  upper  surface  of  head 
brownish,  distinctly  vermiculated  with  yellowish;  ventral  fins,  lower 
side  of  head,  and  inside  of  mouth  tinged  with  yellow.  Eye  moderate, 
5^  in  head.  Scales  less  regularly  a:  ranged  and  the  rows  less  obliciiie 
than  in  8.  lucioceps;  those  on  the  opercle  in  about  5  rows,  on  the  cheeks 
in  7;  25-30  scales  along  back  before  dorsal,  4  in  a  vertical  row  between 
adipose  fin  and  lateral  line,  5  in  au  oblique  row.  Pectoral  fin  short, 
not  reaching  ventrals,  its  length  three-fourths  that  of  the  premaxillary. 
Ventral  large,  its  length  from  outer  edge  of  base  greater  than  from  tip 
of  snout  to  upper  edge  of  gill-opening.  Interorbital  space  considerably 
concave,  with  radiating  ridges.  Head  4^.  B.  12;  D.  11;  A.  11;  V.  8; 
scales  7-04-8  (the  vertical  rows  counted  obliquely).  L.  12  inches.  Cape 
Cod  to  South  America;  common  southward.    Not  valued  as  food. 

{Sahno  fccicns  L.  Syst.  Nat.:  Saurus  fwtens  Giluther,  v,  396:  Saurua  fcetena  Ilolbrook, 
Ichth.  S.  Car.  187.) 


42.   SCOPELID^ — MYCTOPHUM. 


281 


461.  S.  lucioceps  (AyrcH)  Gill. 

Olive-brown  above,  grayish  below,  with  some  golden  luatre  on  sirtos; 
back  witli  slaty  reticulations;  head  not  vermicnlated  above;  lower  si<lo 
of  head  and  ventral  lins  yellow.  Eye  5  in  head.  Scales  arranged  in 
regular,  very  oblique  rows;  those  on  the  opercles  in  about  8,  on  the 
cheeks  in  about  9  rows;  40-50  scales  along  the  back  before  the  dor- 
sal, 0  in  a  vertical  row  between  adipose  flu  and  lateral  line,  and  10  in 
an  oblique  row.  Pectoral  fln  longer,  reaching  base  of  ventrals,  its 
length  about  equal  to  that  of  the  premaxillary.  Ventral  fln  not  so  long 
as  the  space  between  snout  and  upper  edge  of  gill-opening.  Interor- 
bital  space  little  concave,  nearly  smooth.^  Head  4 ;  depth  8J.  I>.  11; 
A.  12;  B.  14;  scales  13-G6-1C  (the  vertical  series  counted  obliquely). 
L,  12  inches.    San  Francisco  to  Mexico;  rather  common  in  summer. 

(Saurua  luciocejpa  Ayrea,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1855, 66:  Saurua  lucioccpa  GiiutLer, 

•*Boily  rather  stout;  snout  short,  obtuse,  shorter  thau  eye;  lower  jaw  the  longer. 
;;,J^         {Trachinocephalua  GiW.*)        .    :%  .       ,  .  , 

465.  S.  Hiyops  (Forster)  Jor.  «fc  Gilb.  "v  . 

Grayish,  mottled  or  barred;  scapula  black.  Body  moderately  elon- 
gate, tapering  backwards.  Mouth  very  large,  maxillary  more  than  half 
length  of  head;  snout  shorter  than  eye ;  lower  jaw  somewhat  projecting; 
top  of  head  corrugated;  interorbital  space  concave.  Anal  fin  compara- 
tively long.  Ventral  fins  very  long,  reaching  about  to  the  vent.  Head 
3§  in  length;  depth  about  5.  D.  11;  A.  14;  scales  4-58-7.  Tropical 
seas;  not  common  on  our  South  Atlantic  coast. 

{Salmo  myoj)a  Forster,  MSS.  Bloch  &  Schneider,  421:  Saurua  myopa  Giinther,  v,  398.) 

i,h  131.— MYCTOPHU]?!  Rafinesque.  .^    "^ 

'•  (Scopelua  Cxwier,  1817.)  ,        '  ;  V', 

(Ralinesquo,  Indice  d'lttiologia  Siciliana,  1810:  type  Mijctoiyhum  punctaUtm  Raf.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  large  cycloid  scales,  those  of 
the  lateral  line  sometimes  enlarged.  A  series  of  round  luminous  spots 
along  the  lower  side  of  the  head  and  body.  Head  compressed.  Mouth 
large,  the  jaws  usually  about  equal;  premaxillary  very  long,  slender; 
maxillary  well  developed.  Teeth  in  villiform  bands  on  jaw^s,  palatines, 
pterygoids,  and  tongue.  Eye  large.  Gill-rakers  very  long  and  slender. 
Branchiostegals  8-10.    Pseudobranchije  large.   Air-bl§dder  small.    Py- 


*G11],  Cat.  Fish.  East  Coast  N.  Amor.  1861,  53,  no  description:  type  Salmo  myopa 
Forster.    {tijoxivoi,  Truchinus;  neipaXr},  head.) 


ii 


;k 


■  't. 


.^m 


i'A- 


m 


-r^ 


*SfJ 


; *»?»».■  •s'ij'**'  ^■■^i^&.M^' 


282      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NOKTII    AMEIIICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

loric  ccKca  few.  Dorsal  flu  near  tli«  middle  of  the  body;  vontrals 
uaujiUy  below  it,  with  8  rays;  pectorals  well  developed:  udiposi;  lin 
Hinall;  anal  usually  long.  Small  flsbes  of  the  opeu  seas  in  most  re- 
gions; si)ecies  numerous.  Several  un<le8cribed  species  have  been  lately 
taken  off  our  Atlantic  coast  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  (vu^,  night' 
f  (/?,  light ;   hence  amended  by  Cocco  to  Nyctophus.) 

466.  IW.  crcilUlure  .Ionian  &  Gilbert.  •        '      ^-v    i'*^  '  / 

Body  much  compressed,  deepest  in  front  of  the  base  of  the  pectorals, 
biuntly  convex  anteriorly,  tapering  behind.  Ventral  region  nnich  more 
arched  than  dorsal.  Caudal  peduncle  long  aiul  very  slender.  Head 
short  and  high,  abruptly  rounded  in  profile,  the  snout  very  blunt. 
Jaws  eciual,  the  snout  not  projecting  beyond  the  mouth.  Maxillary 
very  slender,  scarcely  widened  to  its  tip,  and  not  dilated,  its  extremity 
reaching  beyond  the  eye  to  the  nuirgin  of  the  preopercle.  i^reuiaxilhi- 
ries  anteriorly  on  a  level  of  the  jiupil.  Teeth  very  small,  i)resent  on 
all  the  dentigerous  bones.  Hami  of  the  mandible  nearly  parallel,  (join- 
ing together  in  a  sharp  keel  below.  Orbital  margin  above  and  in  front 
with  a  thin  membranaceous  rim,  that  in  front  distin*t  and  formed  by 
the  upturned  edge  of  the  preorbital.  No  orbital  spine.  Nasal  bones 
membranaceous,  their  edges  upturned,  forming  a  horizontal  groove. 
A  groove  between  the  frontal  bones.  Orbital  margins  separated  by 
a  groove  from  the  preopercle.  Margin  of  preopercle  very  obIi<iue. 
All  the  membrane  bones  extremely  thin,  papery.  Eye  large,  3^  in 
head.  Gill-rakers  long  and  slender.  Head  3^  in  length  to  base  of 
caudal ;  depth  4J.  Ilead  and  body  completely  covered  with  thin  mem 
branaceous  scales,  those  on  the  middle  of  the  sides  not  elevated  and 
not  noticeably  larger  than  the  others.  Free  edges  of  all  the  scales 
crenulate,  some  of  them,  especially  on  the  back,  with  the  crenations 
acute,  but  Avithout  spines,  the  scales  being  truly  cycloid.  About  4.') 
scales  in  a  longitudinal  series.  A  phosphorescent  spot  on  each  man- 
dible near  the  symphysis,  o3  pairs  of  spots  along  the  belly,  0  in  front 
of  ventrals,  6  between  ventrals  and  origin  of  anal,  and  21  between 
front  of  anal  and  base  of  caudal.  Caudal  peduncle  above  and  below 
with  two  or  three  backward-directed  spines,  which  are  apparently  the 
exserted  tips  of  vertebral  processes.  D.  12;  A.  10;  the  fins  rather 
low.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearer  the  snout  than  the  base  of  caudal,  nuicli 
behind  the  base  of  the  v<  ntrals.  Ventrals  short,  not  reaching  half  way 
to  vent.  Pectorals  reaching  base  of  ventrals.  Color  very  dark  Ksteel- 
blue  above,  silvery  on  sides  and  below,  with  dark  metallic  lustre;  tho 


43     STERXOPTYCHIDiE MAUROLICUS. 


288 


usual  pliosphorescent  apots  present,  as  above  described;  no  evident 
cR'aui-colonMl  blotch  on  the  buck  of  tail.  L.  2^  inches.  Santa  Barbara 
OliiUincl,  Ciiliforiiia.  •  ■ 

(Jiuduii  at  Ciilbnrt,  Fioc.  U.  5.  Nut.  Muo.  1880, 274.) 

407.  I»I.  glaclaSe  (Rt-inh.)  J.  &  G.  .       '  '  -■         -,  -f  ^  ;*      '■    ;r  ' 

Siiont  very  short  and  obtuse,  with  the  upper  profile  descending  in  a 

very  strong  curve ;   cleft  of  mouth  oblicpie ;  maxillary  reaching  to  the 

iinjilc  of  the  i)ra'operculuin,  and  terminating  in  a  triangular  dilatation. 

Scales  smooth,  those  of  the  lateral  line  enlarged.    Eye  very  large,  more 

than  one-third  the  length  of  head,  which  is  nearly  as  deep  as  long. 

Depth  4,  nearly  ecpial  to  length  of  head.     D.  IS;  A.  17;  V.  8.    Lat.  1. 

30.    Coasts  of  Scandinavia  and  Greenland.     {G'dnther.) 

{Scopelm  glitcialis  Kciiiliiinlt,  Dausk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  1838,  vii,  US,  126:  Scopelua 
glucialin  GUuther,  v,  407.) 

^^.  r  Family  XLIII.— STERNOPTYCHIDiE.    : 

V    '  tr        {The  Sternoptychids.)     ,^.4.     ^v        . 

Body  oblong  or  ovate,  naked.  Mouth  very  wide,  its  cleft  oblique  or 
vertical.  Margins  of  upper  jaw  formed  laterally  by  the  maxillaries,  the 
edfics  of  which  are  toothed.  Teeth  pointed,  mostly  small.  Opercular 
apparatus  incomplete.  Gill-openings  very  Avide,  the  membranes  not 
connected,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Pseudobranchiic  present.  Gill-rakers 
long  or  short.  Lower  part  of  body  and  head  with  series  of  phosphores- 
cent si)ots.  Adipose  fin  present,  often  small.  Dorsal  fin  moderate, 
usually  median,  sometimes  preceded  by  a  rudimentary  spinous  dorsal. 
Eggs  extruded  through  oviducts.  Skeleton  imperfectly  ossified.  Small 
tisbes  of  the  deep  seas.    Genera  4;  species  about  12. 

{aternoptijchidw  groiipa  Sternoptychina  uiid  Cocciina  Giiuther,  v,  364-391.) 

*No  scales ;  no  I'udinientary  Hpiiions  dorsal;  pseudobrancliiai  present.     {Coidinw.) 
t  Lower  jaw  prominent Mauuolicus,  132. 

133.— ]IIAIJROLICVS  Coeco. 

Argentines.       .         .;       ;     J 

(Cocco,  Lettcre  sni  Salnioui,  3"2:  type  Maurolicus  amcthijaHnoputictatus  Cocco.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  naked,  covered  with  silvery  pigment; 
series  of  phosphorescent  spots  along  the  lower  side  of  the  head,  body, 
and  tail.  Head  compresse*!,  the  bones  thin,  but  ossified.  Cleft  of  mouth 
wide,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  prominent.  Maxillary  large,  broad,  much 
produced  backwards,  receiving  the  slender  premaxillary  in  the  upper 


■•^i:-  M^ 


!.;;! 


V   .fj 


r-.  i'[ 


■:m 


I . 


^^i:A^*fej*i«5«v¥ii«gt! 


lis*:-'- -I 


.I.-Ji-I: 


si":-ii!i.i;«i^ 


284      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

concave  part  of  its  margin.  Both  jaws  with  minute  teeth.  Gill-rakers 
very  long.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  developed.  Dorsal  well  back,  but 
before  anal.  Adipose  fin  rudimentary.  Anal  fin  long.  Branchiostegals 
8  or  9.  Size  small.  Species  about  4.  (Dedicated  to  Maurolico,  au 
Italian  naturalist.)      .       j>    ,    ;  j     ,  •   ^     ^  ^  ;u;i.(  >  >»^  v     - 

"Phosphorescent  organs  ai)pearing  as  imiiresaions  on  the  skin.        "       - . 

46§.  ni*  borcaEis(Nil8s.)0iinther. 

Dark  greenish,  sides  silvery.  Body  compressed.  Mouth  wide,  the 
lower  jaw  much  i)rojecting.  Teeth  small.  Eye  large,  3  in  head.  Five 
luminous  spots  on  the  throat,  12  between  pectorals  and  ventrals,  above 
these  a  row  of  8,  5  between  ventrals  and  anal,  vent  to  tail  24.  Dorsal 
nearer  tail  than  snout.  Adipose  flu  very  small.  Ventrals  below  dorsal. 
Caudal  forked.  Head  3^;  depth  3 J.  D.  10;  A.  15.  L.  2^  inches. 
{Storer.)    North  Atlantic;  rare  off  our  coasts. 

(ScojhIus  borealia  Nilsson,  Obscrv.  Zool.  9;  Giinther,  v,  369:  Scopelua  humhoHH  DeKay, 
N.  Y.  Fauna,  Fish.  246:  Scoj)elu8  hiimboldti  Storer,  Hist.  Fish.  Mass.  328  (not  otCuvior). 

Family  XLIV.— CIIAULIODONTJD^E. 

{The  Chauliodonts.) 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  cciripressed,  covered  with  rather  large,  thin, 
deciduous  scales.  Lateral  line  present.  No  barbels.  Series  of  f)hos- 
phorescent  spots  running  along  the  lower  side  of  the  head,  body,  and 
tail.  Head  much  compressed,  tho  bones  thin,  but  ossified.  Mouth  with 
the  cleft  extremely  wide,  its  margins  formed  by  maxillaries  and  pre- 
maxillaries,  both  of  which  are  provided  with  teeth.  Teeth  unequal, 
some  of  them  long  and  pointed,  fang-like.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  well 
develoi)ed.  Adipose  fin  present.  Caudal  forked.  Gill-openings  very 
wide.  No  pseudobrauchije.  No  air-bladder.  Deep  watervS  of  the  At- 
lantic. Genera  2,  Oonostoma  and  Chaulodm^  differing  widely  in  the 
position  of  the  dorsal,  the  size  of  the  anal,  and  the  development  of  the 
gill  rakers  ;  2  species  are  known. 

{Ster nopt ychida;  gxow^  Chauliodoiitiiia  Giinthor,  v,  Ist'l,  392.) 

•Dorsal  in  front  of  ventrals;  no  gill-rakers;  anal  with  less  than  20  rays. 

CuAUiJOUUS,  133. 
133.— C1IAIIL.IODUS  Bloch  &,  Schneider. 

Vipcr-Jishes.     .  : 

(Bloch  &  Schneid  r  Syst.  Ichth.  180?,  430:  type  ChauJiodus  aloani  Bloch&Schiu'iaor,) 
Body  elongate,  compresseil,  covered  with  very  thin  deciduous  scales 
of  moderate  size.     Head  short,  much  compressed  and  elevated,  the 


4£.    STOMIATIDiE. 


285 


lower  jaw  projecting,  the  snout  much  shorter  than  eye.  Mouth  ex- 
tremely wide,  the  cleft  reaching  mu(5h  beyond  eye.  Premaxillaries 
with  four  long  fang-like  canines  on  each  side.  Mandible  with  pointed, 
wide-set  teeth,  the  anterior  ones  excessively  long ;  none  of  these  large 
teeth  received  within  the  mouth.  Maxillaries  with  fine  teeth;  palatine 
with  a  single  series  of  small  pointed  teeth;  no  teeth  on  the  tongue. 
Eye  moderate.  Pectorals  moderate.  Ventrals  large.  Dorsal  fin  high, 
placed  anteriorly,  well  in  front  of  the  ventrals.  Adipose  flu  moderate, 
sometimes  fimbriate,  opposite  the  low,  short  anal.  Caudal  moderate, 
forked..  Gill-openings  very  wide.  No  gill-rakers.  Branchiostegals 
numerous,    {yaoho:,  exserted;  ddoh-y  tooth.) 

409.  C  Sloani  Bloch  &  Schneider. 

Greeni.sh  above;  sides  silvery;  belly  blackish.  Dorsal  not  far  behind 
head,  its  first  ray  produced  in  a  long  filament.  Pectoral  fins  short. 
Ventral  fins  elongate,  longer  than  head.  About  30  phosphorescent  dots 
in  a  series  from  the  chin  to  the  ventrals.  Scales  of  the  body  subhexag- 
onal.  Head  nearly  as  deep  as  long,  7  in  total  length ;  depth  about  the 
same.  B.  17;  D.G;  A.  12;  V.  7;  Lat.  1.  56.  L.  12  inches.  {Oiinther.) 
Mediterranean  and  deep  waters  of  the  Atlantic ;  a  specimen  found  in 
the  stomach  of  a  (!od  on  George's  Banks. 

(Bloch  &  Schneuler,  4^0;  Giiiither,  v,  392.) 

Family  XLV.— STOMIATIDiE. 

{The  Stomiotoids.)  • 

Body  elongate,  naked  or  covered  with  thin  deciduous  scales.  Mouth 
very  wide.  Lateral  margin  of  upper  jaw  formed  by  the  maxillaries, 
which  are  provided  with  teeth  along  their  edges.  Teeth  usually  very 
strong,  unequal,  some  of  them  often  fang-like.  Gill-membranes  not 
joined,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  numerous.  A  long 
fleshy  barbel  suspended  from  the  throat.  No  pseudobranchiie.  Sides 
with  phosphorescent  spots.  Dorsal  flu  short,  median  or  posterior,  with- 
out spines.  Adipose  fin  present  or  absent.  Pectorals  and  ventrals 
present.  Opercular  apparatus  incomplete.  Skeleton  feebly  ossified. 
Efiffjs  excluded  through  oviducts.  Deep-sea  fishes  of  the  Att  tntic. 
Genera  4;  species  8  or  10. 

(.S/omia/id«;GUnther,  V,  424.)  .,  ^    .,  ,,   ...,,, 

*No  lulipoMe  fin  ;  «h>r8ftl  opposite  anal.     (Slomladnm.) 

0.  Body  with  (ino  deciduous  scales Stomias,  134. 

oa.  Body  naked.       -  h^^--^  *-    -"-- 


if* 


U  '* 


\    . 


<    I 


I  . 


1-4-41- 
'  'I''"  f 


M 


I  fi 


28G      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH  AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

6.  Vomer  and  palatines  with  teeth Echiostoma,  I3r). 

bb.  Vomer  and  palatines  toothless Malacosteus,  lao. 

**  Adipose  fin  present;  dorsal  in  front  of  anal;  body  naked.     (AHtroncstliina'.) 

.  ASTJtONESTlIES,   137. 

134.— STOmiAS  Cuvier. 

.  •  ■  -  ?- 

(Cuvier,  Regno  Anim.  ii,  ldl7:  tyjio  Esox  boa  Risso,  from  the  Mediterranean.) 

Body  elougatc,  compressed,  covered  with  exceedingly  fiue  aud  decid- 
uous scales,  which  are  scarcely  imbricated,  lyiug  iu  subhexagouul  de- 
pressions in  the  skin.  Head  compressed,  the  snout  very  short  and  tlie 
cleft  of  the  mouth  extremely  large.  Mouth  obli(iue,  the  lower  jaw  pro- 
jecting. Teeth  pointed,  unequal,  those  of  the  premaxillaries  and  inaiull- 
ble  very  large ;  maxillary  with  line  teeth  ;  vomer  with  a  pair  of  fanys ; 
palatines  and  tongue  with  smaller  pointed  teeth.  Eye  moderate.  Oper- 
cular portion  of  the  head  short ;  a  large  fleshy  barbel  suspended  from 
the  hyoid  region.  Vent  far  back.  Dorsal  comparatively  long,  far  back, 
opposite  the  anal.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  rather  small  and  short,  the 
latter  far  back.  Caudal  fin  moderate.  Lower  side  of  head,  body,  and 
tail  with  series  of  phosphorescent  dots.  Gill-openings  very  wide.  Xo 
pyloric  cojca.  Singular  fishes  of  the  deep  waters  of  the  Atlantic. 
((Trw/ija?,  "  mouthy,"  from  azu/uiy  mouth.) 

*  Hyoid  barbel  not  fringed. 

410.  S.  ferox  Reiuhardt. 

Black.  Xeither  pectorals  nor  ventrals  produced.  Caudal  rounded. 
Depth  about  12  in  total  length;  head  10.  D.  17;  A.  21;  P.  0;  V.  G. 
{Giinther.)    Greenland,  south  to  Cape  Cod,  in  deep  water. 

(Roinhardt,  Vidensk.  Solsk.  Natnrv.  etc.  x,  ji.  Ixxvii ;  Giinther,  v,  426.) 

133.— ECkilOSTOHIA  Lowe. 

(Lowe,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  1843,  87:  typo  Echiostoma  barbatam  Lowo.) 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  scaleless.  Head  rather  compressed,  tlio 
snout  .^hort  and  the  cleft  of  the  mouth  very  wide.  Teeth  pointed,  un- 
equal, those  of  the  premaxillary  and  the  front  of  the  lower  jaw  being 
longest;  maxillary  teeth  in  a  single  series,  those  of  the  lower  two-thirds 
being  small ;  teeth  of  the  hinder  part  of  the  mandible  in  a  double  or 
triple  series;  vomer  with  a  pair  of  fiings;  palatines  with  a  single  series 
of  small  pointed  teeth;  two  groups  of  similar  teeth  on  the  tongue.  Eye 
of  moderate  size.  Oi)ercular  portion  of  the  head  very  narrow  and  ilex- 
ible;  a  fleshy  barbel  on  the  centre  of  the  hyoid  region.  Dorsal  <ln  far 
back,  opposite  anal.  Caudal  forked.  Vent  not  far  in  advance  of  can<lal 
fin.    Pectorals  and  ventrals  feeble,  the  latter  behind  the  middle  of  the 


(«(Tr/j(i 


44.    STOMIATID^ — ASTRONESTHES. 


287 


body.  Series  of  phosphorescent  dots  aloDg  the  lower  side  of  the  head, 
body,  and  tail.  Gill-openings  verj*  wide.  Gill-rakera  minute.  Nopseudo- 
branchife.    No  air-bladder.    Atlantic,    (ej/ct,  a  viper;  ffrw/^a,  mouth.) 

471.  E.  bartoatum  Lowe.    *  .:  ^  > 

Black,  with  an  elongate,  club  shaped  (phosphorescent)  rose  colored 
spot  between  the  maxillary  and  the  eye.  Barbel  as  long  as  head  (in 
si)ecimens  seen),  fringed  at  its  tip.  "Upper  ray  of  pectoral  produced  in 
a  long  aiid  slender  filament  reaching  nearly  to  the  root  of  the  venfrals" 
(wanting  in  specimens  examined).  Ventrals  narrow,  elongate.  Ilead  0 
ill  length ;  depth  9.  B.  12;  D.  12-15 ;  A.  17;  P.  3-5;  V.  8.  L.  9  inches. 
Deep  waters  of  the  Atlantic;  lately  taken  off  Gloucester,  Mass. 

(Lowe,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  1843, 88;  Giintber,  v.  427 ;  Goodc  &  Bean,  Bull.  Essex. 
lust.  187t),  23.) 

136.— IWAl-ACOSTEUS  Ayrea.  -    i:^-^;; 

(Ayres,  Journ.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1849,  53:  typo  Malacosteus  niger  Ayros.) 

Body  ehmgate,  compressed,  scaleless.  Head  rather  compressed,  the 
snout  very  short,  tlie  cleft  of  the  mouth  very  wide,  extending  to  behind 
the  root  of  the  pectorals.  Teeth  i)ointed,  unequal,  in  single  series  on 
both  jaws  and  tongue;  nou"  on  the  palate.  Opercula  membranaceous. 
Dorsal  far  back,  opposite  anal.  Pectorals  rudimentary.  Ventrals 
rather  posterior.    One  species  known.    (/zaAa/wc,  soft;  cJatcov,  bone.) 

4'y2.  ]!I.  nigcr  Ayres. 

Black,  with  a  white  loral  spot.  Snout  very  short,  convex.  Lower 
jaw  with  very  long  canines.  Barbel  long  and  slender.  Pectoral  rays 
coalescing  into  a  thin,  long  filament.  Ventrals  filamentous,  ^'ead  3^ 
with  caudal;  depth  G.  1).  19;  A.  20;  P.  5;  V.  G.  Korth  Atlantic;  a 
suigle  specimen  known,    (yl   »'c«.) 

(AjTes,  1.  c. ;  (iuuthor,  vi,  497.) 

13Y.-ASTRONE8TI1ES  Richarason. 

(Ridiardson,  Iclitb.  V    •.  Sulpb.  97,  18t5:  type  Asironesthea  nigra  Rich.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  conii)ressed,  scaleless.  Head  compressed,  the 
snout  short,  the  mouth  wide.  Teeth  pointed,  unequal.  IJpi)er  jaw  with 
four  long,  curved  canines;  lower  with  two;  maxillary  teeth  fine,  sub- 
rqnal;  palatines  with  a  single  series  of  small,  pointed  teeth,  similar  to 
those  on  tongue.  Eye  moderate.  Throat  with  a  barbel.  Dorsal  flu 
long,  inserted  in  front  of  anal,  behind  ventrals;  adipose  fin  iiresent; 
candal  forked ;  paired  fins  well  develope<l.  Gill  rakers  minute.  Ko  i>seu- 
dobranchia'.  No  air  blad<ler.  Lower  parts  with  phosphorescent  spots, 
(«(rr/)(»i/,  star  (star- fish);  e(T<?£w,  to  eat.) 


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288     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTDYOLOQY — IV. 

498.  A .  niffcr  Rich. 

Black,  with  about  23  luminous  spots  between  chin  and  ventrals.  Bar. 
bel  a  little  longer  than  head.  Dorsal  begiiniing  just  behind  base  of 
ventrals;  pectoral  not  rea(;hi.jg  nearly  to  ventrals.  Jaws  equal.  Eye 
large,  well  forward.  Head  4;  depth  5|.  D.  17;  A.  14.  Deep  waters 
of  the  Atlantic;  described  from  specimens  from  the  Grand  Banks,  per- 
haps belonging  to  a  different  species. 

(Richardson,  Ifhth.  Voy.  Sulph.  97;  GUnther,  v,  425.) 

Family  XLVL— SALMONID^.     = 

{The  Salmon  Family.) 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  covered  with  cycloid  scales.  Head  naked. 
Mouth  terminal,  varying  much  in  size  and  form;  maxillary  forming  the 
lateral  margin  of  the  upper  jaw,  provided  with  a  supplemental  bone; 
Xnemaxillarics  not  protractile.  Teeth  various,  souietimes  wanting,  (iills 
4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Pseudobranchiie  present,  but  often  simiU 
or  rudimentary.  Gill-rakers  various.  Gill-membranes  not  connected 
free  from  the  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  3-20.  No  barbels.  Dorsal  usu- 
ally nearly  median,  not  greatly  elongate.  Adipose  fni  present.  (Cau- 
dal lin  forked.  Anal  tin  moderate  or  rather  long.  Ventrals  moderate, 
nearly  median.  Pectorals  placed  low.  Lateral  line  present.  Abdo- 
men rounded.  Air-bladder  large.  Stomach  coecal  or  si])honal ;  the  py- 
loric ccBca  few  or  many,  sometimes  obsolete.  Ova  generally  large,  fall- 
ing into  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen  before  exclusion.  Genera  about  20; 
species  125.  A  large  and  varied  family;  its  members  inhabit  chielly  the 
fresh  waters  of  northern  regions,  nmny  of  them  being  anadroinous, 
running  up  from  the  sea  to  spawn  in  the  rivers.  One  genus  {Retro- 
■pinna)  is  found  in  New  Zealand,  and  the  species  of  Microstoma,  Argen- 
Una,  and  IfyphalonedruH  are  mostly  deep-sea  fishes.  In  economic  im- 
portance this  family  ranks  among  the  very  first,  and  the  salmon  and 
trout  in  all  northern  regions  are  the  choicest  prizes  of  the  angler. 

(Salmonidw  Giintlicr,  vi,  l-'iOo.) 

•Pyloric  croca  f«nv  or  iioiio;  istoiiiach  ocecal.  * 

t  Dorsal  iiii  nearly  over  the  voutrals.     {Argcniinina!.) 

a.  lU'ancliiostegala  '.i  or  4 ;  body  elongate,  subcylindrical  ....  Michostoma,  U8, 
aa.  IJrauchiostogals  ()-8;  body  comprpssed. 

b.  Adipose  lin  long  and  low,  acarcoly  shorter  than  dorsal  fin. 

Mallotus  (jllV.) 
bb.  Adijiose  (in  normal,  short  and  high, 
c.  Ventraln  inserted  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  dorsal ;  mouth  large. 
Y,    .,          d.  Scuios  very  small;  malos  with  villous  bands;  tooth  feeble;  pectoral 
C"  .     ,,f^  rays  16-20... Mallotus,  140. 


46.    SALMONID^ — MICROSTOMA. 


289 


,'ij; 


■«.<• 


>«j'' 


nr- 


dd.  Scales  liirger,  similar  in  both  sexes;  pectoral  rays  10-12. 
e.  Tooth  feeble,  thoao  ou  tongiio  very  weak;  scales  small,  adherent. 

TuALKUirruYs,  141. 
ee.  Teeth  Htron<];er,  those  on  tongue  enlarged;  scales  modcrufe,  decid- 

nons OsMKnus,  112. 

cc.  Vcntrals  inserted  under  or  behind  the  middle  of  dorsal;  mouth  moderate 
or  small. 
f.  Scales  cycloid.  i    ;  =       ;  >  .■-.'  ,.  ;       > 

(/.  Jaws  with  nunnte  teeth;  maxillary  reaching  past  front  of  eye. 

Uypomicsus,  143. 
'  90'  Jaws  toothless;  maxillary  not  reaching  front  of  eye. 

'  "  Argkxtina,  144. 

ff.  Scales  ctenoid HYPnALoxKi)i{u.s,  14r>. 

•» Pyloric  cieca  many;  stomach  siphonal. 

^Jaws  toothless  or  with  a  few  feeble  asperities;   scales  rather  large;   anal  fin 
,  , ,  ,        sonu^what  elongate;  maxillary  short  and  broad  ;  not  im- 

adromons  ( Cori-i/oniiiw) CoUKOONUS,  140.. 

tfjaws  witJi  distinct  teeth;  scales  mostly  small.     (Sdhnoninw.) 
..^        V,.  ''■  Dorsal  lin  very  lon^';  and  high,  of  about  !20  rays;  scales  mod - 

orate ;  tongue  toothless ;  not  auadrontous. 
■^'    »i  TlIYMALLUS,   147. 

J  hh.  Dorsal  fin  moderate,  its  rays  9-15  in  number;  tongue  with 

teeth. 
i.  Dentition  very  feeble,  ujcomplete;  anal  fin  elongate,  of  about 
17  raj's;  scales  moderate ;  not  anadromous. 

Stknodus,  148. 

ii.  Dentition  strong  and  complete;  conical  teeth  on  jaws,  vo- 

'i'.Ji  !  '»     '  i      '■  nu'T,  and  palatines;    tongue  with  two  series  of  strong 

, /;  teeth  (deciduous  in  very  old  specimens  of  OHcor/i//HC'Attt'); 

-  '  scales  small. 

/-    <  '"     '  '  '       u       J>  Anal  fin  elongate,  of  14-17  rays;  vomer  uanow,  long,  fiat, 

ri   ,     ,      ,  , ,  ^        >  with  weak  teeth;  species  black  spotted. 

Oncouhyn'ciius,  150. 
"  ij.  Anal  fin  short,  of  9-11  developed  rays. 

^        '    ,  k.  Vomer  fiat,  its  toothed  surface  plane;  teeth  on  the  shaft 

of  the  vomer  in  alternating  rows  or  in  one  zigzag  row, 
those  on  the  shaft  jilaced  directly  on  the  suvfaee  of  tho 
bone,  not  on  a  free  orest  ()K)sterior  vomerine  tct^th  Home- 

.'>  times  deciduous);  sptu'ies  black  spotted Sai.mo,  151. 

kk.  Vomer  boat-shaped,  the  shaft  strongly  depn'sstd,  with- 
out teeth;  very  suKill,  about  2(10  in  the  course  of  the  lat- 
eral line;  species  not  aiuulromous,  spotted  witli  red  or 
gray Salvkmnub,  152. 

13§.— MICROSTOinA  Cuvier,  '' 

(Cuvler,  R<"^gne  Anim.  ii,  1817:  typo  Gaatcropdccus  microstoma  Hiaso = Microstoma  ro- 
titnaatnm  liisso.) 

Body  eloiigiitc,  cyliiiflrieiil,  covered  with  large,  tliin,  silvery  scales. 

Iloiul  short.    ;Mouth  very  small,  terminal;  premaxillaries  very  small; 

maxillarles  very  short  and  broad,  not  extending  to  the  front  of  tho  very 

large  eye,  which  forms  more  than  half  the  depth  of  the  side  of  the  head. 

Lover  jaw  and  vomer  with  a  narrow  series  of  line  teeth;  no  other  teeth. 

Dorsal  lln  short,  inserted  before  or  behind  the  ventrals,  which  ai'c  behind 
Jinll.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  10 10 


i'i,\ 


f' , 


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M  h 


w 


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■  ,1  »\ 


20O      CONTIUIIUTIONS   TO   NOliTll   AMIillllCAN    ICHTlIYOLOaY — IV. 

tlio  middle  oi'tlic  body;  iiiial  fin  sniidl;  ciiudid  niii.iII,  foiUrd,  its  i'(>ii||j,] 
psirt  HCid.v ;  poctoiiil  ijUImt  iiiinow;  iidii»o.s(^  ilii  Niiiall,  fViiij»<'d,  present 
in  Ihr  .voiinjj^,  Itnl  u.'^tiiill.y  disappt'ininix  with  UfH'.  niJincIiioNtr;;id,s.'l()|.| 
l\s(Mid(>l»i;m('liiu»  well  d»'V(>Iopod.  Air-bladdciliirfic,  Kihi'iy.  }iu  pvloijc 
<Mrc:i ;  niiicoii.s  nuMnlunnoorstoinacIi  papillose.  AtlanticOccati,  in  (K'lp 
Avators.     (,'tu/jo;,  small;  frrfJ,"",  moutli.) 

411.  ITI.  (;r4i>iilnii«li<>iiiii  IJcinli. 

"Tliis  fish  appears  to  be  intermediate"  bi>t\voen  ArtjcniiiKi  and  Mirm- 

nfoiun,  liavinj»"  the  <lorsal  fin  ins«Mtetl  for  the  }j:ieater  part  iu  advance  of 

the  vontrals,  and  a  series  of  nin»  tetith  in  tlic  lower  Jaw.    T«'eth  on  lli(> 

vonier,  none  on  the  ton<»n«^     Adipose  fin  eonspieiions.    The  hei>;Iit  of 

the  body  is  one-half  the  lenf>th  of  the  head  and  om>tenth  of  the  Iota!.'' 

Jt.  .'I;  1).  11;  A.  10;  V.  10.     {(iiintlirr.)    (Jreenland. 

(.yicrostomtin  ffriiiil(nt<Urit.s  Ri'inl\.  Vulciisk.  Heluk,  Niilnrv.  MiiMioin.  AriiiiiKll.  viii 
1H41,  Ixxiv;  (iiinther,  vi,  \»tlf).) 

Form  and  dentition  of  Tlinft'ichtlit/M.  No  trace  of  scahvs  in  tlu^  known 
cxanjples,  whieh  are  iinnuilnre.  l>«»rsal  tin  well  backward  over  ventmls, 
its  insiM'tion  nearer  the  tip  of  the  eandal  than  the  snont;  adipos<>  I'm  lonj,' 
and  low,  its  heij^ht  mneh  less  than  the  len;;th  of  its  base,  its  base  little 
hhoiter  than  that  of  the  «lorsal;  p(M't»>ral  rays  in  Inerc'ased  nnnil)ei; 
anal  moderate.  I'sendobranehiju  well  developed.  Bram^hiostef^als  1). 
Vylorie  caim'u  4.  ^ 

4'3'JI.  HI.  villosHM  (MiilUr)  Cuvier  (.i/(>MH,7). 

Translneent  whitish;  a  silvery  lateral  strip<^;  npper  rt'fjfions  closely 
pnnctate.  I'ye  a  little  shorter  than  snout,  4  in  head.  ]\Iinnto  teelli  n\ 
both  jaws;  mid»lle  of  tongue  rouj^h;  maxillary  reachinfj  front  of  i)n|)il. 
Ventrals  and  pectorals  about  eipial  in  leuf^lh  to  the  lonj^'est  dorsal  ni.v. 
Avhich  is  7  times  in  lenjjth  of  body;  ventrals  inserted  below  (Irsl  niy  of 
dorsal,  not  reaehitiij  vent ;  sjjaee  between  dorsal  and  adipose  (In  two- 
thirds  len<;th  of  head;  lenjjth  of  adipose  tin  more  than  twice  its  height. 
two  thirds  base  of  anal.  Head  4;  depth  (>.  D.  I'J;  A.  21 ;  V.  8;  P.  1(1. 
L.  4  inches.    Behring's  Straits.    Probably  developed  scales  wlieii  adult. 

*As  thrso  pajijes  are  passin^j  through  tlie  i)ros8,  we  learn  from  Dr,  Penii  flint  flio 
finli  lioi-e  (K'seri  1)0(1,  coUei-tetl  by  liim  in  Ht'liiijifj;'H  St.ruilH,  in  not  u  distinct  (jfi  iiiis  aiil 
ppecit's  as  at  tii-st.  Hnj)i)o.se<l,  bnt  the  jonn^  of  MaHolun  rillonuH.  We  tlu'rel'oro  snp- 
pre8s  the  ]>roposed  senerie  und  Hpeoille  iianiea,  letting  IhodeHcription  remain,  it  beiiiy; 
t«H»  late  to  oaneel  tho  latter. 


46.    SALMONIDiE THALKICIITHYS. 


140.-]?IAI.M>TIIS  Cuvior. 


291 


>  1 1 


Capel 


intt. 


(CiiviiT,  Uf'jiiio  Aiiiiii.  IHOT,  vA.  9,  ii:  typi'  Clniwa  riUma  Mllllm.) 

I'iddy  cloii^iili',  <'()mi>r<'ss((l,  covrrcil  willi  niiniitc  NoilrH,  a  IhumI  (»f 
wliit'Ii,  ii'><>v<>,  tlu^  hilrrnl  liiu^  arid  nloii};  oacli  sido  «»r  tlio,  liclly,  iirc,  cu 
liii'M'd,  and  ill  niiiliiro  iniil(>H  IIh'.v  Ix'coiiiccIoiit^'iitr-liUKM'oliitr*,  dciiHely 
imliiiciilvd,  with  IVcr,  inojccliii};  ijoiiils,  foniiin^  villoiiM  baiidH.  In  very 
(lid  iiiaU'M  tlui  HcaU-H  of  tlxi  bark  aiMi  holly  ai'<>  HJinilarly  iiiodirnd,  and 
tlio  top  of  the  Junul  an«l  the  rayn  of  tlio  i)aii«Ml  flnn  an-  lincly  jrraini- 
liitcd,  Monlli  latlit^'  largo,  tho  maxillary  tliin,  extending  t(»  below  the 
iiii([(II(^  (»f  tlio  largo  eye.  Te<^tli  minute,  forming  Hingle  w^ieH  on  the 
j)i\vs,  vomer,  palatineH,  and  j)t(MygoidH|  lingual  te<',tli  Homewbat  en- 
liir}i<'d,  in  an  elliptical  i)at(di.  Lowi^r  jaw  lU'ojecting.  DorwaJ  iiiKorted 
over  ventralM.  Hranebio.stegals  H-IO.  Lower  fins  very  large.  INre- 
torid  Hum  larg(\  horizontal,  with  very  broad  base,  tln^r  rays  in  increaHcd 
iiumlit^r  (1(>-L*0),  rNeiuhdnanehia',  (]uit(^  small.  (lillrakerH  long,  slen- 
(Icr.  Tylori*'.  edM'a  0,  small.  Ova  very  snuill.  Marine  Hpecjies  of  the 
North  Atlantic; and  I*aeiti(^     (/u/JAwroi;,  villous.)  ;•' 


III 


i '  i 


4r«.  jW.  Vlllosiis  (Milllt'i)  CnvitT.— f'rt/>«7iM. 

Dusky  olivac('«)us  al)ove,  grayish  silvery  on  sides  and  below.  If<!ad 
1(111^',  pointed.  IJaseof  anal  in  mah^s  eompnvssed  and  prominent;  p<'c- 
torals  reaching  more  than  half  way  to  vent ra Is,  the  latter  to  anal.  Eye 
lar;,M',  l\^  in  head.  Head  4.^  in  length;  depth  about  0.  1).  12;  A.  18. 
liiit.  I.  c'fl.  150.  Greenland  to  (Jai»e  (Jod  and  Alaska;  abun<lant  north- 
ward. 

{CUqwa  villom  Mllllcr,  Prodr.  Zool.  Dhii.  1777,  245;  dlintlior,  vi,  170.) 


i.:     i»U.' 

! .  urn 


111.-T1IAM:I€IITIIYS  Giriml. 

'  J^nlachon. 


'V# 


(fllrnnl,  tT.  fl.  Vnc  U.  H.  Surv.  Fisli.  lHr)9,  :i25:  typo  ThaMrhlhjn  stcrenni  Gnl.-^.9rt7mo 
paiifivuH  Iticli.) 

This  genus  is  intermediato  between  MallotUH  and  (jHmctns,  difU'erifig 

from  the  hittt^  in  its  rudimentary  dentition.    All  the  teeth  arc  very 

Iwble,  sleiulor,  and  deciduous,  although  occasionally  present  on  all  th« 

hones  of  the  month.     No  i)ermanent  teeth  on  the  tongue.    The  scaleH 

arc  iinich  smaller  than  in  Osmerus,  and  more  closely  {wlherent;  larger 

tliiiu  iu  Mallotm,  and  similar  iu  tUo  two  sexes.    The  coloration  is  dusky. 


r- 


i* 


292     ('ONTinHlTIONS    to    NOUTII    AMKllICAN    HMITHVOLOOY — W^ 

►"^m.ili  flslios  of  i\w  Xordi  PikmIIc,  iMMHiM'Unl»I«»  for  lliriroxtrcino  oilinpsf^ 
WIh'ii  «lii('«l  {|h\v  bnni  lilu»  n  fiiiMlIc    [OdXetn^  rieli;  (;f''(K,  (InIi.)     •  ;    ; 


!|.! 


■•Tr.  T.  |>JU«lll««H«(HiHi.)Of«l.— /■;«^^.7lml,•  ffimf^^A. 

Color  wliito,  s<'i»nM'ly  Hilvory;  tipiu-r  royions  nMulcMcil  dnrU  iron  j^uiv 

by  tlio  ticcnniiiliitioii  ol'  <liirK    |inn«liiIiiti«tnN.      Jloily  ijitlicr  rlon^ai,. 

hIoihUm',  i\n«l   Iivsm  ooinprosMcd  (liiiii  in  Osmrnts.      Ih'iul    lonjj,  Itlnntcr 

Hum  in  Uppomtsiis  pirfiosvs,  loss  «'oni|»n\s,s«M|,  luoiulof,  iind  nioi(>  ((ni- 

vox  sjbovo,     INIonlli  Isn-^o,  Hio  nnixillury  rnllnM'  niirrow  nnd  lonjf,  n-acli. 

inj;  boyoiul  tho  niiddlo  oC  llio  liilln'r  Nninll  ry^i*;   lowor  jaw  proioclinj/. 

OpiMolo  with  s(ronj4   I'onoiMilvio  wlriio.     (iill  inKtMH   nninorons,  rallicr 

long    and  Hlond<M\     Vonliids  Isjijio,  innoilod   JumI  in  front  of  dorsa! 

rsontbdmun'liiio  snnill.     Ilond  I'j';  dopjli  <5.     H.  S;  D.ll;  A.LM;  I'.n. 

\.M.  1.  7."»;    pyloric  «'o>oii   II;   vorlobra*  70.     it.  12  iiu'lios.    Oroyon  lo 

Alaskii,  !is<'on«lin|ij  tlio  rivors  in  on«»nnon8  nnnd)ors  in  (lie  Hprin/jf.    An 

cxcollont  piin-lisli.  nnsnn)nK.sod  in  «l(>lionoy  ol'  IIohIi. 

(SrtUno  {}faUohiyl)  prtcilhu!*   IvM.IhuiInoh.    I'jinim    Mm.  Aiiicr.  lit.  'iQ(\:    ThdUhhlhyt 
tttventii  U'm\Vi\,  l'.  S  V-.w.  U.  \i.  .Sinv.  I'InIi.  :Wr>;  (iiliilln>r,  vi,  KiH.j 

lia.     0«:»lKlflIN  I-innanis 

(Ar1c«1i ;  T,inii«MiH.  Sysl.  Nul. :  ty\)(^  Snhno  rpcrhinHnJu)  ^ 

Body  olonjialo,  oonipix'ssod.  Ilo^d  long,  pointod.  T\routli  wide,  tlio 
slondor  maxillary  oxiondinji"  lo  past  Iho  nnildio  ol' (bo  oyo;  lowor  jaw 
pn^joj'linji'.  Proorbilal  and  suborbital  bon<'s  innrow.  Maxillarios  and 
prouiaxillarios  wilb  lino  t<»olli:  b»wor  Jaw  with  huuiII  to(»tli,  wliioli  an^ 
Uirgor  post<Miorly:  loufiuo  with  a  I'ow  ulroFiy',  t'aniu  liko  loolh,  larjicst 
attluMij>:  hyoid  bono,  voumm,  palalinos,  ami  ploryjioidn  with  wide  set, 
tooth,  ((ill  rakors  lonji  and  sloudor.  Ibanohioslofials  S.  Stialos  lar;i(>, 
looso,  00-70  in  tho  oonrso  of  Iho  laloral  litu».  l)oi\sal  .snudl,  about  mid- 
way of  tho  bo«ly,  ovor  tho  voalrals;  anal  rathor  louj;.  Vorlobno  about 
(U).  Pyloric  ou'ca  snudl,  fow.  JSiuall  lishos  of  Iho  coasts  of  ICuropo  and 
Northern  Aniorica,  sonu^linuvs  ascon<lin};  rivers.  Thoy  arc  couNidoraldy 
valued  as  food.  (oV/'jj/x'c,  odon)ns;  tho  name  is  equivalent  lo  the  Muj;- 
lish  "smelt".) ,  _„.. 

<i.  Voiuor  with  a  oroavS-sorlos  of  «niall  toctli ;  spooloa  «pn\vnh\g  In  iho  noa. 
41»,  O.  IhnlrU'lilliyH  Ayros. 

Olivaooons,  sides  silvery  and  souunvhat  translucent.  Body  conipani- 
tivol^v  deep  and  compivsscd.    llead  rather  short  and  deep,  the  niaxil- 


40.   SALMONID/T: — ohmkrda. 


2<J3 


)„|.y  bnijul,  Its  vi\ti(*  Hfifuiffly  rnrvcMl,  oxtpmliii/;  to  ofiposito  poHtcriof 
niiu'tri"  <•'  1»ii|»il.  l*i«Mn!iAilliiry  '>ii  ihci  lovcl  of  npiMT  p.iit  ol'  ptipil. 
Miin<lil»l«'  |ir(ti('('tiii]if,  ilH  tip  sjumc.wIihI  ciiivimI  iiiiwnnl.  I'i.v«i  lorit;«'r 
tliiin  Kiioiit,  i  ill  licad.  Fiim  lii^'li,  tlir  prctonilH  iikidiII.v  r<>iichiiiK  vcn- 
traH,  iind  tli<^  vcittnilH  to  ntiiil ;  niui)  roicliiti;;  )il>otit  to  riiiidiil.  Toctli 
\v(>iik;  iniixillnry  to«'tli  Hniicrly  viNiMc.  FIcimI  4A;  «I<'|)tli  r»,;i.  I».  f);  A. 
IS;  I*.  II.  liiit.  1.  <I0.  L.  IMiichcH.  I'ucillc  cuiiHt  iroiii  8uii  i'mncisco 
iiorlliwiinl ;  nitluT  cotiiinoii. 
(A.vri'H,  rio(!.  Cat.  A.-fi.l.  Naf..  Hci.  IWiO,  (12;  (IIIhUkt,  vi,  1(W.) 

Ift).  O.  nttoiiiiatii*!  l<<irkiiiKiiiM. 

(iriM'iiiHJi,  hhIch  Hilvcry.  Body  ('loii<r!it(',  ('ompn'NHcd.  Ilciul  raflicr 
loiifT,  Homcwliiit  poinliMl;  niiixilliiry  rxicndintj  \mHt  pupil;  lower  jaw 
prKJccliii^r;  iiiiixilliiiy  riiflicr  niur<»\v,  iJKhi  convex.  OiilliiH',  of  hotli 
jiiwH  m'iirly  Hlrnijilit,  Iomm  nirviMl  tliiiti  in  (f.  (hakivhIhijH.  Tcf^Mi  on 
(tiiiK'K*^  strong-  tuit.  tiiii(;li  Hiiiiillcr  tliaii  in  ().  viordnx;  teeth  on  niaxil- 
lary  conHpiciiotis;  front  of  bolli  jawH  with  rather  wtronf^  teeth;  pahv- 
\m  liH'lh  variable,  nNiially  slron;^.  lOye  hiv\H'^,  4  In  head.  V'mn  low. 
IVcloralN  not.  reaehin;;  venhalw,  nor  ventralw  anal,  nor  anal  to  eandal. 
Ilciid  ti;  depth  (1.  I).  10;  A.  15-17;  W  II.  liai.  I.  (»r..  \>.  10  inehe.s. 
('(laHtof  (Jalifornia;  not  rare.  Very  close  to  0.  tlialvivhlhyH,  but  proba- 
bly (li.stinet. 

(I.ockinjrt.oii,  Pioc.  n.  H.  Nat.  Miih.  1HH(»,  (10.) 

nil.  ViMiicr  willi '2-1  Htroii^  faiif{-lik<!  if«(li ;  himmIi's  aHcomlhig  livcrH, 

4N0.  O.  Iliordiix  {MUch.)  {i\\\.—Amvrlvan  Smelt. 

Transparent  jifreetiish   above,  wilvery  on  Hides;  body  and   fins  with 

som(>  diirk  pnn(^tidali(»iis.     Hody  rather  Ion;,'  and  slender.     Ifead  lar^e, 

Avilli  l,ir;x<' iiionth  and  slron;^er  teeth  than  in  the  other  species  of  the 

p'iMis.    Huiall  tcM'th  aIon;x  I  Imed^e  of  the.  maxillary ;  stronjf  fan^  like 

tct'tli  on  tonjj;ne  and  front  of  vomer;  eardiform  leeth  on  ])alatines.  |>tery- 

jjoid.s,  and  hyoiilbone;  inandible  wilh  moderate  teeth,  ils  tip  i»roJe(;tinj?. 

Scales  deciduous.     Dorsal  tin  rather  posterior,  the  ventrals  under  its 

front.     Lower  llns  moderate,  none  reachitjj;  the  next  behind  it.     (lill- 

rakers  two-thirds  diameter  of  eye.     Mead  4;  depth  (lA.     D.  10;  A.  15j 

1\  I.'?.    Lilt.  1.  (iS.     L.  lij  hudies.     Atlantic/  <',oast  from  Vi:;i;inia  iiorth- 

wanl,  enteriiif;   streams   and  often   land  locked.      Very  close   to   tho 

Kiu'opeau  ().  epcrhimis,  but  the  latter  has   larj^er  scales  (Lat.  1.  00), 

sliorter  j^ill  rakers,  and  rather  weaker  teeth. 

{Alhrrinamnrdax  Mitcliill,  TraiiB.  Lit.  &IMiil.H»»c.  N.  Y.  1814,  44(5:  Omnrruii viridcueent 
Li!  Suiuu',  Joiiru.  Acud.  Nat.  Scl.  I'liiia.  i,  2;J0:  (hmvrus  viridcHccns  (iUiither,  vi,  1(57.) 


IM 


:J^ 


I; 


'f  :i, 


?*'■: 


294     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICnTIIYOLOQY — IV. 

Var.  spc(;ti'UEn  Copo. —  Wilton  Smell.  '    • 

Slender.  Dead  short,  with  very  large  eye,  and  short  mouth  and  iii;ix. 
illary.  Maxillary  not  extending  beyond  middle  of  pupil.  Eye  3  in  hciid. 
Head4|'  depth  8 J.  D.  10;  A.  15;  Lat.  1.  OG.  L.  transv.  10.  Small. 
Wilton  Pond,  Kennebec  County,  ]\Iainc;  land-locked  in  fresh  watiT. 
{Cope.)  "    '^:'     ■•■■'>.--■'■•■:;'':••■.-■'■•■■  -cv  -'    ■■■■yy-v 

{Osmvi  HH  »pcctrum  Coi)c,  Proc.  Auicr.  Phil.  Soc.  Phil:i.  1870,  490.) 
Var.  abltOtCi  C(>p(5. — Cobcssicontic  Smelt. 

Stouter.  Eye  smaller.  Maxillary  reaching  posterior  margin  of  jinpii. 
Eye  4^  in  bead.  Head  4^  ;  depth  7.  Lat.  1.  08.  L.  transv.  10.  Land. 
locked  in  Cobessicontic  Lake,  Kennebec  County,  Maine.     {Cope.) 

{Osinerua  abbolii  Cox>*5»  Proc.  Aiuer.  Phil.  Soc.  Pliila.  1870,  490.) 

481.  O.  dentex  Steindaclmor.  ^ 

Dark  brown  above ;  sides  silvery  or  golden ;  head  and  body  with  dark 
points.  Eye  two-thirds  length  of  snout.  Teeth  as  in  0.  eperlanun  and 
0.  mordax;  maxillary  reaching  posterior  margin  of  eye,  its  length  live 
times  in  distance  from  tip  of  lower  jaw  to  dorsal.  Height  of  dorsal  half 
length  of  head;  heightof  anal  two  si  venths.  Head  4;  depth  5|.  D.  10; 
A.  13;  y.  8;  Lat.  1.  GO;  L.  transv.  i^. .  Port  Clarence,  Alaska,  to  north- 
ern China.     {Bean,  MSS.) 

(Steiudacliuer,  Sitzuugsb.  Kais.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wion,  1x1,  1870,  429.) 

143.— HYPOmESUS  Gill. 

:f '-'--._  •  Stir/  Smelts.  ,  •         '.     v 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18{)2,  1G9:  type  Argentina pretiosa  Grd.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  moderately  compressed,  covered  with  thin  scales 
of  moderate  size.  Head  rather  pointed.  Mouth  moderate,  forniod  as 
in  ArgyrosomuSj  the  shortish  maxillary  not  extending  quite  to  middle  of 
eye;  its  outline  below  broadly  convex,  lower  jaw  projecting.  Teeth 
minute,  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Ventrals 
inserted  directly  under  middle  of  dorsal,  midway  between  eye  and  base 
of  caudal.  Branchiostegals  0-7.  North  Pacific.  (6-w,  below;  pi/yo;, 
middle;  in  a^^'ision  to  the  position  of  the  ventrals.) 

4§a.  H.  preJiosus  (Grd.)  Gill.— 5it»/»S/He/f, 

Light  olivaceous;  a  silvery  band  along  the  lateralline.  Eye  as  long 
as  snout,  4 J  in  head.  Fins  low,  the  longest  dorsal  ray  8  in  lenj^th, 
■without  caudal;   pectorals  scarcely  reaching  half  way  to  ventrals,  7 


46.    SALMONIDJE — ARGENTINA. 


295 


in  lenstli  of  body;  ventrals  not  reacliing  vent,  their  length  S\  in  body. 
Ucatl  U',  depth  4^1  D.  10;  A.  15;  P.  14;  V.  8;  Lat.  1.  70.  L.  12 
inelR'S.  Piicilic  coast,  from  California  northward;  abundaiit,  sj»a\vninff 
in  the  surf.  A  very  linn-lleshed  and  fat  little  tish,  scarcely  inferior  to 
tbc  cula<;hon.  ,  . 

(Anjiiil'tiia  jirdiosa  Gnl,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  \S'A,  lof):  Omnerua  preVioswa 
Giriinl,  U.  S.  Pac.  11.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  324 :  Oamerus  danijatua  Ayres,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.PliilJi- If^H  17.)  ^  ■  ;.  r 

4§3.  II.  oSodiis  (Pallas)  Guiither.  '-^ 

Darker.     Fins  higher,  the  longest  dorsal  ray  C  in  length  of  body; 
pectorals  reaching  two-thirds  the  distance  to  root  of  ventrals,  their 
leniith  a  in  body ;  ventrals  0  in  length  of  body.    Lat.  1.  5G-()0.    Alaska 
and  Kiimtschatka,  spawning  in  fresh-water  ponds.     {Bean,  MSS.) 
{Salmo  (Oamtrus)  o?kZ«»  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Ross.  As,  iii,  1591;  Giintber,  vi,  169,  iu  jiart.) 

141.— ARGEWTIl^A  Linnffiiis.   .  » 

Argentines.  -V 

(Artedi;  Linnajns,  Syst.  Nat.  :  type  Argentina  Hphyrcena  L.) 

Body  oblong,  covered  with  rather  large  cycloid  scales,  which  are 
often  rough  with  spinous  points.  Mouth  small,  the  maxillaries  very 
short,  not  reaching  to  the  eye.  Eye  very  large.  Jaws  toothless;  an 
arclu'd  series  of  minute  teeth  on  the  head  of  the  vomer  and  on  the  fore 
part  of  the  palatine ;  tongue  typicallj-,  with  a  series  of  small  curved 
teeth  on  each  side.  Dorsal  iin  short,  in  advance  of  the  ventrals.  Cau- 
dal lin  deeply  forked.  Eggs  small.  Fishes  of  the  deep  waters  of  the 
Korth  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean,  never  entering  fresh  waters.  (Latin 
argent itm,  a'dvev.)  ■,  .■ 

*  Scales  more  or  less  rough.     (5i7«»  Rciuhardt.*) 

I§4.  A.  syrfCMsimn  Goode  &.  Bean. 

Body  compressed.  Ilead  not  quite  twice  as  long  as  deep.  Snout 
nearly  3i  iu  head.  Insertion  of  dorsal  midway  between  snout  and  adi- 
l)Ose  flu;  ventrals  under  last  ray  of  dorsal.  Scales  very  large,  cycloid, 
covered  with  minute  asperities;  a  median  row  of  scales  along  the  back 
and  the  belly.  Color  olivaceous;  sides  silvery.  Head  4^;  depth  5J. 
15.  G;  D.  12;  A.  13;  V.  14;  scales  3-G0-4.  L.  17  inches.  Sable  Lslaud 
Bauk,  in  deep  water.         -    —  '-■ "      -    -  :-  ^  '      . 

(Goodc  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1878,  2()1.) 

*Kciiibardt,  Beniiiikn.  til  den  Skand.  Ichthyol.  11:  type  Salmo  ailus  Ascaniua. 
(From  the  Norwegian  name  Vas-Sil,  said  to  mean  rough  barring.) 


■i.V 


mM 


^1 


m 


296    CONTKIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

ia4.-EI¥PClALO.^'£:DnUS  Goodo. 

(GoiKlc,  Pioc,  U.  S.  Nat.  Miia.  188U,  iii,  4«3:  typo  H.  vhahibeius  Goodo.) 

JJody  sub  terete,  covered  with  lulbeient  rouj-b-pectiiiate  or  ctenoid 
scales.  .Mouth  riither  hirfie,  the  niaxillary  reuehiug  to  beyond  front  of 
orbit;  lower  jaw  iHoJeetiuj^.  Teeth  on  jaws,  small,  sharp;  toii<rii(. 
smooth.  Dorsal  in  Irontof  ventrals.  Otherwise  essentially  as  iu  Arf/en. 
Una..    Deep  sea.     {Jjifu'/.n^^  under  the  sea;  h'^^o/iu^^  dweller.) 

485.  II.  cBialybeiiis  Goode.  ,        ....,,.,, 

Grayish,  mottled  with  brown;  scales  metallic  oilvery.  Body  plunii) 
terete.  Maxillary  broad  and  flattened  posteriorly,  extending?  to  iroiit 
of  pupil,  its  lenj^th  2'^  in  head.  Interorbital  space  broad,  4  times  the 
diajueter  of  eye.  Scales  arranged  in  regular  transverse  rows,  overla]) 
ping  in  such  ii  manner  as  to  resemble  obli(iue  plates  on  the  sides.  Lat- 
eral line  i)rominent,  straight.  Insertion  of  dorsal  midway  between  peo- 
toralN  and  ventrals,  or  snout  and  a<lipose  fin;  pectorals  long;  ventrals 
under  middle  of  dorsal;  caudal  forked,  llead  4;  depth  4.  D.  11;  A. 
8;  r.  17  or  18;  V.  9  or  10;  Lat.  1.  62.  Deep  sea,  off  the  coast  of  lUiode 
Island. 
(Goodo,  Troc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  18S0,  484.) 


n 


146.— COBEGOIVUS  Luinicus. 

Wlute-Jish. 
(Artedi;  LiinitDnH,  Syat.  Nat. :  type  Corcgonus  lareretiis  L.)  .  ;     ,1,  » 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  compressed.  Head  more  or  less  conic,  com- 
pressed, the  form  of  the  snout  varying  considerably.  Mouth  small,  the 
maxilhay  short,  not  extending  beyond  the  orbit,  with  a  well-develoi)e(l 
su])i)le:m'ntal  bone.  Teeth  extremely  minute,  if  present.  Scales  mod- 
erate, thin,  (myeloid,  ra.ther  tirm.  Dorsal  lin  moderate;  caudal  lin  deeply 
forked;  anal  lin  somewhat  elongate;  ventrals  well  developed,  rseiulo- 
braucI'i;o  large.  Gill-rakers  varying  from  short  and  thickish  to  voiy 
long  and  slender.  Air-bladder  very  large.  Stouiach  horseshoe-shapi  d, 
with  many  (about  100)  pyloric  cuica.  Ova  small.  Species  about  40,  in- 
habiting the  clear  lakes  of  Xortheru  Europe,  Asia,  and  America,  in 
Arctic  regions  descending  to  the  sea.  Most  of  them  spawn  in  late  fall 
or  winter  near  the  shore,  at  other  seasons  often  frequenting  consider- 
able deptlis.  The  gronj),  as  here  defined,  includes  a  number  of  sections 
characterized  by  minor  modifications  of  strncture,  some  of  which  liavo 
been  considered  as  genera.  It  seems  to  ns  that  the  number  of  distinct 
species  has  been  overestimated  by  i)revious  writers,  and  that  the  geo- 
graphical range  of  each  one  is  much  wider  than  has  hitherto  been 


'•' '. 


46.    SALMONID.E — COBEGONUS.  297 

m'licr.illy  supposed.     The  species  arc  liiy;lily  Viilued  for  food,  tbo  flesh 
luiii"  jieiK'iiilly  palo  and  of  flue  flavor.     The  coloration  is  very  iiui- 
Ibriii;  bhiish  olivaceous  above;   the  sides  and  below  sflvery.      («<',v''J> 
the  temples;  j-tuv^?,  an;;le.)  ,  ...      ...        •     .^ 

Xliis  {ieiuis  niiiy  be  subdivided  as  follows: 

»L(nvc'r.j.i\v  iuchulcd;  proiuuxilliuics  broail,  placed  vcrticjvllyor  tho  lower edgo  tiiruod 

inward. 

tGill-i'iili*''*'  "IxTtj  tliickisli,  few  in  iininl»or;  preorbif  il  broad,  wider  than  pn[)il ; 

maxillary  sliort  and  ratlier  broad,  not  reacbi:);^  to  tlm  liiU'  of  tlie  eye;  the 

Biiiall  supplementary  bone  mostly  nurrow  and  .sharply  ellii)tieal ;  montli  very 

small  (Pkosopiitm  Mllner) coMf«i,  wUliainxnni,  quailrilateraUn,  kennicotll, 

ttGill-raker.4  numerous,  lonj^,  and  slender;  preorbital  Ion.;  and  narrow;  maxillary 
comi)aratively  lon^,  the  Hupplemental  bone  ovate.     (CouiXio.NL'.s.) 

J  Tongue  too;  liless,  or  nearly  so ;  back  elevated cliipe'iformis. 

Jf'fouguo  with  about  three  series  of  small  teoth;  body  elongate,  compressed. 

hibradoricns. 

Itt Tongue  nearly  toothless:  back  not  elevated hoyi. 

••Lower  Jaw  projecting;  iireinaxillarii's  narrow,  placed  more  or  less  horizontally. 
§  Uody  ehmgate,  subfnsiform;  scales  small,  uniform,  convex  behind  (Auc.viso- 

soMfS  Agassiz) merki,  arttiU,  ti\<ir\[nnim. 

{^HJody  short,  deeji,  compressed,  s!iad-likt>;  curve  of  tho  back  simi!:ir  to  (hat 
of  the  belly;  scab's  large,  larger  ft>rwards,  rather  closely  imbricated,  tho 
posterior  nuirgin  little  convex  (Allosomus  Jordan) tttllibcc, 

•Lower  jaw  included;  preniaxillarios  broad,  placed  vertically  or  turniid  inward. 
tGill-iakers  short,  thickish,  few  in  number;  preorbital  broa<l,  wider  than  pupil; 
miiKillary  short  and  rather  broad,  not  reaidiing  to  the  liiuv  of  the  «\ve;  tho 
small  .supi>lementary  bone  mostly  narrow  and  sharply  elliptical;  mouth  very 
small.     (iVo8o;>j«m*  Milner.) 

4§6.  C.  coaicsi  Milner. — Chief  Mountain  TJldte-fiHh. 

Head  narrowed  anteriorly,  the  snout  prolonged,  jiig-like,  protruding 
beyond  the  mouth.  Maxillary  4  in  head,  barely  reaching  eye.  Sub- 
orbital and  supraorbital  wider  than  in  the  other  species.  Depth  41  in 
kngtli ;  length  of  head  abont  tho  same ;  body  therefore  elongate,  not 
elevated  nor  much  compressed.  1).  12;  A.  10;  scales  8-88-7.  Chief 
Moniitaiu  Lake,  Montana,  a  tributary  of  the  Saskatchawan.  Very  close 
to  the  next,  if  really  ditterent;  the  head  and  mouth  larger  in  the  single 
specimen  known.  ■ 

(Milner,  Kept.  U.  S.  Fish  Com.  1872-'73,  8S:  Prosojnuni  cohcsi  Milnor,  in  Jordan,  ilan. 
Vert.  ed.  2,  3G2.)      . 

48?'.  C.  WaflBaamsoni  Girard. — nocky  Mountain  White-fish.  lili^'L 

Ijody  oblong,  rather  deeper  than  in  C.  qiiadrilatcralis,  but  little  com- 
pressed. Head  shortish,  conic,  tho  proflle  more  abruptly  decurved 
than  in  the  others.  Snout  compressed  and  somewhat  pointed  at  tip, 
which  is  entirely  below  the  level  cf  the  eye.    Maxillary  short  and  very 

*  Jliluer,  in  Jordan  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2,  301:  type  C.  qnudrilateralia  Rich.  {Tpoau-elov, 
"mask;  from  tho  broad  preorbital.) 


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f;  n  •• 


298      CONTRinUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICIITIiYOLOGY — iv. 

broiul,  reaching  just  about  to  the  anterior  margin  of  eje ;  therefore 
apparently  longer  than  in  the  next,  owing  to  the  shortness  of  the  snout. 
Maxillary  contained  4  times  in  the  length  of  the  head ;  mandible  3  times. 
"Mouth  inferior.  Eye  45  in  head.  Adipose  tin  very  large,  exteiidin.f 
behind  anal.  Depth  4 "^  in  length;  head  4*3.  D.  11-14;  A.  11;  scales 
8-74  to  88-7.  Gill-rakers  short  and  thick,  shorter  than  pupil ;  about 
10  below  the  angle.  Clear  streams  and  lakes  from  the  llocky  Mount- 
aiws  to  the  Pacitic;  abundant  in  the  Sierra.  Nevada.  An  excdleut 
food-lish ;  variable. 
(Giraid,  I'loc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  185G,  133;  Giiutlior,  vi,  187.) 

488.  C.  qaiattriiiltcralas  Richardsou. — rUot-Jinh;    Mcnomonec  WliUc-fish;  Shad 
i I « iter;  Jio tin d-Jtuli. 

Body  elongate,  not  eknated  nor  much  compressed,  the  bade  rather 
broad,  the  form  more  terete  than  in  any  of  the  other  species.  ]\IoutIi 
very  small  and  narrow,  inferior,  the  broad  maxillary  not  reacliint,'  to 
opposite  the'eye,  C^  in  head.  Head  long,  the  snout  comi)resse(l  and 
bluntly  pointed,  its  tip  not  below  level  of  eye;  proHle  not  str()ii,i;ly  de- 
curved.  Preorbital  wider  than  i)upil.  Mandible  originating  under  mid- 
dle of  eyt  '^i  i'.i  head.  Adipose  tin  small.  Gill-rakers  short  and  stontish, 
but  rather  longer  than  in  C.  wiUlamsoni.  Ilead  5  in  length  ;  (lei)tli  4], 
D.  11;  A.  TO;  scales  0-80  to  9t)-S.  Color  dark  bluish  above,  siiveiy 
below.  Lakes  of  New  llanipshire,  IJi)per  Great  Lakes,  uorthwestwuid 
to  Alaska;  abundant  in  cold,  deep  w..ters. 

(Richardson,  Fninldin*H  .Tourn.  18*^3,  714;  GiinlluT,  vi,  lt():  Coirtjonnn  iiom'-aiHiluT 
Piescott,  AiU'-r.  Jo'U'u.  Sci.  Artsxi,  U42,  1H51:  Voregonna  wuw-aiKjliai  Oiiulher,  vi,  IfO.) 

4S0.  C  koiinicotti  Milnor,  MSS.  xji.  nov. 

Body  oblong,  elliptical,  the  back  not  greatly  elevated.  Head  very 
p.hort  and  deep,  the  snout  bluntly  deeurved  and  not  projecUn;^,  tlio 
depth  of  the  head  at  the  nape  greater  than  the  distance  from  the  end  of 
the  sntmt  to  the  opercular  margin.  ]\Iouth  not  inferior,  the  jaws  almost 
eqn.d;  maxillary  extremely  short  and  broad,  not  quite  reaching  to  the 
eye,  its  length  5,'.  in  head,  its  supplemental  bone  broad-ovate,  Imiadcr 
than  in  eJitpciformis.  Gill  rakers  as  in  C.  qiKulrilnlcrolis.  Proinbital 
rather  broad.  Color  pale,  as  in  chipeiformis.  Uead  5.^  in  lengtli.  D. 
11;  A.  i;{;  scales  10-00-10.  Types  Koa.  8971  and  OOtH)  of  the  T'nitod 
States  National  IMuseuni  froai  Fort  Good  Hope,  British  America,  and 
Yucon  liiver,  Alaska,  :ci>j»ectively.  A  strongly  marked  speiies,  well 
distinguished  among  tho  American  forms  by  the  very  obtuse  head,  Imfc 
perhaps  identical  with  some  Siberian  species. 


„^P 


•4!^ 


46.    SALMONID^ — COREGONUS. 


209 


ffGill-rakcrs  nnniorous,  long  and  slendor;  preorbital  long  iviid  narrow;  niaxillarios 
comparatively  long;  t!io  snpph'ini'ntal  bono  ovate,  rather  broad.    {Core(fonu8.) 
t Tongue  toothless,  or  uearly  so;  back  elevated. 

4<»0.  €.  eiupciformas  (Mitch.)  Milucr. — Common  White-finh. 

Boily  oblonjf,  c()ini)resso(l,  always  more  or  less  elevated,  and  boeoinii)<;" 

notably  so  in  the  adult.     Ilead  comparatively  small  laid  short,  the  snout 

bliuitisli,  obliquely  truncated ;   tip  of  snout  on  level  of  lower  edge  of 

])i,l)il;  width  of  preorbital  less  than  half   that  of  pupil.     Maxillary 

reaching  past  front  of  orbit,  about  4  in  head.    Eye  large,  4-5  in  head. 

Gill  rakers  iuoderate,  %  diameter  of  eye,  about  20  below  the  angle. 

Color  olivaceous  above;  sides  white,  but  not  silvery;   lower  tins  some- 

tiuies  dusky.    Head  o;  depth  3-4.    D,  11;  A.  11;  scales  8-71-9.     L.  20 

inches.    Great  Lakes  and  northwa;** ;  the  best  known  and  most  highly 

valued  of  the  American  white-lishes.     This  species,  like  others  of  wide 

distribution,  is  subject  to  considerable  variations,  dependent  on  food, 

waters,  etc.    Feeds  on  nuuute  organisms. 

(Salmo  chipeiformix  Mitchill,  Anier.  Month.  Mag.  ii,  321,  1818:  Comionm  aUiux  Lo 
Sueur,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1,  2'M,  1818  :  Corcnonns  «//>«»  Giinlher,  vi,  184,  and 
of  iiitlliDrs  geniirally:  Corcjonns  riclumhoid  Giinther,  vl,  185:  CoretjonnH  ^iapidinximits 
GiiullK'r,  vi,  18t):  Coiwjoiihh  liilior  (.{".mther,  vi,  18G:  Core<joHm  olHttjo,  (ho  "  Ot.si'go  Lake 
13ass'",  DcWitt  Clinton  Med,  «fe  iMiil.  llegister,  iii,  188.) 

tt Tongue  with  about  three  series  of  small  toeth;  body  elongate,  couipressiMl. 

491,  C  IsilbradOlicUS  Rich. — "  IVIiUing" ;  Musquaw  Eiver  While  finh. 

Body  rather  elongate,  compressed,  the  back  not  elevated.  ITead 
rather  long  and  slender,  compressed.  Mouth  rather  small,  lite  jaws 
equal,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  the  front  of  the  i)upil.  ]\Iaxillary 
bone  broad,  rather  short,  its  supplementary  j)ieco  ovate.  JMandible 
reacliing  middle  of  eye.  Eye  large,  4j]  in  head.  Supraorbital  bone 
narrow.  (1  ill-raker;}  ratlier  long.  Bluish  black  abov<i,  silvery  below; 
scales  with  dark  punctulations;  fins  all  dusky.  Dorsal  fin  high  in 
I'lout,  the  last  rays  short.  Head  tr] ;  depth  4;\.  D.  11;  A.  11;  scales 
9-SO-S.  L.  12  inches.  Great  Lake  region  to  the  lakes  of  the  Adi- 
loudaeks  and  White  Mountains,  and  northeastward ;  generally  abun- 
dant in  cold,  dear  lakes. 

(Ivi  hurtlson,  Fauna  IJor.  Anier.  iii,  20!5,  18.'W;  Giinlher,  vi,  17U:  Corcgonuf  ncohan' 
toiiicmia  I'roMcott,  Ainer.  Jouru.  Sci.  Arts,  xl,  34*«J,  Ibul.) 

tttToiigno  nearly  toothless;  buck  not  eh>vatcd. 

40'!,  C  lioyi  (Gill")  Jorduvi. — Lake  Moon-ojr;  ( inco  of  Lake  Michifion. 

llody  rallier  elongate,  compressed,  the  back  somewhat  elevaled- 
Head  rather  long,  in  form  iutormediate  between  Corcgonm  and  Ar<j>jro- 


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tmmsammsism 


300     COXTUIUUTIONS   TO   NUUTll   AMERICAN    ICHTIIYOLOOV—lv. 

somiia.    l\r<)iilli  rntluT  lurpfc,  icriniiiiil,  tlu»  lower  Jaw  rvhU'iitly  Nlu)ii(.|. 

tliiiii  npiMM,  cvni  wluMi  tiioinoiilh  i,s<i|)«'n;  tijioi'  inn/./h^  I'lillici'  lilmiilv 

tnmoatc;  maxillary   rcacliiiifx  1<>  opposite  iiiiddh*  of  pupil,  about  .'!  ji, 

luMul ;  iiiaiulihlo  exlemliii^j:  to  posterior  inaij^in  of  pupil.     >Siipiaurliit;|| 

uiul  prc'orhital   narrow.      lOye  very  lar^e,  .'<]   in  head,     'rou^nc  widi 

traces  of  teeth.     (Jillrakers  sh'uder,  ahout  -.">  l»>low  I!h^  aii^-le,  r;i|||(.|. 

lonji',  nearly  us  loiijj:  as  eye.     Psendohraneliia'  very  lar^e.      l-'inx  |,,^v. 

iVeo  iuar;iiu  of  dorsal  very  oblique.     Color  bluish  abov»',  sides  ami  lie. 

low  vieh  silveiy,  brij;!;hter  than  in  any  other  of  our  (Umijoni^  mukIi  as  ju 

//,V'>f/'»"  and  Alhtda.     Lateral  line  almost  strai^jht.     Ileadt^;  depth  t'. 

I>,  10;  A.  10;  Si'a'  >s  T-Ta-T.     h.  IL'  inches.     Deep  water.^of  Lake  :\lj,.||. 

l}»an,  Lake  Onta.  .  ,  ami  nei;;hborin}>'  lakes;    tin'  smalh'st  an<l  IhhkI. 

Komosf  «U'  our  Congoni.     It  is  intermediate  in  its  relations  between  the, 

typieal  Corcifoni  and  Arfjifrosomus. 

v.lr(7.v»uv()Hi»»»  hotii  (tiiil,  MSS.)  Miliior,  Urpt.   IJ.  H.   IMmIi  (^oiii.   lH7^>-7:i,  HO,  1^74. 
.lord  in,  M;m.  \  .Tl.  «>il.  -2,  27ft.) 

**l<ovvii    :i\v  ]»rttit'('(in;j;:  )>nMiiaxilliirifs  narrow,  ]>I!1''(m1  more  or  Ichs  liitii/diilMlly. 
\Hli>(l\  (>loii)j;;i(t\  snltl'u«il'itiiii;   .scales  Niiiiil  I,  iiuirmiii,  convex   lt(>iiiii(l.     (l/yiyro- 
KOiniiM  Ajjiissi/.') 

40^.  C.  iiirrlii  (itiir. 

ISteel  bluish  above,  with  many  dark  points;  belly  white;  dorsal  iuiii 

caudal  mostly  blackish;  ju'ctorals  and  ventrals  tippe«!  with  black;  eye 

blackish,  the  iris  silvery.      Hody  ratluM"  eloujjate,  compresse«l,     Imihh 

of  mouth  as  in  C.  ori<<li^  t\\o  lowt'r  jaw  c<Misiderably  proJeelin;»;  max- 

illary  br<»ad,  with  ratlu'r  broad  suppIeuHMital  bone,  threi^  times  as  ion;^ 

as  wide,  extcMulinjj  to  middle  of  the  very  larjjt'  eye,  its  lenj^th  .'?  in  hc;;!l; 

l)nM)rl>ital  cxtrtMuely  imrrow.     Lenjjtth  of  mandible  somewhat  more  than 

least  deptli  of  tail.      Teeth  iu>ne,  or  redaced  t«)  minute  asperities  011 

the  ton^iu'.      (Idl-rakers   nmuerous,  very  loufjf  an<l    slender.     Dorsul 

very  l»ij;h,  mucli  hi;;her  than  lon^,  its  last  rays  rapidly  shortened,  {\h> 

first  rays  twice  tin*  length  of  base  of  tin;  insertion  of  dorsal  midwny 

IkHwccu  snout  and  middle  of  adipose  tin.     Caudal  lar;;c,  well  forked; 

anal  small;  vcijtral  insert c«l  under  mitldle  of  dorsal,  very  lon^",  t^;  lcii,!4lli 

of  head;  pectoral  the  sanie  Icnjjth.    Scales  as  in  V.  nrtvdi.     Head  a; 

depth  5r;.     Kye  W  in  head.    D.  U;  A.  14;  V.  11;  scales  7-.S0-S.    I'.ehr 

inj;\s  Sea  to  the  north  shore  of  Siberia,  ascondiuj?  rivers;  lately  obtaiiiid 

by  Dr.  Dean  in  Alaska. 

(Salmo  r/M;«'<»i«/«'«  I'tillaH,  Zot-.j^r,   Uoh».  Asiat.  ill, -110;  not  CoirijonuH  oliqH'imltn  I.ii- 
c^pfeilu;  IJiinlbor,  vi,  lUft.) 


•Agrtssiz,  Lako  Siiin»ri«r,  ir»0,  S;ft):   typo  Coreaonu^  diipri/ormit  DeKay,  uot  of 
Mili'hill, -=C'i>r<'i/OHW«  urtedi  Li>  Sueui\    {iX/jyvpo?,  silver;  dCbfta,  body.) 


40.    SALMONID^E — COKKOONUa. 


301 


401.  <'.  UD'(«mI8  Fii'  Wiiciir.  —  Lnla^  Ifi'irin;/;  Cisco;  Mlvhiijan  Herring, 

IJody  clout;)! t«',  (U)iniu('.s.st'<l,  not  clcviilcd.  Ilciid  ('(mipicsscil,  ijiUmt 
poiiilcd.  Moiilli  liitlicr  liir<jr<>,  the,  iiisixrlliiry  n-uchiiifj  iilumt  l<»  tlio 
iiiidilh' of  tlici  pu|)il,  iilxMit  .'U  ill  liciad  ;  Mm;  tiiiindihh*  L'|  in  lioid.  Pro- 
or!»ilid  botio  lon;^  »>ii<l  Niondcr;  Hiil)()rl»ital  broiul ;  Hii|»raorhitiil  m^iirly 
lis  loii.y;  iiH  <'.V(',  iilxml,  4  limes  ns  loti^  ns  broiid.  ICyo  4-5  in  ImmuI. 
fiill  liilicrH  very  lon^j  ntid  Nh'iider,  ii.s  in  rV/f/zm,  ns  \{n\>^  hm  eye,  LTj-'K) 
lidlow  tins  aiijiilc.  P.liiisli  bliiiik  or  j^reenisli  iibove;  sides  silvcu'y;  KealeH 
\viMi  diii'k  specks.  I''ins  nn»st!y  piile,  (ho  Iowjm*  ihisky  tin;;ed.  II«mi(1 
4^;(lcplli  l.j.  I).  10;  A.  I'J;  sciiles  H-75  to  00-7.  It.  IL' inciies.  (^lejit 
liiilics  Mild  nordiwiird  to  Aliisksi  and  Tiiibriidor;  v(^ry  abiindiint,  iiMiially 
)'i(>i|iicMliii';  shiillow  wiilers.  In  nuiiKtrous  small  lakes  in  Indiiiiia  and 
Wisciiiisiii  (denevii, 'rippcciinoe,  <)<u>iioino\vo(',,  etc.)  is  tliCi  modilied  viir. 
mv  {.\v<jtjvoHnmi(H  Hi)i('(i  dordiin,  Amcf.  Nat.  1H75,  1.'30),  wliicli  lives  in 
the  deep  waters,  eoniinj^  into  sliidlowci-  waters  to  spnwii  in  Deeember. 

{('imijmmnrU'dl  \a\  Hiuiiir,  .loiini.  Acai?.  Nat.  Sol.  I'liilii.  i,y;il,  HtH:  CurvfiomiHcliipd' 
fiirmh*  (lilntluT,  vi,  !!•-',  iiinl  of  iiniily  nil  iiiilliois,  I  ml  not  So  I  mo  chiiirifnniiin  of  Milcli- 
ill;  Siilmo  ((''»>•(, '/<!»» hn)  Ii <!)■<■  II 'i 111  Iiii'l.jvnJHCM,  l''iiiiiiii.  finr.-Amrr.  iii,  'Jld:  SkIiiih  (t'oniiii' 
nnn)  /"'W'c*  IMi^hnnlHoii,  Kimmi  lloc.-Ariior.  ill,  ^07:  Coitijohiih  liukliiH  (lilnllior,  vi,  lUH: 
Coirijiiii.iti  hiireiiijUH  HWuihfv,  vi,  lH  >.) 

(U>,t.  i'.  iiif;rrl|>iiiiiiN  ((Jill)  .h>r.—JUiir-/}ii ;  lilaik-Jln. 

r.edy  slonl,  rusirorin,  compressed.      Ileud  stout.     Montli  lar^*',  tlio 

lower  jiiw  projeeliii}^.     ICye  nillier  lar;^e,  loii^jfcr  tiian  snout,  iib(nit  4 

ill  lieiid.     Teelli  very   iiiiiiiite,  but  appnu-Jabb^  on  premnxillaries    ind 

(oimiie.     (Jill  inkers  very  numerous,    loiijij    nnd    slender.     (!oIor  dark 

Itlnisli  iiliove;   sides   HJIvery,  with  dark    piinetnlations;    Tins  all   l)lue- 

M;hK.      Head    I];    <leptli  :V\.      I).   10;    A.  12;    scales  O-SS-7.      L.  18 

iiu'lies.     Deep  waters  of   Lake  ]Mie,Iii;:aii ;    locally  abundant.      Lar/^er 

lliiiii  most  of  I  lie  other  (Jornpni.     Known  at  oik^o  by  the  black  fins. 

(AnjiirimmiiH  iilnriiiinnh  ((<ill,  M.SS.)  Miliicr,  Kcpl.  U.  H.  Finli  (Jotii.  |H7i>-'7:$.  87, 
IH?:,;  .loidiiii,  Mini.  Vi'il.  M7:>.) 

f\Itu(Iy  hIiimI,  ili'op,  rompn'sn.Kl,  .sliiid-liko;  curve  of  tlin  hack  Hiiiiiliir  to  tluit  of  tho 
Itclly;  Hciilcs  lar^^c,  tiolahly  liir^jiT  forwiirds,  rallifr  cloHcly  iinliiiciifcd,  Mie 
ixi.sti'iior  maiyiii  lilllo  coiivfx.     (  llloHoinuH  .Joiduii.") 

4»«.  <'.  flllliflM'C  Uuh.'-riiUihifl;  "  Vnnurd  U'liilr  I'ish". 

l)()dy  short,  d«'ei>,  compressed,  Hhad-lik**,  the  dorsal  and  ventral 
curves  similar.  Caudal  pediinch^  short  and  deep.  Head  coni<!,  com- 
inosKi'd,  miicli  as  in  C.  nUjrijtlnniH.    Month  larfjf^,  tlifi  maxillary  as  \on^ 

•.lordini,  Mail.  Vort.  mX.  2,  1H78,  JJl:  tyim  VorryoiiuH  litUibeo  Rich.  {u/l/lo5,  ntbcFi 
(lillVrcui;  dibfia,  body.) 


if?)- 

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K    Y:. 


S!iy;- 


302      CONTUinUTIONH    TO    NOUTU    AMKUICAN    ICIITlIYOLOaY — ly. 

rts  tho  <\vo,  (^xtondinji;  piist  tlio  fnnit  of  fho  [nipil,  Uh  Hupplcitiniliil  i,„„„ 

lunrowly  ovnlo,  \villi  pn»loii{r,M|  )oiiil;  jmavn  rcptiil  wImmi  rIoscH.    |i;y„ 

Itir^c,  IIS  long  lis  NiiDiit,  4>J  in  lioiul.     Prcorltitiil  iiiinow;  Nnpnioi-liitui 

cloti{::!it(\  rcctiinjirulju'.     HciiIcn  nnl(M'ioHy  coiiNidwriiblv  niljii^cd,  flicjr 

(liitinchM'  liitir  liirjL^iM'  (liiin  tl)(>  iiiinn<>t(>r  of  (Iiomooii  tlMM-iiinliil  prdtinci,.. 

Color  bIniNli  iil»ov<>;   h'uWh  whilo,  piinrliifo  wHIi  Otio  tlotN;  v.u'h  nvwh 

wiHi  a  silvory   nron,  Ihcst^  lormiiijij    a  Nt'iuvs  ol'  <liHliin't   Ioiij;iiii(|i|,.|| 

Bcripos.     lloiul  4;  drptli  .'{.     I).  1 1 ;  A.  1 1 ;  H«'iiU«H  .S-7  t-7.     li.  IS  inclicH. 

lirout  Lalvos  and  norlliwiird.     A  liiindNonic  and  \V4>ll marked  .sp(>ci(<H. 

{Srthno  (('(»m;rt»M.>t)  InHihro  MWh.  Vnxiw.i  nor.-Aiiior.  iii,  Wl,  IKIOj  Ollntlicr,  vi,  I'.i'j; 
Ar<jyrosomufi  tullihw  ,)onh\x\,  iMiiii.  Vort.  lUU.) 

lit.     TIIV!»I4I.M'N  Cnvirr. 
(irnjiling/i. 

(Cuvior,  l\i^!jn«'  Anin<.  <'<l.  a,  ii,  IH'JO:  (ypo  Satmo  ilnimaUiiH  I,.) 

11«)<1\  oblong,  ooniprossod,  lit(l(>(>lcv{itod.  Uoad  rallirr  .sliorl.  Mdiilh 
niodoralo,  ((Mininal,  (ho .short  maxillary  «v\i«Miding  pa.sl  1  ho  iniddio of  llio 
largo  «\vo,  Itnt  not  to  it.s  postorior  nnirgin.  'rcclh  Nlcndcr  and  spiii\s(>(jn 
tln>  niaxillarios,  pi»Mnaxillarios,  and  lo\v«'r  Jaw;  vomer  Khorl,  willi  ;i 
^<mall  patch  ot"  tooth;  t(>(Mh  on  tho  palatin«»H;  tongno  toolhloss,  or 
uoarl.v  fs»».  dill  «)p<>ning,s  wido.  nranohio.stogals  7  or  M.  (iill  lakorM 
Hhort  and  rathor  utilV.  Snhorbital  and  pioorUilal  bonos  narrow. 
Soalos  snndl  and  loost\  75-100  in  tho  poav.so  of  tho  latoral  lim^  Dorsal 
tin  v<M\v  long  and  high,  mostly  in  advanoo  of  tho  vontrals,  of  abont  JO 
mys;  adiposo  tin  small;  oattdal  tin  forUod ;  anal  tin  Nmall,  of  IO~iri. 
mys.  Coloration  brilliant,  tlu>  doivsal  with  wd  or  blno  Np«>ts.  rsou- 
dobranohia*  woll  dovolopod.  Air  bhuhlor  vory  largo.  Pyloric  appoiid 
agos  abt)nt  15.  lloantifnl  lishos  of  tlu»  frosh  waters  of  northorn  regions. 
{(h'\naXXit(;^  tlio  rirooU  nanu»  of  tho  (Jrayling,  tho  ll«h  having  tho  odor  of 
thymo — Onuos.) 

49T.  T.  sltfiiHVr  Kioliiir«l8on.--.4mrficrt«  OrajiUnrf. 

Bmly  elongate,  compressed,  highest  nndoi  the  anterior  portion  of  llio 
dorsal,  lleail  rathor  sliort,  vsnbconie,  compros.stMl,  its  ni)perontlin«M'oii- 
tinnous  with  anterior  enrvo  of  tho  baok.  Month  moderate,  tho  iniixil 
lary  extendi iig  to  below  tho  middle  of  tho  eye;  jaWwS  abont  e(iu;il. 
Tongue,  in  the  yonng,  with  teeth  which  are  usnally  absent  in  the  adult. 
Eye  quite  largo,  about  l\  in  head,  ratln^r  longer  than  snout,  about  c(pial 
to  tho  intortu'bital  sj^aco.     Scales  uunlorato,  easily  detached.    Lateral 


';?^'.v=. 


40.    SAIiMOMDyr. TirVMAfJ.US. 


303 


Ijiic  ticiit'Iy  Mfnii;:1i(.  A  Httiiill  Itiiic  s|i)i(;(^  bcliitid  iMllnntis.  Dorsal  fin 
lon^;  »»<1  I'IK'^  it^  Icn^tli  DitlH'i-  ^icnlci-  lliiiti  Mi«^  <lt>pMi  of  lioily,  it.s 
]ii>iir|it  viir.viii;^,  ^:r(>atPMt  in  Mm^  iidiIcm;  uili|ioH(',  (in  liilluT  kiikiII  ;  iitiiil 
jiii  Kiiiiill-  (lill  t'iiUn's  sIcikUm,  Hliori,  iilioiit'  11  Ix-low  IIk;  iiii^lc  iUAar- 
iiiiiiii  Itrillhiiil,  (in  viir,  trirolor)  piirpi  isli  i^m'm.v;  .yonn;;;  Kilvrry;  sides  of 
IicikI  vvilli  I>ri{j;:li4  MniHli  nii«l  bt-on/>(^  idh-clionH;  hU\vh  of  lioily  with 
siiiiill.  l»liH'K',  Incfrnliir  HpotH,  nioHt,  niinirronH  |ioHl('ii«»ily  in  yonnj,'  Hpj-ci- 
iih'Iin;  vcnli'jil  lins  oiiiiih*,  dusky,  willi  dijij^'oiiiil  ro.sc  roI(»i«'(I  Iiih'h;  dor- 
s;il  willi  It  Idnclc  line  idon;^  its  hiisc,  (ln-n  n  roMocoloicd  our,  flu-n  ji, 
liliicKiHli  one,  llicn  i'o,si>.  coloicd,  biiicliisli,  nnd  i'os(>. coloird,  tlic.  lust 
siiipc  conlinnod  iih  ii  ntw  of  iqioln;  iil)«i\«'i  (lirw  in  u  vow  ofdiiNliy-^rccn 
h|h(Im,  flicn  n  nnv  ol"  minnto  roso coloicd  H[iots,  Uicn  a  liroiid  dnsky  an-a, 
tliciiiiililh^  part  of  Old  (In  tipped  witli  rose;  atnd  and  adipoKc  tinKdoHky; 
(('iili.il  rayH  of  rjindal  ])ink,  outer  rjtyH  dusky.  Jlejid  4',';  depth  4'r*, 
I).  L'O;  A.  II;  HesdeH  H~1HM>.  !;.  IH  inelics.  K<»rthern  jMidii^'an  to 
'Idiilimii,  nortliwjird  to  Ahiskii.  and  Iho  Ar(!ti(;  Ocaw,  ahoundin;^  in 
clcMr,  cold  HtreaniH  in  suiliibh^  loeutioiiH.  ProlV'SHor  Milner  (Kept.  IT.  H. 
I'isli  Coin.  ISTL'-T.'l,  740,  rf  Hcq.)  r('(n>{;nlzeH  thrcn  distinet  sp(>(.'i('H,  which 
Hi'cin  to  ns  ratlior  rh  varieties  of  one  HpecicH.     These  are — 

I'Voia  Uritisli  Ain^^riea  and  AliMka.     HaH  the  Hcah'W  snialler,  (Lat.  1. 

!)S),  file  luiixillary  shoiter,  and  the  hea«l  rather  h-Hs  thiin  one  tilth  the 

li'ii^tli;  tlie  dorsid  rnyH  are  perhups  more  nnniennis,  and  the  Un  in  the 

mules  iuiu^h  hi;j[h(>r. 

(I'oirnoifHH  Hifiiilfir  Ificii.  l^iiiilttiii'H  .Fmnn.  1H!jn,  711:  Hnlmn  (TInimnthiK)  ni fvifcr 
\\\A\.  V;\\\\\i\  Hoi-.-AiiK!!'.  iii,  lUU;  (iiiiitliiT,  vi,  yoa;  Aliliitr,  Jicjit.  U.  8.  JiMJi  Com. 

1M7^7;I,  7:h) 

V;ir.  Ii'irolor  Cope. — MUhffan  Graylhig. 

i'loMi  varionH  Htreanm  in  the  n<»rtliern  part  o{'  tlie  Kontlnrn  peninsula 

of  Mi(lii};ini.     Huh  a  lonj;('r  Iieiid  than  tin',  preceding,  forming  si  little 

more  tlinii  one-Urih  the  lengtli,  and  the  8uale«  hirger,  JKMIli  in  the  lat- 

(t.'l  line. 

(Thumillns  Irirolor  Tdpo,  Troc.  Arnd.  Nftt.  flcl.  Phlla.  18(55,80:  Thymnlhn  IriroJor 
Ciiiitlii  r,  vi,  yoi :  ThiimnUun  Irimlor  MiliuT,  Itupt.  II.  8.  Fieb.  Com.  1872-'?:«,  TM,  and 
ol'  liitii  wiilt'iH  on  angliiiK  ^♦'"•'''"'"y') 

Yiir.  ilioiitlllli'iN  Milner. — Montana  GraDUnrf. 

From  the  headwaters  of  tlni  Missouri.  Simihir  tu  tricolor,  T)ut  has  the 
body  deei»er,  the  (h'pth  being  about  4^  in  the  length. 

{TliiimaUus  viontanHH  Mihicr,  U('i)t.  U.  S,  Tiab  Com.  l«72-73,  741,  1874.) 


«**    * 


VI -^ki^-^ 


%t  •^> 


ff 


304     CONTKIDUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMKRICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 

148.— STCIVODVS  Kichurdsoa. 

Inconnus. 
(Luciolnitta  GiiJithcr,) 
(Rlcliardson:  typo  Suhno  markcnzii  Ricli.) 

IJody  riither  elon;;iite,  littlo  compressed.  Head  loiijf,  tlie  cleft  of  (1^. 
mouth  wide.  Miixilhiry  long',  broad,  lanceolate,  exteiidiiij;  far  backwaid 
lower  jaw  projectinj^  much  beyond  the  upper.  Dentition  very  feeble 
the  teeth  extremely  small ;  maxillary  toothless;  vomer,  palatines,  and 
tonyiic  with  narrow  bands  of  mituito  villiforin  teeth.  (Jill-rakers  ri<M(l 
awl-shaped,  r()Uf;li  interiorly.  Branchiostegal^j  10.  Pyloric  c(pca  in 
great  number.  ])oisal  fin  moderate,  over  ventrals;  anal  rather  loii"- 
caudal  forked.  Scales  moderate.  Coloration  silvery.  JMijiratoiy  trout 
of  large  size,  inhabiting  the  streams  of  Arctic  America  and  Asia. 
((Tr/v(*<r,  narrow;  oilobr,  tooth.) 

•19S.  S.  tnacIiCBlzui  RiulKU'dsoii. — rnconnu. 

l>ody  elongate,  subterete.     Head  long  and  compressed,  with  flattened 

vertex.     Eye  moderate.      rrooi)erclc  much  curved.      Dorsal  fin  nearer 

caudal  than  snout.      Bluish  above;   sides  silvery,  as  in  the  Comiuni. 

Head  lU.     D.  10;  D.  l.'J;  A.  15-,  scales  11-100-10.     Mackenzie\s  liiver 

and  its  tributaries. 

(Stilmo  i)virkfn:n  Kiidiardson,  Franlvliii's  Jourii.  182',?,  707  :    Luciolrittta  muckcn^lci 
Giiutlier,  vi,  KM.) 

149.-ONCOKBIF«rCEIUS  Suokloy. 
Facijic  Salmons, 
(Siicklcy,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1H;!1,  31-2:  type  Salmo  itrouhn  Rich.) 

Body  elongate,  sublusiform  or  compressed.  Mouth  wide,  the  maxil- 
lary long,  lanceolate,  usually  exten«ling  beyond  the  eye;  jaws  with 
moderate  teeth,  which  become  in  tlio  adult  male  enormously  eidarffod 
in  front.  Vomer  h)ng  and  narrow,  flat,  with  a  series  of  teetli  bolh  on  tlie 
head  and  the  shaft,  the  latter  series  comparatively  short  and  weak; 
palatines  with  a  series  of  teeth;  tongue  with  a  marginal  series  on  each 
side;  teeth  on  vomer  and  tongue  often  lost  with  nge;  no  teeth  on  the 
hyoid  bono.  Branchioslegals  more  or  less  increased  in  number.  Scales 
moderate  or  small.  Dorsal  fin  moderate;  anal  fin  comparatively  elon- 
gate, of  11-20  rays.  Pyloric  apjiendages  in  increased  nnnd)er.  Gill 
rakers  rather  numerous.  Ova  large.  Sexual  peculiarities  very  stroii{j;ly 
developed;  the  snout  in  the  adult  males  in  summer  and  fall  greatly 
distorted ;  the  prcmaxillaries  j^rolonged,  hooking  over  the  lower  jaw, 
which  iu  turn  is  greatly  elongate  and  somewhat  hooked  at  tip;  the 


;.       '^      -^46.    SALMONID^ — ONCORHYNCHUS.  305 

teetb  oil  these  bones  also  f^reatly  enlarged.  The  body  becomes  deep 
and  compressed  f  a  fleshy  humi)  is  developed  before  the  dorsal  fin,  and 
the  scales  of  the  back  become  imbedded  in  the  llesh.  The  flesh,  which 
jg  red  and  rich  in  spring,  becomes  dry  and  poor.  Salmon,  mostly  of 
large  size,  ascending  the  livers  tributary  to  the  i^orth  Pacific  in  l^Torth 
America  and  Asia,  spawning  in  the  fall.  Only  five  species  arc  certainlj' 
kuown.  {oyo^,  hook;  /Jy;'/oc,  snout.) 
The  species  may  be  divided  as  follows : 

•Gill-riikora  comparjitively  short  aim  fow  (20  to  25  in  number). 

fl.  Sciilos  very  small,  moro  than  200  in  a  lonj^itmlinal  scries gorhischa. 

aa.  S(;alea  medium,  about  145  (138-155)  in  a  longitudinal  series;  pyloric  c(Eea  about 
150. 

J).  Anal  rays  1:3  or  14  ;  black  spots  small  or  obsolete. ;  B.  13-14 kcta. 

hi).  Anal  rays  about  IG;  back  and  up^icr  lins  with  black  spots;  B.  15-19.. c/iouicfta.  - 
aaa.  Scales  comparatively  large,  about  130  (125-135)  in  a  longitudinal  series ;  pyloric 

Cd'ca  50-80 - i"(««/c/i. 

♦'Gill  rakers  comp.aratively  long  and  numerous  (30-40  in  number);  scales  large;  lat. 
1.  about  130 nerka. 

•Gill-nikors  comparatively  short  and  few  (20-25  in  number). 
(1.  Scales  very  small,  moro  than  2W  in  a  longitudinal  series. 

493.  O.  gortouscha  (Walb.)  Gill  &  Jordan. — Ilumpbach  Salmon;  Iladdo;  Holia; 

Gorbuscha;  Dog  Sal::wn  {Alanka), 

Color  bluish ;  sides  silvery ;  back  posteriorly,  adipose  fin,  and  tai-l 
with  numerous  black  spots;  fall  males  red,  more  or  less  blotched  with 
brownish.  Body  rather  slender,  in  the  female  plump  and  symmetrical, 
in  the  fall  males  very  thin  and  compressed,  with  the  fleshy  dorsal 
hump  much  developed  and  the  jaws  much  elongated,  strongly  hooked, 
and  with  extravagant  canines  in  front.  Ventral  appendage  half  the 
IcDgtli  of  the  fin.  B.  11-12.  Gillrakers  13  +  15.  A.  (developed  rays) 
15;  D.  11;  scales  215  (210-210),  those  of  the  lateral  line  larger,  170. 
Pyloric  cocca  very  slender,  about  180.  V/eight  3-G  pounds.  Tacific 
coast  and  rivers  of  North  America  and  Asia  from  Oregon  northward; 
not  rare;  occasionally  taken  in  the  Sacramento.  Known  at  once  by 
tlic  very  small  size  of  the  scales. 

{Salmo  {lorbuscha  Walbaum,  Artedi  Pise.  1792,  69:  Sal  mo  proteus  Vallas,  Zoogr.  Koss. 
Asiat.  ill,  370:  Salmo  gibber  Bloch  &  Schneider,  40i) :  Oncorhytichus  protcm  Giinther,  vi, 
157 :  Salmo  protcm  Suckley,  Monogr.  Salmo,  97;  Jordan,  I'roti.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  i,  71, 
1878;  Salmo  Hcoitleri  Rich.  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.  iii,  158.     Onrorhynchua  acouleri  Giinther, 

vi,  158.) 

aa.  Scales  medium,  about  145  (138-155)  in  a  longitudinal  series;  pyloric  coBca  about  150. 
h.  Anal  rays  13  or  14 ;  black  spots  small  or  obsolete. 

500.  O.  kcta  (Walbanra)  Gill  &  Jordan.— /'oj;  Salmon;  Hay-Tco;  Le  Eai  Salmon. 

Dusky  above;  sides  paler,  little  lustrous;  back  and  sides  with  no 
Bull.  Nat.  Ms.  No.  IG ^20 


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306     CONTRIDUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICITTnYOLOGY — IV. 

(Icfinod  spots,  but  only  fmo  spccklinga,  which  are  often  entirely  obso, 
leto;  heiul  dusky,  scurcely  any  me Uil lie  lustre  on  head  or  tail;  eaiului 
dusky,  plain,  or  very  finely  maculate,  its  edge  usually  distinctly  Idack. 
isli;  lins  all  mostlyblackisli, especially  in  males;  breeding  males  generally 
blackish  above,  with  sides  brick-red,  olten  barred  or  mottled.  (Iciiemi 
form  of  the  Quinnat,but  the  head  proportionately  h)nger,  more  de))ios.s,.,i 
and  i)ike-llke ;  the  preoperclc  more  broadly  convex  behind,  and  the  inax- 
illary  ext(Miding  considerably  beyond  eye.  Gill-rakers  few,  coarse,  uiid 
stout,  as  in  the  Quinnat.  Accessory  i)ectoral  scale  short,  not  half  the 
length  of  lin.  Head  4;  depth  4.  I).  9;  A.  13-14;  scales  about  2S-ir)0, 
30;  B.  13  or  14,  rather  broad;  gill-rakers  0  +  15;  pyloric  coica  140-18.r 
weight  about  1'2  pounds.  San  Francisco  to  Kamtscluitka,  ascendiiij,'  all 
streams  in  the  fall,  and  spawning  at  no  great  distance  from  the  sea- 
abundant  in  liehring's  Straits.  At  the  time  of  its  run  the  males  of  tbin 
species  are  much  distorted  and  the  flesh  has  little  value. 

{Salmo  keta  vol  Kayko  Wiilbaimi,  Artodi  Piac,  17'.>2,  72:  Salino  kcta  vol  Kayko  IJloih 
&  Scbnoidcr,  IriOl,  407:  Salmo  lufiocephalna  Piillas,  Zoogr.  Ross.  Asiut.  iii,  ;{7:;,',  l'^ll-';il: 
Salmo  aiuin  SiK'kh'y,  Aim.  liyc.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1858,  9,  aucl  Monogr,  Salmo,  101;  Oh- 
corhynchiis  lagocephalua  Giiuthcr,  vi,  IGl.) 

Ih.  Anal  rays  .about  16 ;  back  and  upper  fins  with  black  spots. 

501>  O.  ciiouiclia  (Walb.)  J.  &G.—(;?«i«Ha<  Salmon;  King  Salmon;  ColuniUaM- 
mon ;  Sacramento  Salmon ;  Chinnook  Salmon ;  Ti/ec  Salmon  ;  Fall  Salmon  {mah); 
Sj)ri n (J  Salmon  ;  JVinter  Salmon ;  Saw-kiceij ;  Choaicha. 

Color  dusky  above,  often  tinged  with  olivaceous  or  bluish;  sides  and 
below  silvery;  head  dark  slaty,  usuallj'^  darker  than  the  body  and  littlu 
spotted;  back,  dorsal  fin,  and  tail  usually  profusely  covc^red  with  round 
black  spots  (these  are  sometimes  few,  but  very  rarely  altogether  want- 
ing) ;  sides  of  head  and  caudal  fin  with  a  peculiar  metallic  tin-colored 
lustre;  male,  about  the  spawning  season  (October)  blackish,  more  or 
less  tinged  or  blotched  with  dull  red.  Head  conic,  rather  pointed 
in  the  females  and  spring  males.  IMaxillary  rather  slender,  tlic  small 
eye  behind  its  middle.  Teeth  small,  longer  on  sides  of  lower  Jaw  than 
in  front;  vomerine  teeth  very  few  and  weak,  disappearing  in  the  males. 
In  the  males  in  late  summer  and  fall,  the  jaws  become  elongate  and 
distorted,  and  the  anterior  teeth  ranch  enlarged,  as  in  the  related  spe- 
cies. The  body  then  becomes  deeper,  more  compressed,  and  arched 
at  the  shoulders,  and  the  color  neaily  black.  Preoperele  and  op- 
erclo  strongly  convex.  Body  comparatively  robust,  its  depth  greatest 
near  its  middle.  Ventrnls  inserted  behind  middle  of  dorsal,  ventral 
appendage  half  the  length  of  the  fin;  caudal,  as  usual  in  this  gcuus, 
strongly  forked,  on  a  rather  slender  caudal  peduncle.    Flesh  red  and 


46.    SALMONIDiE — ONCORIIYNCIIUS. 


307 


nVh  in  spring,  bccomitig  paler  in  the  fall  as  tlio  spawning  season 
approaclies.  Head  -4;  depth  4.  15.  15-10  to  lS-19,  the  munber  on  the 
two  sides  always  nnlike.  I).  11;  A.  10.  Cllll-rakera  usually  0  +  ll 
(j.  e.,  0  above  the  angle  and  14  below).  Tyloric  iireea  140-185.  Scales 
usually  27-l4()-2{),  the  number  in  a  longitudinal  ^eries  varying  from 
11()_1,~»5,  and  in  California  specimens  occasionally  as  low  as  135.  Verte- 
l)ia>  (id.  L.  30  inches.  Usual  weight  in  tlie  Cohunbia  Iliver  2U  pounds, 
elsewhere  1(5-18  jmunds,  but  individuals  of  70-100  i»ouuds  have  been 
taken.  Ventura  Iliver  to  Alaska  and  Northern  China,  ascending  all 
liir^ic  streants;  especially  abundant  in  the  Columbia  and  Sacramento 
Elvers,  where  it  is  the  principal  salmon.  Upwards  of  30,000,000  pounds 
are  now  takcTt  yeirly  in  the  Cohunbia  River.  It  ascends  the  largo 
streiiins  in  spiing  and  summer,  moving  up,  without  feeding,  until  the 
spawning  season,  by  which  time  many  of  those  which  started  lirst  may 
have  travelled  more  than  a  thousand  miles.  After  si)awni  g,  most  or 
all  of  those  which  have  reached  the  ui)per  waters  perish  from  ex- 
haustion. It  is  by  far  the  most  valuable  of  our  salmon.  It  has  lately 
been  introduced  into  many  eastern  streams. 

{Salmo  tHhawi/tacha*  Walbaum,  Artedi  Piac.  17'J2,  71:  Salmo  oricntalis  Pallas,  Znnar. 
Kdss.  Asiiit.  iii,  ;W7,  Irtll-'iU:  Salmo  qninnat  Ridi,  F;uina  Hor.-AtiH'r.  iii,  '2l'.>,  .and  of 
writers  goiionilly:  Oncorhjinchus  quhrnat  (.iiiitlicr,  vl,  V'tH:  Oncorh i/nvhua  orientuliH 
(5iiiiMiLT,  vi,  l.')!*:  Oncorhi/nchua  quinnat  Jonhiu,  Proc,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  i,  69:  Fario 
anjureiiH  CJiianl,  Acart.  Nut.  Sta.  Pliila.  1H5(),  218:  Salmo  quinnat,  conjIiienhiH,  anil 
anjiireuH  Suckloy,  Mouogr.  Saluut,  10."),  lO'J,  110:  Salmo  Inchawy India  liloch«fc  ydiucidor, 
kill,  407.) 

aaa.  Scales  comparatively  large,  about  130  (125-135)  iu  a  longitudinal  series;  i)ylorio 
cceca  50-BO. 

502.  O.  kisutc9l  (Wall).)  Jor.  «&  Gilb. — Silver  Salmon;  Kiautch;  Skowilz;  Hooj)td 
Salmon;  Coho  Salmon;  JJielaya  Ilyha. 

Bluish  green;  sides  silvery,  with  dark  i)unctulations;  no  spots  except 
a  few  rather  obscure  on  top  of  head,  back,  dorsal  fin,  adipose  fin,  and 
the  rudimentary  upper  rays  of  the  caudal;  rest  of  the  caudal  tin  un- 
spotted; pectorals  dusky  tinged;  anal  with  dusky  edging;  sides  of  head 
without  the  dark  coloration  seen  in  the  Quinnat;  males  mostly  red  in 
fiiU,  and  with  the  usual  changes  of  form.  Ilody  rather  elongate,  com- 
pressed. Head  short,  exactly  conical,  terminating  in  a  bluntly  i>ointed 
snout,  which  is  longer  and  broader  than  the  lower  jaw.  Head  shorter 
than  in  a  young  Quinnat  of  the  same  size.  Interorbital  space  broad 
and  strongly  convex.  Operclo  and  preoporcle  strongly  convex  behind ; 
the  preopercle  very  broad,  with  the  lower  limb  little  dev^eloped.    Cheeks 

*  A  barbarous  spelling  of  the  word  "c/touic/ia"  wbich  wo  have  thought  proper  to 
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308      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

broad.  Eye  quite  small,  uTucli  smaller  than  in  young-  Quinnat  of  thr 
same  size.    Suborbital  very  narrow,  with  a  row  of  mucous  pores  alon^ 

ft 

its  surface.  Maxillary  slender  and  narrow,  but  extending  somewhat 
beyond  the  eye.  Teeth  very  few  and  small,  only  two  or  three  on  the 
vomer;  those  on  tongue  very  feeble.  Gill-rakers  104-13,  rather  loii" 
and  slender,  nearly  as  long  as  eye,  toothed.  Fins  small.  Pectorals 
and  ventrals  short,  the  ventral  appendage  three-fifths  the  length  of  tlie 
fin ;  caudal  strongly  forked,  on  a  slender  peduncle.  Head  4 ;  depth  i. 
B.  13-14.  Pyloric  coeca  very  few  and  large,  G3  (45-80) ;  scales  25-127- 
29.  D.  10;  A.  13-14  (developed  rays).  L.  15  inches.  Weight  3-8 
pounds.  A  small  salmon,  ascending  streams  in  the  fall  to  no  great  dis- 
tance.   Abundant  from  San  Francisco  northward. 

(SaJmo  Msutvh  Walbanm,  Arterli  Pise,  1792,  70:  Salmo  hjitutsch  Bloch  &  Schnoider 
18U1,  407:  Salmo  sanguinolenlua  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Ross.  Asiat.  iii,  379:  Oncorhynclim  mn- 
giiinolentua  Giiuther,  vi,  IGO:  Onc^rhynchua  lycaodon  Giiuther,  vi,  155,  iu  part:  Salmo 
nconlcri  Siickloy,  Jlonogr.  Salmo,  94:  Salmo  tstippUch  Ricbaidaon,  Fauna  Bor.-Anier. 
iii,  224,  1S:{6:  Salmo  tsuppitch  GUnther,  vi,  118  (not  of  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  i, 
7**,  1878,^  Salmo  purpuratua);  Oncorhynchua  tsuppitch,  Jordan,  Forest  and  Stream,  Sep. 
teiiiber  10,  1880,  130.) 

**  Gill-r.akers  comparatively  long  and  numerous  (30  to  40  in  number) ;  scales  large, 
in  about  130  scries. 

503.  O.  nerfca  (Walbaum)  Gill  &  Jordan. — Blue-back  Salmon;  Red-fiah;  Frazer's 
liiver  Salmon;  Sugk-cye  Salmon ;  Kraanaya  Ryha. 

•  Color  clear  bright  blue  above;  sides  silvery,  this  hue  overlying  tlio 
blue  of  the  back;  lower  fins  pale,  upper  dusky;  no  spots  anywhere  in 
adults  in  spring;  the  young  with  obscure  black  spots  above;  males 
deep  crimson  red  in  the  fall ;  the  fins  blackish,  the  caudal  then  often 
speckled  with  black;  young  breeding  males  {'■'■  KennerlyV)  often  shari)ly 
spotted.  Body  elliptical,  rather  slender.  Head  short,  sharply  conic, 
pointed,  the  lower  jaw  included.  Maxillary  rather  thin  and  small,  ex- 
tending beyond  eye.  Teeth  all  quite  small,  most  of  them  freely  mova- 
ble; vomer  with  about  G  weak  teeth,  which  grow  larger  in  fall  males,  in- 
stead of  disappearing.  Preoperclo  very  wide  and  convex;  opercle  very 
short,  not  strongly  convex.  Preopercle  more  free  behind  than  in  0. 
chomclia.  Ventral  scale  about  half  the  length  of  the  fin;  caudal  fin  nar- 
row, widely  forked;  anal  fin  long  and  low;  dorsal  low.  Flesh  deej)  red. 
Males  becoming  extravagantly  hook-jawed  in  the  fall,  the  snout  being 
then  prolonged  and  much  raised  aboAe  the  level  of  rest  of  head,  the 
lower  jaw  produced  to  meet  it.  Mandible  1^  in  head,  in  fall  males,  1$  in 
females;  snout  2 J  in  head,  in  fall  males,  3^  iu  females.  Head  4;  depth  4. 
Gill-rakers  as  long  as  eye,  more  numerous  than  in  any  other  of  our  sal- 
mon, usually  16-23.      B.  14+13.     D.  11  j  A.  14;  scales  20-133-20; 


46.    SALMONIDJE SALMO. 


309 


pyloric  cceca  7i3-95.  Vertebra?  G4.  L.  24  inches.  Weight  4  to  8  pounds. 
Columbia  River  to  Kamtscliatka;  genenillj-  abundant,  esi)ecially  north- 
ward; ascending  streams  in  spring  to  great  <listances,  and  often  fre- 
quenting mountain  lakes  in  fall,  spawning  in  their  small  tributaries;  one 
of  the  most  graceful  of  the  Salmonidw,  scarcely  inferior  to  the  Quinnat 
when  fresh,  but  the  flesli  more  watery  and  less  valuable  when  canned. 

{Salmo  ncrlca  Walhamn,  Artcdi,  Pise.  17t>2, 71 :  Salmo  nerka  Bloch  &  SeLneider,  l^iOl, 
417:  Sahno  lycaodon  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Ross.  Ahiat.  iii,  370:  Salmo  japonensis  VnUas,  1.  c. : 
^  Salmo  dermatinu8  and  con8«p<tt8  Richardson,  Voyage  Herald,  Zoiil.  167,  1G8  (probably 
O.keta):  Salmo paitciclena H'lLhiirdHOQ,  Fauna  Bor.-Anicr.  iii,  222:  Oncorhynchus  lijcaodon 
pt.  aud  0.  pauvidens  Giiutber,  vii,  155,  158:  Salmo  cooperi,  paucidena,  warreni,  and 
rithardi,  Suckley,  Monogr.  Saluio,  92,  et  acq.;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  357 ;  Jordan,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Miia.  1,71,  1H7B:  Salmo  kenneiUji  Suckley,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  vii, 
307, 18G1,  and  Monogr.  Saliuo,  145  (young  male  or  grilse,  in  breeding  season) :  Salmo 
hnnerlyi  GUntlier,  vi,  120;  Uypaifario  Icennerlyi  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1802, 
330:  Oncorliynchiia  Icnnerlyi  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  357,  and  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  i, 
7'.',  1878:  ?  Salmo  tapdisma,  arabatach,  aud  melamplerua  Cuv.  &  Val.  xxi,  314-G.) 

150.— S4Li]!IO  Linnaeus. 
Salmons. 
(.\rtedi;  Linnroiis,  Syst.  Nat. :  type  Salmo  aalar  L.) 

Body  elongate,  somewhat  compressed.  Mouth  large;  jaws,  palatines, 
and  tongue  toothed,  as  in  related  genera ;  vomer  flat,  its  shaft  not  de- 
pressed, a  few  teeth  on  the  chevron  of  the  vomer,  behind  which  is  a 
somewhat  irregular  single  or  double  series  of  teeth,  which  are  some- 
times deciduous  with  age.  Scales  !  rge  or  small,  110-200  in  a  longitu- 
dinal series.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  short,  of  about  11  rays  each;  caudal 
flu  truncate,  emarginate,  or  forked,  its  peduncle  comparatively  stout. 
Sexual  peculiarities  variously  developed ;  the  males  in  typical  species 
with  the  jaws  prolonged  and  the  front  teeth  enlarged,  the  lower  jaw 
being  hooked  upwards  at  the  end  and  the  upper  jaw  emarginate  or  per- 
forate. In  some  species  these  i)eculiarities  are  little  marked.  Species 
of  moderate  or  large  size,  black- spotted,  abounding  in  the  rivers  and 
lakes  of  Northern  America,  Asia,  and  Europe;  one  or  two  Atlantic 
species  marine  and  anadromous.  The  non-migratory  species  (subgenus 
Fario)  are  in  both  continents  extremely  numerous,  closely  related,  and 
difficult  to  distinguish.  The  excessive  variations  in  color  and  form  have 
given  rise  to  a  host  of  nominal  species.  European  writers  have  de- 
scribed numerous  hybrids  among  the  various  species  of  Salmo,  real  and 
iiomiual,  found  in  their  waters;  as  also  among  the  various  European 
CyprinidcB.  We  have  thus  far  failed  to  find  the  slightest  evidence  of 
auy  hybridism  either  among  our  American  SalinonidcB  or  Cyprinidw, 
in  a  state  of  nature.     Puzzling  aberrant  or  intermediate  specimens 


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310     CONTmBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — VT. 

certainly  occur,  but  such  are  not  necessarily  "hybrids."    {Salmoj  the 
Latin  name  of  S.  salar,  originally  from  salio,  to  leap.) 

The  following  observations  on  the  snecies  of  trout  are  taken,  with 
some  slight  abridgment  and  alteration,  from  Dr.  GUnther's  accouut  of 
this  family  (Cat.  Fish.  Brit.  Mus.  vi): 

There  is  no  other  group  of  fishes  which  offers  so  many  difficulties  to  the  icbthvnl- 
ogist,  witli  regard  to  tho  distinction  of  the  species,  as  well  ad  to  certain  jjoints  in 
their  life  history,  us  this  genus.  *  ♦'  *  Tho  almost  infinite  variations oitlicsclisli.a 
are  dcj)en(lent  on  age,  sex,  and  oexual  development,  food,  and  tho  properties  of  tho 
■water.  *  *  •  The  coloration  is,  first  of  all,  suhject  to  variation,  and  consi'qiiciitlv 
this  characttT  hut  rarely  assists  in  distinguishing  a  species,  there  heing  notonewliicU 
would  show  in  all  stages  tho  same  kind  of  coloration.  The  young  in  all  the  siu'cics 
of  tliis  genus  are  harred,  and  this  is  so  constantly  tho  case  that  it  may  he  usid  as  a 
g<>neric  or  even  as  a  family  character,  not  being  peculiar  to  Salmo  alone,  but  al.s(,  to 
Tliymallua  aad  i)robably  to  Coregonus.  The  number  of  bars  is  not  quite  constant,  but 
t'\o  migratory  trout  have  two  (or  even  three)  more  than  the  river-trout.  Whcu  tlie 
SalmoiifH  have  passt-dthis  "parr"  state,  tho  coloration  becomes  much  diversiiiiul.  Tlio 
males,  especially  during  and  immediately  after  tho  spawning  time,  are  more  in- 
tensely  colored  and  variegated  than  tho  females,  speciaums  not  mature  retaiiiinj;  a 
brighter  silvery  color,  and  being  more  similar  to  tho  female  fish.  Food  a])i!eais  to 
Lave  less  mfluonce  on  tho  coloration  of  the  outer  parts  than  on  that  of  tho  tiesli ; 
thus,  the  moie  variegated  specimens  are  frequently  out  of  condition,  whilst  well-fed 
iuilividua'.s,  with  pinkish  flesh,  are  of  more  uniform  though  bright  colors.  *  •  • 
The  water  liiis  a  marked  iulluen(•(^  on  the  colors.  Trout  with  intense  oeellatcd  spots 
«ro  generally  found  in  clear,  rapid  rivers  and  in  alpino  pools;  in  tho  largo  lakes,  with 
pebbly  bottom,  the  fish  aio  bright  silvery,  and  the  ocellated  spots  iiro  mixc^tl  witli  or 
replaced  by  X'shaped  black  spots  j  in  dark  holes,  or  lakes  with  i^eaty  bottom,  they 
often  assume  an  almost  uniform  blackish  coloration. 

Tho  brackish  or  salt  water  has  the  effect  of  givin<r  them  a  bright-silvery  coat, 
without  or  with  few  spots,  none  of  them  ocellated.  With  regard  to  size,  the  various 
species  do  not  present  an  equal  amount  of  variation.  Size  appears  to  depend  on  the 
abundance  of  tho  focd  and  tho  extent  of  tho  water.  Thus,  tho  migratory  sii('('i(>H 
do  not  appear  to  var^  eonsi<lerably  in  size,  because  they  fin<l  the  same  conditions  in 
all  tiie  localities  inhabited  by  them.  A  widely-spread  species,  however,  like  Sulmo 
fano  (or  in  America,  Salmo  purjuiraliis)-  when  it  inhabits  a  small  nuiuntain  ])ool,  with 
scanty  food,  never  attains  a  weight  of  8  ounces,  while  in  a  largo  lake  or  river,  where 
it  finds  an  abundance  of  food,  it  attains  to  a  weight  of  14  or  1(5  po^mds.  Suuh  larf;;o 
river-trout  are  frequently  named  or  described  as  8almou-trout,  Bull-trout,  Steel-heatk, 
etc. 

Tho  proportions  of  the  various  parts  of  the  body  to  ono  another  vary  exceoihugly, 
in  the  same  species,  with  ago,  sex,  and  condition. 

Tho  fins  vary  to  a  certain  degree.  Tho  variation  in  tho  number  of  rays  in  any  ouo 
g(>nus  (except  Oncorhynchits)  is  inconsiderable,  and  of  no  vali.s  for  specific  distinction. 
Although  some  spocics  appear  to  be  distinguished  by  a  comparatively  low  dorsal  and 
anal  fin,  yet  tho  proportion  of  tho  height  of  these  fins  to  their  length  is  a  rather  un- 
certain character.  In  most  of  the  spccieB  tho  fin-rays  are  longer  during  the  stages  of 
growth  or  development.  Tho  caudal  fin  especially  undergoes  changes  with  a';e. 
Yt)U'\g  specimens  cf  all  species  have  this  fin  more  or  less  deei)ly  excised,  so  thai  the 
young  of  u  species  which  has  the  caudal  emarginato  throughout  life  is  distiu- 
giiished  by  ?.  deeper  incision  (.<*  the  fin  from  tho  young  of  a  speciea  which  has  it 
truncate  in  the  young  state.  Tao  individuals  of  tho  same  species  do  not  all  attuiu 
to  maturity  at  tho  samo  size. 


46.    SALMONID^ — SALMO. 


311 


Finally,  to  complete  oitr  enumeration  of  those  variable  characters,  wemnst  mention 
that  in  old  nales,  dnring  and  alter  the  spawninj.^  season,  the  slciu  on  the  back  becomes 
tiiickeuod  and  sponj^y,  so  that  the  scales  are  quite  invisible  or  hidden  in  tho  skin. 

After  this  cirs  jry  review  of  variable  characters,  we  pass  oi>  to  those  which  wo  have 
found  to  bo  coiistauc  in  numbers  of  individuals,  and  in  which  it  is  difficult  to  perceive 
gjirus  of  niodil'cation  due  to  external  circumstances. 

Such  characters,  according  to  the  views  of  the  zoologists  of  tae  present  age,  are 
Bufficieut  for  the  delinition  of  species ;  at  all  events,  in  every  description  they  ought 
to  ))L'  noticed,  an<l  tho  confused  and  unsatisfactory  state  of  our  knowledge  of  Sal- 
monoids  is  chietly  caused  by  authors  having  jiaid  attention  to  the  more  conspicuous 
but  unreliable  characters,  and  but  rarely  noted  one  of  those  which  arq  enumerated 

here. 

1.  Tiie  form  of  the  i)rcopcrculum  of  the  adult  fish. 

2.  The  width  and  strength  of  tho  maxillary  of  tlie  adult  fish.  In  young  specimens 
and  iu  females  tho  maxillary  is  proportionately  shorter  than  in  the  adult. 

1  The  size  of  tho  teeth,  those  of  tho  premaxiilaries  excepted. 

4.  The  arrangement  and  permanence  of  the  vomerine  teeth. 

.5,  T"ie  development  or  absence  of  teeth  on  the  liyoid  bone.  In  old  examples  these 
are  often  lost,  and  their  absence  in  a  species  usually  jirovided  with  them  is  nc  t  un- 
common. 

G.  The  form  of  tho  caudal  fin  iu  specimens  of  a  given  size,  age,  or  sexual  develop- 
ment. 

7.  Tho  size  of  the  scale-i,  as  indicated  by  counting  tho  number  of  transverse  rows 
.ibovo  tho  lateral  line.  The  scales  of  the  lateral  line  are  always  more  or  less  enlarged 
or  irregular  and  the  number  of  scales  shoiiM  be  ascertained  higher  up ;  this  is  one  of 
the  most  constant  and  valnable  of  all  the  specific  characters. 

8.  A  gr»at  development  of  tho  pectoral  fins,  when  constant  in  a  number  of  ypeci- 
mens  iVoin  the  same  locality. 

9.  The  numb(sr  of  vertebne. 

10.  The  number  of  pyloric  cooca. 

11.  Tbo  number  of  gill-rakers. 

The  species  may  be  divided  nn  follows  : 

•Marine  salmon,  anadroinous,  with  the  vomerine  teeth  little  developed,  those  on  the 
shaft  of  the  bone  few  and  deciduous;  scales  large  (Lat.  1.  i'20);  caudal  weU 
Mirked,  truncate  in  old  individuals;  no  hyoid  teeth;  sexual  dilfereuceH 
Btrong ;    breeding  males  with  the  lower  jaw  hooked  upwards,  tho  »ii)per 

jaw  emarginate  or  perforate  to  receive  its  tip  (Salmo) aalar. 

•*  River  salnon,  not  anadroinous,  with  tho  vomerine  teeth  largelj'  developed,  those  on 
the  shaft  of  tho  bono  numerous,  persistent,  in  one  zigzag  row  or  two  alter- 
nating rows;   sexual  dift'erences  not  strongly  marked,  the  male  with  tho 
premaxiilaries  somewhat  enlarged.     (I'auio  Valenciennes.) 
0.  Hyoid  hone  entirely  toothless. 
h.  Scales  larger,  l'JO-150  in  a  longitudinal  series. 

c.  Caudal  (in  forked irideun. 

C3.  Caudal  fin  truncate gairdneri. 

hb.  Scales  small,  165-UO.')  in  a  longitudinal  series. 

d.  Caudal  fin  truncate ./tpilurua. 

aa.  Hyoid  bono  with  a  narrow  band  of  small  teeth  (often  lost) ;  scales  small  (lat.  1. 
155  to  190) purpuratuH. 

•Marino  salmon,  anadromous,  with  tho  vomerino  teeth  little  developed,  those  on  tho 
shaft  of  tho  bone  few  and  deei<luous ;  scales  large  ( Lat.  I.  ViO) ;  caudal  fin  well 
forke<l,  truncate  inold  individuals;  no  hyoid  teeth  ;  sexual  difi'erencesstroug; 
breeding  males  with  the  lower  jaw  hooked  upwards,  tho  upper  jaw  cmurgi- 

-  nt.to  or  perforate  to  receive  its  tip.    {Salmo.) 

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312     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY^iy. 
501.  S.  salar  Linnsous. — Common  Atlantic  Salmon. 

Body  moderately  elongate,   symmetrical,  not    greatly  compressed 
Head  ratLer  low.     Mouth  moderate,  the  maxillary  reaching  jnst  pa.st 
the  eye,  its  length  2^3  in  head;   in  young  specimens  the  maxillary 
is  proportionately  shorter.    Preoperculum  with  a  distinct  lower  limb 
the  angle  rounded.     Scales  comparatively  large,  rather  largest  pos- 
teriorly, silvery  and  well  imbricated  in  the  young,  becoming  imbed- 
ded iu  adult  males.    Coloration  h\  the  adult  brownish  above,  the  sides 
more  or  less  silvery,  with  numerous  black   spots  on  sides  of  head 
on  body,  and  on  fins,  and  red  patches  along  the  sides  in  the  males- 
young  specimens  (i)arrs)  with  about  11  dusky  cross-bars,  besides  black 
spots  and  red  patches,  the  color,  as  well  as  the  form  of  the  head 
and  body,  varying  much  with  age,  food,  and  condition ;  the  black  spots 
in  the  adult  often  X-shaped  or  )0<shaped.     Head*;  depth  4.    B.  U- 
D.  11;   A.  9;   scales  23-120-21;   vertebne  CO;   pyloric  cceca  about  05. 
Weight  15-40  pounds.    North  Atlantic,  ascending  fill  suitable  rivers 
in  Northern  Europe  and  the  region  north  of  Capo  Cod ;  sometimes  per- 
manently land-locked  in  lakes,  where  its  habits  and  coloration  (but  uo 
tangible  specif  3  characters)  change  somewhat,  when  it  becomes  (in 
America)  var.  sebago.      One  of  the  best  known  and  most  valued  of 
food -fishes. 

(Linntena,  Syst.  Nat. ;  Giinther,  vi,  11,  and  of  nearly  all  authors :  Salmo  gloved  Girard, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,85:  Salmo  sebago  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philu, 
1853,  380;  Suckley,  Mouogr.  yaliuo,  143:  Salmo  schago  and  gloveri  Giiuthci",  vi,  153.) 

**  River  salmon,  not  anadromous,  •with  the  vomerine  teeih  largely  developed,  tlioHe 
on  the  shaft  of  the  bone  nunieroiis,  persistent,  in  one  zigzag  row  or 
two  alternating  rows;   sexual  dift'ercnees  not  strongly  marked,  tho 
males  with  tlie  premaxillaries  somewhat  enlarged;  Hesh  often  pale. 
(Fario  Valenciennes*). 
a.  Hyoid  bomi  entirely  toothless  (tongue  with  teeth  as  usual). 
b.  Scales  large,  in  120-150  series. 
0.  Caudal  liu  forked. 

503.  S.  iridCUS  Gibbons. — California  Brooh  Iroui;  Eainbow  Trout. 

Body  comparatively  short  and  deep,  compressed,  varying  consider- 
ably, and  much  more  elongate  in  the  males  than  in  the  females.  Head 
short,  convex,  obtusely  ridged  above.  Mouth  smaller  than  in  any 
other  species  of  the  genus,  tho  rather  broad  maxillary  scarcely  reach- 
ing beyond  the  eye  except  in  old  males.  Eye  larger  than  in  our  other 
species,  6  in  head.    Vomerine  teeth  in  two  irregular  series.    Dorsal  tin 

•  Valonciennea,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  xxi,  227:  typo  Fario  argenteus  Val.  (Fario,  a 
Latin  name  of  tho  "Salmon  Troiit";  included  species  Avith  a  single  low  of  iternia- 
nent  teoth  on  tho  vomer;  Salar,  Vul.  1.  u.  314,  iucluded  thosu  with  two  rows,  a  dis- 
tinction of  uo  importance. )  -^  "     ■  ' 


46.   SALMONIDJE — SALMO. 


313 


moderate;  caudal  fiu  distinctly  tbougli  not  strongly  forked,  more  deeply 
incised  tbau  in  any  other  of  our  species  of  Fario.  Scales  comijraatively 
lar'^e.  Coloration  bluish  above,  the  sides  silvery;  everywhere  above 
profusely  but  irregularly  spotted,  the  spots  extending  on  the  sides  and 
on  the  vertical  fins;  spots  on  caudal  small ;  belly  nearly  plain;  sea-nm 
si)et'iinens  nearly  plain  silvery ;  males  with  red  lateral  band  and  blotches. 
Head  4 ;  depth  3^.  D.  11 ;  A.  10;  scales  21-135-20,  varying  considerably, 
tbc  highest  number  noteti  ])eing on  the  typeof  "JPario  newherriV\ 33-14G- 
33.  L.  24  inches'.  Weight  J  to  0  pounds.  Streams  west  of  the  Sierra 
Ifevada,  from  near  the  Mexican  line  (Rio  San  Luis  Key)  to  Oregon;  very 
abundant,  and  subjec':  to  many  variations  in  size,  form,  and  color. 

(Gibbons,  Proc,  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1855,  3G;  Giiuthcr,  vi,  lit);  Sucklov,  Monogr. 
Saliuo,  V29;  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  i,  75:  Fario  gahlneri  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac. 
K,  R.  Surv.  Fish,  x,  313  (not  Salino  gairdneri  E'ch.):  Fario  neicherrii  Girard,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1858,  224 :  Fario  clarkii,  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 
21'J  (not  S.  clarkii  Rich.):  Salmo  masoni  Suckley,  Mouogr.  Salmo,  134.) 

cc.  Caudal  fiu  truncate  (in  the  adult). 

506.  S.  gairdneri  Rich. — Steel-head;  Hard-head;  Salmon  Trout. 

Body  rather  stout,  not  very  deep  mesially,  but  with  the  caudal  pe- 
duncle thick.  Head  comparatively  short  and  rather  slender,  in  the 
females  small,  in  the  males  the  jaws  mcro  or  less  prolonged ;  maxillary 
rather  narrow,  the  small  eye  nearly  above  its  middle;  lower  jaw  in- 
tlnded;  upper  jaw  in  males  emarginate  at  tip  and  at  junction  of  premax- 
illary.  Teeth  rather  small,  those  on  the  vomer  in  two  long,  alternating 
series,  which  are  about  aa  long  as  the  palatine  series.  Preopercle 
rather  wide,  with  the  lower  limb  short;  opercle  moderate.  Gill  rakers 
short  and  thick,  8+12  (essentially  as  in  our  other  species  of  Fario). 
Ventral  appendage  not  half  the  length  of  the  fin.  Tail  wide,  squarely 
truncate  in  the  adult,  somewhat  emarginate  in  the  young.  Flesh  rather 
pale.  Bones  much  firmer  than  in  the  Oiicorhynchi.  Color  blue  above; 
sides  silvery;  head,  back,  upper  fins,  and  tail  more  or  less  densely  cov- 
ered with  black  spots;  belly  usually  unspotted ;  males  with  cr)lors  height- 
ened, the  back  greenish;  a  broad  flesh-colored  lateral  band,  deep  re<l 
on  the  opercles;  fins  not  red;  no  red  on  the  membrane  of  lower  jaw; 
B.  12-11;  D.  11;  A.  12;  scales  20-135-20;  pyloric  cfcca  42;  vertebras 
38-1-20.  L.  30  inches.  Sacramento  lliver  and  northward.  A  largo 
trout,  abounding  in  the  mouths  of  the  rivers,  reacning  a  weight  of  20 
pouiuls.  It  8i)awns  later  than  the  salmon,  and  is  founi\  in  the  rivers, 
spent,  at  the  time  of  the  spring  salmon  run.  It  is  then  nearly  useless 
as  food,  but  at  other  times  similar  in  quality  to  other  trout. 

{1  Salmo  pnjkisn  Vv'albauni,  Artodi,  Pise.  17112,  5!),  appnrontly  confused  with  S.  purpur- 
atus-.l Salino muikiui  Uloch  «Sb Schuuidcr,  411):  Salino ^ur^uraluH  Giiuthcr,  vi,  Uti:  Salmo 


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314     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 

truvcatuH  Snrklcy,  Ann.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  18.')S,  3:  Salmo  ijainhicrl  Ridiardbo 
Fauna  IJor.-Anicr.  iii,  2"J1:  Salmo  ./airdnni  Sucklry,  Moiiogr.  Salmo,  114:  Galmotiu  ' 
catiii)  Guntlu-r,  vi,  122:  Salmo  (jairdniri  Giintlier,  vi,  Urt.) 

bb.  Scales  small,  l().')-'JOr»  in  a  longitudinal  soriea. 

d.  CiHidal  fin  truncat«  or  double-rouudtul,  not  at  uU  forked  in  the  adult. 

«S07.  S.  spiliiriis  Cope. — IHo  Grande  Trout. 

Body  eloiifjiite.     Head  heavy,  but  proportionately  short,  its  \\\mj 

surface  considerably  decurved ;  interorbital  space  transveisely  convex 

obtusely  carinated;   the  head  more  convex  than  in  any  other  of  our 

si)ecies.     JNIouth  very  lar^e,  the  maxillary  reaching  far  past  the  eye. 

Teeth  on  vomer  in  two  distinct  series.     Dorsal  lin  low  in  front,  lii(ri, 

behind,  the  last  ray  more  than  two-thirds  the  height  of  the  (irsi ;  la,>,t 

ray  of  the  anal  rather  long;  caudal  with  its  middle  rays  about  as  loii" 

as  the  others.     Profusely  spotted;   bacjk  and  sides  with  round  black 

spots,  the  si)ots  most  develoi)ed  posteriorly,  few  on  the  head,  most  im- 

merous  on  the  caudal  and  adipose  flu;  sides  with  pale  blotches.    Head 

3J;  depths.    D.  11;   A.  10;   scales  37-170-37.     L.  30  inches.    Uppor 

Rio  Grande  and  Basin  of  Utah,  frequenting  mountain  streams. 

(Copo,  Haydeu's  Geol.  Surv.  Mout.  1871,  470, 1872;  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  xMns.  i 
74.) 

Var.  plcui'iticus  (Cope)  Jor. 

A  more  abundant  and  much  more  widely  distributed  form,  having 
the  head  and  mouth  equally  large,  but  the  top  of  the  head  less  con.ex, 
the  median  carina  being  more  marked,  especially  in  the  young.  Tlio 
scales  are  deliiiitely  smaller  (39-200-40)  and  the  coloration  is  ratluT 
darker.  This  form  abounds  in  all  suitable  streams  from  the  Kio 
Grande,  through  the  Basin  of  Utah.  Specimens  intermediate  between 
spilurus  and  plcuriticus  occur. 

{Salmo  pleiuiticus  Cope,  Ilayden's  Geol.  Surv.  Mont.  1871,  471,  1872;  Jordan,  I'roc, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  i,  74,  lo78.) 

aa.  Ilyoid  hono  with  a  narrow  band  of  HUiall  teeth  (easily  scraped  olt"  and  very  often 
naturally  deciduous,  especially  iu  old  examples). 

508.  S.  piirpiiratus  rallas. — Salmon  Trout  of  the  Columbia;  Yellotoatone  Trout; 
Jlovky  Mouittaiii  Jtrook  'Trout;  Lake  Trout. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  compressed.  Head  rather  short.  jMoutli 
moderate,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  far  beyond  the  eye.  Voiuerinc 
teeth  as  usual,  sot  in  an  irregular  zigzag  series;  teeth  on  the  hyoiil 
bone  nornnilly  present,  but  often  obsolete,  especially  in  old  exainplos. 
Dorsal  tin  rather  low;  caudal  tin  slightly  forked,  less  so  than  in  iridius, 
more  than  in  n2)Uurus  (the  caudal  more  forked  in  young  individuals 


I !  I!! 


4G.    SALMONIDiE SALMO. 


315 


than  ill  t^'C  adult,  as  in  all  trout).    Scales  moderate,  varyinjj  to  rather 

>;niiill.     l>ack  and  caudal  i)eduncle  profusely  covered  with  rounded 

bliick  sjtots  of  v.-iying  size;   doisal,  caudal,  and  adipose  fin  covered 

with  siiKiU  spots  about  as  large  as  the  nostril;  a  few  sjxjts  on  the  head; 

iR'llv  I'liicly  spotted;   inner  edge  of  the  mandibles  below  with  a  red 

blotcli;  sea-run  specimens  are  nearly  uniform  silvery;   males  with  a 

broad  lateral  band  and  patcln^sof  light  red;  extremely  variable  in  color 

.,,,(1  loriii.    Head  4;  depth  4.    1).  10;  A.  10.    Cceca  43.    Scales  variable 

ill  si/c,  .'J;{-irjO-;50  to  39  -170-.'{0.    The  conunon  trout  of  the  Kocky  IMount- 

jiiiis  and   Cascade  region,  abounding  in   all   the  streams  of  Alaska, 

()ii'j;()ii,  and  Washington,  where  it  descends  to  salt  water,  and  reaches 

;i  w('ij;lit  of  -0  pounds  (Columbia  Kivor,  Charles  J.  Snuth);  also  in  the 

VcUow.stone  region,  the  Upper  JMissouri,  the  Upper  Ilio  Grande,  Colo- 

i;ul(),  and  the  lak<'s  of  the  Great  Basin  of  Utah,  being  very  abundant 

ill  Utah  Lake.     ]!^^ot  common  south  of  Mount  Shasta  in  California. 

This  species  is  ai)])arently  the  parent  stock,  from  which  our  other  blaok- 

spotti'd  trout  have  scarcely  yet  become  diiferentiated.     Considerable 

local  variations  occur,  esi)ecially  in  size,  coloration,  and  size  of  scales. 

The  rt'd  blotches  on  the  lower  jaw  between  the  deutary  bones  and  the 

iiu'iiibiiuie  joining  them  is  very  constant  and  characteristic. 

{Mmo  purpuratua  Pallas,  Ziiol.  Kohs.  Asiat.,  Jii,  374,  1811-31:  Salmo  clarki  Rich. 
I'liiiiiii  Biir.-Aiiu'r.  iii,  2::i1,  I8;5i]:  Far'u)  Hlcllalun  Giranl,  I'loc;.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila. 
l-jd, 'JiO:  Salmo  brcvicaiida  Snckloy,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  vii,  308,  IHOl:  Salmo 
gkllattis,  n'lbbsi,  and  brericanda  Gilutlier,  vi,  117-120:  Salmo  clarki  Jordan,  I'roc.  U.  S. 
Nat>  Jliirt.  i,  77  :  Saliuotmippilch  .Jordan,  l*ro(!,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  i,  72;  i''«cio«HroraGirard, 
rroc.  Aciul.  Nat.  S(  i.  I'liila.  viii,  218,  I83(i:  Salar  lewiai  Grd.  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Pliilii.  IS.');"),  211):  Salar  vinjlualis  (iirard,  1.  c.  220:  Salmo  carhalua  Cope,  Haydcn's  Gcol. 
Siirv,  ]\l()!it.  1871,  471-472:  Salmo  Utah  Snckloy,  Mouogr.  Saliuo,  13lj:  Salmo  aurora, 
kwm,  and  virtjiitalia  GUuthcr,  vi,  ll'J-123.) 

Var.  boil vici'i  licndiro. —  Jf'uha  Lake  Trout. 

.Similar  to  S.  jyurpiiratus,  but  with  dark  spots  only  on  tho  dorsal,  cau- 
dal, and  adipose  lin,  and  on  the  tail  behind  front  of  anal,  where  the 
spots  are  very  profuse,  smaller  than  pupil.  Anterior  regions  dnsky 
bluish,  not  silvery;  red  blotch  on  inner  edges  of  deutary  bones  below 
very  conspicuous.  Head  shorter  and  deeper  than  in  imrj}uraUts  the 
snout  shorter  and  blunter,  not  longer  than  eye,  which  is  4  in  head. 
Operclo  and  preopercle  less  convex  than  in  ptirpiiratns.  IMaxillary  2^ 
in  head.  Caudal  moderately  forked.  Head  4;  depth  4§.  D.  10;  A.  11; 
L.  12;  Lat.  1. 175.  Size  small.  A  singularly  colored  local  variety,  found 
in  Waha  Lake,  Washington  Territory,  a  mountain  lake  without  outlet. 

{^Sahm  boumri  Boudiro,  MSS.) 


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316     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
Var.  stomias  (Cope)  J.  &  G. 

Body  short  and  stout.  Head  largo  and  wide,  above  broad  ami  flat 
without  keel,  with  wide  mandible  and  mouth,  the  end  of  the  luaxillarv 
extending-  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye  bi^yond  the  orbit.  Itiyo  ij  in  hem] 
Maxillary  bone  of  nearly  uniform  width.  Caudal  tin  truncate.  Gen. 
eral  coloration  of  S.  spllurus,  the  black  spots  most  numerous  posti'ii 
orly.  Head  4.^;  depth  1^.  J).  12;  A.  10;  scales  42  above  lateral  line 
which  probably  contains  about  200  scales.  L.  24  inches.  Kansas Khei- 
to  Upper  Missouri.  (Cope.)  Like  >S^.  s^iilunis  in  its  large  mouth  and 
very  small  scales,  but  dillering  in  the  presence  of  hyoid  teeth  and  in  the 
broad,  flat  head.  We  have  seen  only  the  head  of  an  old  male  of  this 
form,  but  think  it  will  prove  to  be  a  variety  of  S.  purpuratus. 

(Salmostomias  Cojic,  Haydeu's  Geol.  Snrv.  Wyom.  1870,4:53,  1872:  iSalmo  siommj  Jor- 
dan,  Haydoii's  Geol.  Sury.  Terr.  1878,  795.) 

Var,  hcnsliawi  Gill  &  Jordan.— Xafce  Tahue  Trout;  Silver  Trout;  Black  Trout. 

Body  elongate,  not  greatly  compressed.  Head  compiiratively  slender 
and  long-acuminate,  its  upper  surface  very  slightly  carinated ;  nuizzle 
somewhat  pointed,  but  bluntish  at  the  tip;  head  not  convex  above- 
maxillary  rather  short,  about  as  in  purpuratus^  not  reaching  nmch  be- 
yond the  eye.  Vomerine  teeth  as  usual;  a  small,  rather  narrow,  but 
usually  distinct  patch  on  the  hyoid  bone.  Dorsal  fin  small ;  caudal  tin 
short,  rather  strongly  forked.  Scales  medium.  Coloration  dark,  the 
sides  silver^' ;  back  about  equally  spotted  before  and  behind ;  sides  with 
rather  distant  spots;  belly  generally  spotted;  head  spotted  even  to  the 
snout ;  dorsal  and  caudal  also  spotted.  Head  3^ ;  depth  4.  D.  11 ;  A. 
12;  scales  27-100-27  to  37-184-37;  coBca  50-GO.  L.  18  inches  or  more, 
usually  Aveighiug  5  or  C  pounds,  but  occasionally  25-30.  Lake  Taboe, 
Pyramid  Lake,  and  streams  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Evidently  a  variety 
of  Salmo  purpuratus,  but  with  a  longer  and  more  conical  head.  A  line 
trout,  now  coumion  in  the  San  Francisco  markets. 

(Salmo  hcnshawi  Gill  &  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2,  358:  Salmo  henshawi  and  Salmo 
imppitch  J'udiin  &  Ileiisbaw,  Kept.  Chief  Eug.,  1878,  App.  NN,  I'JG,  197,  plate:  Salmo 
heHshawiJovilau,  Proc.  U.  Nat.  Mue.  i,  75,  1878.) 

151.— SALVEL.INUS  Riehardson. 

Charrs. 

(CafoncDoKay;  Z7ni6?a  Rapp.) 

(Nilsson;  Riehardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Auier.  iii,  170, 1833:  typo  Snlmo  sah'vlinus  L.) 

Body  moderately  elongate.  INIouth  largo  or  small.  Teeth  of  jaws, 
palatines,  and  tongue  essentially  as  in  Salmo,  the  hyoid  patch  present 


',171^ 


!?■?- 


46.    SALMONID.E SALVELINUS. 


317 


or  not.  Vomer  boat-shaped,  the  shaft  much  depressed,  with  or  without 
raised  crest,  with  teeth  on  the  chevron  an<l  none  directly  on  the  shaft. 
Scales  v.ry  small,  in  200-250  rows.  Fins  moderate,  the  caudal  forked 
ill  tlie  young,  truncate  in  some  species,  in  the  adult.  Sexual  peculiari- 
ties uot  strongly  marked,  the  males  with  the  premaxillaries  enlarged 
and  a  fleshy  projection  at  the  tip  of  the  lower  jaw.  Coloration  dark, 
with  round  crimson  or  gray  spots,  and  the  lower  fins  sometimes  with 
iiMirgiuid  bands  of  black,  reddish,  and  pale.  Species  numerous  in  the 
clear  streams  and  lakes  of  the  northern  parts  of  both  continents,  some- 
times descending  to  the  sea,  where  they  lose  their  variegated  colors  and 
become  nearly  plain  and  silvery.  The  members  of  this  genus  are  iu 
rrenoral  the  smallest  and  handsomest  of  the  trout.  (Salvelinus,  an  old 
name  of  the  charr;  allied  to  the  German  Siilbling,  a  little  salmon.) 

'Vomer  with  a  raised  crest  hehind  the  clievron,  free  from  the  shaft;  the  crest  armed 
with  teeth;  hyoid  teeth  strong;  hike  trout,  gray-spotted  {Criaticomcr*  Gill  & 
Jordan). 


f 


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.it' 

i'J    '- 
.k    t 


#!■• 


J09.  S.  nainaycMsli  (Walb.)Goode. — Mackinaw  Trout;  Great  Lake  Trout;  Longe 
{Vermont);  Totjue  {Maine). 

Body  elongate,  covered  with  thin  skin,  there  being  no  special  devel- 
opment of  fatty  tissue.  Head  very  long,  its  upper  surface  flattened. 
Month  very  large,  the  maxillary  extending  much  >^yond  the  eye,  the 
lioad  and  jaws  proportionately  lengthened  and  pointed.  Teeth  very 
strong-  Caudal  fin  well  forked.  Adipose  fin  small.  General  colora- 
tiim  dark  gray,  sometimes  pale,  sometimes  almost  black;  everywhere 
with  rounded  paler  spots,  which  are  often  reddish  tinged ;  head  usually 
venniculate  above;  dorsal  and  caudal  reticulate  with  darker.  Eye 
arge,  4 J  in  head.  Maxillary  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  head; 
interorbital  space  nearly  J.  Head  4J;  depth  4.  B.  11-12;  D.  11;  A. 
11;  Lat.  1.  185-205.  L.  36  inches.  Great  Lake  region  and  lakes  of 
Northern  New  York,  Kew  Hampshire,  and  Manie,  to  Montana  and 
northward;  very  abundant  in  the  larger  bodies  of  water;  varying  in 
form  and  color  in  the  different  lakes. 

(Sahno  namaycush'Walh,  Artedi,  Pise,  1792,68:  Salmo namaycvshGiinihPT,  \\,  123,  and 
of  authors  generally :  Salmo  amethijslinus  Mitchill,  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1818 
410:  Sahno  confinis  DeKay,  N.  Y.  Fauna,  Fish.  1842,  238:  Sahno  adarondacuft  Norris: 
Sahm  toma  Hamlin:  Criativomer  nainaycush  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.,  ed.  2d,  359:  Salmo 
jiscotpctOiinther  vi,  123.) 

•Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  cd.  2,  1878, 35G :  type  Salnio  namaycusU  Walbaum.  {Crista,  crest ; 
Domcr,  vomer.) 


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Bl*\.. 


318      rONTIillUITIONfl   TO    NORTH    AMKKICAN    ICHTHYOLOUY— ly. 

Var.  iil«iro\%'4>C  (AkiihhIz)  J.  &  («. — Sincotcft  Satmon, 

l\oi\y  sliorl  iiikI  «I«'('|),  rovorod  willi  tlii<'k  skir,  IIumo  boin^  nn  oxcos- 
sivo  Iriuh'iic.v  l<t  (ho  «Irv('lo)>iiuMit<>r  fally  tissiu^  Mead  vit.v  nIkmI,  aini 
d»M'p,  its  up|M'r  sinfiU'c  bnmil  jiikI  sliorl,  rov«>n'«l  by  a  Kkiii  ho  llijckji^ 
to  «'otii|>l(>t('l,v  liido  (lir  bones;  no  (listiiict  nu'ilian  ciirina.  MoiiHi  vny 
larjir,  its  }ii\])v  n.ino\v«<r  tlian  in  S.  iinmai/cush.  Troth  weaker  Ihau  in 
»S'.  nuinoiK'ii.sIt ;  snpi>U'nu'n(al  bone  also  shortiT  an<l  broader.  .Mmji 
lary  a  Mt(h>  niore  tliiin  hall'  lll(^  len^^tli  ol'  the  head,  ('andal  lln  \v,.|| 
forked.  iSeales  rather  small,  abont  ITointhe  lateral  line.  Coloratioii 
as  in  »V.  »(fm*r»/r»M/»,  bnl  nsnally  paler;  lln-rays  the  same.  Lake  Sii|m.. 
lior;  abnndant,  bnt  not  yet  found  «*lse\vhere.  \ery  <los«>  to  the  pnctd. 
in^,  bnl  dilVerin;;  in  the  shortness  and  breadth  of  the  boM(>s  of  Hie  ||,.,|,[ 
and  in  tin*  I'xtreme  fatness  of  the  llesh.  If  is  probably  a  loeal  viiritiy 
ratlKM-  than  a  distinct  species. 

(Salmo  sinvowi I  Ajjassiz,  Luko  Siiporior,  IH.Vt,  'MYX) 

•*  Vmnrr  williotil  r.iistul  cnvt,  tlio  olu'vrtiii  only  liciii;;  (oollicd  ;    n  (1-m|ii>1I('i1.    (s,il. 
vrlinus. )     , 
a  llyoiil  l»on«  witli  n  narn»w  luivlian  hivMl  of  tcotli  (NoniolimcH  losl). 

510.  S.  oq«ias«U  (<lnl.)  (^ill  iV  .lor. — (hiiioHHti  Trout;  Itlin-htuk  Troitl. 

litxly  elonjiafo,  considerably  compressed,  less  elevated  than  in  tlio 
othtM'  species  ol  this  ^jcnns,  the  dorsal  ontlin(^  re^jnlarly  bnl  not 
stronjily  cnrveil.  Ib'ad  quite  small,  much  smaller  than  in  any  oIIhi 
of  our  trout,  its  upper  snrfa^'e  tlattish.  Mouth  (piile  small,  thc!  iiiaxil 
lary  short  an<l  moderately  broad,  scarcely  extendinji  to  the  poslcridr 
marjiin  of  the  eye.  l-^ye  larjje,  ',\.\  in  head,  .laws  about  equal.  Scales 
small,  those  alon.y:  the  lateral  line  somewhat  enlar^'ed.  Pe<^toral  aiid 
ventral  tins  iu)t  elo!ij;ate;  caudal  Cm  well  fork«'d,  uu)re  so  than  in  tlio 
other  sju'cies.  Preoperde  as  in  aV.  fouiinolis,  but  the  lower  liinb  inoro 
developed;  operdes  without  concentric  strisii.  Coloration  dark  blue,  tlio 
red  spots  small  and  rouial,  nuu'h  sandier  than  the  pupil,  usually  coiiliiud 
to  the  sides  of  the  body ;  sides  with  traces  of  dark  bars;  lower  tins  varic- 
{rated,  as  iu  S.fo)itinali,<<.  Head  5;  depth  it.  1).  10;  A.  5).  Lat.  I.  L\'K); 
};ill  rakers  about  (i-f- 1 1.  L.  12  inches.  SnniUest  and  handsomest  of  our 
trout,  as  yot  known  only  from  the  lJan};eley  Lakes,  in  Western  Maine. 

{Stilmo  Oiiiinssa  Giranl,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilu.  18r)4, '.^(i'i :  Sa tmo  oqiiansn  (iihiilM, 
vi,  1C>4 ;  .Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nal.  Abis.  i,  81.) 

51 1.  S.  nuresi  (Oiintlun)  Ilcan. 

-    Greenish  above,  sides  silvery  or  deep  red,  with  very  small  ivu  spots, 
much  smaller  than  the  pupil ;  lower  fins  deep  red,  with  the  anterior 


40.    HAI-MONIh/K — HALVKIJNIJH. 


319 


,„iirj;iii.s  .ycllowisli  \vlii(««.     I'xxly  loii^f  iiiid  Kicndrr;  Iicud  iuMicr  Niiiiili, 

tbosiioiil  Itlitiil ;  iiioiitli  not  liirgc,  (lu^  iiiiixilliiry  nsi(;liiii;^^  posterior  tiiiir- 

rrjii  til'  orbit  ill  iiDih^  only  ;  trctli  very  Kiiitill ;  tcrtli  on  IIm'  tniilillo  lino  of 

tlic  livoid  l>on(^;  !iii);lo  of  pn'opcrcU' nincL  roniidcil;  i^iil  covcI'm  willioiit 

(>()iic('iitii<'  ^4t^iio;  pectoral  not  loiif^er  tlnin  tlie  liead  witliotit. snout;  veii- 

tralsiiot  to  vent;  eaiulal  deeply  forked;  Heales  minute.     Mead  t);  depth 

.Vd.    I>.  M  ;  A.  !>;   15.  1 1 ;  e,«eeii  liH-lL!;  veit.H.'S.     L.  lU  inelieM.    ((liinlhcf.) 

Liilu'.'i  of  Ar<!li«'  Aineri<'a,  l)iN<',overy  Hay,  and  (^iiinberland  (liilf. 

(.sV//)/i(K/(n(«ii  (Jlliillit-r,  I'roc.  Zotil.  Hoc.  Lmiil.  IH77,  47(1,  pliiin;  IJcim,  Hull.  II.  H. 
Nal.  Mil"*,  '^v,  I :».'>. ^ 

ftia.  N.  Ur«*llirM«  (<Jllir.)  (iill  tV  .Fur. 

Dull  ^jreeiiisli,  Hilveiy  or  ied<lisli  below;  lower  tiiiH  yellowiMli ;  no  red 
s)i()tH(oii  KpeeiineiiH  seen).  i'>ody  rather  elongate;  head  sinall,  the  snout 
very  obtuse;  inoiith  moderate,  the  maxillary  in  the,  male  rea<'hinj,'  about 
to  |i()sterior  mar^^dn  of  orbit  ;  teeth  small;  a  band  of  hyoid  teeth;  pn;- 
opcnle  nith  a  distinet  lower  limb;  peetoial  little  shorter  than  head, 
rciU'lmij;"  iiiorc!  than  half  way  to  ventral.  (Jaudal  moderately  forked; 
Hcales  minute.  Ilea«l  4A  ;  depth  5;  1).  11  ;  A.  10;  15.  11;  e<e,ea  M-W 
h,  VI  iiidn's.  Vi(!toria,  Lake  and  Floebeif;  IWiacli,  Arctic;  America,  the 
iKtrlluMiimost  Salmonoid  known.     {(I'iinlliar.) 

(Stilmo  urdiiruH  ililnlhw,  I'roc,  Zniil.  Hw..  Loiul.  liS77,  21M,  plfit.r.) 

,)lll.  >«i.  llKlilllU  (VViilii.)  .r.  &  (',.—l)oU>i  fardcn  Trout;    Hull  Trout;   Red  xpollcd 

I'll  I II  t ;  Siiliiioii  Troitl ;  Malina:  (iotvt,  ^         .       ,•  ^^  j>  ,,,  2. 

r.(i<ly  stout,  the  back  somewhat  elevatcMl,  do(^[)('r  an<l  less  comjjressed 
tliiin  ill  i^,  fonl'tn'Mlx.  Head  larf;(',  snout  broad,  Hat  tinned  abovc^  JNIoiith 
liU}je,  the  maxillary  reaehin;;-  past  the,  eye,.  lOye,  4.1  in  head.  J''in.s 
sliort;  the  caudal  fin  slif^htly  forked  «)r  almost  truiicat*!;  ailiposo,  fin 
iisiiiilly  lar}4«';  iu  largo  specimens  its  length  is  twice  that  of  th()  eye. 
(iciicial  color  oliva<!eous;  the,  si«les  with  round  red  spots  near  the  size 
oi'tlie  eye,  tim  back  commonly  with  smaller  pale  oiuis,  a  featureof  color- 
iUioii  which  distinguishes  this  species  atoiicc  from  th(!  others;  lower  fina 
colored  as  in  Jon  Una  lis,  dusk}^,  with  a  i)alc  stripci  in  front,  followed  by  a 
(lark  one;  Hea-run  specinuMis  silvery,  with  the  sj)otM  faint  or  obsoh^te;  fins 
aiul  hack  without  dark  reticulations.  Gill  rakers  without  concientric 
striii'.  Head  3 ji ;  depth  4.  D.  11;  A.  1);  scales  ;i0-2i0-;j(>;  pyloric 
ctt'ca  large,  45-50;  gill-rakers  about  8  4-12  a«  iu  others.  L.  15  inches. 
Streams  west  of  the  Cascade  llauge,  froui  Northern  California  to  Alaska 


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320     CONTRinUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY-— ly. 


and  Kamt8(!li!itkii,  ;?enoriilly  rthiindaut  northwanl,  (lescondiii-r  to  the 
sea,  where  it  reaches  a  wei^lit  of  about  VI  jviiinds. 

(Snlmo  mnlmn  W.illniiiin  Artvdi,  ris('.  179'J,  fi(i:  Salmo  callarlan  Piillns  Zoo^^r.  Romho. 
Asiiii:.  iii,  11511,  IHll-IU  :  Salmo  ctillariaH  (Jiiiitlicr,  vi,  14;{:  Salmo  >i/ja'/«/*j/t»i(Jiranl.  I'rcn 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.  lHr>(!,  '218:  Sahiio  purkci  Siickloy,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  HiHt.  N.  Y.  jh^ 
:{0'.>:  Salmo  mmpbcUi  Siicklcy,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  lH(;i,:?i:5:  Snlmo  parUiJonlii 
ami  mmphvllU  (JiintluT   vi,  121,  IIH,  14'.>:  Salrv,linin  itpcclabilin  Jouhiu,  I'roc  V.  s.  Nat 
Mas.  i,  7'J,  lH7ri:  Salmo  tudfn  C'(»in',  Proc.  Amcr.  i'liil.  Soc.  IMiila.  187:$:  Sitliiu)  hairtHi 
Siicklcy,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat,.  Hint.  N.  Y.  18111,  ;jt)l):  Salmo  baird'U  Giinther,  vi,  1:21;  Sake. 
liiius  baiidi  Jordan,  rioc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  i,  &2.) 

aa.  Hyoid  teeth  wanting, 

31'1.  S.  floiitiiialH  (Mii.ch.)  Gill  &  Jor.—nrook  Trout;  Speckled  Trout. 

Body  oblong  or  eh^ngate,  moderately  compressed,  not  much  elevated. 
Head  lary:e,  but  not  very  lonjj,  the  snout  bhuitish,  the  interorbitiil  space 
rather  broad.  Mouth  lar;^*^,  the  maxillary  reaching  more  or  less  beyond 
the  eye.  Eye  large,  usually  somewhat  above  the  lino  of  the  axis  of  tho 
body.  Caudal  tin  slightly  lunate  in  the  adult,  foikcd  in  the  youiig; 
adipose  tin  small;  pectoral  and  ventral  fins  not  especially  eloiijjate. 
Red  spots  on  tho  sides,  rather  smaller  than  the  pupil;  back  mostly 
without  spots,  more  or  less  barred  or  mottled  with  dark  olive  or  black; 
doi'sal  and  caudal  iins  mottled  or  barred  with  darker;  lower  flns  dusky, 
with  a  i)ale,  usually  orange  band  anteriorly,  followed  by  a  darker  one; 
belly  in  the  males  often  more  (U'  less  red;  sea-run  individuals  (S.  canadt)' 
sis  Smith,  the  Canadian  "Salmon  Trout")  are  often  nearly  plain  brifjht 
silvery;  many  local  varieties  distinguished  by  shades  of  color  also  occur. 
Head  4.J;  depth  ih.  D.  10;  A.  0;  scales  37-2;30-30;  gill-rakers  about 
G+  11.  L.  18  inches  or  less.  The  best  known  of  our  trout,  abounding 
in  all  clear,  cold  streams  from  Pennsylvania  to  Dakota  and  novtlnvaid 
to  the  Arctic  Cinde,  southward  in  tho  Alleghanies  to  tho  headwaters  of 
the  Savannah,  (Chattahoochee,  Catawba,  and  French  Broad. 

(Salmo  fontiiialis  Mitch.  Trans,  Lit.  i!e  Phil.  Soe,  N.  Y.  i,  4;?r>:  Salmo  foniinalh  Giin- 
ther, vi,  l.Vi,  and  of  nearly  all  anthers  :  Salmo  canadenHin*  Hamilton  Smith,  in  Grillitirs 
Cnvior,  x,  474,  1SI54  (Canadian  ''Salmon  Tront"):  Salmo  immaculatuH*  II.  K.  Stoicr, 
Bost.  .lourn.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  384,  IS.V)  (Canadian  "Salmon  Trent"):  Salmo  immacHlatus 
Giinther,  vi,  125:  Salmo  hndsonicus  Snckley,  Ann.  Lye,  Nat,  Hi.st.  N,  Y,  I8(il,  310: 
Salmo  hndsonirua  Giinther,  vi,  lb',\;  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat,  Mus,  i,  81:  ?  Salmo  hcaniii 
Rich.  Franklin's  Jonrn.  70, i.) 

515.  S.  hoodi  (Rich.)  Gill  &  Jor, 

Body  rather  elongate.  Maxillary  rather  strong,  straight,  extending 
to  or  beyond  hind  nmrgin  of  eye.  Preopercle  very  short,  with  a  very 
short  lower  limb.    Pectoral  not  reaching  half  way  to  ventral ;  adipose 


•The  nominal  species  canadensis  and  immacvlaiua  are  based  on  Rea-run  specimeuii 
larger  sizti^  the  so-called  "  Salmou  Trout".        _ 


'Wi**\^ 


46.    SALMONID^ SALVELINUS. 


321 


lli(liii<,' 


Oiin- 
■iliitir.s 
Storcr, 
iritlatiia 
1,  :!10: 
IwaniH 


ndiiig 

very 

lipose 

lieuL 


fin  very  small;  caudal  deeply  forked.  Body  and  caudal  fin  covered 
with  round  pale  spots  of  moderate  size.  B.  12;  D.  10;  A.  1);  Lat.  1. 
185.    Uootliia.     {Gilnther.) 

(Salmo  hnndii  Richardson,  Ilosa,  Voy.  Nat.  Hist.  App.  Iviii,  anil  in  Fauna  IJor.-Anier. 
iii  173:  Salmo  lioodii  GUnthor,  vi,  150.) 

516.  S.  rossl  (Rich.)  J.  &  G. 

Olive  brown  above,  the  dorsal  and  caudal  similarly  colored;  belly 
red;  scattered  red  spots  near  the  lateral  line,  llather  slender ;  snout 
very  obtuse;  lower  jaw  remarkably  long,  with  a  knob  at  tii)  (luale). 
About  .'JO  teeth  on  the  tonpfuo.  Conspicuous  pores  on  the  face  bones 
posteriorly.  Scales  very  small,  imbedded.  Jlead  5.  J3.  lU-13 ;  D.  lli; 
A.  11;  T- 1^5  ^'  10*  Arctic  0(;ean,  about  Boothia  Felix.  {Richardson,) 
An  imperfectly  known  species. 

{Salmo  ro88ii  Richardson,  Nat.  Hist.  App.  Rosd's  Voy.  Ivi:  Salmo  rosaii  Suckloy, 
Monogr.  Salmo,  liiO.) 

5l».  S.  K*tidus  (Rich.)  Gill  &  Jor. 

Body  somewliat  elongate;  head  moderate;  snout  medium.  Maxillary 
strai^jht,  strong,  extending  beyond  the  orbit  in  the  male.  Teeth  mod- 
crate,  2  or  3  behind  head  of  vomer.  Preoperclo  with  the  lower  limb 
very  distinct.  Fins  well  developed;  i)ectoral  reaching  scarcely  half 
way  to  ventral;  caudal  flu  forked.  Head  5.  B.  11;  D.  11;  A.  10;  Lat. 
1.215.    Boothia.    (OUnther.)    Perhaps  a  form  of  >S'.  «f«<7mj/t». 

{Salmo  nitidua  Richardson,  Fuuua  Bor.-Amor.  iii,  171,  183C:  Salmo  nitidus  GUuihor, 
vi,  150.) 

51§.  S.  »tagnalis  (Fuhr.)  Gill  &  Jor. 

Body  elongate;  head  of  moderate  size.     Snout  elongate,  pointed, 

with  the  lower  jaw  projecting  beyond  the  upper  in  adult  examples. 

Teeth  small.    Maxillary  elongate,  narrow,  extending  beyond  tlie  eye. 

Preopercle  very  short,  with  a  very  short  lower  limb.    Opercle  and  prc- 

opercle  very  consi>icuously  and.  densely  striated,  the  stria)  radiating 

from  the  base  of  each.    Fins  much  develoi)ed,  the  dorsai  much  higher 

than  long;  pectoral  very  long,  reaching  more  than  half  way  to  ventrals, 

which  are  also  very  long;  adipose  fin  very  small;  caudal  well  forked. 

D.  11;  A.  10;  Lat.  1.  210;  B.  11;  coBca,  41.    Lakes  of  Greenland  and 

Boothia  Felix.    {Gunther.) 

{Salmo  siagnalia  Fabricins,  Fanna  Grccnlandioa,  1780, 175:  Salmo  alipes  Richardson, 
Nat.  Hist.  App.  Ross's  Voy.  Ivii,  and  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.  iii,  169:  Salmo  a{i/)e«  GUnther, 
vi,  149.) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 21 


^-^i^'*!lri 


!'  ' 


322   contkibutions  to  north  american  iciithyology—iv. 

Family  XLVII.— PERCOPSID^. 

{The  Trout  Perches.) 

Body  moderately  elou'^fate,  somewhat  compressed,  the  caudal  pedun- 
clv'  long  ind  slender.  Head  conical,  pointed,  naked.  Mouth  small 
horizontal:  maxillary  short,  narrow,  without  supplemental  hono  not 
reaching  to  the  large  eye ;  margin  of  upper  jaw  formed  by  promaxillu- 
ries  aloni',  which  are  short  and  not  protractile.  Teeth  very  smail.  villi. 
fonn  on  premaxillaries  and  lower  jaw  only.  Tongue  short,  adherent. 
Gill-membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Pseudobranchiic  nre.s- 
ent.  Branchiostegals  G.  Gill-rakers  short,  tubercle-like.  Operclc  with 
entire  edges.  Lower  limb  of  the  preopercle  well  developed,  tlie  angle 
nearly  a  right  angle,  its  inner  edge  ^ith  a  raised  crest.  Bones  of  the 
head  cavernous,  as  in  Acerina  and  Ericymha.  Cranium  with  a  raised 
crest,  which  does  not  extend  to  the  occiput.  Scales  moderate,  rather 
thin,  adherent,  their  edges  strongly  ctenoid.  Lateral  line  continuous. 
Dorsal  short,  median ;  ventrals  anterior,  just  in  front  of  the  dorsal 
8 rayed;  pectorals  narrow,  placed  rather  higher  than  usual;  anal 
small;  caudal  forked t  adipose  fm  present,  small.  Stomach  si[)lional, 
with  about  10  well-developed  pyloric  coeca.  Ovii  rather  large,  not  tail- 
ing Into  the  abdominal  cavity  before  exclusion.  Air-bladder  present. 
Small  ilshes  of  the  fresh  waters  of  the  cooler  parts  of  America;  a  sin 
gle  genus,  with  probablj^  but  one  species.  The  group  is  one  of  special 
interest,  as  it  combines  with  ordinary  Salmonoid  characters  the  structure 
of  ihe  head  aud  ntouth  of  a  Percoid,  resembling  notably  the  European 
genus  Acerina,. 

{rercoimdw  GUnther,  vi,  207.) 

152.— PEItCOPSIS  Ag.i88iz. 

Trout  Perch, 
(Agassiz,  Lako  Superior,  WSO,  284:  typo  Pcrcopaia  {lutlatua  Ajr.) 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above,    {-spxrjj  perch;  (\''i^,  appear- 
ance.) 

910.  P.  SiUt^atus  Ag.as^iz.'  , 

Palo  olivaceous,  a  silvery  stripe  along  the  lateral  line,  becoiniufj  oli 
solete  forwards ;  upper  parts  with  obscure  round  dusky  spots  made  of 
dark  points.  Head  slender  and  conical.  Mouth  small,  subiuferior, 
maxill'iry  not  nearly  reaching  front  of  orbit.    Caudal  peduncle  long  and 


_,:.         48.   AMBLYOPSID.E.      '  323 

slender.  Pedtoneum  silvery.  Head  3|  in  length;  depth  about  4 J.  D. 
11  •  A.  3 ;  Lilt.  1.  50.  L.  G  inches.  Spawns  in  spring.  Delaware  River 
\(i  Kansas  and  liorthward ;  abundant  in  the  Great  Lakes.  One  of  our 
most  remarlcable  fishes. 

(A'Mf^s'Z)  Lake  Superior,  1850,  283;  Giiuther,  vi,  207:  1  Pereopsia  hammondi*  Gill, 
ProcrAcacl.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18U4,  151.) 

Oedek  N.-IIArLOML 

.  ,    «  {The  ffaplomous  Fishes.) 

5To  iirecoracoid  arch.  ParietJil  bones  separated  by  the  supraoccipital. 
A  symplectic.  Opercular  bones  present.  Anterior  vertebra}  unaltered. 
Pharyugeal  bones  distinct,  the  superior  directed  forwards,  three  or  four 
in  number,  the  inferior  not  falciform.  No  interclavicles.  Mouth  with 
teotli.  Air-bladder  with  a  pneumatic  duct.  Ventral  fins  abdominal, 
raroly  wanting ;  i»ectorai  fins  placed  low ;  dorsal  fin  nior-e  or  less  pos- 
terior, usually  witliout  spines.  Head  and  body  usually  with  cycloid 
scales.  No  adipose  fin.  Species  chiefly  inhabiting  fresh  water.  (a-Aor;?, 
sihiplo;  (o.'ioi;,  shoulder;  in  allusion  to  the  want  of  the  precoracoid  arch.) 

(I'InisoHtomi  part  (familiea  Esjcida:,  UinbridiPf  Cyprinodoittida  and  Ilcteropygii)  (iiin- 
tiier,  vi,  vii.) 

ANALYSIS  OF   FAMILiKS   OF   HAPLOMr, 

a,  MavKiii  of  upper  Jaw  formed  by  pronmxillaries  alone;  ovoviviparons. 

I).  Vent  jn>j;nlar;    promaxiliaries  seareely  protractile Amulyopsid.f,,  48. 

66.  Vent  abdominal ;  premaxillaries  freely  pr(>tractilo CYruixoDONTiD.i:,  10. 

(Id.  Margin  of  upiier  jaw  formtnl  laterally  by  the  niaxillaries;  preniaxillarios  not  pro- 
tractile. 

c.  Jawa  not  prodnc'd ;  teeth  villifonn,  equal UMnuini:,  50. 

cc.  Jaws  produced;  tooth  cardifonn,  unequal Esocid.e,  51. 

Family  XLVIIL— AMBLYOPSIDiE. 

{The  Blind-fishes.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  compressed  behind.  Ilead  long,  de- 
pressed. Mouth  rather  large,  the  lower  jaw  projecting ;  premaxilla- 
ries long,  scarcely  protractile,  forming  the  entire  nuirgin  of  the  upper 
jiiw.  Jaws  and  palatines  with  bands  of  slender  villiform  teeth.  Bran- 
cliiostftgals  about  0.  Gill-rakers  very  short.  I'seudobranchiiB  con- 
cealed.   Gill-inend)rano8  more  or  less  completely  joined  to  the  isthmUvS. 

•  Heiid  lar;j;er,  ^J  in  length,  exclusive  of  caudal;  dorsal  hijiher,  the  lon}j;est  ray  4J 
in  length;  aa:il  hijfher,  lonjifest  ray  ^t  in  lengtii;  pectoral  eq-'als  hei;i;lit*'of  dorsal ; 
ventnil  5J  in  length,  reacbiug  vent,  which  is  nearer  snout  than  margin  of  caudal  tin. 
"vausus.    {(JiU.) 


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324      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTnYOLOGY — IV. 

Head  naked,  the  surface  sometimes  crossed  by  papillary  ridges.  Body 
with  small  cycloid  scales,  irregularly  placed.-  No  lateral  lino.  Ye„|; 
jugular,  close  behind  tlie  gill-openings.  Ventral  fins  small  or  wanting 
pectorals  moderate,  inserted  higher  than  in  most  soft-rayed  fishes;  dor. 
sal  without  spine,  nearly  opposite  the  anal;  caudal  truncate  or  ronnded. 
Cranium  without  median  crest.  Stomach  ccecal,  with  one  or  two  pyloric 
appendages.  Air-bladder  present.  Ovary  single.  Some  (and  probably 
all)  of  the  species  are  ovo viviparous.  In  two  of  the  genera  the  eyes  aro 
very  rudimentary  and  hidden  under  the  skin,  and  the  body  is  translu- 
cent and  colorless.  Fishes  of  small  size,  living  in  subterranean  streams 
and  ditches  of  the  Central  and  Southern  United  States.  Three  genera 
and  four  species  are  "  all  of  the  family  yet  known,  but  that  others  will  be 
discovered,  and  the  range  of  the  present  known  species  extended,  is  very 
probable.  The  ditches  and  small  streams  of  the  lowlands  of  our  south- 
ern coast  will  undoubtedly  be  found  to  be  the  home  of  numerous  indi- 
viduals, and  perhaps  of  new  species  and  genera,  while  the  subterranean 
streams  of  the  central  portion  of  our  country  most  likely  contain  other 
species."    {Putnam.) 

{Ilcteropyfj'd  Guiitbcr,  vii,  1,  2.) 

a.  Eyes  rudiineutary,  couccaled ;  body  colorlosa. 

h.  Ventral  lias  present Amblyopsis,  153. 

hb.  Ventral  tins  obsolete Ty^'iii^ioiiTiiYS,  154. 

aa.  Eyes  developed;  body  colored  ;  veutrals  obsolete Cuologasteu,  155. 

153.— AIVI'3IiYOP§IS  DeKay. 
(DeKay,  Now  York  Fauna,  Fish.  1842,  187:  type  Avihlyopsis  opelceus  DeKay.) 

Eyes  rudimentary,  concealed  under  the  skin.  Surface  of  head  crossed 
by  vertical  tactile  ridges.  Gill-membranesfully  joined  to  isthmus.  Ven- 
tral fins  present,  quite  small,  close  lo  anal.  Colorless  fishes  of  small 
size,  inhabiting  the  cave-streams  in  the  limestone  regions  of  the  West- 
ern Suites.     (a//.(9A(j?,  obtuse 5  d^''{'?,  vision.) 

520.  A.  spcleeus  DeKay. 

Colorless.    Mouth  comparatively  large,  the  length  of  its  cleft  about 

equal  to  base  of  dorsal.    Pectorals  reaching  front  of  dorsal;  caudal 

long,  rather  pointed.    One  pyloric  ccecum.     Head  3  in  length ;  deptli 

4^.    D.  9;  A.  85  V.  4;  P.  11.     L.  5  inches.     Subterranean  streams  of 

Kentucky  and  Indiana. 

(DoKay,  Now  York  Fauna,  Fish.  187;  GUntber,  vii,  2;  Putnam,  Amor.  Nat.  1672, 
30,  llg.)  •, 

154.-Ti'PIILieHTIIV!«  Girnrd. 

(Girard,  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  C2:  type  Tiu)hUchihy8  suhterraneus  Gt(\.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Amhlyojjsis  only  iu  the  absence  of  the  ventral 


\JiA 


48.   'AMBLTOPSID^ OHOLOGASTER. 


325 


fius.    Tbe  species  are  of  smaller  size,  and  are  found  iu  the  same  waters. 
(ro^A').-,  blind ;  lxOh<;^  fish.) 

521.  T.  subtcrraneus  Grd. 

Colorless.  Head  rather  blunter  and  broader  forwards  than  in  A. 
spelccus.  Mouth  smaller,  its  cleft  shorter  than  base  of  dorsal.  Pecto- 
rals scarcely  reaching  dorsal.  One  pyloric  coecuni.  D.  7  or  8;  A.  7 
or  <S.   L.  2  inches.    Subterranean  streams  of  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and 

Alabama.  " 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Gci.  Phila.  1859,  62;  Putnam,  Amer.  Nat.  1872,  30,  fig.) 

l^.'S.— CIICLOGASTEB  Agassiz. 

(A^assiz,  Amer.  Joum.  Sci.  Arts,  xvi,  135,  1853:  type  Cholonaster  cornutus  Ag.) 

This  genus  has  the  general  characters  cf  Amblyopsis,  but  differs  in 
the  absence  of  ventral  tins  and  in  the  fully  Jeveloj)ed  condition  of  the 
eyes,  which  are  small  and  lateral.  The  species  aro  not  pellucid,  but 
colored  like  ordinary  fishes.  No  papillary  ridges.  Pyloric"  cceca  2. 
Ditches  and  cave-streams.  (;^wAt.?,  maimed}  yaffrrjp^heUy,  in  allusion 
to  the  abortive  ventrals.) 

522.  C.  coniutus  Ag. 

Yellowish  brown,  dark  above;    sides  with  three  dark  longitudinal 

stripes,  becoming  dots  on  the  tail;    middle  rays  of  caudal  fin  dark; 

fins  otherwise  uncolored.     Mouth  moderate,  oblique,  the  maxillary  not 

oxtending  to  the  eye.     Pectorals  reaching   nearly  to  front  of  dorsal, 

perfect,  small.    Snout  with  two  horn-like  projections.    Head  iij ;  depth 

4J.    D.  8  or  9 ;  A.  8  or  9.    L.  2^  inches.    Ditches  in  a  rice-field,  Wacca- 

maw,  S.  C.    (Putnam.) 

(Agassiz,  Amer.  Joum.  Sci.  Arts,  1853,  135;  GUnthcr,  vii,  2;  Putnom,  Amer.  Nat. 
1872,  30.) 

323.  C.  ag^asslzi  Putnam. 

Uniform  light  brown;  fins  somewhat  speckled.  Head  4  in  body,  its 
length  scarcely  greater  than  the  greatest  depth.  Pectorals  reaching 
little  more  than  half  way  to  fiont  of  dorsal.  D.  9;  A.  9.  L.  1^  inches. 
{Putnam.)    Subterranean  streams  iu  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

(Pntnani,  Anicr.  Nat.  1872,  30,  fig.) 

A  specimen  of  Chologaster  obtained  bj'^  Prof.  8.  A.  Forbes  in  a  cave- 
stream  of  Southern  Illinois  does  not  agree  well  with  either  of  the  above 
species.  The  following  description  has  been  furnished  us  by  Professor 
Forbes: 

The  head  is  7^""°  long,  and  the  body,  without  head  or  tail,  19""".  Head  iu  length, 
therefore,  3^  times.    The  oye  is  above  and  well  behind  the  maxillary,  and  goes  about 


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r- 


326      CONTRIBUTIONS-  TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

6  in  head.  Tlie  pectoral  reaches  half  way  to  the  dors.'il.  Th(!  color  in  precisely  as  de- 
scribetl  for  cornutus,  except  that  the  middle  stripe  is  decidedly  jialer  than  th(^  ;;nmn(i 
color  of  the  body,  but  darker  on  the  head,  the  chaujje  bcinjj  abrupt  at  the  o])('rciilar 
margin.  The  (tandal  iin  is  dark  brown,  with  several  vertical  rows  of  white  Hpccksor 
blotches  running  across  the  rays.  The  anterior  part  of  the  dorsal  is  similar  in  color 
but  palei".  Total  length  a  trille  over  an  inch.  A  scale  fnun  the  region  nicntioiRMl  i^y 
Putnam  is  similar  to  that  of  aijaasizi,  but  with  5  or  G  concentric  lines  and  \\  riuliatiug 
furrows. 

The  specimen  thus  agrees  with  cornutus  in  position  of  eyo  and  jjlau  of  niarkings 
with  a^iamtlzi  m  length  of  pectorals  and  structure  of  scales,  is  intermediate  in  Icn^rtii 
of  head,  and  agrees  with  neither  in  color  of  caudal  and  dorsal  and  tint  of  middlo 
baud.     {Forbes,  in  lit.  November  4,  1880.) 


Mi  .  • 


"  1.  '  1 


m> 


Family  XLIX.—CYPRINODONTID^. 

{The  Cyprmodonts.) 

Body  oblong  or  moderately  elongate,  compressed  behind,  dojjressed 
forwards,  covered  with  rather  large  cycloid  scales,  which  are  adhcrcMit 
and  regularly  arranged.  Xo  lateral  line.  Head  scaly,  at  least  above. 
Mouth  terminal,  small,  the  lower  jaw  usually  projecting;  margin  of  the 
upper  jaw  formed  by  the  premaxillaries  only;  premaxillaries  stroiij;, 
extremely  protractile.  Teeth  incisor-like  or  villitbrm,  sometimes  i»roseiit 
on  the  vomer,  but  usually  in  the  jaws  only;  lower  pharyngeals  sepa- 
rate, with  cardiform  teeth.  Gill-membranes  somewhat  connected,  free 
from  isthmus;  gill-ral£ers  very  short,  thick.  Branchiostegals  4-G. 
Pseudobranchiic  none.  Dorsal  tin  single,  inserted  posteriorly,  of  soft 
rays  oidy,  rarely  with  a  single  spine  or  a  rudimentary  spinous  dorsal; 
caudal  tin  not  forked ;  ventral  fins  abdominal,  rarely  wanting ;  i)ectoral 
fins  inserted  low;  no  adipose  fin.  Stomach  not  coecal,  without  pyloric 
ai)pendages.  Air-bladder  simple,  often  wanting.  Sexes  usually  unliki', 
the  fins  being  largest  in  the  males.  Most  or  all  are  ovoviviparons, 
thii  young  well  developed  at  time  of  birth.  Fresh-water  fishes  of  Sontli- 
ern  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  some  of  them  occurring  in  bays 
and  arms  of  the  sea.  They  are  mostly  of  small  size,  and  the  species  are 
very  ditli(;ult  of  determination.    Genera  30;  species  about  140. 

(Cyprinodontidw  Gimtlxer,  vi,  29l)-35().) 

Note. — In  the  following  analysis  the  genera  known  from  Mexico  are  also  included, 
their  mimes  being  placed  in  italica, 

•  Intestinal  canal  comparatively  short,  little  convoluted  ;  teeth  mostly  fixed ;  dentary 

bones  firmly  joined.     (Camivora!.) 
a.  Anal  Iin  of  the  male  not  modified  into  an  intromittent  organ. 
6.  Teeth  incisor-like,  notched ;  insertion  of  dorsal  nearly  opposite  ventrals.    {Cy- 

prinodontinw.) 
0.  Teeth  in  a  single  series;  body  short  and  deep. 
d.  Dorsal  very  long,  with  lG-18  rays,  the  first  spine-like.  ..JonOANRU.A,  I.'mi. 
dd.  Dorsal  sliort,  of  10-11  rays,  the  first  ray  Binall Cyprinodon,  157. 


49.    CYPRINODONTID^ ^JORDANELLA.  327 

ib.  Teeth  all  pointed :  voiitrals  present.     (Fitndiilina:) 

e.  Teeth  in  more  than  one  series;  air-l)la(Uler  jiresent. 
;t  /.  Dorsal  lin  comparatively  largo  and  well  forward,  its  rays  nsually  more 

than  11  and  the  first  ray  nsually  in  front  of  the 

anal FrxDUi-is,  158. 

Jf.  Dorsal  fm  small  and  posteriorly  plaeed,  its  rays  nsually  7-ltl,  and  the 
first  ray  generally  hehind  the  front  of  the  anal. 

g.  Anal  fin  small Zvgoxkctks,  IfiO. 

cc.  Teeth  in  one  series ;  dorsal  fin  in  advance  of  anal. 

h.   Dorsal  and  anal  fins  short,  each  with  ()-i:{  rays Li'CAXIA,  100. 

hh.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  long,  each  with  more  than  "iO  rays. 

Oh-drdiiiichthiis. 
aa.  Anal  fin  of  the  male  advanced,  uiodKied  into  a  sword-shap'jd,  Intromittent 

organ.     (AnahlepiiKv.) 
i.  Eye  uornml  (»'.  c,  not  divided  into  two  portions  by  a  horizontal 
partition);  teeth  in  hands. 
j.  Jaws  iot  prodnced. 

k.  Dorsal  fin  hmg.  14-10  rays Pseudoxipkophorus. 

Jck.  Dorsiil  fin  short,  9-lOrays Gamhusia,  161. 

jj.  Jaws  mnch  prodnced lUloneaox. 

"  Intestiual  canal  elongate,  with  numerous  convolnti<)ns ;  anal  fin  in  the  male  usually 

modified  into  an  intromittent  organ;  dentary  hemes 
h)osely  joined  ;   tt^eth  movable.     {Limnophagm.) 
I.  Teeth  all  pointed.     (PacUiiiKP.) 
m.  Teeth  in  more  than  one  row;  dorsal  more  or  less  in 
advance  of  the  anal,  greatly  enlarged  in  the  male. 
M.  Caudal  fin  in  the  niahs  with  its  lower  h)be  much  pro- 
duced ;  dorsal  fin  long,  of  12  or  more  rays. 

Xiphophoru8. 
nn.  Caudal  fin  normal,  alike  in  the  two  sexea. 
0.  Dorsal  fin  long,  of  more  than  12  rays. 

MOLUKXESIA,  102. 
00.  Dorsal  fin  short,  of  less  than  I'i  rays . .  I'wcilia,  103. 
turn.  Teeth  in  a  single  series;  dorsal  fin  short. 
p.  Dorsal  inserted  in  advance  of  anal. 

Plafypwcilus. 
pp.  Dorsal  inserted  posteriorly  to  anal. 

GlUAUDIXUS,  104. 
U.  Teeth  incisor-like,  tricuspid  (Goodt'uue) Goodea. 

156.— JORDANCIiliA  Goode  &  Bean. 

(Gooile  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat  Mus.  ii,  177,  1879:  typo  JordaneUa  floridw  G.  &,  B.) 

Body  sliort,  (lecp,  compressed.  Ueiid  short,  ^lontlj  snmll,  very  pro- 
tractile, the  lower  jaw  the  loiij^er;  lips  i'lill.  Jaws  each  with  a  single 
scrifis  of  rather  broad,  wedjje-shaped,  incisor  teeth,  the  cutting  edge  of 
which  is  deeply  notched,  usually  triiid.  Branch iostegals  5.  Dorsal  flu 
elongate,  the  number  of  rays  lG-18,  the  first  being  a  robust  spine;  in- 
sertion of  dorsal  flu  behind  ventrals,  in  advance  of  front  of  anal,  its 
lust  ray  behind  the  last  of  anal ;  dorsal  lin  not  greatly  elevated.  Anal 
fiuBborter  and  smaller,  similar  in  both  sexes;  ventral  lins  small,  with 
a  scale  at  base;  caudal  fin  rouuded;  pectorals  short  and  snuill.    Intes- 


f  "S 


^  *^  W  *!     ■ 

ff,  f  -  ■  >s 


n 


m  ^ 


:;  ■•*'?iif 


328      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

tinal  canal  rather  long;   three  times  length  of  bod;y.     Sexes  similar 
(Dedicated  to  David  S.  Jordan.)  .      .  i.. 

534.  J.  florid^  Goodo  &  Bean. 

Body  ovate,  short  and  deep,  with  elevated   back,  deej)  caudal  )u». 
dunde,  and  steep  profile.     Head  moderate,  flat  and  broa<l  between  tlio 
ejes,  its  profile  less  steei)  than  that  of  the  hack.     Eyys  large,  3i-4  in 
head.     Montli  small,  anterior,  the  lower  Jaw  projecting.     Scales  mod- 
erate,  the  humeral  scale  !  ot  much  enlarged.     Dorsal  tin  inserted  mid- 
way  between  snout  and  base  of  caudal,  its  flrst  ray  robust  and  spjiu' 
like,  grooved  behind,  longer  than  the  diarneter  of  the  eye,  and  about 
as  high  as  the  succeeding  soft  rays.     Fins  all  rather  low,  the  ventnils 
reaching  just  past  the   vent.      Scales  with  strong   concentric  stria;. 
Color   olivacrous;    sides  orange  or  brassy,  with  a  broad  steely-blue 
stripe  along  each  series  of  scales;  4  or  5  vague,  dilluse,  black  ver- 
tical bars,  most  distinct  in  the  young,  nearly  obsolete  in  the  adult;  a 
large,  diffuse,  dusky  blotch  on  the  sitles,  below  the  dorsal  spine;  flus 
mostly  dark,  the  dorsal  barred  or  speckled  in  the  males,  nearly  plain 
in  the  females,  sometimes  a  dusky  blotch  ou  its  last  rays;  body  and 
lins  everywhere  finely  punctulate  with  black;   a  dark  bar  below  eye. 
Head  3.];  depth  2-^^.     D.  I,  IG,  or  1, 17;  A.  1, 11,  to  1, 13;  Lat.  1.  2r>-L>7; 
L.  transv.  11  or  12.     L.   IJ  inches.    Streams  of  Central  and  Eastern 
Florida;  abundant.    The  above  description  from  specimens  taken  by 
Dr.  J.  A.  Ilenshall  in  San  Sebastian  Kiver.    The  original  types  were 
from  Lake  Monroe.    Herbivorous,  at  least  in  i>art. 
(Goodo  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  ii,  117,  1879.) 

157.— C¥PKIlVODOi\  Lacdpede. 

(Lchias  Ciivior.) 

(Lac6pi>do,  Hist.  Nat.  Poisa.  v,  486,  180;{:  typo  Cjiprinodon  rarirgatna  Lac.) 

Body  very  short  and  stout,  the  back  somewhat  elevated.  Mouth 
small.  Snout  short.  Teeth  moderate,  incisor  like,  tricuspid,  in  a  sin- 
gle series.  Scales  very  large;  humeral  scales  usually  enlarged.  Dor- 
sal fin  moderate,  inserted  in  advance  of  front  of  anal ;  its  first  ray  not 
enlarged;  anal  sandier;  ventral  fins  small.  Intestinal  canal  Httlo 
longer  than  body,  (lill-membranes  considerably  united,  free  from  the 
isthmus.  Chubby  little  fishes,  inhabiting  the  brackish  waters  d 
America,  Southern  Enrope,  and  Northern  Africa;  sometimes  liviug  iu 
hot  salt  springs.    {xuT:pivu<;y  carp;  ddwv^  tooth.) 


49.    CYPRIXODONTID.E CYPKINODON. 


329 


525.  C.  vas-icgatus  Lac. 

]}od,v  short  and  deep,  tlic  back  considerably  arched.     Mouth  as  in 

the  others,  suiall  and  terminal.     Humeral  scale  4  times  the  size  of  the 

others.      l!^.y«  longer  than  snout,  [i^  in  head,  less    than  iuterorbital 

space.    Orijjfin  of  dorsal  al)out  mi(hv;i3'  of  body,  behind  ventrals  in  old 

snecimeus,  rather  in  advance  in  the  young;  males  with  the  dorsal  liu 

elevated,  but  not  reaching,  wheu  depressed,  nearly  to  caudal.    ]\Lde 

fish  dusky,  with  only  traces  of  bars;  caudal  iin  with  a  dusky  bar  at 

base  and  on  posterior  edge;  tips  of  dorsal  and  anal  dusky;  the  scales 

ill  the  breeding  season  with  small  tubercles.     Femjdo  olivaceous;  sides 

silvery,  with  darker  bars  and  irregular  nuirkings;  a  dark  bar  at  base  of 

caudal ;  a  dark  spot  on  posterior  part  of  dorsal.     Head  3^ ;  depth  2j^, 

1).  10;  A.  10;   scales  25;  L.  transv.  11.    L.  S  2.J  inches;   ?  1^  inches. 

Cape  Cod  to  Mexico,  in  brackish  waters,  entering  streams. 

(Lac<5pt'(i<\  Hist.  Nat.  I'oiss.  v.  4^(5:  Lvhian  oriniin  UoKay,  New  York  Fauna,  Fish. 
'21.'i;  (iiiiitluT,  vi,  150.'):  Ci/prinodoii  horhiiiH  IJ.  &  G.  I?ro<!.  Aoail.  Nat.  Sei.  Phihi.  IH5;?, 
S89:  Cyprinodoii  hovhiuH  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  ]).)un<l.  Surv.  Ichth.  G7:  Cjiprinotloii  borinua 
Giintlior,  vi,  :?l)7:  Cyprinodon  exiiniu8  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1851),  irj8.) 

5^6.  C.  Kil^bosMS  P.aird  &  Girard. 

Siiuihu-  to  the  preceding,  but  the  body  still  deeper  and  the  back  and 
fius  still  more  elevated ;  the  scales  apparently  somewhat  smaller ;  anal 
much  smaller  than  dorsal ;  coloration  similar  to  that  of  0.  varicgatus. 
Head  2|;  depth  1^.  D.  10;  A.  11;  Lat.  1.  28;  L.  transv.  11.  Indi- 
anola,  Texas.    {Oirard.) 

(Haiid  &  (iirard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18515,  390;  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound. 

Suit.  Ichtli.  ()7.) 

527.  €.  latifasciaflis  Garnian. 

I'orin  and  dentition  of  G.  fjibhosus.  Black  caudal  band  much  wider; 
a  li^'ht  band  from  middle  of  opercle  to  lower  half  of  caudal ;  a  dark 
band  above  this,  sepjirated  by  a  narrower  band  of  light  from  the  dark 
olive  of  the  ba(;k;  silvery  color  of  belly  separated  from  the  light  band 
on  the  Hanks  by  a  short  baud  of  brown;  tins  clouded  with  brown;  cau- 
dal with  a  narrow  dark  band  across  its  base  and  a  broad  one  across  its 
extremity.  Head  4  in  total  length;  depth  3.  D.  12;  A.  11;  V.  G;  P. 
11;  Lat.  1.  30;  L.  transv.  11.    Parras,  Coahuila,  Mex.    {Garman.) 

(Oariiuui,  Jkill.  Mm.  Coiup.  Zocil.  viii,  No.  3,  92, 1881.)  

528.  C.  ('I<>{jrnn<4  Baird  &  Girard. 

Body  more  elongate  than  in  any  of  the  preceding;  the  ui)per  outline 
of  the  lieiul  less  depressed,  so  that  the  profde  is  continuous;  flns  low, 
the  dorsal  quite  small;  its  rays  scarcely  extending  to  the  beginning  of 


W^k 


^   in 


*)  I 


/■I 


1' 


m 


f  •  ti 


f;-5Sf:3'i-9.'i>  i:.;*  'te.'  •emi^l^-. 


I  ■ 

!! 


t 
J''  f  i 


I, 
hi 


t 


I  , 


330      CONTRinUTIONS    TO    NOUTII    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

the  cjimlul  peduncle.     Bluish  black,  sides  somewhat  variog;itod  with 

darker,  the  males  somewhat  spotted ;  edge  of  caudal  iiti  black  in  the 

male;   a  black  patch  on  last  rays  of  dorsal  iu  the  female.     Head  3.J- 

depth  li  'o  3.     D.  11 ;  A.  10;  scales  20-12.     L.  2^  inches,     llio  (huiuie. 

{(liranl.) 

(Hiiinl  &  (iiraid,  Proc.  Acail.  Nat.  Sei.  Philii.  1853,  389;  Girard,  U.  8,  Mex.  Hound. 
Surv.  Ithlh.  ()(■>.) 

339.  C,  csilifioriiiciiMS  Ord. 

"  It  may  be  easily  distiuf^uished  from  its  congeners  in  North  America 
by  its  uniform  system  of  coloration  which  exhibits  neither  bands  nor 
spots.  The  jyeneral  aspect  of  its  body  is  rather  short  and  deep,  except 
in  the  younj^  which  .assume  a  subfusilbrm  appearance.  The  larjfcst 
specimens  which  we  have  examined  measure  about  an  inch  and  u  half 
in  total  lenf;th.  The  head  constitutes  the  fourth  of  the  length,  tlie  snout 
being  abruptly  rounded  off.  The  mouth  is,  proportionally  si)eiikin;,', 
of  medium  size,  whilst  the  eye  is  rather  small,  subcircular;  its  diaiucter 
entering  three  times  and  a  half  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The 
dorsal  iin  is  higher  than  long,  and  superiorly  convex ;  its  interior  margin 
being  nearer  the  apex  of  the  snout  than  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
caudal.  The  anal  fin  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  dorsal,  deeper  than  long, 
inferiorly  convex,  i)articularly  upon  its  i)osterior  half.  The  caudal  is 
post<  iorly  truiicated,  nearly  linear.  The  ventrals  are  small,  project 
beyond  the  vent  and  reach  almost  the  origin  of  the  anal.  The  i)ectoral.s 
are  well  developed,  rounded  off,  extending  as  far  as  a  vertical  line  drawn 
at  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals.  The  rays  are:  D.  10  +  1;  A.  11 ;  C. 
3,  1,  8,  8,  1,  ;j;  V.  7;  P.  12.  The  scales  are  much  deeper  than  long, 
anteriorly  truncated  and  posteriorly  rounded  off  or  convex.  The  color 
is  olivaceous  brown,  with  a  dark  grayish  tint  along  the  back,  and  u 
golden  tint  beneath."    {Oirard.)    San  Diego,  California. 

(Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  157.) 

530.  C.  iiiacularius  Baii-d  &  Gii-ard. 

Apparently  very  similar  to  G.  varicgatus ;  the  female  dark  above, 
with  dark  bars  on  the  sides  and  a  dark  shade  across  the  dorsal  fui ;  lins 
rather  small.  Head  83 ;  depth  2-2^.  D.  10;  A.  11 ;  scales  20-9.  L.  2 
inches.    Rio  Gila.    (Girard.) 

(B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.  1853,  389;  Girard,  U.  S.  Mox.  Bound.  Surv. 
Ichtb.  ()8.) 

531.  C.  carpio  Giiutbcr.  i.  ;        .  jw4a..j,r  u  «. 
Slenderer  than  C.  varicgatus ;  humersil  scale  scarcely  larger  than  tho 

others ;  dorsal  fin  inserted  slightly  behind  ventrals ;  eye  85^  in  head,  a 


j:     -Yij^?      49.    CYPRINODONTIDiE FUNDULUS.  331 

little  shorter  than  snout;  olivaceous,  silverj'^  below.     Head  3;  depth 
oi.    D.  11;  A.  10;  scales  25-10.     "America."    {O'dnthcr.) 
(UuulLer,  v  1,30(5.) 

1S8.— FIJNDU£.US  LacdpMe. 

KiUlJishcH. 

{Ilydrargyra  LacdiJt-de :  Xciiisma  Jordan.)     * 

(Lac«^ln'<lC)  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  v,  .'J7,  1803:   typo  Fundulua  mmlfiah  LaedpMe  =:  Cofciiis 
hctcrovllta  L.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  little  elevated,  compressed  behind.  Mouth 
moderate.  Jaws,  each  with  two  or  more  series  of  pointed  teeth,  usually 
toriuinj;  a  narrow  band.  Bones  of  the  mandiole  flrudy  united.  Scales 
moderate.  Branchiostegals  4-(5.  Preopercle,  preorbital,  and  mandi- 
1)1('  with  nuicous  pores.  Dorsal  and  anal  tins  similar,  moderately  devel- 
(ipcd  or  rather  large,  the  dorsal  usually  inserted  in  front  of  the  anal. 
Vi'utrals  well  developed.  Air-bladder  present.  Sexes  ditt'ering  in 
color,  size,  nvd  development  of  the  tins,  the  anal  fin  ia  the  male  nor- 
mal. Intestinal  canal  short.  Species  very  numerous,  mostly  Ameri- 
ciiii,  inhabiting  fresh  waters  and  arms  of  the  sea.  They  are  the  largest 
in  size  of  the  Cyprinc:lonts,  and  some  of  them  are  very  brightly  colored. 
[UiWii  fundus,  bottom,  the  supposed  abode  of  the  '■'■Fundulus  mudfish.^'') 

The  species  may  be  divided  as  follows: 

*  Dorsal  tin  beginning  in  advance  of  anal, 
t  liiancliiostegals  6.     (Hydraugvua  Lacdpfede.) 
a.  Males  with  dark  cross-bars  and  a  black  dorsal  spot ;  femaloa  with  longitudinal 

stripes majalis,  swampinus. 

aa.  Males  and  females  with  dark  cross-bars similw,  zebra. 

aaa.  Males  without  sharp  markings,  the  scales  rough  in  spring ;  females  plain. 

parvipinni^. 
tt  Branchiostegals  5.     (Fundulus.) 

b.  Dorsal  long,  its  rays  IG  or  17 ;  body  with  round  black  spots,  at  least  in  the 

nuilo seminolis. 

bb.  Dorsal  moderate,  its  rays  10-14. 
c.  Scales  rather  small,  40  or  more  in  a  longitudinal  series. 

d.  Cross-bars  if  present,  black diaphanus,  covfluenius, 

dd.  Cross-bars  silvery. 

c.  Teeth  small,  in  a  baud menona, 

ee.  Teeth  in  about  two  series,  the  outer  enlarged adinia. 

cc.  Scales  large,  less  than  40  in  a  longitudinal  series. 

/.  Males  with  9  or  10  silvery  cross-bars ;  females  with  black  bars ;  tins 

plain nxgrofasclatm. 

ff.  Males  with  silvery  spots  and  bars  ;  females  nearly  plain  olivaceous, 

or  barred  with  black hetcroclitaa. 

•*  Dorsal  tin  beginning  above  or  slightly  behind  anal ;  fins  high.     (Xenisma  Jor.)     > 

.  g.  Branchiostegals  5 ;  spots  in  regular  series catenatwi. 

gg,  Branchiostegals  4 ;  spots  irregular Htell^'er, 


:  rrri 


■i 


H,       . --if  r!il 


,?«'4V' 


i: 


III 


1. 


iiifS-''' 


332      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

*  Dorsal  fin  l»ct;inniii'5  in  aclvance!  of  anal. 

t  l}ran(!liio.stt'nalH  ().     (//i/rfrrt»y/i/m*  Lacdpodc.) 

a  MaU:8  with  dark  crosH-bars;  feinak's  with  longitudinal  stripes. 

533.  F.  lliaJaBiN  (Wall).)  Othv.—KilUfiHh ;  Maiifmh;  liockfwh. 

Body  obloii}^',  scarcely  elovsited,  little  compressed;  head  rather  pro- 
loiijifed  anteriorly,  the  mouth  small,  t(^rQiinal  and  very  ol)li<iue;  scales 
rather  larjjfe;  dorsal  tin  moderate;  anal  tin  very  high  in  the  males,  mod 
erate  in  the  females ;  ventrals  h)ng  in  the  males,  reaching  past  IVout  of 
anal;  eye  moderate,  shorter  than  snout  and  than  interorbital  space-  u 
slight  angle  formed  by  the  proiile,  in  front  of  the  eye,  due  to  the  greater 
flattening  of  the  snout.  Male  fishes  dark  olivaceous  above;  sides  sil- 
very or  somewhat  golden,  with  about  a  dozen  broad  transverse  bars  of 
the  color  of  the  back;  i)osterior  part  of  dorsal  fin  with  a  black  patch- 
fins  yellowish  or  pale.  Females  olivaceous  above,  white  below,  a  narrow 
black  band  along  sides  about  on  the  level  of  the  eye  and  as  wide  as  the 
I)ui>il ;  below  this  two  similar  black  bars  anteriorly  and  one  posteriorly, 
the  upi)er  one  being  interrupted ;  oue  or  two  black  bars  at  base  of  cau- 
dal. Females  usually  larger  than  the  males.  A  large  specimen  taken  at 
Beaufort,  N.  C,  sui»posed  to  be  a  male  of  this  s[)ecies  in  high  coloration, 
showed  the  foUowing  colors  in  life:  Back  olive,  sides  and  belly  brij^ht 
salmon  yellow;  lower  fins  clear  yellow;  pectorals  and  anal  with  some 
dusky;  i)osterior  edge  of  caudal  dark ;  dorsal  nearly  all  black,  a  larjje 
black  Oct 'Hated  spot  on  the  last  rays;  opercles  and  under  parts  of  head 
with  an  inky  sutlusion;  cheeks,  toj)  of  head,  and  mouth  bronze  yellow; 
sides  with  about  18  narrow  dusky  vertical  bars.  Teeth  in  a  broad  band; 
an  outer  row  of  rather  large  teeth.  Oviduct  adnate  to  first  anal  ray  for 
a  short  distance.  Head  3^;  depth  4.  D.  12;  A.  10;  Lat.  1.  3G;  L. 
transv.  13.  it.  o-G  inches.  Cape  Cod  to  Florida,  the  largest  of  our 
Cyprinodontldw ;  abundant  in  shallow  bays. 

(Vohitia  majal'tH  Walhauin,  Artedi,  Pise.  \'Z,  1792:  Eaox  flavuliis  Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  & 
Phil.  Soo.  N.  Y.  i,  4;i9;  Giiuther,  vi,  '.i^i:  Uydrargyra  inajalia  C.  &  V.  xviii,  207.) 

533.  F.  su^ainpiiius  (Lac)  Gthr. 

Very  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  scales  apparently  somewhat 
smaller;  greenish  olive,  with  a  silvery  longitudinal  band,  and  12-15 
blackish  vertical  streaks.  Head  4;  depth  4-^.  B.  6;  D.  14;  A.  12; 
Lat.  1.  43.    South  Carolina.    (  Val.) 

(Hydrargira  awampina  Lac6])6de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  v,  378;  Giinther,  vi,  323.) 

•  Lac6pede,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  v,  378,  1808:  type  Hydrarjira  awampina  Lac.  {idop, 
water;  upyvfiog,  silver.) 


if 


40.    CYPRINODONTIDiE — FUNDULUS. 

(ifl.  Miilcs  nnd  feinales  with  dark  cross-bars. 


333 


ml'  •'•  >*iiMii**  (Hainl  A,  Giianl)  Gthr. 

];ody  moderately  eloiijjate.     Head  rather  pointed  and  elonj^ate,  as 

ill  /'.  iiKijnlis.     Sexes  similarly  colored;   both  olivaceous  above;   the 

.sides  silvery,  with  10-1")  dark  vertical  bars;   males  with  an  ocellated 

spot  on  the  last  rays  of  dors.il.    Ventral  fms  short;  insertion  of  dorsal 

midway  between  front  of  orV)it  and  end  of  caudal.     Head  .'3;\ ;  dei)th  4. 

1).  11;  A.  8  or  9;  Lat.  1.  33;  L.  transv.  13.     Coast  of  Texas,  ascending 

stroams. 

{Jl,(lvarfi]ira  similh  Paird  &  Girard,  Proo.  Aoad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18.'>3,  381):  ITn- 
drunijiru  Himilix  Gii'ard,  \'.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Ichtli.  IW:  FunduluH  vimilia  Gilutbor,  vi,  323; 
.Ionian,  Hull.  U.  8.  Geol.  Snrv.  Terr,  iv,  400.) 

53.1.  F.  acbra  (Girard)  Gthr. 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  subfusiform,  the  back  slightly  arched. 
Head  subi)yramidal,  very  much  depressed.  Eye  4  in  head.  Fins  mod- 
crate;  liigher  in  the  males  than  in  the  females.  Scales  smaller  than  in 
;•'.  si  mills  and  more  closely  imbricated.  Olivaceous  above,  with  a  black- 
ish spot  upon  each  scale;  sides  yellowish,  with  narrow  transverse 
black  bands  or  bars,  about  10  in  number,  more  consi)icuous  in  the  males 
than  in  the  females,  and  extending  from  the  back  to  the  belly;  inter- 
spaces wider  than  the  dark  bars.  Fins  plain.  Sexes  similar.  Head 
^.    D.  13;  A.  14.     L.  3  inches.    Rio  Grande  in  Mew  Mexico.    {Girard.) 

{Ilndiumjum  zthra  Girard,  Free.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  IdSU,  60;  Giinther,  vi,  324. 
Not  ol  Dekay. ) 

«((«.  Mules  without  sharp  markings;  scales  rough  lu  spring.     Females  nearly  plain. 

3;i6.  F.  parvipinnis  Girard. 

]\Iale,  light  olive  green,  mottled  with  darker;  sides  with  silvery  and 
brassy  lustre;  lower  parts  yellow;  about  20  short  blaclrisli  cross-bars 
along  middle  of  sides,  broader,  plainer,  and  more  closely  set  behind ; 
sides  and  tins  with  dark  points;  uijper  fins  dull  olive;  lower  yellow. 
reiiiale  larger,  olive  green  above,  sides  not  barred,  with  an  obscure 
dusky  lateral  band  on  caudal  peduncle.  Fins  plain.  Fins  very  high 
ill  the  male,  small  in  the  female.  Scales  large;  in  the  males  in  spring 
roughened  or  ctenoid  by  small  granulations  and  prickles,  similar  to  the 
uuptial  excrescences  of  some  Cyprinidce;  tins  also  rough.  Oviduct  form- 
ing a  sheath  at  base  of  first  ray  of  anal.  Head  3^;  depth  3'^.  D.  13; 
A.  11;  Lat.  I.  38;  L.  transv.  12.  L.  4  inches.  Coast  of  California  from 
Point  Concepciou  southward ;  very  abundant  in  bays  and  lagoons. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1S54,  154;  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  x, 
yOo;  UUulher,  vi,  319j  Steindachncr  Ichth.  j  cjitrjige,  v,  155,  ItiTG.) 


lif 


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334    coxTRinuTioxs  to  north  American  ichthyology— iv. 

tt  Branchii)st»'fr.'il8  fi.    {Fiindulim.) 
h.  DorHiil  loiij?;  its  rays  Ki  or  17. 

337.  F.  semiiiolis  Giranl. 

Body  rather  stout.  Head  subpyrainidal,  the  .snout  tapcriiif^.  Kyp 
4S  in  Lead.  Dorsal  fin  lii^a,  its  orifjfin  nearer  apex  of  snout  than  orijxin 
of  caudal;  anal  deeper  thc*n  long.  Ventrals  not  reaching  vent.  Soaks 
deeper  than  long,  of  moderate  size.  Dark  brown  with  larg«'  round 
black  spots,  the  spots  corresponding  to  the  scales,  upon  their  line  of 
intersection.  Dorsal  and  caudal  spotted.  IJead  3'ij;  depth  .'ig.  D.  17- 
A.  13;  V.  G.    Florida.     {Giranl.) 

(Girurrt,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18r)9,  59;  Gilnthor,  vi,  325.) 

hb,  Doreal  mortcrate,  its  rays  11-14. 

e.  Scales  raf her  small;  more  than  40  in  a  longitudinal  scries. 
d.  Cross-bars  blackish. 

53S.  F.  diaphanus  (Le  S.)  k^.— Spring  Minnow. 

Body  rather  slender,  not  elevated,  compressed  posteriorly.  Ilead 
moderate;  quite  flat  above.  Fins  not  large;  dorsal  and  anal  rather 
low;  ventrals  scarcely  reaching  vent  in  the  females;  somewhat  huij^er 
in  the  mtales.  General  color  olivaceous;  sides  silvery;  15-25  narrow, 
irregular  blackish  cross-bars  on  the  sides;  back  always  more  or  less 
spotted  with  blackish;  fins  nearly  plain.  Teeth  pointed,  the  outer 
not  much  enlarged.  Head  4  ;  depth  4*.  Eye  large,  3.J  in  head.  D. 
13;  A.  11;  Lat.  1.  40;  L.  transv.  12.  L.  4  inches.  Coasts,  ascending  all 
streams  to  their  fountaiti  heads.  Abundant  in  various  tributaries  of 
the  great  lakes.  Upper  Mississippi,  west  to  Colorado,  and  in  ponds  and 
streams  of  the  Middle  and  Eastern  States. 

(H>idrar(J!ira  C.iaphana  Lo  Sueur,  Journ.  Acad.  Naf.  Sci.  Phila.  i,  1'^17,130:  Ilijdmrmira 
mvUifaHciuta  Lc  Sueur  1.  c.  131:  Fuiidnliis  mnltifaitciafiiii  Giiuther,  vi,  324,  and  of  most 
writers;  Jordan,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1877,  (57.) 

53%*.  F.  confllHcntus  Goodc  &  Bean. 

Yellowish,  with  a  longitudinal  streak  along  each  row  of  scales  and 
about  14  distinct  irregular  vertical  dark  bands.  Head  low,  flat.  Snout 
not  produced.  Interorbiial  space  2  in  length  of  head,  eye  4  in  liojul. 
Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  tip  of  caudal  and  middle  of  eye. 
First  raj'  of  anal  under  second  of  dorsal.  Anal  higher  than  long. 
Scales  crowded.  B.  probably  5.  Head  3.|;  depth  3|.  D.  10;  A.  10; 
Lat.  1.  45.    Lake  Monroe,  Florida.    (Ooode  &  Bean.) 

(Goode  &  Bear*,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  118.) 


i: 


49.    CYPUINODONTlDiE FUNDULUS. 


335 


ja.  Cross-l'ars  silvery. 

e.  Tfi'tli  i"  1>:iii<Ih,  the  outer  not  enlarged 


,110.  F>  inoiioiia  .Jordan  &  Copcland. 

i;o(l.v  elouj^iite,  slif^htly  coinpres.scd,  not  elertitod;  head  lonj;;^  and  large, 
rather  narrow  above,  tlie  interorbital  .space  half  wider  than  eye,  whieh 
is  4  ill  head.  Dorsal  moderate,  inserted  in  advance  of  the  anal,  which 
is  short  and  deep;  paired  lins  short;  vent  midway  between  eye  and  base 
of  caiKlal.  Color  [i  )  <lark  olive  brown,  with  about  10  shinin^ji  silvery, 
vertical  bands,  whieh  are  narrower  than  the  dark  interspa(!es;  the  inicr- 
siiiices  broadest  behind;  fins  plain;  teeth  pointed,  curved,  outer  little 
cnlarjred.  Head  3r ;  depth  5.  D.  12;  A.  10;  B.  5;  scales  48-12.  L. 
31  inches.    Rock  River,  Wisconsin. 

(J,)nlan  &  Copcliuid.  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1S77,  6S.) 

f,.  TtM'tli  in  about  two  series,  the  outer  enlarged. 
.111.  F.  ndiilia  J.  &  G.  nom.  sp.  nov. 

Body  short,  deep,  and  compressed;  head  moderate,  broad,  and  flat 
flbove,  the  interoibital  space  rather  more  than  half  greater  than  the 
width  of  the  eye;  eye  4  in  head;  dorsal  and  anal  lins  rather  large;  dor- 
sal iust  rted  almost  exactly  over  fiont  of  anal ;  teeth  mostly  in  two  series, 
the  outer  very  strong;  vent  midway  between  eye  and  base  of  caudal; 
scales  small,  closely  imbrio'ted.  Color  olivaceous,  with  15  to  20  silver 
cross-bars,  almost  as  wide  as  the  interspaces  posteriorly,  wider  than  the 
interspaces  anteriorly,  extending  over  the  belly  and  joining  their  fellows 
on  the  opposite  side ;  the  bands  variable,  but  usually  wider  and  more 
crowded  than  in  F.  menona ;  fins  plain.  Head  3§;  depth  4.  D.  13; 
A.  11;  scales  44-15.  L.  2  inches.  Coast  of  Texas,  ascending  streams; 
our  specimens  from  the  Rio  Grande. 

(?  JrfiHirt  mitllifaHciata  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  117:  Fnndiilua  zebra 
Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Ti-rr.  iv,  No.  2,  1878,  6(>4.  Not  Hydrartiyra  mul({f(miata 
Le  Siu!ur,  nor  Hyilrargijra  zebra  Grd.,  nor  Fimduhtu  zebra  Dekay.) 

(c  ScalcH  rather  large,  less  than  40  in  a  longitudinal  series. 

/.  Males  with  U  or  10  silvery  cross-bars;  females  with  black  vertical  stripes;  tins 
plahi. 

r>43.  F.  nigrofasciatus  (Lc  S.)  C.  &  V. 

Body  rather  short  and  deep;  bead  rather  long  and  depressed;  the 
snout  obtuse,  a  slight  angle  being  formed  above  the  eye;  dorsal  mod- 
orate,  well  back;  anal  short  and  deep;  eye  lorger  than  snout,  1^  in 
interorbital  space,  3.^  in  head.  Olivaceous  above,  silvery  below ;  fins 
iu  both  sexes  immaculate;    males  with  9  or  10  very  dietiuct  silvery 


:l 


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336     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

cross  bars,  each  about,  as  broad  as  a  scale;  females  with  about  as  umnv 
narrow  black  bars,  which  do  not  extend  on  the  luick  or  belly;  sciiks 
punctate.  Head  3| ;  depth  4.  U.  11 ;  A.  0;  scales  33-n.  L.  L'A  ineln,; 
{G'dnthcr.)    Arlantic  coast  of  United  States,  not  very  common. 

{Iljldrarffyra  mtjrofase'mta  Lo  Suenr,  Joui'n.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1H17,  i   njj. 
Storer,  Fish  Mass,  21)5;  Giiiither,  vi,  ;i25.) 

ff.  Males  with  silvciy  spots  and  bars;  females  nearly  plain  olivaceous;  fins  spotted 

343.  F.  lieteroclitUS  (L.)  Giinther.— ConuttOft  KilUfvth;   Mummichog;  SaU-Katn 
Miiinoiv. 

Body  thick-set,  short  and  deep;  anteriorly  broad,  posteriorly  com- 
pressed, the  back  elevated ;  head  rather  short,  blunt,  broad  and  Hat  on 
top;  eye  moderate,  about  equal  to  snout,  about  half  the  width  of  intiT. 
orbital  space  and  one-tifth  of  the  lenj;th  of  the  head ;  tins  moderate,  the 
dorsal  inserted  in  males  midway  between  snout  and  tip  of  caudal;  i,i 
femides  farther  back ;  oviduct  attached  to  anterior  ray  of  anal  firi,  its 
openinjj  near  the  tip  of  the  ray;  teeth  in  broad  bands,  jwinted,  tlie 
outer  series  eidarj^^ed.  Coloration  in  males  dark  dull  green,  the  lu'liy 
more  or  less  orange  yellow;  sides  with  numerous  quite  narrow  ill- 
defined  silvery  bars  made  up  of  spots,  most  distinct  posteriorly;  besides 
these  are  numerous  conspicuous  white  or  yellow  spots,  irregtdarly  scat 
tered ;  vertical  tins  dark,  with  numerous  small  round  pale  sjjots ;  dorsal 
often  with  a  blackish  spot  on  its  last  ray;  anal  and  ventrals  yellow 
anteriorly;  under  side  of  head  yello\y;  young  males  sometimes  with 
dark  bars.  Females  nearly  plain  olivaceous,  lighter  below,  witliout 
spots  or  bars,  the  scales  finely  punctate;  sides  sometinu's  with  a  few- 
faint  vertical  shades.  Head  3§  ;  depth  3§.  D.  11 ;  A.  11 ;  scales  3()-i;i; 
L.  3-5  inchc  s.  Maine  to  Mexico,  everywhere  very  common  in  brackish 
Avaters,  the  most  abundant  of  cur  Cyprinodontida'.  Southern  speciiiiciis 
l)erhaps  reach  a  larger  size  (var.  granila)  than  northern,  and  some  speci- 
mens (var.  imculentuH)  have  the  head  wider  than  usual. 

{Cohiih  hcteroclUa  L.  Synt.  Nut.:  7i»ox/>iV,'« /(»/««,  Mitch.  Tinns,  Lit.  A-  Phil.  Soc.  y. 
Y.  i,  441  •  Fiiiidiiliin  piaci'Iciitiiii  of  most  Aniciicai'  authors:  I'luidiilim  zihra •Dt'kivy,  N.  Y. 
Fauna,  Fish.  iilH,  1H4'J:  I'uudulim  (jraiidis  Haird  &  Girard,  Proc  Aca.l.  iS'at.  Sci.  I'liilii. 
18.");J,  1589 :  J<\inditli(a  (fmudis  GirtU{\,  IJ.'S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  lehth.  (U):  FiiiidiihiH  Jlori- 
dennw  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  IH.'iO,  U>7:  Fundtihw  jmculcntita  Storer,  1  isli. 
Mass.  v!94;  Giinthcr,  Cat.  Fish.  Brit.  Mus.  vi,  ;J18.) 

*•      orsal  fin  beginning  directly  above  or  slightly  behind  anal.     {Xvniama*  Jor.) 

'Jordan,  Bull.  Butt".  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1S76,  142:  typo  Xenmna  sUdlifem  Jor.  {^ei'tdiua, 
r  surprise.) 


49.   CYPRINODONTIDiE — FUNDULUS. 


337 


Branch  iostcgals  5;  spots  in  regular  series. 

S44.  F.  catenatus  (Storer)  Gthr.—Stud-Jish. 

Similar  in  form  i-3  F.  stelUfer,  but  larger,  with  lower  fins  and  difter- 
ent  coloration  ;  dorsal  and  anal  fins  even  in  the  males,  falling  short  of 
the  ciiudal ;  color  bluish  or  greenish,  with  a  round  orange  spot  (in  the 
male)  on  each  scale,  thus  forming  series  of  regular  lines  of  dots ;  females 
with  smaller  brown  spots  on  the  scales,  also  forming  lines.  Anal 
prickly  in  £i)ring  males.  Teeth  in  broad  bands,  the  outer  somewhat 
enlar^'t'd.  Head  4;  depth  4.^5.  D.  14;  A.  15;  Lat.  1.  50.  L.  G  or  7 
inches.  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  Rivers,  locally  abundant,  one  of 
the  larn'ost  and  handsomest  of  the  Cyprinodonts. 

{J'arilid  vah'uata  Storer,  Syuop.siH  Fish  N.  A.  IH4(),  430 ;  GUuther,  vi,  322 ;  Cope,  Joiim. 
Acad.  N:i(.  Sci.  Pliila.  18G8,  238:  Xcniama  catvnaia  Jordau,  Aun.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N. 
y.  187(5,  :v<w.) 

gg.  BranchiostegaLs  4  ;  spots  irregular. 

343.  F.  stcllifcr  Jordau.—Sjjotled  Stud-Jish. 

Body  rather  long,  somewhat  compressed.  Head  broad  find  flattened 
above,  in  the  usual  fashion.  Eye  large,  about  4  in  head.  Scales  closely 
ii'ibricated,  deeper  than  long.  Dorsal  flu  beginning  slightly  behind 
anal,  its  last  rays  in  the  adult  males  highly  elevated,  reaching  the 
base  of  caudal,  their  height  equal  to  the  depth  of  the  body;  anal  sim- 
ilar, more  elevated  in  front  and  less  so  behind,  the  last  rays  falling  just 
short  of  caudal ;  fins  lower  in  females  and  young ;  pectorals  reaching 
vciitrals,  the  latter  to  anal  in  the  males.  Teeth  in  a  narrow  band,  the 
outer  souunvhat  enlarged,  blunt  and  curved.  Coloration  brilliant;  livid 
blue  above,  somewhat  silvery  below;  body  and  cheeks,  with  large, 
bright  dark  orange  spots,  irregidarly  placed,  not  following  the  rows 
of  scales,  and  not  always  in  the  middle  of  the  scales ;  these  spots  not 
uaiform  in  size;  females  with  olive-brown  spots  horizontally,  oblong 
and  sinnller  than  the  orange  spots  of  the  males  and  more  regularly 
placed ;  a  blue  loral  blotch,  with  a  green  one  below  it ;  a  pale  yellow 
blotch  on  the  back  in  front  of  the  dorsal,  verj^  conspicuous  when  the 
first  anal  ray.  Head  3;^;  depth  5.  D.  13;  A.  13;  V.C;  Lat.  1.  53.  L. 
fish  is  ill  the  water,  but  fading  in  spirits.  Ovidiict  not  extending  on 
3-4  iiiclies.  Alabama  River,  in  clear  streams  and  springs;  a  beautiful 
fish.     .         M..  '         ■   • 

(Arrtwmn  ntcUifcm  Jordan,  Ann.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  187C,  322.)     ^'■'^'''  '  ' 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  10 22    "  r     ^^ 


i 


•  I 


fc  •  /  <ii  "^ . 


i     , 


■I 


mm. 


338     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


h:'!" 


139.— ZYGOnrECTES  Agasslz. 

Top  Minnows. 

(MioristiuB  Gill.) 
(Agassiz,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1851,  135:  type  PoeclUa  oUoacea  Storer.) 

This  genus  is  closely  related  to  Fundulus,  difi'ering  chie%  in  the  small 
size  and  posterior  position  of  the  dorsal,  which  has  usually  less  tbaii 
ten  rays  and  is  commonly  inserted  behind  the  front  of  the  anal  Un. 
The  species  are  smaller  in  size  than  those  of  Fundulus,  and  different  in 
appearance,  so  that  we  feel  reluctant  to  unite  the  two  genera,  although 
the  technical  differences  are  very  slight.  From  the  Old  World  genus 
JTaplochilus,  Zygonectes  is  distinguished  by  the  short  anal  fin.  The  fe- 
males of  Zygonectes  are  scarcely  distinguishable  from  those  of  Gambusia. 
Species  all  American.    Surface  swimmerj?,  feeding  upon  insects. 

i^ydv,  yoke ;  vf/KTr]C,  swimmer;  they  being  said  to  swim  in  pairs.) 

*  Body  rather  elongate.     (Zygonectes, ) 
a.  Sides  without  black  band. 

•546.  Z.  rubrifrons  Jordan. 

Body  moderately  stout,  little  compressed,  not  elevated,  the  caudal 
peduncle  deep;  head  rather  long,  broad  between  the  eyes,  flat  above; 
eyes  large,  3\  in  head,  their  range  horizontal;  mouth  rather  large. 
Teeth  small,  nearly  even,  in  a  narrow  band.  Scales  moderate.  Dorsal 
fin  very  short  and  small,  placed  a  little  behind  the  anal  or  about  even 
with  it,  its  position  in  the  males  rather  more  posterior ;  anal  short,  high 
in  the  nialee ;  ventrals  very  small ;  pectorals  small.  Color,  males  dark 
olivaceous,  with  a  dark,  bronze-orange  spot  on  each  scale  posteriorly, 
much  as  in  Fundulus  catenatus.  Below,  these  spots  are  bright  orange. 
Taint,  narrow  vertical,  orange  bars  along  the  lower  and  posterior  part 
of  the  body.  Vertical  fins  with  orange  spots.  Jaws  and  space  ui  front 
of  eyes  bright  orange-red ;  paired  fins  dusky.  Females  almost  uniform 
brassy-olivaceous,  without  evident  spots  or  red  markings.  Head  li^  in 
length  to  base  of  caudal;  depth  3j|.  D.  7  or  8;  A.  8  or  0;  Lat.  1.  31*; 
L.  transv.  11  or  12 ;  B.  5.  L.  2^  inches.  San  Sebastian  Eiver,  Flor- 
ida, a  larger  species  than  most  in  the  genus,  and  with  the  dorsal  fin  less 
posterior. 

(Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  t8T9,  237.) 

St7,  Z.  licnsBialli  Jordan. 

Body  rather  stout,  deep  and  compressed,  the  profile  nearly  straight, 
the  back  little  elevated,  and  the  caudal  peduncle  deep;  head  moderate; 


flu   Ti: 


Vr:- 


■'fi- 


49.    CYPRINODONTID^ — ZYGONECTES. 


339 


nioiitli  rathor  large ;  jaws  each  with  a  series  of.  long  and  rather  slender 
caiiine-like  teeth,  behind  which  is  a  band  of  small  teeth;  the  canines 
larger  in  the  lower  jaw;  eye  large;  scales  rather  large;  dorsal  fin  short 
and  bigh,  inserted  slightly  behind  the  anal  in  the  males,  exactly  opposite 
it  ill  the  females;  caudal  large;  anal  fln  larger  and  rather  lower  than 
dorsal;  ventrals  quite  small;  pectorals  moderate.  General  color  oliva- 
ceous ;  sides  covered,  especially  posteriorly,  with  rather  large,  irregu- 
larly placed  orange  spots,  which  also  extend  on  the  vertical  fins;  dorsal 
dusky,  with  a  dark  bar;  head  without  red;  caudal  and  anal  more  or 
less  yellow;  females  obscurely  marked;  young  with  diffuse  greenish 
vertical  bars.  Head  3  J  in  length  to  base  of  caudal ;  depth  4.  13.  5 ; 
D.  7  or  8;  A.  10  or  11;  Lat.  1.33;  L.  transv.  10.  L.  3-4  inches.  San 
Sebastian  River,  Florida.  The  larger,  species  of  the  genus,  looking 
like  a  Fundulus. 
(Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  1870,  327.) 

3I§.  Z.  floripiniiis  (Cope)  Jor. 

General  form  of  Z.  notatus;  lower  jaw  somewhat  projecting;  external 
series  of  teeth  in  both  jaws  enlarged ;  eye  large,  3^  in  head.  Olive  gray, 
scales  with  ochre  borders;  fins  yellow,  broadly  edged  with  crimson. 
Head  4^;  depth  5.  D.  10;  A.  13;  scales  29-10.  L.  2 J  inches,  llivers 
of  Colorado.    {Cope.) 

(Ilnplochihis  floripinnia  Cope,  Zool.  Lieut.  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mer.  v,  G95, 1870. 

.VIO.  Z.  lincatus  Garman. 

Brownish,  finely  punctulate  with  brown;  white  below;  lips,  top  of 
head,  and  a  line  along  middle  of  back  dark ;  tail  with  faint  transverse 
bands.  Moderately  stout,  compressed.  Crown  flat.  Eye  large,  as 
l()u<i;  as  snout,  IJ  in  interorbital  width.  Lower  jaw  slightly  longer. 
Outer  teeth  long,  slender,  curved.  First  ray  of  dorsal  almost  opposite 
lirstof  anal,  one- third  the  distance  from  base  of  caudal  to  front  of  eye; 
caudal  truncate.  Head  nearly  3;  depth  4,^.  D.  11;  A.  14;  V.  0;  P.  15; 
Lat.  1.  30;  L.  transv.  12.    Northeastern  Wyoming.     (Garman.) 

(Uarmiin,  Bull.  Mus.  Zoiil.  viii,  No.  3,  88,  1881.) 

fi.i.  Sides  with  a  broad,  dark  lateral  baud  ;  fins  plaiu  or  speckled. 

.150.  Z.  notatus  (Ra*".)  Jor.— Top  Minnoiv. 

IJody  rather  slender,  compressed  behind.  Head  low,  depressed,  and 
rather  elongate,  the  snout  somewhat  produced,  the  lower  jaw  scarcely 
projecting;  interorbital  space  broad,  its  width  about  half  length  of 
head;  eye  large,  less  than  snout,  about  3  in  head.    Fins  moderate,  the 


•\-k 


-if 


^,• 


1 »  ' 


f 


(I 


'i  ir\-  mm 


it, 


11 


Kit 


340      CONTRIDUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMEKICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

dorsal  and  anal  elevated  in  the  males.  Teeth  in  a  broad  band,  the 
outer  series  considerably  enlarged  and  canine  like.  Coloration  browu. 
ish  olive,  with  a  broad,  dark  purplish-black  lateral  band  running  from 
tip  of  snout  through  eye  to  base  of  caudal ;  darker  in  males  than  in 
females;  young  specimens  have  the  edges  of  the  band  serrated;  a  few 
series  of  small  black  dots  along  the  sides  of  the  back;  dorsal,  caudal 
and  anal  lins  dotted  with  black ;  top  of  head  with  a  conspicuous  trans- 
lucent spot  in  life;  concentric  striae  on  scales,  strong.  Head  4;  depth 
4  J.  D.  0;  A.  11;  scales  34-11.  L.  2-3  J  inches.  Michigan  to  Alabama 
and  Texas,  generally  abundant  in  ponds  and  canals. 

{Scmotilusl  nolatua  Raf.  Ich.  Oh.  1820,  86:  Poccilia  olivacea  Storer,  Synopsis,  itg. 
Fandahts  tcncllua  B.  i  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185;J,  389 :  Zygoncctcs  2)ulchcUm 
Giranl,  Pioc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.  1851),  GO:  Fundnlm  aureus  Coijc,  Proc.  Acad.  Kat. 
Sci.  Phila.  18;).'),  78:  Haplochilus  pulr.hcUus  Giiuther,  vl,  314:  Uaplochilus  aH/CHs  Giiu- 
ther,  vi,  31;');  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  264.) 

**  Body  short  and  deep.     {Mlcrintius  Gill.) 

cSSl.  Ti.  iltralatUS  Jordan  &  Bray  ton. 

Body  short  and  stout,  compressed,  especially  posteriorly.  Head 
moderate,  broad  and  flattened  above.  Dorsal  fin  well  back,  moderately 
high;  anal  fin  rather  larger;  paired  fins  small.  Coloration  dull  olive; 
no  stripes  or  bars;  scales  slightly  dark-edged;  a  large  jet-black  Idotch 
on  eacli  side  just  above  and  somewhat  in  front  of  the  vent,  due  to  the 
black  peritoneum  showing  through  the  translucent  sides;  dorsal  and 
anal  fius  speckled.  Teeth  small,  the  outer  little  enlarged.  Head  4; 
depth  4.  D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  30.  L.  \%  inchos.  Neuse  Eiver,  North 
Carolina. 

(Jordan  &  Brayton,  Bnll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  1878,  84.) 

532.  Z.  EOicIanops  (Copu)  Jor. 

Body  rather  short  and  deep.  Head  broad ;  eye  as  long  as  snout, 
3 J  in  head,  2  in  interorbital  width;  teeth  in  a  band,  the  outer  series 
scarcely  enl.arged.  Fins  short.  Yellowish  brown;  scales  darker  edged; 
body  without  distinct  longitudinal  stripes  or  bnrs;  belly  golden;  a  very 
conspicuous  jet-black  spot  just  below  the  eye,  and  confluent  with  it  iu 
the  adult;  dorsal  and  caudal  fins  with  series  of  black  dots;  caudal  very 
large.  Head  3^;  depth  3A.  D.  7;  A.  9;  scales  28-7.  L.  2^  inches. 
Neuse  Kiver  {Cope)  to  Southern  Illinois  [Forbes)  and  Mi8sissipi)i  {U.mj\ 
locally  abnndant. 

(IIa;ilochilu8  melanopa  Copo,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  1870,  457;  Jordan,  Bull.  111.  Lab. 
Nat.  Hist,  ii,  52,  1878;  Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  501.) 


49    CYPEINODONTJD^ — ZYGONECTES.    • 


341 


553.  Z.  dispar  •  Agassiz. 

Body  short  and  deep,  much  compressed.  Head  short  and  very  broad, 
the  flat  iuterorbital  space  being  two-thirds  of  its  length,  and  barely  twice 
the  diameter  of  the  eye;  the  distance  between  the  eyes  above  greater 
than  the  distance  between  them  below  Snout  broadly  rounded.  Fins 
moderate;  dorsal  much  smaller  than  anal.  Outer  series  of  teeth  some- 
what enlarged.  Coloration  pale  olive,  bluish  in  life ;  a  V(  ^y  distinct 
brownish  line  along  the  edges  of  each  row  of  scales,  appearing  wavy  or 
serrated  as  it  follows  the  scales;  about  10  of  these  longitudinal  stripes 
are  present;  males  with  the  lines  interrupted,  appearing  a>^  series  of 
dots  and  further  marked  by  about  9  dark  cross-bars;  adults  with  a  dark 
blotch  below  the  eye,  sometimes  confluent  with  it.  Oviduct  free  from 
anal.  Head  32;  depth  3 J.  D.  7;  A.  9;  scales  35-10.  L.  2^  inches. 
Lake?  and  sluggish  streams  from  Ohio  to  Iowa. 

(Agassiz,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  353;  Jordan,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Fhila. 
ISTT,"!)?.) 

554.  Z.  brachypterus  Cope. 

«  Base  of  the  first  dorsal  ray  behind  the  vertical  line  equally  dividing 
the  base  of  the  anal ;  ventrals  not  reaching  base  of  anal.  Scales  large. 
Head  wide,  with  overhanging  supercilia ;  iuterorbital  width  twice  the 
diameter  of  the  orbit,  which  enters  the  length  of  the  head  2J  times. 
Color  uniform  olivaceous,  the  scales  with  brown  edges;  cheeks  silvery; 
no  spots  on  the  head.  Body  stout.  Head  4J,  D.  7;  A.  8.  Scales 
30-lf.  Lenj^h  2."  {GopCj  MSS.)  Trinity  Eiver  and  other  streams  in 
Texas. 


*  Professor  Agassiz,  Amer.  Jonrn.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  353,  mentiona  three  more  species  of 
this  geu'is,  which  have  not  since  been  recognized,  besides  two  (Z.  lateral'^  and  Z.  zona- 
tus)  which  are  evidently  identical  with  Z,  notatus,  and  another,  Z.  Uncolatus,  which 
Professor  Putnam  informs  us  is  identical  with  Z.  noUii. 

Z.  nottii  Agass. 

'•The  darker  continuous  longitudinal  lines  alternate  with  fainter  inteirupted  ones. 
Males  with  distinct  transverse  bands ;  dark  olive  above,  fading  upon  the  sides ;  sil- 
very bolow.  Operculum,  throat,  and  space  in  advance  of*the  eye  oi'ange  color."  Mo- 
bile, Ala. 

Z,  gutlatua  Agass. 

"A  largo  dark  spot  upon  the  centre  of  each  scale  on  the  back  and  sides,  forming 
longitudinal  rows  of  disconnected  dots.  The  transverse  bars  of  the  male  are  mnch 
narrower  and  nearer  together  than  in  Z.  Uncolatus  (nottii).  Dark  olive  above,  fading 
upon  the  side.    Abdomen  silvery."    Mobile,  Ala. 

Z.  heroglyphima  Agass. 

"Anterior  and  upper  parts  of  the  body  sprinkled  with  dark  dots,  i)as8ing  into  longi- 
tudinal rows  backwards.  Light  olive  above ;  silvery  on  the  sides  and  below."  Mo- 
bile, Ala. 


,ili!:;fi-t 


>»  f*'  , 


lii 


II. 


fl-^l 


,:■  V' 


^*i!^A '"'. 


342     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH  AMERICAN   ICHTnYOLOGY— ly. 

SliS.  Z.  sciadicus  (Cope)  Jor. 

Body  short  and  stout.     Eye  equal  to  snout,  3J  in  head,  1§  in  inter 

orbital  space.    Fins  small.   Coloration  uniform  olivaceous,  without  spots 

or  lines.     Head  3J.    D.  10;  A.  12;  scales  39-13.    L.  2  inches.    Platte 

lliver.    {Cope.) 

(Fundulua  aciadicua  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1865,  78:  Ha^lochilua  Hciadkm 
GUnther,  vl,  316.) 

5tSG.  Z.  chrysetus  (GUnther)  Jor. 

Head  depressed  anteriorly.    Snout  shorter  than  the  eye,  which  is  31 

in  head  and  IJ  in  interorbital  space.     Fins  moderate.      Light  olive- 

colored,  with  narrow,  dark,  vertical  streaks  on  the  sides;  caudal  with 

bauds  of  brown  dots.      Head  3J;  depth  4.     D.  9;  A.  11;  scales  34-12. 

Charleston,  S.  C.    {GUnther.) 

{Haplovhilus  chryaotus  GunthdT,  vi,  317.)  j- 

S57.  Z.  zonatus  (Mitch.)  Jor. 

Eye  large,  2^  in  head.  Dorsal  almost  reaching  the  caudal,  which  ia 
lanceolate.  Sides  with  12  black  cross-bars ;  dorsal  and  anal  dotted  with 
black;  other  fins  immaculate.  D.  7;  A.  10.  Head  4 J  in  total  leugth. 
South  Carolina.    {GUnther.) 

(lEaox  zonafua  Mitch.  Traaa.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  i,  443:  Fundulua  zonatua  C.  &.  V.  xviii, 
196:  Haplovhilua  zonatua  GiintheT,  \i,  316.) 

35§.  Z.  cingulatus  (C.  &.  Y.)  Jor. 

Anal  rather  larger  than  dorsal;  sides  with  ten  or  twelve  broad,  well- 
defined,  vertical  dark  bars,  nearly  as  broad  as  their  interspaces;  dorsal 
with  a  large  black  spot  posteriorly,  immediately  in  front  of  which  is  a 
white  one;  other  fins  immaculate.  D.  8;  A.  9.  Head  3|.  Coast  of 
New  Jersey.    {GUnther.) 

(Fundulua  cingulatua  C.  &  V.  xviii,  197  (D.  8;  A.  10):  Hydrargyra  luoiw  Bairtl,  Ninth 
Smithsonian  Rept.  1855,  344:  Haplochilua  luciw  GUnther,  vi,  316.) 

160.— I.1TCANIA  Girard.^ 
(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phihi.  1859,  118:  type  Lucania  venuata  Grd.) 

Mouth  moderate,  the  snout  not  produced ;  both  jaws  with  a  single 
series  of  conical  teeth?  Scnles  rather  large.  Dorsal  and  anal  rays  iu 
moderate  number,  the  dorsal  in  advance  of  the  anal;  anal  flu  not 
modified  in  the  males.  Very  small  fishes.  (A  coined  name  without 
meauing. 

•  GIRARDINICHTHYS  Bleeker.     _-      _^^^ 

(Limn«r(7«s  GUnther.)  ?      j 

{Bl&okoT,  CyTpxin,  1860,  431:  typ\j  G-irardiniohthya  innominatua.) 

Body  stout.  Mouth  small,  the  upper  jaw  very  protractile.  Teeth  small,  subcylin- 
drical,  in  a  single  series  iu  each  jaw.    Scales  rather  small.    Dorsal  and  anal  fins  long, 


49.    CYPRINODONTID^ — LUCANIA. 


343 


559.  L.  venusia  Grd.  ..   '  ,  ^     v -w  "■..:..,  t.  ,    ...    c.;    •>..,■ 
Body  oblong,  much  as  in  Zygonectes.    Dorsal  midway  ot  body,  mod- 
erately elevated,  much  in  front  of  anal.    Snout  rather  pointed.    Brown- 
ish sliylitly  spotted.    Head  3^;  depth  3^.    D.  13;  A.  11;  Lat.  1.  27. 
L.  U  inches.    Indianola,  Tex.    (Girard.) 

(Limia  venusta  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  Ichth.  71, 1859;  Girard,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1859,  118;  GUuther,  vi,  310:  Lucania  affinia  Giiard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.Pliihv.  1859,  118.) 

560.  L.  parva  (B.  &  G.)  Beau* 

Form  elongated.  Head  less  than  one-fourth  the  length  (with  the 
caudal).  Eye  3  in  head.  Coloration  plain.  D.  10;  A.  10;  V.  G;  L. 
transv.  8.    Very  small.    Long  Island.     {Giinther.) 

(Cuprinodon  parvus  B.  <&  G.  Ninth  Smithsonian  Report,  1855,345:  Cyprinodon  par- 

f,w  GUiitlier,  vi,  307.) 

561.  L.  goodei  Jordan. 

Body  elliptical,  rather  elongate,  the  back  considerably  elevated  to  a 
point  just  in  front  of  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  fin ;  the  caudal  peduncle 
rather  deep  and  compressed.  Head  short,  comparatively  narrow,  and 
bluntly  pointed.  Mouth  small,  terminal;  both  jaws  with  rather  large 
conical  canine-like  teeth,  apparently  in  a  single  series.  Eye  large,  near 
the  middle  of  the  side  of  the  head,  its  diameter  contained  2 J  to  2^  times 
iu  the  length  of  the  head,  about  equal  to  the  width  of  the  interorbital 
space.  Scales  large,  their  exposed  surfaces  higher  than  long,  in  about 
30  (29  to  32)  longitudinal  and  7  vertical  series;  humeral  scale  like  the 
others.  Fins  large,  especially  in  the  males;  origin  of  dorsal  about  mid- 
way between  snout  and  base  of  caudal,  conspicuously  in  advance  of 
anal;  height  of  dorsal  fin  in  the  males  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  head, 
about  equal  to  the  length  of  the  base  of  the  liu ;  anal  tin  similar  and 
nearly  as  high  and  long,  beginning  nearly  under  the  middle  of  the 
dorsal;  caudal  moderate,  subtruncate;  ventrals  long,  in  the  males 

each  with  20  or  more  rays,  nearly  opposite  each  other;  anal  fin  not  modified  in  the 
male.    Intestinal  canal  short.     Moiiico.     (Girardinus;  /^Ov?,  fish.) 

(j.  innominatua  Bleeker. 

Head  thiclc,  the  snout  obtuse,  the  mandible  being  directed  vertically  upward;  neck 
arched  so  that  the  upper  profile  of  the  head  is  concave.  Eye  5  iu  head,  i  the  width 
of  interorbital  space.  Olivaceous,  with  brown  cross-bauds,  which  are  sometimes 
conJiuent.  Head  4 ;  depth  3^.  D.  20;  A.  22;  Lat.  1.  44.  Vicinity  of  city  of  Mexico. 
(liiinthtr.) 

(Lucania  sp.  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  114;  Bleeker,  Cyprin.  484: 
Limnurgua  varkgatus  GUuther,  vi,  309.) 

*  Dr.  Beau  iuforms  us  that  this  species,  tlio  types  of  which  he  has  examined,  is  a 
Ltuania. 


■^1 


iV 


m 


ttn 


■  ■  i 


Ill 


if  ■• 


M 


344      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICIITnYOLOGY — IV. 

reaching  the  front  of  t  Je  anal,  in  the  females  reaching  the  vent;  pecto- 
rals  reaching  past  front  of  ventrals  in  both  sexes.  Color  olivaceous 
the  scales  with  dark  edgings;  a  very  distinct  black  band  in  botli  sexes 
rnnning  through  eye  and  snout  straight  to  the  base  of  the  caudal 
whore  it  ends  in  a  round  black  spot ;  this  baud  is  about  as  wi<l(3  as  a 
series  of  scales,  although  developed  on  parts  of  two  series;  a  conspjcu. 
ous  black  band  in  both  sexes  along  the  lower  edge  of  the  caudal  pedun- 
cle, from  the  root  of  the  caudal  to  the  vent,  dividing  and  passing  ou 
each  side  of  the  anal  fin;  fins  in  the  female  plain;  in  the  male,  basal 
half  of  dorsal  and  anal  jet  black,  outer  half  pale  with  a  black  edge- 
pectorals  and  especially  ventrals  also  dark-edged ;  caudal  ftn  faintly 
mottled ;  vertical  fins  with  more  or  le|8  red  in  life.  Head  4;  do])tli  4;^. 
D.  9;  A.  9.  L.  l,i  inches.  Arlington  River,  Florida,  a  tributary  of  the 
Saint  John's.  , 

(Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  240.) 

161.— GAIUBIJSIA  Poey.» 
(Heterandria  AgSiHsiz.) 

(Poey,  Mem.  Cuba,  i,  382, 1851:  type  Gambmia punctata  Poey,  from  Cuba.) 

Body  moderately  elongate.    Mouth  medium ;  both  jaws  with  a  baud 
of  conical  teeth ;  snout  not  produced ;  the  lower  jaw  prominent.    Eyes 

•  PSEUDOXIPHOPHORUS  Bleaker. 
(Paoiliodes  Stcindachner.) 

(Blocker,  Iclithyol.  Iml.  Prodr.  Cypr.  1860,  483:  type  Xiphophorits  himaciihtus  Ilockcl.) 
This  genua  haa  the  general  cliaracters  of  Oambuaia,  differing  in  the  lur<for  size  of 
the  dorsal  fin,  which  haa  14-16  rays  instead  of  6-10.    Mexico.     {ipEvdoi,  false;  Aijj/to- 
phorus.) 
*  Anal  process  ending  in  a  small  hook. 

P.  iimaciilatua  (Heckel)  GUnther. 

Each  scale  with  a  brown  creacent;  a  black  spot  behind  upper  end  of  gill-opening, 
and  a  round  blackish  apot  on  upper  half  of  root  of  caudal.  Head  4^;  depth  4^.  B.  6; 
D.  14;  A.  10;  scales  29-8.    L.  4  iuchea.     Mexico.     (GUniher.) 

{Xiphophorua  bimaeulatus  Heckel,  Sitzgaber.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  1848,  169;  Giinther, 
vi,  332.) 
**  Anal  process  without  hook. 

P.  reticulatua  Troschel. 

Coloration  aa  in  the  preceding;  caudal  fin  entirely  blackiah.     Depth  6  in  total 
length.     D.  16;  A.  8.     Mexico.     {Giinther.) 
(Troachel,  MliUer's  Reise  Mexico,  iii,  App.  104;  Giinther,  vi,  333.) 

BELONESOX  Kner. 

(Kner,  Sitzgsber.  Akad.  Wiaa.  Wien,  1860,  xl,  419:  type  Beloneaox  belizanua  Kner.) 

Cleft  of  the  mouth  much  developed  laterally,  the  jaw  bones  being  much  produced. 
The  int«rmaxillarios  form  together  an  elongate  triangular  plate,  but  are  not  ancby- 


40.   CYPRINODONTIDiE — GAMBUSIA. 


345 


normal.  Scales  large.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  both  rather  short,  the  anal 
more  or  less  in  advance  of  the  dorsal ;  anal  fin  of  the  male  modified  into 
a  long  introraittent  organ,  and  much  advanced.  Intestinal  canal  short. 
Braiichiosteg^^s  C.  Small  fishes  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  Mexico, 
Cuba,  and  the  Southern  States.    The  numerous  species  are  imperfectly 

known.       <    •*■«.-....;;    .^-.-.'^  ;..■;    .■■-'-  '    ■•'    -■    ■:.         -^   --  ":'";^- 

("The  name  owes  its  etymology  to  the  provincial  Cuban  word  Gambimno,  which 
BiiriiKit's  nothing,  with  the  idea  of  a. joke  or  farce.  Thus  one  says  'to  tish  for  Gambu- 
$inos'  when  one  catches  nothing." — Poey.) 

563>  O.  patruelis  (15.  &  G.)  Girard. 

Snout  broad,  subspatulate,  the  lower  jaw  projecting.  Eye  longer 
than  snout,  3  in  head,  IJ  in  interorbital  space.  Anal  process  in  ^ 
longer  than  head,  not  curved  at  its  extremity.  Caudal  peduncle  rather 
elongate.  A  faint  dark  line  across  upper  part  of  trunk;  sometimes 
series  of  dark  dots  on  sides  of  body;  an  oblique  dark  band  below  orbit; 
caudal  with  dark  spots;  coloration  sometimes  uniform.  Head  3§; 
depth  4.  D.  8;  A.  9;  scales  32-8.  South  Carolina  to  Mexico;  abun- 
dant iu  lowland  streams. 

(Ileterandria  holbrooki  Agassiz  MSS. :  Gambusia  holbrooJci  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Pliila.  1859,  61:  Gambusia  holbrooki  Giinther,  vi,  334:  Jleterandria  patrudiH  B.  & 
G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1853,  390;  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Suiv,  Ichth.  72.) 

S63.  G.  hamilis  Giinther. 

Slender;  anal  larger  than  dorsal,  and  much  anterior  to  it.  Olive; 
dorsal  and  caudal  with  narrow  blackish  cross-bars.    Head  4^.    D.  6; 

A.  9.    Matamoras.    (Oirard.) 

(Gamhnaia  graoilia  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  121,  preoccupied; 
Giinther,  vi,  335.) 

561.  G.  arlingtonia  Goode  &  Bean. 

Uniform  brownish  olive;  fins  with  a  few  blackish  dots.  Snout 
broad.  Lower  jaw  projecting.  Eye  longer  than  snout,  3  in  head.  Dor- 
sal inserted  midway  between  posterior  margin  of  eye  and  tip  of  tail. 
Pectorals  reaching  ventrals;  ventrals  to  vent.  Head  3J;  depth  4.  D. 
9 1  A.  11;  V.  6;  Lat.  1.  33;  L.  trans  v.  11.  Arlington  Elver,  Florida; 
known  from  females  only,  and  very  likely  a  Zygonectes. 

(Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  118.) 

losed  together.  Mandible  long,  somewhat  prominent;  both  jaws  with  a  broad  band 
ofcardiibrm  teeth.  Scales  rather  small.  Anal  in  advance  of  dorsal,  modified  iu  the 
male  into  an  intromittent  organ.  Branchiostegals  6.  Intestinal  canal  short.  Car- 
nivorous.   Mexico.    (Belone ;  Esox. )      - 

B,  helizamia  Kner.  * 

Slender.    Olivaceous ;  sides  with  series  of  brown  dots ;  a  black  spot  at  root  of  caudal. 
Head  3;  depth  5^.    D.  9;  A.  10;  scales  00-18.    Mexico  and  Central  America.    (^Kner.) 
(Kner,  1.  0.;  GUnther,Ti,  333.) 


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346    CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

d>69.  O.  afflnis  (B.  &  G.)  Grd. 

Body  moderately  stout.    Dorsal  and  anal  fins  similar  in  size  and 

shape,  the  latter  not  much  advanced.     Coloration  plain;  dor.sal  and 

caudal  dotted  with  black.    Head  4j  depth  3^.    D.  G;  A.  8.    Texas. 

(Oirard.) 

(Hctcraiidria  affiiiia  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1853,  390;  Girard,  U,  S. 
Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  Iclitli.  72;  Guuthor,  vi,  336.) 

966.  G.  nobilis  B.  &  G.* 

Body  very  deep,  elevated  in  front  of  dorsal.  Anal  much  smaller 
than  dorsal.  Ventrals  very  small.  Coloration  plain.  Ilead  3A;  depth 
3J.    D.  8;  A.  7.    L.  2^  inches.    Texas.     {Oirard.) 

(Hctcrandria  nobilis  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1853,  390;  Girard,  U.S. 
Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  Iclith.  71 ;  GUuthor,  vi,  335.) 

(Two  other  species  from  the  Rio  Graude  region,  G.  apeciosa  and  G.  senilis,  are  briefly 
and  probably  unrecognizably  described  by  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Itioi) 
121). 

163.— inOLLIENESIA  Lo  Sueur.f 

(Limia  Pt  oy.) 

(Le  Suenr,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  ii,  1821,  3:  type  Mollieneaia  latipinna  Le 
Sueur.) 

Body  rather  stout.    Mouth  small;  mandible  very  short,  its  bones  not 

united,  the  dentary  being  movable;  both  jaws  with  a  narrow  baud  d 

small  teeth,  besides  an  outer  series  of  long,  slender,  movable  teeth, 

which  are  curved  and  slightly  compressed,  placed  on  the  outer  edge  of 

the  jaw.     Branchiostegals  usually  5.     Scales  rather  large.    Anal  fin 


*  G.  gracilis  (Meckel)  Gtlir. 

Anal  process  twice  as  long  as  head;  the  extremity  bent.  A  dark  band  from  upper 
end  of  gill-opening  to  the  caudal.  Head  4;  depth  4.  D.  8;  A.  9;  scales  29-7.  Ori- 
zaba, Mexico.     (GUnther.) 

{Xiphophorus  yracilia  Heckel,  Sitzgsber.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  1848,  i,  pt.  3,  300;  Giiu- 

ther,  vi,  336.) 

tXIPHOPHORUS  Heckpi. 

(Heckel,  Sitzgsber.  Akad.  Wisa.  Wien,  1848,  i,  pt.  3,  163:  type  Xipliophorus  helleri 
Heckel.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Mollieneaia  chiefly  in  the  structure  of  its  caudal  fin,  the  lower 
rays  of  which  in  the  males  are  prolonged  into  a  long  sword-shaped  appendage,  which 
in  the  adult  is  sometimes  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the  fish.  Anal  of  the  male  modified 
into  an  intromittent  organ,  one  or  two  of  the  enlarged  rays  being  provided  with  hooii- 
like  processes.    Bianchiostegals  5.    (Iz^o?,  sword;  ^o/3£a},  to  bear.) 

X.  helleri  Heckel. 

Sides  with  blue  and  yellowish-green  bands  or  dark  spots.  Prolonged  caudal  ap- 
pendage of  the  male  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  yellow,  with  black  edges.  Anal  pro- 
cess with  numerous  hooks.  Head  4^-;  depth  3|.  B.  5;  D.  13;  A.  9;  scales  29-S. 
Mexico.    (GUnther.) 

(Heckel  1.  c;  GUnther,  vi,  349.)  __„    „„„  ,j,,„  v.r«.    ^  ,  ?,    r 


TTTT' 


49.    CYPRINODONTIDJi — PCECILIA. 


347 


behind  the  dorsal,  the  anal  of  the  male  being  modified  into  an  intromit- 
teut  orpin ;  caudal  fin  alike  in  the  two  sexes ;  dorsal  fin  highly  elevated 
iu  the  male,  its  base  elongate,  of  twelve  or  more  rays.  Intestines  elon- 
gate with  numerous  convolutions.  Small  mud-eating  fishes,  of  varie- 
gated colors,  found  in  Cuba,  Mexico,  and  our  Southern  States.  (Dedi- 
cated to  Monsieur  Molllcn,  French  minister  of  finance,  a  patron  of 
p6ron,  the  friend  and  scientific  associate  of  Le  Sueur.) 

J67.  !»'•  lalipinna  Lo  Sueur." 

Body  short  and  deep,  compressed.  Eye  equal  to  snout,  3J  iu  head,  2 
iu  interorbital  space.  Inner  teeth  almost  obsolete;  outer  series  large, 
freely  movable.  Dorsal  fin  in  the  males  greatly  elevated,  in  the  females 
moderate.  Greenish,  silvery  below;  a  row  of  dark  spots  along  each 
series  of  scales,  and  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk  also  with  a  series  of 
rouml  brown  spots;  each  scale  with  a  silvery  hinder  margin;  dorsal  fin 
in  S  with  4  or  5  brown  lines  interrupted  by  the  rays,  and  with  a  row  of 
vertically  ovate  spots  on  its  upper  half;  caudal  membrane  with  black 
(lots,  the  lower  half  of  its  hinder  margin  black.  Female  less  spotted. 
Head  3 J;  depth  3 J.  B.  5;  D.  13 ;  A.  7;  scales  27-8.  L.  2 J  inches. 
Florida  to  Mexico;  abundant  in  streams  of  the  lowlands. 

(Le  Sueur,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1821,  ii,  3;  Guntlier,  vi,  348:  Pacilia  mulH' 
lineata  Le  Sueur,  L  o.  4 :  raecilia  Uneolata  Grd.  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  Iclith.  70 : 
LimiapcceilioidegGvd.U.  S.  Mex,  Bouud.  Surv.  Ichth.  70:  Limia  matamorenais  Grd. 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  116.) 

103.— P€B€ILIA  Bloch  &  Sclineider. 

iLimia  Poey.) 

(Bloch  tfc  Schneider,  Systoma  Ichthyologiaj,  1801,  452 :  type  Poeoilia  vivipara  Bloch  & 
Schneider,  from  Surinam.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Mollienesia  only  in  the  smaller  size  of  the 
dorsal,  which  has  usually  nine  or  ten  rays  and  is  nearly  opposite  the 
aual  in  the  female,  but  behind  it  in  the  male.    The  numerous  species 

—  -         —  -  -  — ,     i^ 

♦if.  formosa  (Grd.)  Gthr. 

Body  rather  stout.  Snout  short.  Fins  diflferent  in  the  two  sexes.  Olivaceous, 
scales  Avith  brown  spots ;  doraal  fin  with  transverse  series  of  blackish  spots ;  other 
fills  immaculate.     Head  3^ ;  depth  3^.    D.  12;  A.  10.     Palo  Alto,  Mexico.    (Girard.) 

[Limia  formosa  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859, 115;  Giiuther,  vi,  349.) 

if.  jonesi  Gthr. 

Brownish,  each  scale  with  a  black  margin ;  a  black  band  between  eye  and  scapula; 
a  round  black  spot  on  upper  half  of  root  of  caudal ;  anal  with  a  black  line  along  each 
ray;  other  fins  plain.  Eye  shorter  than  snout,  4  in  head,  2  in  interorbital  width. 
Dorsal  (in  female)  much  longer  than  high ;  anal  small,  opposite  middle  of  dorsal. 
D.12;  A.  10;  Lat.  1.  29;    L.  transv.  9.  Yolcanio  lake,  Huamantla,  Mexico.    {Gunther.) 

(Gunther,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xiv,  370,  1874.)  .       - 


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348     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICnTIIYOLOaY— jy. 

iuliabit  the  West  Indies,  Mexico,  auJ  South  America.    {Kouih):;^  varie- 
gated.) 

*  Brauchiostegals  5.     (Pwcilia.)  '  -        ■  5     ' 

56§.  P.  couchianit  (Girard)  .Tor.  &  Gilb. 

Body  short,  back  convex;  head  small;  scales  very  large.  Brownish 
each  scale  with  a  large  brown  spot ;  an  obscure  black  lateral  bund ;  fins 
idain,  except  the  dorsal,  which  has  a  few  black  si>ots,.  Ilead  4.  I).  9. 
A.  G.    Nuevo  Leon,  Mexico.     {Girard.) 

(Limia  couchiana  Grd.  Proc,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859, 116:  Pcecilia  couchii  GUnther 
vi,  347.) 

164.— CilBARDINirS  Pocy." 

(Poey,  Mom.  Cuba,  i,  383,  1851 :  type  Girardinm  metallicua  Poey,  from  Cuba.) 

Body  moderately  slender;  mouth  small;  mandible  very  short,  its 
bones  not  united ;  snout  short ;  both  jaws  with  a  single  series  of  slen- 
der, movable,  pointed  teeth ;  scales  rather  large ;  anal  fin  more  or  loss 
in  advance  of  dorsal,  in  the  male  modified  into  an  intromittent  organ; 
intestinal  canal  elongate ;  mud  eating.    Very  smaH  fishes,  the  smallest 

•  PLATYPCECILUS  GUnther. 

(GUnther,  Cat.  Fishes  Brit.  Mus.  vi,  o59,  1866:  typo  Platypacihia  maculaiu8  Qunthfr.) 
Small  lishes  allied  to  Girardinua,  but  with  the  origin  of  the  anal  fin  behind  that  of 
the  dorsal.     Mexico,    (ff/laru?,  broad;  ttoikiXoS,  P<jecilu8=  Pcecilia.) 

P.  maculatus  Gthr. 

Body  much  compressed  and  elevated.  Caudal  pidiincle  shor  j  and  deeji.  Olivaceous, 
a  roundish  black  spot  on  middle  of  root  of  caudal ;  a  black  spot  on  middle  of  side  of 
body;  dorsal  often  spotted  with  black;  margins  01  ana'  and  caudal  black.  Head  3J; 
depth  2^.     D.  10 ;  A.  9 ;  scales  25-8.     L.  1^  inches.    Mexico.    (GUnther.) 

(GUnther,  vi,  350.) 

GOODEA  Jordan. 

(Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1879,  299  :  type  Goodea  atripinnia  Jor.) 

Form  of  Fuiidulua,  but  with  the  intestinal  canal  elongate,  the  dentary  bones  loosely 
joined,  and  the  teeth  slender,  raov.ible,  triompid,  attached  in  a  single  series  on  tlie 
outer  edge  of  the  jaws,  not  clo"  •',,  ,et.  Fins  small,  the  dorsal  and  anal  similar,  the 
dorsal  slightly  in  advance  of  au:U.  No  spines.  Scales  moderate.  Limnophagous. 
Sexual  changes,  if  any,  unknown.     Mexico.     (Dedicated  to  G.  Brown  Goode.) 

G.  atripinnis  Jordan. 

Bluis'ii  above ;  sides  nearly  plain  ;  a  silvery  streak  along  each  row  of  scales. 
Vertical  fins  chiefly  black,  especially  on  lie  distal  half.  Body  oblong,  compressed, 
the  back  nearly  straight,  the  caudal  pcd-mcle  deep.  Head  short,  broad,  depressed. 
Month  small.  Lower  jaw  projecting.  Teeth  loosely  inserted,  not  close  together.  Eye 
3i  in  head,  a  little  more  than  half  the  width  of  the  iuterorbital  space.  Humeral 
scale  somewhat  enlarged.  Fins  small.  Dorsal  slightly  in  advance  of  anal.  Caudal 
small.  Head  4 ;  depth  4.  D.  12 ;  A.  13 ;  Lat.  1.  38 ;  L.  transT.  13.  L.  4  inches. 
Guanajuato,  Mexico.    From  a  salt  lake  in  a  volcanic  basin.  '•  ■'"-'• 

(Jordan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  299.), 


60.    UMBRIDiE. 


■"-;"- 


349 


verteb-'ate  animals  known,  found  in  the  fresh  waters  of  the  warmer 
narta  of  America.    (Dedicated  to  Cliarles  Girard.) 

569.  O.  formosus  Grd. 

Ijody  short.  Snout  very  short.  Anal  smaller  than  dorsal.  Brown- 
ish olive,  with  a  black  streak  from  the  snout  along  the  middle  oif  the 
side  crossed  by  6  or  8  brownish-black  vertical  streaks  ;  a  black  sj»ot  at 
bases  of  caudal,  dorsal,  and  anal.  Uead  3^ ;  depth  3^.  D.  7;  A.  9; 
Lat.  1.  28.  L.  1  inch.  South  Carolina  to  Florida  j  said  to  be  the  small- 
est known  lish. 

(Ginird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  62;  Gllnther,  "i,  354.) 

570.  O.  oecidentalis  (B.  &  G.)  Grd. 

Brownish  above,  with  a  black  literal  strijie;  a  black  line  along  lower 

margin  of  tail.    Fins  unicolor.    Head  3^ ;  depth  3^.    D.  7  ;  A.  7.    Gila 

Basin.    {Girard.) 

[Etternndna  ocoidvntaUs  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1853,  390;  Girard,  U. 
S.  Mex.  Hound.  Ichth.  73  ;  Gilnthor,  vi,  354  :  Girardinua  sonoriennis  Girard,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Id59,  120 :  Girardinua  aonoriensis  Giiuther,  vi,  355. ) 

Family  L.— UMBRIDiE. 

{TJie  Mild  Minnows.) 

Body  oblong;  broad  anteriorly;  compressed  behind.  Head  large, 
datteued  above.  Mouth  moderate,  the  maxillary  without  distinct  sup- 
plemental bone.  Bands  of  villiform  or  cardiform  teeth  on  premaxil- 
laries,  lower  jaw,  vomer,  and  palatines ;  premaxillaries  not  protractile. 
Lateral  margin  of  upper  jaw  formed  by  the  broad,  short  maxillaries, 
which  are  toothless;  lower  jaw  the  longer.  Gill-openings  wide;  the 
membranes  scarcely  connected ;  gill-rakers  little  developed ;  branchios- 
tegals  6-8.  Scales  moderate,  cycloid,  covering  head  and  body ;  lateral 
line  obscure  or  wanting.  Dorsal  flu  moderate,  posterior,  in  advance  of 
anal ;  ventrals  small,  close  to  anal ;  pectorals  inserted  low ;  caudal  fiu 
rounded.  Stomach  without  blind  sac;  no  pyloric  cceca ;  pseudobranchite 
hidden,  glandular ;  air-bladder  simple ;  oviparous ;  sexes  sunilar.  Car- 
nivorous fishes  living  in  mud  or  among  weeds  at  the  bottom  of  clear 
sluggish  streams  and  ponds,  extremely  tenacious  of  life,  like  the  Cypri- 
nodanUdcB.  Genera  2 ;  species  3,  Umbra  crameri  of  Austria,  and  the 
following.  The  family  is  very  close  to  the  Esoddcu,  differing  mainly  in 
the  smaller  morth  and  weaker  teeth. 

(Umbridm  Giiuther,  vi,  231,  832.) 


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jhi.:     ,(Ii, 

350     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

Pectoralanarrow,  with  few  (12-15)  rays;  ventralraysB;  scales  moderate. Umbra  165 
**  Pectorals  broad,  with  many  (33-36)  rays;  ventral  rays  3;  scales  small.. Dallia  m 

165.— ITJniBRA  MUlIer. 

Mud-fishes. 
(Melanura  Agas£>iz.) 

(Kramer ;  Miiller,  AbLandl.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  Borl.  1842,  188 :  type  Umbra  crameri 
MUUer.) 

Body  oblong,  covered  with  cycloid  scales  of  moderate  size,  without 
radiating  striae  j  no  lateral  line.  Head  shortish,  little  depressed.  Eye 
rather  small.  Cleft  of  mouth  moderate.  Ventral  fins  6-rayed,  below 
or  slightly  in  front  of  dorsal ;  anal  fin  much  shorter  than  dorsal.  Pec- 
torals rather  narrow,  rounded,  placed  low,  with  12-15  rays,  which  are 
much  jointed.  Caudal  rounded.  Preopercle  and  preorbital  witli  mu- 
cous pores.  Branchiostegals  6.  Gill-rakers  short,  thick.  Size  small. 
Two  species,  very  similar  to  each  other,  inhabiting  the  waters  of  the 
United  States  and  Austria.    (Latin,  umbra,  a  shade.) 

571«  U.  limi  (Kirt.)  Gthr. — Mud  Minnow;  Dog-fish. 

Dark-green  or  olive,  mottled,  sides  with  irregular  narrow  pale  bars, 
these  often  obscure  or  wanting ;  a  tlistinct  l)lack  bar  at  base  of  caudal ; 
whitish  stripes  sometimes  present  along  the  rows  of  scales.  Head  ^ 
in  length}  depth  4|.  B.  C;  P.  14;  D.  14;  A.  8;  V.  G;  Lat.  1.  35;  L. 
transv.  15.  L.  4  inches.  Vermont  to  Minnesota  and  South  Carolina. 
Abundant  northward  in  weedy  streams  and  ditches.  "  A  locality  which 
with  the  water  perfectly  clear  will  appear  destitute  of  fish  will  perhaps 
yield  a  number  of  mud-flsh  on  stirring  up  the  mud  at  the  bottom  and 
drawing  a  seine  through  it.  Ditches  in  the  prairies  of  Wisconsin,  or 
mere  bog-holes,  apparently  affording  lodgment  to  nothing  beyond  tad- 
poles, may  thus  be  found  filled  with  Melanuras.^    (Baird.) 

{Hydrargyra  limi  Kirtland,  Bost.  Jonrn,  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  277 ;  Melanura  annulata  Ag. 
Am.  Journ.  Sci.  &  Arts,  ISM,  1115 :  Umhra  limi  Giinthor,  vi,  232:  LeueiaempygnKrnslh 
Kay^  Now  York  Fanna,  Fishes,  214 :  Umira pygmoia  Jord.'in,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  .'JJ ; 
the  eastern  form,  pygmwa,  usuaLy  slightly  differing  in  proportions.) 


W: 


M 


166.— DALLIA  Bean. 


(Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1879,  358:  typo  Dallia pcctoralis  Bean.) 

Body  oblong,  covered  with  small,  partly  embedded  cycloid  scales;  a 
trace  of  lateral  line;  a  line  of  mucous  tubes  below  eye.  Eye  small. 
Cleft  of  mouth  moderate.  Villiform  or  almost  cardiform  teeth  on  jaws, 
vomer,  and  palatines;  those  on  premaxillaries  enlarged.    Ventrals  in 


61.   ESOCID^. 


'Lrr  .r<^'-^-^:i'y\^mTi 


351 


■m 


frout  of  dorsal,  composed  of  3  rays ;  base  of  anal  about  as  long  as  that 
of  dorsal;  caudal  fin  rounded;  pectoral  fin  rounded,  with  a  somewhat 
fleshy  base,  with  33-36  rays.  Branchiostegals  7  or  8.  Streams  of 
Alaska.    (Dedicated  to  W.  H.  Dall.) 

3T9.  D«  pcctoralis  Bean. 

Body  dusky  brown,  mottled  with  whitish.  Belly  whitish,  often 
speckled ;  fins  with  dark  spots.  Body  rather  elongate.  Eye  small,  6 
or  7  in  head.  Pectoral  about  half  as  long  as  head;  ventral  one-third; 
anal  beginnings  opposite  front  cf  dorsal  and  ending  nearly  opposite  its 
hist  ray.  Scales  on  belly  very  smrM.  Head  4;  depth  5.  D.  12;  A  13; 
P.  34;  V.  3;  scales  11-77-11.  L.  8  inches.  Saint  Michael's,  Alaska. 
(Bean,  Proc.  U.  ».  Nat.  Mua.  1879,  358.) 

Family  LI.-ESOCIDiE. 

{The  PiJces.) 

Body  elongate,  not  elevated,  more  or  less  compressed.  Head  long ; 
the  snout  much  prolonged  and  depressed.  Mouth  very  large ;  its  cleft 
forming  about  luilf  the  length  of  the  head  ;  lower  jaw  the  longer  j  upper 
jaw  not  protractile,  most  of  its  margin  formed  by  the  maxillaries,  which 
are  qnito  long  and  provided  with  a  supplemental  bone ;  premaxillaries, 
vomer,  and  palatines  with  broad  bands  of  strong  cardiform  teeth  which 
are  more  or  less  movable;  lower  jaw  with  strong  teeth  of  different 
shes;  tongue  with  a  band  of  small  teeth.  Head  naked  above;  cheeks 
and  opercles  mo/e  or  less  scaly;  gill-openings  very  wide;  gilT-mera- 
braiies  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus ;  gill-rakers  tubercle  like,  toothed ; 
branchiostegals  12-20.  Scales  small ;  lateral  line  wea'«;,  obsolete  in 
young  specimens,  developed  in  the  adult.  Dorsal  posterior,  opposite 
and  similar  to  anal ;  caudal  fin  emarginate ;  pectoral  fins  small,  inserted 
low;  ventrals  rather  posterior;  vent  normal;  no  adipose  fin;  no  bar- 
bels; stomach  not  ccBcal,  without  pyloric  appendages;  pseudobranchijw 
frlandular,  hidden ;  air-bladder  simple.  Fishes  of  moderate  or  large  size, 
inhabiting  the  fresli  waters  of  the  northern  parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 
North  America.  Genus  1 ;  species  about  G,  one  of  them  cosmopolitan, 
the  rest  all  confined  to  America.  The  species  are  all  noted  for  their 
greediness  and  voracity. 

(iSwcida  aiiuther,  vii,  226-230.)  -.- 


r,  -.'f 


i  >  'i 


^.  ''I 

1   1  I  ,  J 
.    ,  f    'li 

^  1 
'i        'S.'l 


352     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

167.— ESOX  LinnaeiiB.  '  . 

Pike8. 
(Liijuaius,  Sj'stema  Naturaj :  typo,  Esox  luciua  L.) 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.    (Latin,  esox,  a  pike;  Greek 

^ffo? ;  probably  from  ^<r«c,  equal ;  o'^y?,  shari).) 

a.  Checks  as  well  as  opercles  entirely  scaly ;  braucliiostegals  11-14 ;  color  greenish 
reticulated,     (PUoreUus*  lint.) 

h.  Brauehiostcgals  normally  }2. 

573.  E.  ain«ricanas  GmoVm.— Banded  Pickerel. 

Bodj'  short  and  robust ;  head  heavy,  with  blunt  short  snout, ;  eye 
rather  large,  abjut  5  in  head,  its  diameter  nearly  half  the  length  of  the 
snout,  its  posterior  margin  scarcely  behind  middle  of  head;  upper 
branch ioste gals  scaly.  Dark  green ;  sides  with  about  twenty  distinct 
blackish,  curved  bars,  sometimes  obscurely-  marked,  but  not  distinctly 
reticulated ;  a  black  bar  below  eye,  another  from  upper  edge  of  opercle 
through  eye  to  snout.  Head  3|;  depth  U.  B.  12-13;  D.  11;  A.  11; 
Lat.  1. 105.  L.  12  inches.  A  small  pickerel,  abundant  frou,  M.  "hii. 
setts  to  Florida,  in  streams  east  of  the  mountains. 

(Eaox  lucina,  /j  americanna  Gmelin,  Syatema  Naturu!,  1788,  1390:  Exox  nigcr  Le  Suoiir, 
Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i,  415:  Esox  fandatus  Dokay,  Now  York  Fauna,  Fislus, 
224:  Ehox  oniatun  Storer,  Fish.  Mass.  313:  Eaox  nigcr  Giiuther,  vi,  2'Zd:  Esox  ravendi 
Holbr.Ich.S.C.  18(50,201.) 

574.  E.  saluioneiis  B.a,f.— Little  Fickercl. 

Body  moderately  stout,  somewhat  compressed ;  head  rather  short, 
longer  than  in  E.  americanus,  but  shorter  than  in  E.  reticiilatiis,  the  eye 
being  exactly  in  the  middle  of  the  head ;  eye  large,  less  than  3  times  iu 
snout,  about  0  in  head;  caudal  wed  forked.  Color  green  or  grayish; 
sides  with  many  curved  streaks,  sometimes  forming  bars,  but  more 
usually  I'oruiing  marmorations  or  reticulations,  the  color  extremely  vari- 
able, sometimes  quite  plain ;  sides  of  head  usually  variegated ;  a  darL 
bar  downward  from  eye,  and  one  forward ;  base  of  caudal  sometimes 
mottled;  other  tins  usually  plain.  Head  3J;  depth  5-6.  D.  11;  A.  11; 
Lat.  1.  105.  L.  12  inches.  Mississippi  Valley  and  southeastward,  a 
small  species  very  abundant  in  the  small  streams  and  bayous  of  the 
South  and  West,  _.-  .   --^         ._:^^;-,;i_,.^  ,,^- — ,i:,__^.^'^- 

(Rafuiesiine,  Ich.  Oh.  1820,  70;  Jordan,  Man.  Vort.  od.  2<1,  268:  Eaox  umbrosua  Kirt- 
land,  Cleveland  Annals  of  Science,  1854,  71) :  Eaox  umbroaua  Copo,  Trans.  Am.  Pli  i 
Soc.  Phila.  18G(),  401):  Eaox  cypho  Copo,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  181)5,  79:  f v - 
eypho  Gilnther,  vi,  230:  Eaoxporoaua  Cope,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  180(5, 408.  Ti  ^i 
form  {cypho  =poro8u;.),  distinguished  mainly  by  the  arched  back  and  steep  profile,  is 
probably  a  variety  or  accidental  form  of  the  preceding.) 

*  Hatiuesque,  Ich.  Oh.  1620,  70 :  type  E»ox  vitlatua  Raf.    (A  llatinization  of  jpiokwel) 


61.    ESOCID-E — ESOX. 


353 


W.  Branc'iiostegals  14-16. 

5*5,  K.  reticulatlis  Le  Sueur. — Common  Eastern  Pickerel ;  Green  I'ike. 

Body  rather  slender,  deepest  uear  the  middle  and  tapering  backward 
toil  slender  caudal  peduncle ;  head  long,  the  snout  prolonged,  so  that 
it  is  not  much  shorter  than  the  rest  of  the  head;  eye  small,  about  3^  in 
snout,  <S  in  head;  caudal  well  forked.  Color  green  of  varying  shades, 
Hides  with  golden  lustre,  and  marked  with  numerous  dark  lines  and 
streaks,  which  are  mostly  horizontal,  and  by  their  junction  with  one 
another  produce  a  reticulated  appearance;  a  dark  band  below  eye;  fins 
i)liiin.  Head  3| ;  depth  G.  B.  15 ;  D.  14 ;  A.  13  (counting  developed 
ravs  only  as  in  other  cases) ;  Lat.  1.  125.  L.  24  inches.  IVIaine  to  Ala- 
bama, everywhere  east  of  the  mountains,  not  found  west  of  the  AUe- 

jihanies. 

(Lc  Sncnr,  .Tourn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sfi.  riiila.  i,440,  181«  ;  Giiuthcr,  vi,2-i9;  Storor,  Fish. 
Miis.s. liU.aiul  of  all  authors:  J'Jsox  affinis  Holbrook,  Ich.  S. Car.  1800,11)8:  Eaox phalc- 
riitus  Say,  Jouru.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i,  AW.) 

flfl.  Cliecks  scaly;  lower  half  of  opercles  bare;  branchinstegals  14-lG;  species  light- 
spotted  on  a  darker  ground.     (Enox.) 

576.  E.  Iiicius  L.—Pike. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  the  back  little  eknated ;  head  rather  long, 
the  eye  exactly  midway  in  its  length.  General  color  bluish,  or  greenish 
i>ray,  with  many  whitish  spots  which  are  usually  smaller  than  the  eye 
and  arranged  somewhat  in  rows;  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  fins  with 
roundish  black  spots ;  young  with  the  white  spots  coalescing,  forming 
oblique  cross  bars;  a  white  horizontal  band  bounding  the  naked  part  of 
the  operculum.  Head  3^;  depth  5;  eyeCJinhead.  B.  15,  in  the  Amer- 
ican var.  estor  (13  or  14  in  European  specimens);  D.  17;  A.  14;  Lat.  1. 
123.  L,  2-4  feet.  Fresh  waters  of  the  northern  parts  of  Europe,  Asia, 
ad  Xortli  America;  in  the  Eastern  United  States  south  to  Northern 
'  .'.:)',  very  abuiulant. 

,  Ymu-  hirius  L.  Syst.  Nat. ;  Giiutlier,  vi,  220,  and  of  aiithors  gonernlly  ;  Eaor  entor  Le 
Piiciir, .louni.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i,  413, 1^18 :  A'soar  cxtor  Giinther,  \i, 228 :  Esoxdcpran- 
(/(MGiiiithor,  vi,229:  J&'sox  boceus  Agassiz,  L.  Siiperior,  ;U7.) 

aaa.  Lower  '.iilf  of  cheeks  as  well  as  of  opercles  hare  ;  hrancliiostegals  17-19;  black- 
spotted  on  a  lighter  ground.    (il/u»t'«/oH(/H«*  Jordan.)      ;„__:^ 

itH,  E.  nobilior  Thompson. — Mmkallunge. 

General  form  of  E.  luciiis,  the  head  a  little  larger  proportionally ; 
eealy  part  of  cheeks  about  as  wide  as  eye ;  the  scales  on  both  cheeks 


•Jordan,  Rept.  Ohio  Fish.  Com. ,  1877,  91:/:  type  Esox  nobilior  Thompson.    (Latin, 

maaca,  mask;  longm,  long.) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  IG 23  - 


'  ii 


'-  I  T*  -I 


;Vs^li|Si 


5-5'  r< 


354      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— jy. 

• 

.and  opercles  in  about  8  rows.    Color  dark  gray ;  sides  with  rouud  blackish 

spots  on  a  ground  color  of  grayisb  silvery ;  belly  white ;  fins  spotted 

with  black.     Head  3'^ ;  depth  G.    B.  18 ;  D.  17 ;  A.  16 ;  Lat.  1. 150.    l.  ^ 

to  8  feet.    A  magnificent  fish,  by  far  the  largest  of  its  family,  fouiuyn 

the  Great  Lake  region  and  northward. 

(Emxentor  Dokay,  N.  Y.  Fiuma,  Fishes,  222,  and  of  various  authors,  not  of  Lo  Sueur- 
Thompson,  Proo,  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  IboO,  iii,  163;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat,  Miis.  x  54 
and  of  most  lato  writers.) 


MJ,|.. 


Order  O.-APODES.* 

(The  EeU.) 

Scapular  arch  free  behind  the  cranium;  no  prtecoracoid  arch.  Air- 
blauder,  if  present,  with  a  pneumatic  duct.  Ventral  fins  wanting, 
Maxillary  and  premaxillary  more  or  less  connate  with  other  bones  or 
with  each  otijer,  sometimes  entirely  wanting.  Pharyngeal  and  oper- 
cular apparatus  often  deficient.  Vertebrre  in  increased  number.  Ver- 
tical fins  without  spines,  usually  confluent  around  the  tail.  Gill  open 
ings  usually  narrow,  separated  by  a  broad  isthmus,  sometimes  close  to- 
gether or  confluent.  No  pseudobranchiae.  Body  eel-shaped;  naked, 
or  with  rudimentary  scales. 

As  here  understood,  this  order  includes  most  of  the  old  order  of 
Apodes,  excluding  as  separate  orders  the  Olanencheli  {QymnotUhv)  and 
the  IchthyoccplwM  {Monopteridw).  It  thus  includes  the  Ilolostoml,  En- 
cheJycephali,,  and  Colocephali  of  Cope,  which  may  be  united  provision- 
ally until  the  osteology  of  vairioua  aberrant  forms  is  made  known,  (a, 
l)rivative;  rroo?,  foot.) 

{Symbranchidcv  ami  Murwnida;  GiiuthoT,  vWi,  12-li'}.) 

ANALYSIS  OF  FAMILIES  OP  APODES. 

•Vent  nincli  behind  head;  jaws  not  greatly  produced;  dorsal  without  spines, 
t  Muscular  and  osseous  systems  well  developed. 
a.  Preoperclo  Avauting;  lower  pharyngeals  wanting;  gill-openings  very  small. 

Muu/ENiDvi;,  :>t 
aa.  Preoperele  present ;  lower  ]»haryngcal8  present. 

h.  Gill-openings  well  separated Anguillid.e,  rA 

bb.  Gill-openings  contiguous;  mouth  very  large,  Avith  small,  sharp  toetli. 

Synaphobranchid.e,  r)4. 
tt Muscular  and  osseous  syetems  feebly  developed;  gapo  very  wide;  stomach  ex- 
tremely distensible SACCOPnAUYNOiDii:,  Tw. 

••Vent  under  the  poetorals;  both  jaws  produced  into  a  very  slender  beak;  body  ex- 
tremely slender;  middle  of  dorsal  with  spines NEMlcllTHYiDiE,  56. 

•  Called  Encheli/oephali  iu  the  analytical  table  on  poge  81 


52.    MUR^NIDJS — MURiENA. 


Family  LIT.— MUR^NID^. 


355 


'  {The  Murwnas.) 

Body  elongate,  eel-shaped,  naked.  Head  subconical,  elevated  at  the 
occiput,  the  snout  rather  slender;  skull  less  developed  than  in  fishes 
generally,  the  opercular  bones  rudimentary,  the  preoperculura  generally 
wanting.  Premaxillary  rudimentary  or  wanting.  Ethmoid  very  wide. 
Maxillslry,  symplectie,  pterygoid,  basal-branchihyal,  superior  and  in- 
lerior  i)haryngeal  bones  all  wanthig,  except  the  fourth  superior  pharyn- 
(real  which  is  jt'.w-lflve,  and  supported  by  a  strong  superior  branchihyal. 
Twth  various".  Gill-opening  reduced  to  a  small  slit  or  foramen.  Ven- 
tral fnis  noni.  Pectorals  usually  wanting ;  dorsal  and  anal  low,  conflu- 
ent around  the  tail,  somethnes  wanting.  Skeleton  well  ossified.  Mus- 
cular system  well  developed.  Genera  5  or  G ;  species  about  110.  Abun- 
dant in  warm  seas,  often  reaching  a  large  size. 

{MHrwnida;  cnfjyaclnsto!  Guuthor,  viii,  93-13C:  order  Coloccphali  Cope,  Trans.  Amer. 
I'hil.  Soe.  1870,456.) 

a.  Pectorals  uone ;  vertical  fiiis  well  developed ;  nostrils  round ;  teeth  all  acute. 

MURiENA,   168. 

16§.— IflirRiEIVA  LiuntEUS. 

(Artedi ;  Linn.  Syst.  N^at. :  type  Murwna  helenw  L.) 

Pectoral  fins  none;  dorsal  and  anal  fins  well  developed.  Posterior 
nostril  round,  with  or  without  tube;  anterior  nostril  with  a  tube. 
Teetli  well  developed,  acute.  Tongue  not  free.  Ko  lateral  line.  Body 
usually  moderately  elongate.  Species  very  numerous  in  warm  seas. 
(lu'ipaiva,  the  ancient  name  of  Murwna  hclcncc;  from  /lOfwvy  a  sweet  oil.) 

fl.  Posterior  as  well  as  anterior  nostrils  tubular.     (Munena.) 

.5T».  M.  inclanotis  (Kaup)  Gthr.— Moray. 

Brownish  black,  everywhere  with  numerous  round  yellowish  spots, 
most  of  which  are  smaller  than  the  eye,  these  sometimes  confined  to 
the  head  and  trunk;  a  largo  round  black  spot  around  the  gill-opening; 
angle  of  mouth  black.  Nasal  tubes  subequal  in  length,  shorter  than 
the  eye.  Maxillary  teeth  biserial,  and  in  young  examples  ma^idibulary 
teeth  also.  Canine  teeth  somewhat  knife-shaped,  of  moderate  length. 
Mouth  capable  of  being  completely  shut.  Gill-opening  narrow,  not 
Avider  than  the  small  eye.  Snout  of  moderate  length.  Cleft  of  mouth 
of  moderate  length,  about  2J  in  length  of  head.  Tail  longer  than  body. 
Head  2J  in  length  of  trunk.    West  Indies,  &c.    {Giinther.)    Specimens 


I,' 


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Ml 
:    •  t\  -»  'j 


t^  4.14 


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I 
Hill 


I 


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3' 


.  ■■■ill 


356     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 

probably  belonjjing  to  this  species  latelj'  obtained  at  Charleston,  S.  C. 
by  Mr.  R.  E.  Earll. 
{Limamunvna  mdanotis  Kaup,  Aalc  Ilambnrg  Mus.  27;  Gilntlier,  viii,  1)8.) 

aa.  Posterior  nostril  without  tube.     (Gymnothorax*  Bloch  &  Schneider. ) 
579.  M.  inordax  Ayres.— Cojjfliej- i'c/.  •         .     , 

Dark  brown,  vaguely  reticulated  with  narrow,  paler  niarldn^s  ami 
spots;  a  round  dark  blotch  about  gill-opening;  lower  side  of  head  ami 
throat  with  about  15  dark  lengthwise  strejiks;  belly  with  siniilar 
streaks  running  crosswise;  a  dark  line  on  each  side  of  base  of  anal 
with  short  cross-branches.  Snout  short,  narrow,  and  pointed.  0(!ci]) 
ital  region  becoming  fleshy  and  much  elevated  w'ith  age.  Tail  form. 
ing  about  half  the  total  length.  Head  7  in  length.  Tube  of  anterior 
nostril  half  as  long  as  tlie  eye;  posterior  nostril  with  a  slight  border. 
Eye  above  the  middle  of  the  gape,  2J  in  snout,  which  is  G^  in  rest  of 
head.  Gill-opening  slightly  larger  than  eye.  Sides  of  upper  jaw  with 
two  series  of  teeth  posteriorly,  the  outer  series  of  small,  close-sot,  re- 
curved, trisingular  teeth,  which  are  iuiniovable ;  inner  teeth  rbout  5, 
similar,  but  larger,  dei)ressible;  a  groove  between  the  two  s«^ries;  in 
front  of  these,  continuous  with  the  outer  series,  are  3  fixed,  knife- 
shaped  teeth,  then  a  movable  tooth,  then  3  fixed  teeth ;  on  the  middle 
line  of  vomer  3  depressible  fangs,  the  posterior  the  largest  of  the  teeth; 
in  the  lower  .law  a  single  series,  corresponding  to  the  outer  series  in 
the  upper  jaw,  some  of  the  front  teeth  enlarged  and  fixed.  Eeaclies  a 
length  of  5  feet.  Point  Concepcion  to  Capo  San  Lucas ;  abundant 
about  tlie  islands,  and  remarkable  for  its  ferocity. 
(Ay res,  Proc.  Cal.  Acatl.  Nat.  Sci.  1859,  30.) 

5§0.  M.  oc«13ata  (Agassiz)  Jonyns. 

Teeth  uniserial,  some  of  them  slightly  serrated.  Mandible  with  12-11 
teeth  on  each  side,  the  two  anterior  being  canines  of  moderate  size; 
"intermaxillary"  teeth  not  much  larger  than  "maxillary";  there  are 
no  teeth  on  the  mesial  lino  between  the  "intermaxillary"  teeth.  Tho 
mouth  can  bo  shut  completely.  Anterior  nasal  tubes  short.  Snout 
short,  thi(;k.  Eye  rather  small.  Cleft  of  the  mouth  of  moderate  width, 
exte  iding  beyond  eye.  Tail  longer  than  the  body.  Head  about  half 
as  long  as  trunk.  Brownish,  with  numerous,  small  round  white  spots 
irregularly  disposed,  the  largest  about  as  largo  as  the  eye.     Dorsal  iiu 

*  Bloch  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichtli.  525,  528;  originally  equivalent  to  Murma. 
(yv/uvo?,  naked;  Oopa'i,  chest;  in  allusion  to  the  absence  of  pectorals.) 


63.   ANGUILLID^.  357 

with  subalternate  large  wliito  and  black  spots ;  anal  (and  dorsal)  with 
a  broiid  black  margin.    {Giinther.)    Florida  and  Texas  southward. 

iQijmnnthorax  occllatm  Agussiz,  Spix  Pise.  Brasil,  91;  Giintber,  viii,  102:  Neomurccna 
nitfromflrj/irta/a  Giranl,  U.  y.  M»;x.  Bouud.  Surv.  Ichth.  7(3.) 

Family  LIIL—AXGUILLID^. 

_..,  ..,  {The  TrueEch.) 

Body  elongate,  serpentiform,  naked  or  covered  with  imbedded  scales, 
lleatl  conical,  the  snout  not  much  i)roduced,  sometimes  very  blunt. 
I'reoperculum  i)resent.  Premaxillaries  present,  8ei)arated  on  the  me- 
dian line  by  the  ethmoid.  Maxillaries  wanting  or  connate  with  the 
jjreinaxillary,  which  forms  the  border  of  the  mouth.  Superior  uranchi- 
hyals  and  inferior  and  superior  pharyngeals  well  developed,  the  latter 
of  three  bones.  Teeth  various.  Gill-openings  separate,  not  very  small 
(except  in  Slmenchelys).  Ventral  fins  none;  dorsal  and  anal  low,  usually 
confluent  around  the  tail;  pectorals  generally  present,  placed  raiher 
high.  Vent  not  far  from  anal  fin.  Skeleton  ossified.  IMuscular  system 
Avell  developed.  Ueart  not  far  behind  gills.  As  here  understood,  this 
family  includes  a  wide  variety  of  forms,  which  have  been  often  arranged 
in  several  families.  It  is  probable  that  some  division  will  bo  found  nec- 
essary, but  we  have  not  the  data  on  which  to  make  it.  Genera  about 
20;  species  about  IGO.  In  all  warm  seas,  many  of  them  ascending 
rivers. 

{AnyuilUdcr,  part;  Gtbr.  viii,  2:}-90.) 

a.  Tongue  not  free  anteriorly. 
b.  Etui  of  tail  not  surrounded  by  tbo  fin;  nostrils  labial.     (Ophisurince.) 
c.  Poctoral  fins  wanting  (rjiroly  rudimentary);  teetb  small,  eon ical.C(ECULA,  1C9. 

CO.  Pectoral  fins  present ;  teetb  acnto OPHICHTHYS,  170. 

bb.  Eud  of  tail  surrounded  by  tbo  fin. 
rf.  Nostrils  labial.    (^Myrinw.) 

e.  Teetb  granular MYKicnxnYS,  171. 

d(l.  Nostrils  superior  or  lateral.     (Mura-nesociiiw.) 

f.  Pectoral  fins  present ;  dorsal  and  anal  rudimentary Neoconger,  Hi*. 

aa.  Tongue  free  anteriorly ;  pectorals  present ;  nostrils  not  labial. 
•  g.  Suout  subcouical. 

h.  Body  scaleless,    (Congrino'.) 
i.  Jaws  with  nu  outer  series  of  close-set  teotli;  lower  jaw  not  pro- 

'^''""  Ejecting. CoNOKU,  17:^. 

hh.  Body  with  rudimentary,  linear,  imbedded  scales,  arranged  at  rigbt 
angles  witb  each  other.     {Anguillina;.) 

j.  Teeth  in  bands;  lower  jaw  projecting Anguilla,  174. 

gg.  Suout  very  short  and  blunt;    body  scaly;   mandible  very  strong. 
(Simenoheljiinw. ) 
k.  Teeth  blunt,  incisor-like  in  one  series ;    gni-o]»pning  a  very 
short  longitudinal  slit Simencuelys,  175. 


I 


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358     CONTRILUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 


IS,: 


169.— CffiCUIiA  Valil. 

{Sphagebranchm  Bloch  &  Schneider.) 

(Vahl,  Skrivt.  Naturh.  Selak.  iii,  1794,149:  typo  Cceoula  pterygeraV ahl=zi  Dahnhk 
polyophthalmua  IJleeker.) 

Body  extremely  slender.  Teeth  equal,  small,  conical,  on  jaws  aud 
vomer.  Nostrils  labial.  Tongue  not  free  at  tip.  Pectoral  fins  wanting 
or  rudimentary ;  dorsal  fin  present.  Extremity  of  tail  fret.  Gill- 
openings  small,  separated  by  a  narrow  isthmus.  Eyes  small.  (Latin 
ca'cus,  blind.) 

9§1.  C.  scuticari$i  (Goodc  &.  Boau)  J.  &  G. 

Brownish,  paler  below.  Teeth  small,  conical,  in  two  series  on  jaws 
and  vomer.  Gill-openings  close  together.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  far  iu 
advance  of  the  gill-opening,  a  little  nearer  the  tip  (»f  the  snout  than  the 
gill-opening,  at  a  distance  from  the  former  equal  to  three  times  the 
length  of  the  snout.  Head  8^  in  distance  from  gill-openin<»  to  vent, 
and  8  iu  tail.  Snout  pointed,  G  in  head.  Pectorals  extremely  small, 
their  length  less  than  3^0  the  total  length.  {Goode  <£•  Bean.) 
(Sphagcbranchua  8cu(icaris  Goodo  &  Bean,  Proc,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  1879,  344.) 

170.— OPIIICHTHYS  AM. 

(Ojyhisurus  Lac6p6de.) 

(Alil,  Special.  Ichtli.  1789,  9.) 

Body  elongate,  naked.  Teeth  all  pointed ;  vomerine  teeth  present. 
Nostrils  labial.  Tongue  not  free  at  tip.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  present; 
l)ectoral  fins  developed.  End  of  tail  not  surrounded  by  the  fin.  Spe- 
cies very  numerous,  found  in  all  warm  seas,    {oi/'c;,  snake;  t/<?u?,  fish.) 

•Canine  teeth  very  distinct.     (Mi/8trio2)hi8*  Kaui).) 
tTeeth  iu  each  jaw  in  a  double  series, 

582.  O.  punctifer  (Kaup)  Giinthcr. 

Snout  narrowed,  short,  spoon-shaped,  twice  as  long  as  the  eye.  Cleft 
of  the  mouth  very  wide.  Teeth  pointed,  fixed,  unequal  in  size,  those 
of  the  premaxillary  in  a  single  arched  series,  the  foremost  being  the 
longest  of  all  the  teeth;  outer  series  of  teeth  in  jaws  witb  canines; 
vomerine  teeth  triserial,  rather  small.  Lips  not  fringed.  Gill-openings 
wide.  Origin  of  the  dorsal  fin  at  some  distance  behind  the  pectoral, 
which  is  well  developed.     Tail   somewhat   longer   than   the  body. 

*  Kanp,  Apodea,  1856,  10:  type  Ophiaunia  roatcllatua  Rich.    {f.tv(jrpov,  siwon;  o^ii, 
snake ;  from  the  form  of  the  snout.) 


53.   ANGUILLIDCE OPniCIITHYS. 


359 


Brovmisli,  witli  numerous    small    roundisli  black   spots.      {"Giinther.) 
^Vest  Indies,  north  to  West  Florida. 

fCrolalopniii  punclifcr  Kuiip,  Abliaudl.  Naturwiss.  VertMn  Ilamhiir}^,  iv,  2,  1860: 
^lacrodonoplm  viovdax  Pocy,  Repf,.  Fis.-Nat.  Cuba,  ii,  25*i,  18(58:  Crolalopnia  mordax 
Goode  &  Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  187!),  154;  Giiuther,  viii,  50.) 

»*Notlistinct  canine  teeth;  snout  moderate.     (MuramopHiH"  ho  Snenr.) 
t  Teeth  in  the  lower  jaw  iu  a  double  series;  cleft  of  mouth  wide. 

jgS.  O.  triserialis  (Kaup)  Giinther. 

Body  with  larger  and  smaller  roundish  black  spots,  alternating; 
head  with  many  small  black  spots  above  and  below j  belly  plain;  head 
and  body  with  longitudinal  streaks.  Gill-openings  curved,  well  sepa- 
rated, a  little  longer  than  pectorals.  Ilead  with  longitudinal  wrinkles, 
its  loiiyth  two-fifths  the  distance  from  the  gill-opening  to  the  vent. 
Mouth  wide,  its  cleft  more  than  one-third  the  head.  Eye  moderate,  1§ 
iu  snout.  Teeth  pointed,  fixed,  all  biserial,  except  those  on  vomer, 
which  are  uniserial.  Pectoral  flu  3^  in  head,  the  dorsal  beginning 
above  it.s  terminal  portion.  Tail  rather  longer  than  body.  Southern 
California  to  Brazil.    (Described  from  Garrett's  type  of  0.  califormensis.) 

{MnnniopHifi  IrinvriaUs  Kaup,  Apodes,  1856, 12;  Giinther,  viii,  58:  OjihiHurm  californi- 
cim'»  (iarrott,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  iii,  06.) 

{{Tct'tli  iu  lower  jaw  in  one  series.    {Herpetoichthya  Kaup.) 

581.  ©.  occllatus  (Le  S.)  Giinther. 

A  series  of  round  white  spots  along  the  middle  of  the  side  of  the 
body  and  tail;  dorsal  fin  with  a  black  edge;  some  white  dots  on  the 
back  behind  the  head  and  a  white  line  across  the  occiput.  Length 
of  the  head  rather  less  than  one-third  of  the  distance  of  the  gill- 
opening  from  the  vent.  Snout  pointed,  the  upper  jaw  projecting  be- 
yond the  lower.  Cleft  of  the  mouth  wide,  two-fifths  the  length  of  the 
liead.  Eye  of  moderate  size,  two-thirds  of  the  length  of  the  snout,  and 
situated  in  the  anterior  third  of  the  head.  Teeth  pointed,  fixed,  un- 
equal in  size;  the  intermaxillary  teeth  largest,  arranged  in*  a  curved, 
transverse  series;  maxillary  teeth  in  a  double,  vomerine  and  mandibu- 
lary  teeth  in  a  single  series ;  only  the  anterior  inandibulary  teeth  form 
a  sliort,  double  series.  Length  of  the  pectoral  fin  rather  more  than 
one-third  that  of  the  head;  dorsal  fin  commencing  opposite  the  poste- 
rior third  of  the  pectoral.  Tail  longer  than  the  body.  {Giinther.) 
West  indies,  north  to  West  Florkla. 

(Munrnopsia  oceUatua  Le  Sueur,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  v,  108;  Giinther,  viii, 
()8:  Uerpctoichthya  ocellatua  Goodo  «fc  Hean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mun.  1870,  155.) 

*Le  Sueur,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  v,  108:  type  Muranopaia  ocellata  Lo  S. 
{nvpatva,  Murosna;  o^ii,  appearance. ) 


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SCO     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   iVMERICAN   ICHTHYOLO(  V ly^ 

171.— IflYKICHTHlS  Girard. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scl.  Thila.  1859,  58:  type  Myrichthya  txgrinm  Grd.) 
-  Pectorals  present;  dorsal  inserted  in  advance  of  base  of  pectorals  at 
a  point  nearer  to  them  than  to  the  eye.  Head  lavge ;  the  lower  jaw 
shorter  than  the  upper.  Teeth  granular,  disposed  in  elongated  patches 
on  the  jaws,  palatines,  and  nasal  bones.  Eyes  well  develop(Hl.  Gill- 
openings  lateral,  moderate.  Body  naked.  IVostrils  near  the  end  of  tbe 
snout,  the  upper  very  small,  opposite  the  lower,  which  are  consi)icuou.s 
and  tubular,  {fwpo^,  Myrus,  an  ancient  name  of  Murwna;  i'^'V'j?,  fish.) 
5§3.  in.  tieriiius  Grd. 

~  Brownivsh  above,  throat  and  belly  dull  whitish  ;  roundish,  dark  brown 
spots  on  the  body  in  four  longitudinal  series ;  belly  plain ;  throat  with 
whitish  spots;  spots  on  head  smaller  and  deeper  in  color.  Fins  oliva- 
ceous ;  pectoral  and  anal  plain ;  dorsal  spotted  like  the  body,  white- 
edged.  Body  subcylindrical,  somewhat  compressed,  tapering  backward. 
Pectorals  broader  than  long.  Head  12  in  length.  Cleft  of  mouth  ex- 
tending beyond  eyes.  Teeth  unequal,  in  many  series;  three  series  on 
the  front  of  the  dentary  bones;  two  on  the  upper  jaw  and  two  on  the 
shaft  of  the  vomer.  Length  2  feet.  (Girard.)  Adair  Bay,  Oregon,  not 
found  by  recent  collectors. 
(Girard,  Pioc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  58.) 

173.— NEOCONGER  Girard. 
(Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Siirv.  Ichth.  1859,  77:  type  Neoconger  mucronatus  Grd.) 

Scaleless.  Pectoral  fins  present:  dorsal  and  anal  fins  rudimentary, 
passing  around  the  tail,  towards  the  end  of  which  they  are  more  devel- 
oped. Cleft  of  the  mouth  extending  beyond  the  small  eye ;  maxillary 
teeth  slender,  in  several  series;  vomerine  teeth  uniserial,  forming  a  patch 
in  front;  posterior  nostrils  near  the  anterior  rim  of  the  orbit,  anterior 
near  the  Uip  of  the  snout;  tail  not  much  longer  than  the  body.  Gill- 
openings  vertical,  rather  large.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  {vioi;,  new;  xoy^poi;, 
Conger.)     >  sv.Mi,      , 

586.  IV.  mucronatus  Grd. 

Dark  reddish  brown  above,  paler  below;  head  small,  slender,  pointed; 
upper  jaw  the  longer;  dorsal  fin  beginning  just  in  front  of  the  vent, 
forming  a  membranous  ridge  uutil  near  the  tail,  where  it  expands  and 
becomes  fin-like ;  pectorals  small.    Coast  of  Texas.    {Oirard.) 

(Girard,  TT.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  Ichtli.  1859,  77;  GUnther,  viii,  49.) 


53.    ANGUILLID^ — ANGUILLA,  /•    >    ,      361 

1T3.— AWGUIE,r,A  Thunberg. 

'r 

Eels. 

(Thnnberg,  Nouv.  M6m.  Stockh.  aoout  1791:  type  Afurwna  anguilla  L.)  ■      . 

Body  elongate,  compressed  behind,  covered  with  imbedded  scales, 
which  are  linear  in  form,  and  placed  obliquely,  some  of  them  at 
right  anfjles  to  others.  Lateral  line  well  developed.  Head  long  con- 
ical, moderately  pointed,  the  rather  small  eye  well  forward  and  over 
the  angle  of  the  mouth.  Teeth  small,  subequal,  in  bands  on  each  jaw 
and  a  long  patch  on  the  vomer.  Tongue  free  at  tip.  Lips  rather  full, 
with  a  free  margin  behind,  attached  by  a  frenum  in  front.  Lower  jaw 
projecting.  Gill-openings  rather  small,  slit-like,  about  as  wide  as  base 
of  pectorals  and  partly  below  them.  Nostrils  superior,  well  separated, 
the  anterior  with  a  slight  tube.  Vent  close  in  front  of  anal.  Dorsal 
iuserted  at  some  distance  from  the  head,  confluent  with  the  anal  around 
the  tail.  Pectorals  well  developed.  Species  numerous,  in  most  warm 
seas,  ascending  streams,  but  mostly  spawning  in  the  sea.  (Latin,  angu- 
illa, an  eel.)   . 

5§7.  A.  rostrata*  (Lj  Sueur)  Dekay. — Common  Eel. 

Brown,  nearly  jilain,  often  tinged  with  yellowish;  paler  below.  Dis- 
tance from  snout  to  dorsal  about  one-third  the  length.  Distance  between 
anal  and  front  of  dorsal  about  equal  to  the  length  of  the  head.  Head 
8|  in  length,  2^  in  distance  from  gills  to  vent.  Pectoral  shorter  than 
mandible.  L.  50  inches.  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States ;  very 
abundant  from  Maine  to  Mexico;  ascemliug  all  streams  and  resident 
throughout  the  Mississippi  Valley.    Also  recorded  from  China. 

(Murwna  rontrata  and  hoatoniensis  Le  Sueur,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i,  81 :  An- 
gmlla  bonlonivtms  Giinther,  vii,  31.  Yar.  T  tcxana  Kaup,  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ia 
cliaraotcrized  by  its  thicker  lii)8:  Anguilla  tcxana  Kaup,  Apodal  Fish.  45:  Anguilla 
lyrannua  Grd.  U.  S.  Max.  Bound.  Surv.  Icbth.  75.) 


*  Another  species  has  been  accredited  to  our  coast,  viz : 

A.  vuhjaria  Raf. — European  Eel.  Distance  from  snont  to  dor8<al  3f  in  length. 
Distance  from  front  of  anal  to  front  of  dorsal,  about  a  third  longer  than  the  head. 
Head  9J  in  length.  Pectoral  about  as  long  as  the  mandible.  Vertebras  45 -f- 70.  Coasts 
of  Europe,  perhaps  straying  to  our  coasts.  "  I  have  examined  an  example  from  Now 
Jersey;  it  is  in  the  Liverpool  Museum  (Giinther)." 

(Mura-na  anguilla  L.  Syst.  Nat. ;  Rafinesque,  Indice  d'lttiol.  Sicil.  1810,  37  ;  Turton, 
Brit.  Fauna,  87;   Giinther,  viii,  28:  Anguilla  acuiiroatris  Riaao,  Eur.  Mdrid.  iii,  198.) 


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362      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICIITIIYOLOGY-~iv. 

1»4.— COWOEB*  Cuvier. 

Conger  Eels. 

(Cuvier,  Rogiio  Aniin.  II,  1817:  typo  Murana  conger  Linn,  etc.) 

Body  formed  as  in  Anguilla,  the  skiu  scaleless.  Head  depressed 
above,  anteriorly  pointed.  Lateral  line  present.  Mouth  wide,  its  clei't 
extending  at  least  to  below  the  middle  of  the  eye.  Teeth  in  the  outer 
series  in  each  jaw  equal  and  close-set,  forming  a  cutting-edge.  No 
canines.  Band  of  vomerine  teeth  short.  Tongue  anteriorly  free.  Ver. 
tical  fins  well  developed,  confluent  around  the  tail ;  pectoral  fins  well 
develo])ed;  dorsal  begiiniing  close  behind  pectorals.  Gill-opeuiiifrs 
rather  large,  low.  Eyes  well  developed.  Posterior  nostril  near  eye- 
anterior  near  the  tip  of  the  snout,  with  a  short  tube.  Lower  jaw  not 
projecting.  Skeleton  different  in  numerous  respects  from  that  of  An- 
guilla.    Vertebne  about  50  + 100.    In  most  warm  seas. 

The  name  Leptocephalus  was  first  given  to  a  peculiar  band-shaped, 
pellucid,  worm-like  animal,  the  type  of  a  considerable  group  of  fishes, 
the  Lcptocephalidw  or  Jlelmiohthyidw,  which  has  been  made  to  constitute 
a  distiuct  order,  Lemniscati.  It  has,  however,  been  satisfactorily  shown 
by  Cams,  Gill,  Giinther,  and  others,  that  these  singular  fc  are  not 
distinct  species,  but  are  early  stages  in  the  development  of  „i  fishes, 
Leptocephalus  morrisil,  of  Conger  nigcr,  and  the  others  of  various  An- 
guilloid,  Stomiatoid,  and  Clupeoid  forms.  (See  Giinther,  viii,  13G.)  It 
is  thought  by  Dr.  Giinther  that  the  Lei)tocephalid  forms  are  probably 
"indiv'luals  arrested  in  the  development  at  a  very  early  period  of  their 
life,  yet  continuing  to  grow  to  a  certain  size,  without  corresponding 
development  of  their  internal  organs,  and  perishing  without  having  at- 
tained the  characters  of  the  i^erfecfc  animal."  [xoyypo-:^  Conger,  the  an- 
cient name  of  the  Conger  Eel.) 

«5§§.  C.  nigcr  (Risso)  J.  &  G. — Conger  Eel. 

D  irk  brown  above,  lower  parts  soiled  white;  dorsal  and  anal  pale, 
"witii  a  black  margin  (sometimes  uniform  black) ;  pectorals  dusky,  edged 
with  paler;  pores  of  lateral  line  whitish.  Dorsal  inserted  over  the  pos- 
terior margin  of  the  pectoral,  or  slightly  behind  it ;  pectoral  one-third 

*Tho  prior  name  Leptocephalus  (Gmeliii,  Syst.  Nat.  i,  1150,  1788:  type  Leptocephalus 
morrisi  Gmel.,  an  arrested  larval  form  of  Conger)  should,  in  strictness,  supersede  Con- 
ner. The  use  of  the  term  for  the  adult  normal  fish  would,  however,  load  to  confusiou, 
as  Leptocephalus  has  for  ue.trly  a  liundrod  years  been  applied  to  various  singular 
organisms,  lately  shown  to  be  undeveloped  forms  of  eels  and  of  certain  laospondyU, 


1.. 


53.    ANGUILLIDiE — SIMENCHELYS. 


3G3 


as  lon{?  as  the  head.  Teeth  in  a  sinj^le  series  on  the  sides  of  the  jaw,  in 
a  broad  patch  at  the  tip.  Cleft  of  mouth  extendin<;  to  beyond  the  mid- 
dle of  the  rather  large  eye.  Jaws  equal  or  the  lower  included.  Dis- 
tance from  snout  to  >cut  three  times  the  length  of  the  head.  Head  7^. 
1^.50  inches.  Europe,  to  Soutli  America  an«l  East  Indies,  frequently 
takou  on  our  Atlanlic  coast.  We  arc  unable  to  detect  any  ditterence 
between  American  and  European  exami)les.  It  sometimes  reaches  a 
leugth  of  8  feei . 

{Annuilla  conger  L.  SyHt.  Nat. :  Murwna  nigra  Kisso,  Iclith.  Nice,  1810, 93:  Conger  rul- 
^aris C'uvior,  Eoyiic  Anim.  1817:  Anguillaoctanka  Mit(?hill,Journ,  Acad.  Nat.  Hci.  i,  407: 
Conger  occidentalia  Dokay,  N.  Y.  Fauna,  FiHlies,  ;U4, 1842:  Conger  vulgaria  (Jiilnther,  viii, 
3d:  Conger  ooeanivua  (jil\,  liopt.  Com.  FishciieH  for  1871-72,  811.) 

179.-SIIfIEN€IIELYS  Gill. 

Pug-nosed  Eels.  • 

(Gill MS. ;  Goode «fe Bean,  Bull.  Ehscx lust,  xi,  1879, 27 :  tyi)o Simcnchclys })arasilicHa Gill.) 

Body  eel-shaped,  covered  with  linear  imbedded  scales,  disposed  at 
riglit  angles  as  in  Anguilla.  Lateral  line  present,  faint.  Head  very 
short,  rounded,  very  blunt  anteriorly,  slightly  compressed.  Mouth 
small,  entirely  anterior.  Premaxillaries  and  maxillaries  of  each  side 
side  coalesced  and  separated  from  thost  of  the  other  side  by  the  eth- 
moid. Jaws  equal,  their  edges  hard,  provided  with  a  single  series  of 
small,  rounded,  close-set,  incisor-like  teeth.  No  vomerine  teeth.  Tongue 
broad,  somewhat  free  anteriorlj'.  Mandible  very  deep  and  strong. 
Operculum  sabre-shaped.  Gill-openings  ve^y  small,  inferior,  longi- 
tudiual,  well  separated,  situated  in  front  of  the  pectorals  and  below 
them.  Both  nostrils  large,  the  anterior  with  a  slight  rim,  but  no  tube. 
Lips  full.  Pectorals  short ;  vertical  tins  coniluent  around  the  tail,  the 
dorsal  beginning  not  far  behind  pectorals  ;  vent  in  front  of  anal,  near 
middle  of  body.  One  species  known,  probably  the  typo  of  a  distinct 
family.    (Tj/i*;?,  img-nosed;  ey^^Xw.,  eel.) 

5§0.  S.  parasiticus  Gill. 

Dark  brown,  nearly  plain.  Eye  rather  large,  anterior,  but  behind  the 
angle  of  the  mouth,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  snout.  Head  \  length  of 
trunk ;  about  ^  distance  from  snout  to  origin  of  dorsal ;  width  of  gill 
slit  equaling  diameter  of  orbit ;  interorbital  space  nearly  half  length  of 
head.  Vent  not  much  in  advance  of  middle  of  body.  Dorsal  begin- 
ning just  behind  tips  of  pectorals;  fins  rather  low.  Off-shore  banks, 
south  of  Newfoundland ;  abundant.  Individuals  have  been  found  bur- 
rowing in  the  flesh  of  the  halibut. 

(Gill,  MS.  in  Goode  &  Bean,  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xi,  27, 1878.) 


« 


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3G4     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 


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Family  LIV.— SYNAPHOBRANCHID^. 

{The  Si/naphobranchoid  Eels.) 

Body  eelsbaped,  covered  with  linear,  imbedded  scales  placed  at  riftt 
augles,  as  in  Anguilla.  Lateral  line  present.  Head  long  and  pointed 
the  snout  produced.  Mouth  very  long,  the  eye  being  over  the  middle  of 
its  cleft.  Jaws  about  equal ;  teeth  small,  sharp,  in  a  broad  band  in  oach 
jaw,  becoming  a  single  series  anteriorly;  those  of  inner  series  in  upper 
jaw  and  of  outer  series  in  mandible  somewhat  enlarged ;  vomerine  teeth 
in  a  imrrow  band  anteriorly.  Gdlopenings  inferior,  horizontal,  close 
together,  convergent  forward,  somewhat  confluent  at  the  surface,  but 
separated  by  a  considerable  isthmus  within.  Tongue  long,  free  only  at 
the  sides.  ^Nostrils  large,  the  anterior  with  a  short  tube,  the  posterior 
before  the  lower  part  of  the  eye.  Pectoral  w  ell  developed ;  dorsal  low, 
beginning  behind  vent;  anal  longer  than  dorsal,  rather  high,  its  rays 
slender,  branched,  not  imbedded  i;i  the  skin;  vertical  fins  confluent 
around  the  tail.  Vent  near  the  anterior  fouri;h  of  body.  Muscular  and 
osseous  systems  well  developed.  Stomach  very  distensible.  Deep-sea 
fishes;  a  single  genus  with  4  species  known. 
(^MurwiUdw,  group  Synaphobranchina  GiintUcr,  viii,  22-23.) 

170.— SYWAPIIOBBANCIIUS  Johnson. 

(Johnson,  Proc.  Zoijl.  Soc.  London,  1862,  169:  typo  Synaj)hohranchii8  k(  ipit  Johnson  = 
Mnraua pinnata  Gronow.) 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  (ffuvuv''5?i>  joined;  l^i'ayp^^ 
gills.) 

590.  S.  piilliatus  (Gronow)  Giinthor. 

Uniform  brown,  rather  darker  below ;  the  vertical  fins  darker  behind, 
light-edged  anteriorly;  inside  ot  mouth  blue-black;  gill-openings  dark. 
Jaws  subequal  in  length,  sometimes  the  lower,  sometimes  the  I'ppor  the 
longer;  the  upper  with  a  projecting  lleshy  il[;;  nia-xillary  reaching  to 
opposite  gill-openings,  whi(!h  are  rather  longer  than  the  la'.ge  eye. 
Ilead  3^  in  distance  from  snout  to  dorsal,  2^  in  distance  to  anal,  83  in 
length.  Eye  broader  than  interorbital  space,  rather  nearer  ti})  of  snout 
than  end  of  maxillary.  Pectoral  slender,  longer  than  snout.  New- 
foundland to  Madeiru,  "a  common  resident  of  the  aeep  waters  of  the 
off-shore  banks  in  'JOO  to  300  fathoms,  where  individuals  are  often  taken 
on  the  fishermen's  trawl  lines." 

(Murmna  pinnata  GronoWy  Byst.  Ich.  oil.  Gray,  1854,19;  GUuther,  viii,  22;  Ooodo  & 
Boau,  Bull.  Easor  lust,  xi,  1879,  20.)  . 


50.   NEMICHTIIYIDiE. 

Family  LV.— SACCOPHARYNGID.E. 

^  ..      .       ,  (^The  Gulpcrs.)       y  ' 

Jliiscular  system  verj  feebly  developed,  with  the  bones  very  thin,  soft, 
and  wanting  in  inoiganie  matter,  connected  by  a  lax,  easily  torn  fibrous 
tissue.  Head  and  gape  enormous.  Snout  very  short,  pointed,  flexible, 
like  an  ai)pen(lage  overlapping  the  gape.  Eye  small.  Maxillary  and 
iiiamlibiilary  bones  very  thin,  slender,  arched,  armed  with  one  or  two 
series  of  long,  slender,  curved,  widely-set  teeth,  their  i)oints  being 
directed  inwards;  palate  toothless.  Gill-openings  wide,  at  some  dis- 
nmce  from  the  head,  at  the  lower  part  of  the  sides ;  gills  very  narrow, 
free,  and  exposed.  Trunk  of  moderate  length.  Stomach  distensible  in 
an  extraordinary  degree.  Vent  at  the  end  of  the  trunk.  Tail  band- 
lilio,  exceedingly  long,  tapering  into  a  very  fine  filament.  Pectoral 
present,  small.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  rudimentary,  the  former  smaller 
tlian  the  latter,  and  indicated  by  a  groove  bordered  by  a  whitish  line  on 
piicli  side,  and  commencing  at  a  short  distance  behind  the  head;  a  short 
tine  ray  occasionally  visible  towards  the  end  of  the  trunk.  Anal  rays 
distinct,  commencing  behind  the  vour,  and  visible  for  some  distance. 
One  species  known,  from  the  North  Atlanti.'. 

{Miinriiklm,  group  S(iccoj)har!jn(jina  Giinflior,  viii,  22.) 

lT».-SACCOPIIAKYWX  Mitchill. 

(Mitoliill,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Itist.  N.  Y.  i,  IS'24,  KvJ:  typo  Saccojjhariiiir  flagellnm  Mitch.) 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  (Latin,  soccus,  sack; 
pharyn-F,  pharynx.) 

591.  S.  flagcElum  MUcli. 

Uniform  deep  black.  Three  specimens  have  been  found  float  lug  in  the 
North  Atlantic,  with  their  stonuichs  much  distended,  they  having  swal- 
lowed some  other  fish,  the  weight  of  which  many  times  exceeded  their 
own.    {Giinthcr.) 

(Mitdiill,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.at.  Hist.  N.  Y.  i,  1824,  82;  OUntlier,  viii,  22:  Ophlognathui 
ompuUanm  Ilarwood,  Pliil.  Trans.  1827,  277.) 

Family  LVI  («).— NEMICIITIIYIDiE. 

'■.,■:.      .■!-:>  1. ,:■:..„  1       .L  -  .  iit  =*."!:■..■■..    ■       .■■-■■■ 

Body  excessively  slender,  not  strongly  compressed,  deepest  near  the 
mi(Ufle,  tapering  backward  to  the  long  and  very  slender  filament  like 
tail,  and  forward  to  a  very  long  and  slender  neck,  which  is  abrui 


36G     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — jy 


m:-. 


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enlarged  at  the  occipital  region.  Ko  scales.  Lateral  line  obsolete 
Head  resembling  that  of  Belone,  the  head  proper  small,  short,  and  rather 
broad,  with  flat  top  and  vertical  sides.  I^ostrils  large  close  togothorin 
front  of  the  eye,  without  tube  or  flr.p.  Jaws  excessively  prol()n<r(.(i 
almost  needle-like,  the  upper  the  longer  and  somewhat  recurved.  Teotli 
in  both  jaws  small,  very  numerous,  close-set,  retrorse.  Gill-op('riinrr«j 
rather  large,  running  downward  and  forward,  sep.arated  by  a  narrow 
isthmus.  Pectorals  well  developed.  Vent  close  behind  pectorals,  the 
abdominal  cavity  extending  far  behind  it.  Anal  fin  beginning  near  the 
vent,  higher  than  the  dorsal,  becoming  obsolete  on  the  caudal  fllanient. 
Dorsal  beginning  close  behind  occiput,  its  anterior  rays  soft,  succeeded 
by  a  long  series  of  very  low  spines,  which  are  slightly  connected  bv 
membrane,  their  height  rather  less  than  the  length  of  tlie  interspaces  • 
on  the  tail,  the  spines  again  give  place  to  soft  rays.  The  soft  rays  of 
the  fins  are  connected  by  thin  membrane  instead  of  being  imbedded  in 
thick  skin,  as  in  eels  generally.  Color  translucent,  the  lower  parts 
dark,  the  back  pale.  Stomach  not  distensible.  Muscular  and  osseous 
systems  well  develoi)ed.  Abdominal  cavity  extending  far  behind  the 
vent.  One  genua  known,  with  three  species ;  singular  inhabitants  of 
the  deep  seas.  The  position  of  this  family  among  the  Apodes  is  jxTliajts 
open  to  question.  A  second  genus,  Cyema  Gthr.,  with  shorter,  soft  body, 
posterior  vent,  and  shorter  vertical  fins  surrounding  the  tail,  perbaps* 
belongs  to  this  family. 
(Murwnidw,  group  Nemichthyina  Gilntlior,  viii,  21.) 

178.— NEMICHTHYS  Richardson. 
{TA'ptorlujnchus  Lowo:  Bclonopsin  Brandt.) 
(Richardson,  Voyage  Saniarang,  1848,  10:  typo  Ncmichthya  acolopacem  Rich.) 
Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.    (v^7/ia,  thread;  <>^'y?,  flsb.) 

50?.  N.  scolopaccus  Rich. 

Head  comparatively  stout,  its  depth  one-seventh  its  greatest  length. 
Eye  moderate,  less  than  one-tuird  the  length  of  the  head  without  suout. 
Length  of  pectoral  fins  slightly  less  than  height  of  the  anal,  which  is 
less  than  the  height  of  the  body  and  rather  more  than  the  greatest  deptli 
of  the  head.  Pale  above,  belly  and  anal  fin  blackish^  the  color  not 
abruptly  changing,  the  back  somewhat  speckled.  L.  36  inches.  At- 
lanj;ic  Ocean,  in  deep  water;  many  specimens  lately  taken  with  the 
beam-trawl  off  the  New  England  coast. 

(Richardson,  Voyage  Snmarang,  10;  Giinther,  viii,  21:  Lcptorhynchna  Icnchtcnhrgi 
hovi'ii  =  Bcloii02)sie  leuchteiihergi  Brandt,  M<5m.  Ac.  St.  Petersb.  Sav.  fitraiig,  lt04, 
171-174.) 


Air-bladder, 


PUYSOCLISTI.  3^7 

J93.  !V.  avocetta  Jordan  &  Gilbert.  -  > 

Heatl  slenderer,  its  depth  one-ninth  its  greatest  length.  Eye  large, 
one-third  the  head,  without  snout.  Length  of  pectoral  scarcely  greater 
than  height  of  anal,  which  is  scarcely  less  than  the  greatest  depth  of 
the  body,  and  more  than  the  greatest  depth  of  the  bead.  Translucent; 
l,cllj'  with  close-set  dark  spots,  its  lower  edge  and  anal  fin  black,  the 
back  abruptly  white  and  unspotted.  L.  22  inches.  Head  10;  depth  3b; 
depth  of  anal  64  in  length  of  body.  Tuget's  Sound;  one  example 
known,  differing  in  some  slight  respects  from  all  Atlantic  specimens 
examined. 
(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mii8.  1880,409.)  ; 

SUBCLASS  PHYSOCLISTI. 

'  {The  Physoclistous  Fishes.) 

Air-bladder,  if  present,  without  pneumatic  duct,  in  the  adult.  Parietal 
bones  separated  by  the  supraoccipital.  Ventral  fins  usually  thoracic  or 
jugular,  normally  with  1  sj)ine  and  5  soft  rays.  Pectoral  fin  normally 
inserted  high,  with  vertical  base.  Vertical  fins  usually  with  spines, 
rremaxillaries  normally  forming  the  entire  border  of  the  upper  jaw. 
Tail  houiocercal.    {<puao^,  bladder',  xhiffrdg,  closed.) 

ANAI.Y8IS  OF  THE   ORUEB  OF  PUYSOCLISTI. 

a.  Scapula  suspended  to  tbe  .anterior  vertebnc  ;  maxillary  distinct ;  superior  brau- 
cliibyals  an<l  pbaryngeak present ;  inferior  pluirynf^eals  not  united;  no 
interclavieles ;  body  elongate ;  ventral  fins  abdouiiual  or  wanting. 

Opistiiomi,  p. 
aa.  Scapula  suspended  to  the  cranium  by  a  post-temporal. 
6.  Lower  pharyngeals  co-ossilied ;    fins  without  spines;   veniral  fins  abdominal; 
third  and  fourth  superior  pharyngeals  much  enlarged. 

Syxkntognatiii,  Q. 

W.  Lower  i)haryngoal8  separate  (or  if  united,  fins  with  spines  and  veutrals  thoracic). 

c.  Gills  tufted ;  superior  branchihyals  and  pharyngeals  and  basal  branehihyals 

wanting;  ventrals,  if  present,  abdominal LoPHonRANCiiii,  R. 

<x.  Gills  pectinate. 
d.  Superior  branchihyals  and  jjlmryngeals  reduced  in  number ;  ventrals  abdom- 
inal  llKMinUANCUII,  S. 

(Id.  Superior  branchihyals  and  pharyngeals  normally  developed ;  ventrals  mostly 
thoracic  or  jugular. 
€.  Rones  of  the  Jaws  not  united.  -  _ 

/.  Pectoral  fins  not  pediculate,  the  gill-openings  In  front  of  them. 

g.  Cranium  normal Acantiiopteri,  T. 

gg.  Cranium  anteriorly  twisted ;  both  eyes  on  the  same  side  of  the  head. 

Hktkimsomata,  U. 
ff.  Pectoral  fins  pediculate,  their  basal  bones  reduced  in  uniu     r  and  elon- 
gate; gill-openings  in  the  axils Pediculati,  V. 

ee.  Bones  of  the  jaws  co-ossified ;  the  dentary  with  tlie  articular,  and  the  pre- 
maxillaries  with  the  maxillaries Plkctounatiii,  W. 


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368     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICUTHYOLOGY— IV. 


Order   P -QPISTIIOMI. 

{The  ISphuj  Eds.) 


Scapular  arch  suspended  to  the  anterior  vertebra}.  Superior  idiarvn- 
geals  and  branchihyals  ossified,  the  third  pharynjreal  a  littli;  larfiw 
the  fourth  small.  Three  basal  branchihyals ;  inferior  pharvii<f('iil.s 
distinct;  maxillary  bone  distinct;  8upraoccii)ital  separatin<?  parietals- 
no  interclavicles ;  symplectic  present;  prajcoracoi*!  wanting?;  i)aiietals 
separated  by  the  supraoccipital ;  air-bladder,  if  present,  without  pnon- 
maticduct;  dorsal  with  spines;  ventrals,  if  present,  abdoiriinal.  Tlio 
tishes  of  this  order  dlflfer  from  other  Physodiati  and  agree  with  the 
Eels  in  having  the  scapular  arch  free  from  the  cranium  ami  attailu'd 
to  the  anterior  vertebra}.  Two  families  are  known.  (orrtV^^Tj,  backward; 
(hixoq^  shoulder.) 

ANALYSIS  OF  FAMILIES   OF   OPISTHOMI. 

a.  Ventral  fins  wanting;  dorsal  fm  Avitb  tho  soft  portion  well  developed. 

MASTACKMHKLlDyK,  50  (J). 

aa.  Vent''al  fins  abdominal,  of  uuineroiis  spines  and  soft  rajs;  soft  portion  of  tliodor- 
sal  lin  obsolete Notacantuiu.!;,  r)G(c). 

Family  LVI  (?>).— MASTACEMBELIDiE. 

[The  Spiny  Eels.) 

Body  elongate,  eel-like,  naked  or  covered  with  very  small  scales, 
Mouth  obliciue,  of  moderate  size,  either  the  snout  or  the  chin  being 
produced  in  a  fleshy  api)endage  ;  lower  jaw  little  movable;  upper  jaw 
not  protractile.  Teeth  small.  Gill-openings  restricted  to  the  resion 
below  the  convexity  of  the  operculuu),  the  upper  ])art  of  the  oper- 
culum being  covered  by  the  skin  of  tho  scapular  region ;  gill-iiieiii- 
branes  free  from  the  isthmus ;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  I'seii- 
dobranchia}  small  or  obsolete.  Tail  isocercal.  Dorsal  lin  very  long, 
the  anterior  part  composed  of  low,  free  spines,  tho  posterior  of  soft 
rays;  anal  fin  with  or  without  spines;  caudal  fin  separate  or  not, 
Ventral  fins  wanting;  pectorals  small.  Air-bladder  present.  Brim 
chiostegals  0;  i)yloric  coeca  2  (in  Mastacemhchis).  Fishes  of  the  fnsli 
waters  of  the  East  Indies.  Genera  2;  species  about  14.  We  follow 
Dr.  Bean  in  attaching  provisionally  to  this  family  a  singular  fish  fioin 


66  (&).    MASTACEMBELID^ — PTILICHTHYS.  369 

tho  >'ortl'  Pacific,  the  osteology  of  which  is  nnknowii,  and  which  may 

jcaWy  he\oi\g  to  the  AcanthoptcH. 

{ilastacembcUdm  Oilntlur,  iii,  539-543.) 

Scales  nono  or  nidimontary;  body  very  elongate,  tapering  backward  to  a  point. 

(Ptilichthytnee.) 
b.  Lower  jaw  with  a  projecting  fleshy  appendage  at  tip;  gill-membranes  broadly 
uuited Ptilicutuys,  179., 

1T».— PTILICHTHYS  Bean. 

(Bean  Free.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  iv,  1881:  type  Plilichthys  goodei  Bean.)  /      ■ 

Body  extremely  elongate,  serpeiitiform,  little  compressed,  tho  tail 
tapering  to  a  point.  Skin  naked,  or  with  a  few  thin,  loose,  scattered 
scales;  no  lateral  line.  Head  unarmed,  rather  small;  upper  jaw  not 
protractile;  snout  short;  mouth  oblique;  lower  jaw  projecting  consid- 
erablj'  beyond  the  upper,  with  a  protruding  fleshy  appendage  at  tip. 
Maxillary  reaching  the  front  of  eye.  Mandible  little  movable.  Both 
jaws  with  fine,  close-set,  sharp  teeth,  in  one  row,  the  posterior  teeth  a 
little  the  largest ;  no  evident  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines.  Gill-open- 
ings restricted  to  below  the  most  convex  part  of  the  opercle ;  tlie  mem- 
branes broadly  united  below,  free  from  tho  isthmus.  Gills  4,  a  slit 
behind  the  fourth.  Pseudobranchiaj  very  small,  almost  obsolete.  Gill- 
rakers  short  and  stout.  Pectorals  short;  ventrals  wanting;  dorsal 
lieginning  close  behind  the  nape;  the  anterior  portion  for  about  half 
the  length  of  the  body  composed  of  very  low,  stiff,  free  spines,  hooked 
backwards,  the  posterior  portion  higher,  of  slender  soft  rays  oouneoted 
by  tbiu  raembraue.  No  caudal  fin,  the  tip  of  the  tail  free.  Anal  sim- 
ilar to  the  soft  dorsal,  without  spines.  Vent  at  considerable  distance 
from  the  head.    North  Pacific.    {rrtXov,  quill ;  i-^Ou^  fish.) 

5M.  P.  goodei  Bean. 

Orange  or  yellowish,  tho  body  with  a  blackish  longitudinal  stripe,  the 
analdarker  in  color  than  the  dorsal.  Eye  rather  large,  as  long  as  snout, 
5  in  bead;  cheeks  and  opercles  long;  pectoral  flu  half  as  long  as  tho 
head;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  deeper  than  tho  body  posteriorly,  the  anal 
a  little  lower  than  tho  dorsal.  Vent  near  the  end  of  the  anterior  third 
of  the  body ;  distance  from  the  vent  to  the  beginning  of  the  soft  dorsal 
3J  times  the  length  of  the  head ;  length  of  head  twice  its  greatest  depth, 
5JiQ  the  distance  to  the  vent;  appendage  of  mandible  half  as  long 
as  eye ;  free  tip  of  caudal  two-thirds  eye.  Dorsal  spines  90  j  soft  rays 
of  dorsal  145;  of  anal  about  185;  P.  12.  L.  about  12  inckes.  Aleutiaa 
Islands. 

(Boan,  ProcU.  S.  Not.  Mns.  iv,  1881.) 

Bull.  Nat  Mus.  No.  1« 24 


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370      CONTKimrnoNS   to   N()I{Tlt    AMRUICAN    IfltTltVOl.OrJV— ly. 

Family  LVI  (r).—N()TA('AN'rini)/K. 

Uodv  otonfruto,  HOUunvliuioompnvsHod,  t'ovoiiMl  wtili  Voi'.VfinnllHcnli.N, 
h«*ud  Hi»i»l\  :    liihMul  \\\)y\  prosrnl.     Ilnnl  hIioiI,  1Ih>  niioiiI    |tin||ii(|i„ 
boyond  (tio  iDoutli.  \\\\\vU  \ho\'  uun\o\i\\oH\7{\  liotiirotidi) :  hntli  inwHwitli 
it  mnioH  of  wlt'iuliM',  t'lom>  Ht»|   t(M>lh.     I'j.vo  liihMiil,  rullicr  Htmill.    Ojn 
opotMiifis  witlo.  not   n»s(ii('l«Ml  nhovo,  <Im>  nuMnltriiiu'H  not   uiiiliMl,  ||,,,, 
1h>n»  (ho   iHthimis.     pH«Mul«)l»riiin'liin»  noiio.     (}ill  ihIumh  loti|r,  nIcihIih 
(lil)s  4,  II  slit  hi>)iii)il  (ho  i'oni'lh.     Pot-mil  On  Hlioii,  tiioilititi,  ootii|ii)siH|of 
n  I'ow  vovy  mIioiI  (Voo  Hpino.s,  wKIi  BoinolimoH  u   Hiiifilo  hoI'I   iii\.    Aiml 
lUi  \«MV  lon^i,  moiKMUloly  liiyli,  hoyimiiiifx  lUMir  llio  iiihldio  ol'  t|it>  |,,),iy 
M\\{  o\(onilinf>  ulony;  (ho  lowor  siWo  of  (ho  Itnml  liko  (nil,  ooiilhit'iil  wiih 
(hOvmnnllo:\U(li»l ;  iuitoii«»ily  >vi(hiMiinoi(»iiHH|»liioH.    Vondnln  iilMloniinnl, 
noiuly  nio«lii»n,  of  'J-4  iiiin(ioiiln(o  iiikI  uhoiil  H  null  iiiyM;   (he  Htm  vciv 
oUvHO  (oonoh  olhoi',  ittul  oHott  ooiiiphMoly  iitiilod.    PooIoiiiIm  hIiuiI.i  imv,] 
mdioi-  hifih.    (5ouom  2^  npooioH  »iltotil(l|  (loop  wiilor  (IhIioh,  I'oiiinl  in 
mos(  sorts* 
<xVrt,'rt.<rti»'A»  (?nnthor,  iii,  r<.|4.) 

<».  Dov'sal  Bi>itt(»«  U-W ;  wtottt.  \vi(  I»o»t  ph>b«»Rfl« NoTAOANTIU'h,  iw), 

IRO.-NOTAl'ANl'llirM  lUoH.. 

{ .itsinthontitux  \\Uw\\:  Compiiloiion  (''uliiiclnR.) 

ifiMfis  vfisiis  lUocli.  ,\iiNl;iiuli»ol(o  l'i.Hchi>,  \ii,  lit  :  rt(/c  (Jill  ) 

Snottt   tto(   pixMlnood    into  it   piH>bt»soi,s.     Dofssil  Mpiiios  12-15.    ('Inn 
ntMvrs  o(  the  jfiMius   olhoi'>vi.HC  inoliuiod  tibovo.    (k'tSt"?^  buck;  «xuw,'a, 
spiuo.) 

ftliS.  N.  rltotniillKi  Hlooh. 

i\>lor  plitiii,  or  with  tbi.sUy  biviul.s  on  tho  baotf.  t^lrat  ftptno of  tlio dor 
sal  opposite  tho  vontral  lh» ;  in>  no('(  my  in  tho  iixll  of  tlu^  IumI  Npiiio, 
Voutmis  oloso  tojiothor,  lunl  Joitiod  by  tho  intoititil  bonloi-  ol'  (Ikmi  hum 
branos.  IVotoruls  13  tintos  in  tho  lonj»'(h  of  (ho  ll.sh  ;  voiiliiilH  l'l' 
Umos  itt  loit^th.  Uojul  S  itt  longlh;  doptli  12.  li.  8;  I).  \  ;  A.  XIII, 
lir»;  C.  S.;  V,  17;  V.  Ill,  S.  Lsit.  1.  100.  {Vah^nvinnu's.)  Coast  of 
GiXHMibuid.  ThivS  or  soino  othor  olosoly  rohitod  spooioN  hn.s  boon  li  JHy 
trtkon  in  dcvi*  walor  olV  tho  ooast  of  N<»\v  ICnjjhunl. 

("  Xota,<inlh*if  chfmt)U:i  lUoch,  .\\\\\.  «loi  lUihm.  UoNoHm'h.  I7H7  "  :  .htiiillnniolns  mmi 
l^Utch,  Ausl.  I  (jH'ho,  xJi,  114;  .It^iHthofiotus  tnisuK  Hlooh  A  iSvhtH'iiln-,  M,vhI.  li  lilli.  ;fJU; 
S<>Ut<viKt},H*  »rtj«w«  ("nv.  A  Vivl.  viii,  Mu  :  yotiKimlhuH  nnmH  Oitiitlior,  iii,  D4  :  Campylo- 
4»n /«bricii  Kcinli.  Vidouiik.  !i«J»k.  Aflmuai.  ISM,  1)10.) 


ht.  AanmwMVMnnuAf.. 


a7i 


OiMMOH  q-SYNI^NT()(iNATin. 

|,(»\vi'i' pliinviiwiil  Immm'm  rnlly  iiiiifoil ;  poroiiil  mihI  IliinI  Hiiporior  |»l»)i« 
iviiir*<iil!^  Miiicli  ('IiIimuimI,  oviiI,  tiot  till iciihili'd  III  tlin  cDiiiliirii,  Rrixlini; 
pMKCHHCHlnrwiiidH;  llM>r<iiii'tli  wtiMliiiK.  Vciilriil  (liiHiilMlofiiiiiiil, wifhoiif, 
Hiiiiio,  ll'*^  '".VS  liMM'o  Mum  /"».  Hciipiiln.  HiiM|M>iMlr<l  to  llio  vniu'uuu  l»y  a 
jHiMl  tciiiponil  Ihhk^,  wliicli  1h  HlnidiM-  tiiiil  i'iir'('ti.l('.  l'Hti«^li^l  lioiio  miik-Ii 
i(diiiM>il.  Hiipnirliivii'U^  iiitt.diHiiiiri;  no  iiittMrhivicIt^  MaHiHorrj-fUiiMifi 
(liiiilil)^  in  IVoiii,  IhiI.  uilhodli  itiiiHnilni  tiilxs  V\\\h  williortt  MpiiicM.  Ail*' 
lilmldci  iiHiitilly  liirgi^  willioiM.  piMMinmti*'.  dm  1..  TIiIh  onirr  jfn'linl«'s 
„iilv  llio  rmiiily  <'i'  HroiiihrrvHitrhliVj  nml  iniirkH  llio  fcntriHitiori  (Vom  the 
/ 7/ (/,«)« ^»mt  to  the  Aconthnpffri.  IIh  n^latioiiH  with  thr  llaiflnmlMis  very 
iiilimiiln.    (rrMv,  trO^rthnrj  twr»T,  williin;  ^i"i!'A(?,  .j»i.w.) 

[I'lmontoml  |jt.  filially  SmmhviPMvhUm  Uiltitlior,  vl,  idlKJ-aJH, ; 

Family  LVIl.— S(;()MhKU,KS(  )(!I  IM^i. 

[The  (Jar jMim  and  f<V}/infiflHlirM,) 

Holly  olilotig  or  (Ooiif^ato,  coviMril  with  (myeloid  hcjiIch,  whii'h  art*:  iihiI' 
iiljy  ilrciiliioiiH.  Iiat(;i'al  liiii^  iiiniiiiij;  very  low,  aloii)i(  the  HideH  of  the 
hilly.  Head  more  or  Whh  Hi'.aly,  iiHiiiilly  witli  vertienl  Hiden.  MoiiMi 
viiriiiiiM,  tli(\)nwH  beiiifr  ot'ti'ii  pridon^ed  intoti.  iii-ali.  I'rrriDixilinrien  not 
prill nirlile,  hinged  at>  biiHi^  rneHially;  margin  of  the  npper  jaw  ehictly 
iiiriiiril  l)y  Hie  ttriMiiaxilhirieH  ;  tlie  nhott  inuxilhirieH  oi'U'.n  eiiteriri;^  the 
liiti'iiil  margin  ;  inaxilliiry  oftrii  aHeliyrioned  with  flie  firernaxiMary  ;  it« 
iilp^  Hlippiii|{  niidiM'  th(^  front,  of  the  jMeorliitiil.  Dentition  varioiiK. 
Dormil  tin  witliont/  Hpinew,  iiiHi-rted  on  Mie  powterior  ptirt  of  Hie  body, 
opposili'  the  aniil  and  nHiiiilly  Hiinihir  to  it'.  Vetitriil^  iilHloniiniil,  of  Hev- 
I'l'iil  Moi'l,  rnyH,  UHiiiiIly  iiiMerted  poMterloily.  No  iwlipoHe  fin.  I*ee,t<»ral 
llii  iiiNerted  hi^h,  HoinetinieH  iiHcd  hh  nn  or^an  of  tli^ht.  C/aiidal  fin 
UHUiiIiy  forked,  Hie  h>w«'r  h)l)e  th<',  hintjer.  Vejit  ehme,  in  front  of  anal. 
Niwtrils  lar^fe,  doable,  near  the  ey<^  Lower  |iharyn(;ea]H  fully  iinit^Ml. 
(lill  iiKMiibraneH  not  nnited,  free  from  the  iHthmnH.  l*Hetidobranehi;e 
liiiliiiMi,  glandular.  (lillrakerH  variouH.  (iillH  4,  a  Hlit  Iw^hind  thn 
fourth.  Air-bla<lder  UHiially  iar^e,  HometimeHeeJInlar.  Iiit^^-Htinal  eanal 
usually  Himplo,  without  cu;ea.     Carnivorous.     One  genuH  {Zenarchrp- 


mi 


^-■m 


» '  >  *a 


asm 


372     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY^iv^ 

terus)  viviparous,  the  other  oviparous.    Genera  about  8,  species  ico- 
abounding  in  all  warm  seas,  some  of  them  entering  fresh  waters. 

(Soomberesocidce  GUnther,  vi,  233-298.) 

"Jaws  with  sharp,  wide-set  teeth;  both  jaws  prolonged,  forming  a  beak;  ^n\cu 
none.     (Belonince.) 

a.  Gill-rakers  none  j  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines T ylosurus  l8i 

*•  Jaws  with  very  small  teeth,  or  none. 

b.  Maxillary  anchylosed  to  premaxillary. 
0.  Both  jaws  more  or  less  prolonged ;  dorsal  and  anal  with  finlots.    (Scomhert. 

aocina.) Scombeuksox,  itj;) 

CO.  Lower  jaw  only  produced ;  no  finlets.     (ITcmirhamphtTKe.) 
d.  Anal  fin  of  the  male  not  modified ;  species  oviparous.  /•    - 

Hemirhamphus,  183. 
bb.  Maxillary  separate  from  premaxillary;  neither  jaw   producrl;  no  finlets ■ 
pectoral  fins  elongate.     (Exocaelirxe.) 

e.  Ventrals  anteriorly  placed,  not  reaching  to  the  anal.  Halocypselus  184. 
ce,  Ventrals  posteriorly  placed,  reaching  past  front  of  anal. 

f.  Chin  without  barbel Excca-:Trs,  185. 

ff.  Chin  with  one  or  two  barbels  or  fleshy  appendages. Cypselukus,  180. 


181.— 1«/.OSURlJS  Cocco. 

Gar-fishes. 

(Cocco,  Lettere  in  Giomalo    Sci.  Let.   Sicilia,  xvii,   18:   type   Tylosuriu'  cantraini 
*  Cocco  =  Esox  imperialia  Ra{.)  y 

Body  elongate,  very  slender,  not  much  comi)ressed.  Both  jaws  pro 
longed  into  a  beak,  the  lower  jaw  somewhat  the  longer,  much  the  longer 
in  young  fishes,  the  very  young  resembling  Hemirhamphus.  Both  jaws 
armed  with  a  band  of  small,  sharp  teeth,  besides  which  is  a  series  of 
longer,  wide-set,  sharp,  conical,  unequal  teeth.  No  teeth  on  vomer  or 
palatines.  Maxillaries  grown  fast  to  premaxillaries.  Scales  small,  de- 
ciduous. Lateral  line  running  along  the  side  of  the  belly,  becomiiij!; 
median  on  the  tail.  No  finlets.  Doi^al  fin  usually  elevated  anteriorly. 
Caudal  fin  short,  truncate  or  forked.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  small,  the 
latter  inserted  behind  the  middle  of  the  body.  Gill-rakers  obsolete.  Air- 
bladder  present.  Ovary  single.  Bones  usually  green.  Size  compara- 
tively large.  Specie^-  uumerous.  Voracious  fishes,  found  in  most  seas. 
This  genus  differs  from  Belonef  {Belone  vulgaris  Cuvier)  in  the  absence 
of  gill-rakers  and  vomerine  teeth.    (ruAo?,  callous;  ovpd^  tail;  in  allusion 

•  We  are  informed  by  Dr.  Vinciguerra,  of  Genoa,  that  the  gill-rakers  are  obsolete 
in  Tyloaurua  imperialis,  as  in  all  the  American  species  formerly  referred  to  Belone, 

t  Cuvier,  R5gne  Auim.  ii,  1817:  tyyie  £sox  belone  h.  ■=  Belone  vulgaris  Vhmh^. 
{fieXovrf,  nn  ancient  namu  of  some  fish  whoso  "belly  splits  to  allow  the  escape  of  tbe 
eggs,  the  wound  afterwards  healing,"  doubtlesb  Syngnathua;  ftiXoi,  a  dart.) 


67.    SCOMBERESDCIDiE — TTL0SURU8. 


373 


to  the  caudal  keel,  on  wliich  the  genus  was  originally  based,  a  character 
of  little  importance.) 

Caudal  peduncle  not  keelod. 

b.  Posterior  rays  of  the  dorsal  prolonged,  longer  than  the  anterior  rays. 

596.  T.  Mana{C.&V.)J.&Q. 

Olive  green  above,  silvory  below,  sides  with  a  row  of  obscure  dusky 
blotches  in  the  young  ;  i)osterior  portion  of  dorsal  fin  black.  Snout  a 
third  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  head.  Maxillary  hidden  by  the  pre- 
orbital.  Dorsal  beginning  opposite  front  of  anal,  its  posterior  rays  much 
elevated,  their  tips  reaching  beyond  base  of  caudal.  Anal  fin  slightly 
falcate,  the  last  rays  very  low.  Tail  compressed,  deeper  than  broad. 
Head  3  in  length.  D.  20 ;  A.  27.  Virginia  to  the  West  Indies  and  the 
west  coast  of  Mexico,  occasional  on  our  coast. 

IBclonehiana  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  xviii,  432:  Bclonc  hians  Giinther,  vi,  248.) 

JJ.  MuWlo  and  posterior  rays  of  dorsal  short,  subeqnal. 

c.  Dorsal  and  anal  long,  each  with  more  than  20  rays. 

597.  T.  latimanus  (Poey)  J.  &  G. 

Green  above,  white  below.  Head  and  body  elongate.  Eye  lOJ  in 
head.  Beak  twice  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the  head.  Pectoral  rather 
long  and  pointed,  broader  and  shorter  than  in  T.  longirostris.  Bones 
uot  green.  Caudal  forked.  B.  24 ;  D.  24 ;  A.  25.  Cuba ;  occasional 
on  our  Atlantic  coast.    (Buzzard's  Bay;  Goode.) 

(Belone  latimana  Poey,  Mem.  Cuba,  ii,  292,  18(50:  Belone  latimanus  Giinther,  vi.  249: 

Bdone  latimana  Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1878,  6.) 

cc.  Dorsal  and  anal  shorter,  each  with  less  than  20  rays. 
(J.  Tail  compressed,  deeper  than  broad. 

!  5a§.  T.  notatUS  (Poey)  J.  &  G. 

Green  above,  yellow  below;  vertical  fins  bluish,  their  tips  tinged 
with  orange.  Free  portion  of  tail  compressed,  deeper  than  broad. 
lleatl  flat  abov**.  with  deep  scaly  median  groove.  Superciliary  region 
striated.  Base  of  premaxillaries  depressed ;  maxillary  hidden  by  the 
preorbital.  Teeth  moderate,  wide-set;  no  vomerine  teeth.  Eye  less 
than  interorbital  space,  f  the  postoxbital  part  of  head.  Body  broad, 
Bubcylindrical.  Pectoral  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of  head ;  veiitrals 
very  small;  anal  scaly  at  base;  caudal  slightly  emargiuate.    Scales 

;  rather  large.    Head  2 J.    D.  13;  A.  14.    (Giinther.)    West  Indies,  north 

i  to  West  Florida. 

{Bdone  notata  Poey,  Mem.  Cnba,  ii,  293, 1860:  Belone  notata  Giinther,  vi,248:  Belone 
,.;:ta/s Goode  «fc  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  151.) 

dd.  Tail  depressed,  broader  than  deep. 


ill 


i 


|l  v> 


mmm 


374      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY—iv 
599.  T.  longlrostrls  (Mitchill)  J.«fe  G.— Gar->ft;  BiU-ph;  Xcedh-Jinh. 

Olive  green  above,  silvery  below;  a  silvery  lateral  stripe;  a  dark 
spot  above  root  of  i)ectoral ;  fins  nearly  plain.  Free  portion  of  tail 
moderately  depressed,  not  keeled.  Head  long,  flat  above,  witli  a 
broad,  rather  shallow,  scaly  median  groove.  Top  of  head  not  ruTos,. 
usnally  faintly  striate.  Maxillary  rather  more  than  half  hidden  by  the 
preorbital.  Teeth  moderate;  no  votnerine  teeth.  Gill-rakers  obsolete 
Body  subcylindrical,  its  depth  less  than  the  length  of  the  pectoral 
which  is  about  equal  to  the  postorbital  part  of  the  head.  Ventruls  a 
little  nearer  the  head  than  the  caudal ;  dorsal  and  anal  somewhat  fal 
cate;  caudal  fin  truncate,  or  slightly  eniarginate.  Scales  thlu  and 
small,  deciduous.  Head  2^  5  snout  4.  D.  15;  A.  18.  L.  4  feet.  Maine 
to  Brazil ;  very  abundant  on  our  Atlantic  coast.  It  often  ascends  rivers 
far  above  tide- water. 

(Esox  longiroatria  Witch.  Amor.  Month.  Mag.  ii,  322,  1817:  7?e?one  frMnmfa  Le  Sunir 
Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  ii,  126, 1821 :  Bdone  trunoata  GUnther,  vi,  244 :  licloneicn- 
tator  Grd.  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  Ichth.  30.) 

aa.  Caudal  peduncle  keeled. 

eOO,  T.exilia  (Grd.)  J.  &G.— Needle-fish.  •' 

Translucent  green,  silvery  below;  an  olivaceous  vertebral  streak  and 
a  bluish  lateral  band;  fins  plain.  Body  very  slender ;  headlong.  Eye 
more  than  a  third  of  the  postorbital  region.  Maxillary  not  neariy  all 
hidden  by  the  narrow  preorbital.  Top  of  head  flattish,  with  a  broad 
scaly  groove.  Pectoral  fin  shorter  than  jwstorbital  part  of  head,  its 
length  more  than  gro.itest  depth  (f  body;  ventrals  short,  a  little  nearer 
head  than  caudal;  dorsal  and  anal  falcate,  rather  low,  the  anal  begin- 
ning before  dorsal  and  ending  in  front  of  its  last  ray;  caudal  tin 
unequally  lunate.  Scales  very  small  and  thin.  Head  3J.  D.  15;  A. 
17.  L.  3  feet.  Coast  of  California,  from  Point  Coucepciou  southward; 
abundi^nt. 

{Belone  exilis  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.  1854,  149:  Belone  exilia  Girard.U.S, 
Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  158:  Belone  exilia  Giiuther,  vi,  238.) 

l§a.— SCOITIBERESOX  Lacdp6de.     : •. 

■■■('•-    f*'  •'     v    ':■  ',.  _.  :       :  ,\     '     i  :,;,  ."i     ■  i  ■,  ,:;•■' 


aa.  Jiiws  scarce 


(5nj/m  Rafinesque:  Grammiconotus  Costa.) 

(Lac6p^de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  v,  .344, 1803:  type  Scombercaox  camperi  Li&c.^^Eaoxtaum  | 
Walb.) 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  small,  thin,  deciduous  scales, 

Jaws  more  or  less  prolous-d,  sometimes  forming  a  beak,  jjrovided] 


of  California  i 


67.    SCOMBEBESOCID^E — SCOMBEBESOX. 


875 


ffith  very  feeble  teeth;  lower  jaw  tlio  longer.  Maxillaries  joined  to 
nreiuaxillaries.  Tectorals  and  ventrals  small;  dorsal  small,  opposite 
■inal"  last  4-0  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  detached,  forming  flnleta.  No 
nvlonc  cffica.  Air-bladder  large.  Gill-rakers  numerous,  long  and  slen- 
der. Size  rather  small.  Species  2  or  more,  ranging  widely  in  the  open 
sea.    {Scomber;  Esox.)        .-  ,  .,.,.        -      *    , 

a.  Jaws  produced  in  a  beak.  "'    '         '  •   ..        •         . 

60l«  S.saurMs(Walb.)  Fleming.— ^awri/;  Skipper;  Bill-fish. 

Olive  brown  above,  sides  and  below  silvery;  a  distinct  silvery  band 
as  broad  as  the  eye  bounding  the  dark  of  the  back.  Head  broad  above, 
narrowed  below,  tapering  anteriorly  to  the  very  slender  pointed  beak; 
snout  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  head.  Fins  all  small;  caudal  flu 
forked;  ventrals  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  front  of  eye. 
Uead  3^  in  length;  depth  9.  D.  9— VI;  A.  12~VI;  Lat.  1.  110.  L. 
18  inches.    Atlantic  Ocean;  rather  common  on  both  coasts,  aiul  found 

in  the  open  seas. 

[fyoxsaurm  Walbaum,  Artedi,  Pise,  iii,  93,  1792:  Scombereaoi  camperi  Cuv.  &  Val. 
xviii,  4C4:  ScombcrcAOX  acutellatum  Lo  Sueur,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  ii,  132, 1821; 
Fleiuiiij;,  Brit.  Anim.  184  ;  Giinther,  vi,  257 :  Scomber euox  atortri  Storer,  lliat.  Fish.  Mass. 
;il5:  ticoHiftcresox  ronde/e<i  GUutUer,  vi,  257.)       v:         ' 

da.  Jaws  scarcely  produced,  not  forming  a  beak, 

603.  §•  brevirostris  Peters. 

Dark  green  above,  silvery  below ;  sides  with  a  lateral  silvery  stripe, 
bounded  above  by  a  dusky  streak;  upper  fins  mostly  dusky;  lower 
pale.  Body  much  elongate,  compressed,  widest  above,  the  abdomen 
and  lower  edge  of  head  trenchant.  Upper  jaw  conical,  not  produced, 
oudiug  in  a  very  acute  tip;  lower  jaw  slightly  longer,  its  tip  produced 
lor  a  very  slight  distance,  and  flexible;  triangular  portion  of  premax- 
illaries  as  long  as  broad;  snout  a  little  more  than  half  length  of  rest  of 
head;  iiiterorbital  space  flat;  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit.  Teeth 
very  minute,  in  a  single  row  in  each  jaw.  Eye  large,  in  front  of  middle 
of  head.  Pectoral  fin  somewhat  emargiuatc,  ^  length  of  head;  ven- 
trals small,  far  back,  slightly  nearer  tip  of  snout  than  tip  of  lower  lobo 
of  caudal;  dorsal  inserted  slightly  behind  front  of  anal;  both  flns  low, 
the  Unlets  small;  caudal  widely  forked,  the  lobes  equal.  Scales  small, 
(leciduons,  those  on  top  of  head  forming  an  elliptical  patch.  Head  5^; 
depth  9.  D.  9— VI;  A.  12— VI;  Lat.  1.  ca.  125.  L.  14  inches.  Coast 
of  California,  rare. 

(Petei-8,  Monatsberiiibt  Akad.  Wiss.  Berl.  July,  18GG,  .'>21 :  1  ScombcreaoxaairaGiimthoT, 
vi,258.) 


m 


\\ 


1-.  'I' 


1- "  n 


v4l 


K^ 


.     1  i"f 


i  }■ 


1^      ) 


I 


I 


m 


4 


^^K 


376      CONTBIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICIITHYOLOOY^iy. 

I      >      .       IHS.-HRiTIIKIIAIflPIIVS  Cnvier. 

Half-beaks.  ' 

(Cnvior,  UiV>"  Anlni.  ii,  1H17:  tyjui  Hemirhampkua  commergoni  Cuvi«r.) 

Body  olongiite,  compressod,  tlio  doraal  outlino  parallel  with  that 
of  the  belly.  Upper  jaw  short;  lower  jaw  prolonged  into  a  slender 
beak,  bf/nlered  with  membrane;  premaxillarieH  forming  a  tiiiinfjular 
plate,  the  teeth  of  which  lit  against  the  tootluul  portion  of  tlio  man. 
<lible;  maxillaries  joined  to  premaxillaries.  Teeth  feeble,  soiiiotinics 
tricuspid.  (Jill-rakers  rather  long.  Head  covered  above  willi  lurfrp 
shield-like  scales.  Scales  large,  deciduous.  No  Unlets;  caudal  liu 
more  or  less  forked,  the  lower  lobe  the  longer;  dorsal  and  anal  siinijar 
not  modi(U><l  in  the  nnUes.  Oviparous.  Air-bladder  large.  No  pylorie 
cojca.  Young  with  the  lower  jaw  short.  Species  numerous,  in  all  warm 
sesus,  going  in  large  schools.  Size  comparatively  small,  (^/k,  half- 
/5d/ivf'(»?,  beak.) 

a.  rcctoraltins  short;  vcntruls  luoiU'nito.     {HemirhamphuB.) 
603.  II.  uaiifascintus  Kuii/nni.  . 

Greenish,  sides  with  a  well-deliued  silvery  band,  narrower  than  the 
eye,  about  as  broad  as  a  scale.  Tip  of  lower  jaw  red.  Lower  jaw  (from 
end  of  upper  jaw)  4^5^  in  total  length  from  its  tip  to  base  of  caudal 
Head  (without  nuiiulible)  4J  in  length  from  tip  of  upper  jaw\  Pre- 
maxillaries  broader  than  long.  Eye  about  equal  to  interorbital  space, 
§  postorbital  part  of  head.  Ventrals  nearly  midway  between  eye  and 
base  of  caudal.  Dorsal  and  anal  sctaly.  Caudal  moderately  forked,  the 
middle  rays  being  longer  than  the  eye.  Back  not  compressed.  Head 
(with  lower  jaw)  2'|-3;  depth  7^.  D.  14;  A.  15;  Lat.  1.  54.  L.  12 
.  inches.  Capo  Cod  to  Panama  and  Indian  Ocean ;  common  ou  our 
South  Atlantic  coast. 

(Ranzani,  Nov.  Comm.  Acail.  Sci.  Inst,  Bonon.  1842,  v,  320,  tab.  25;  Gilulher,  vi, 
!M)2:  Heinirhamjthtie  riohardi  Cav.  et  Yah  xix/26.) 

BOl.  H.  rosie  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Green,  with  a  silvery  lateral  band,  rather  broader  than  a  scale.  A 
triple  vertebral  streak.  Lower  jaw  dark  reddish  brown.  Lower  jaw 
(from  tip  of  upper)  4A  in  length  from  its  tip  to  base  of  caudal.  Head 
■without  mandible  3*-  in  length  from  tip  of  upper  jaw.  Premaxillaries 
about  as  broad  as  long.  Eye  less  than  interorbital  space,  about  half 
postorbital  part  of  head.  Ventrals  rather  nearer  tip  of  caudal  than 
eye,  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  gill-opening.    Dorsal  and  anal 


67.    SCOMBERESOCID^. — IIAL0CYPSELU8. 


377 


fins  not  scaly.  Ciiiulal  moderately  forked,  the  middle  rays  beinj:f  twl(!0 
the  length  of  the  eye.  Peetorals  nhorter  than  imstorbital  part  of 
head.  VeiitralH  a  little  shorter.  Baek  broad.  Head  (with  lower 
jivw)  -rl-  ^^'  ^'^5  ^'  ^^i  ^^•*'^*  ^*  ^^*  Southern  California,  not  very 
common, 
(jordun  &  (lill>ert,  Proc.  U.  8,  Nat.  Mu8.  1880,  33.^..) 

an.  IVtffHivl  fiiiH  v»)ry  long;  ventralH  vory  short ;   body  very  Blonth-r.     {Euhptorham- 
j^Aua-Gill.) 

eo*.  H«  lo^Kirosl*"*"  Cuvicr.  \   ■ 

Olivaceous,  sides  silvery.  IJody  extremely  slender  and  elongated, 
inucli  compressed,  almost  band  like.  IJaek  thin,  subearinate.  Lower 
jiiw  very  slender  and  long,  niueh  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  head. 
TcetU  very  feeble.  Eye  large,  about  equal  to  snout.  Pectoral  fins 
loii^'  and  slender,  half  as  long  as  mandible,  more  than  one-fonrth  the 
length  of  the  rest  of  the  body.  Upper  rays  of  pectorals  broad  an<l 
(omprossed.  Ventrals  not  longer  than  eye,  ins(!rted  far  ba(;k.  Caudal 
I'm  iuH'(iually  forked,  the  lower  lobe  the  longer.  Head  (J)j;  dei)th  10. 
Maiulible  about  3.  D.  22;  A.  19;  V.  0.  L.  18  inclies.  Ca[)e  Cod  to 
Indian  Ocean,  in  the  open  sea;  rare  on  our  Atlantic  coast.  -. 

(CiiviiT,  Ut'^f^no  Aiiiiii.;  Giliitlicr,  vi,  270:  Ilvmirhamphuit  vian-orhfinvhuH  Giinthor,  vi, 
•270:  EiilptoHiamphua  longirostris  Putnam,  Proc.  13o8t.  8oc.  Nut.  Hist.  Icj70,  238.) 

...     ■    vi,ry;'r       li4._llAl,0CYPSEHJS  Weinland. 

(Woiiilaud,  ProcBost.  Soc. Nat.  Iliat.  1859,  vi,  385:  "typo  Kxocwtun mem<jaiitcr  Mitch.") 
This  genus  diflfers  from  Exoccetus  mainly  in  the  anterior  position  and 
small  size  of  the  ventral  fina,  which  terminate  in  advance  of  the  anal 
flu,  aiul  are  not  used  as  organs  of  Uight.  Species  not  very  numerous. 
(al,-,  sea;  z^sAo?,  a  swallow.)  , 


606,  II.  cvolans  (L.)  Wcinl.  '  z^- 

Olivaceous  above,  with  dark  specks;  silvery  below,  with  a  bright  blue 
lustre.  Pectoral  ftns  black  above  and  behind,  the  lower  border  whitish. 
Snout  obtuse  and  short,  %  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  Eye  not  large,  4:^ 
itt  head,  less  than  the  width  of  the  broad,  rather  convex,  interorbital 
space.  Distance  from  snout  to  first  ray  of  ventral  about  equal  to  dis- 
tjuico  between  root  of  ventrals  and  last  ray  of  dorsal.  Pectoral  fins 
long,  A  the  length  of  the  body,  reaching  the  root  of  the  caudal ;  second 

•Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185l>,  131:  type  Euleptorltamphua  breroorti  Gill= 
nemirhamphu8  longiroair'm  Cuvier.    {evXeTtroi,  very  ulendcr;  /jaj^cpoif  beak.) 


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378     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 

ray  of  pectoral  divided,  third  ray  longest.  Ventral  fins  not  reachinj; 
nearly  to  vent.  Dorsal  inserted  a  little  in  advance  of  front  of  anul  its 
anterior  rays  not  half  so  long  as  the  head  ;  20  scales  in  front  of  dorsal 
and  G  between  dorsal  and  lateral  line.  Gill  rakers  long  and  slender. 
Head  4;  depth  5^.  D.  13;  A.  13.  Lat.  1,  42;  Vert.  25  +  19.  In  mo^t 
warm  seas,  not  rare  on  our  Atlantic  coast,  where  it  spawns  in  suiniuer. 

(Exocwtua  erolana  L.  Syst.  Nat.  i,  521 :  Exocatun  ctoJans  Giintbor  vi,  1>8;2:  Ejcocatut 
evolana  Liitken,  Vidcnsk.  Meddel.  ITatiirb.  Foren.  187G,  102;  Weiuland,  1.  c.) 

607.  II.  obtusarostris  (GUntber)  J.  &  O. 

Very  similar  to  11.  evolans^  but  with  the  dorsal  fln  inserted  above  or 

behind  the  lirst  ray  of  the  anal ;  the  distance  from  the  snout  to  the  first 

ray  of  the  ventrals  less  than  the  distance  betw^een  the  root  of  the  veu- 

trals  and  last  ray  of  the  dorsal ,  7  to  8  rows  of  scales  above  the  lateral 

line;  lins  more  distinctly  marked.    D.  13;  A.  13.    Lat.  1.  40.    {Liitken.) 

Tropical  seas,  north  to  Louisiana. 

(Esocu'lHn  obtiiHiroHtris  Giinther,  vi,  283:  Exocxtua  ohtusiroatris  Liitken,  Vidonsk. 
Meddel.  Nutiirh.  Foreu.  1870,  102.) 

185  .-EXOCaiTUS  Linnffius. 

Flying  fishes. 
(Artedi;  Liniiieua,  Syst.  Nat. :  typo  ^jrocaius  i'o/i<ans  L.) 

Body  elongate,  broad  above,  somewhat  compressed.  Head  sliorf, 
blunt,  narrowed  below.  Mouth  small.  Jaws  very  short,  about  equal. 
Chin  without  bi*''bel.  Maxillaries  not  joined  to  the  premaxillaries. 
Teeth  very  feeble  or  wanting.  Eyes  large.  Gill-rakers  moderate. 
Scales  large,  deciduous.  No  tinlets.  Dorsal  fin  short,  oi)posite  anal. 
Caudal  widely  forked,  the  lower  lobe  the  longer.  Pectoral  tin.s  very 
long,  reaching  i)ast  the  beginning  of  the  anal,  ami  serving  as  organs  of 
flight,  their  groat  size  enabling  these  fishes  to  sustain  themselves  in  the 
air  for  some  time.*  Ventral  fins  *largj,  posteriorly  inserted,  also  used 
as  organs  of  flight.  Air  bladder  very  large.  No  pyloric  cocoa.  Species 
numerous  in  all  warm  seas.  [i~d)xoiroq,  sleeping  out;  the  ancient  name 
of  these  fishes,  which  were  supposed  to  come  out  on  the  beach  to  sleep 
at  night ) 


*  Tbeso  iiab(<8  are  enabled  to  suataiu  tliaaisolves  in  the  air  for  upwards  of  a  minute. 
Tboir  movements  are  fcxcoodingly  rupii*.  Tbeir  impulse,  apparently,  comes  iiiaiiily 
from  tbo  strouij;  tail,  wbicb  lias  a  sculling  motion  in  tbo  water,  by  wbich  tliey  acquire 
a  great  veloci '  v.  Wbeu  tboy  iirst  emerge  from  tbo  wat^r,  Ibe  pectorals  are  Ritrciui  mid 
vibrato  rapidly,  iko  tbo  wings  of  an  insect,  and  tbe  ventrals  are  closed.  Tlie  motion 
of  the  pectoral  issimultane"- ,;  witb  the  motion  of  ibe  tail,  and  is  probably  caiisrd  liy 
the  latter.  Wlien  tbey  reaeb  a  borizontfil  position  in  tbe  air,  tlio  pectorals  and  \tii- 
trals  are  sxiroad,  and  aiti)i'rently  used  only  to  retain  tbe  impulse  previously  reoeived. 


57.    SCOMBEUESOCID^ — EXOCCETUS. 


379 


508.  E.  californlcus  Coopor. — Fbjlng-fish;  P'olador.  .    =      ;. 

Steel-blue  above  and  on  both  sides,  belly  abruptly  silvery.  Pectorala 
bluckisli,  with  the  posterior  edge  paler ;  an  obscure  oblique  pale  band 
across  lower  iiart;  caudal  plain  dusky;  ventrals  pale,  partly  dusky; 
dorsal  rather  pale,  with  a  dusky  blotch  above.  Body  stoutish.  Lower 
jaw  rather  the  longer ;  both  jaws  with  minute  teeth.  Eye  large,  rather 
loii'nn-  than  snout,  3  iu  head,  nearly  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  slightly 
concave  interorbital  space.  Pectoral  tin  reaching  i)ast  the  dorsal 
and  falling  just  short  of  the  caudal.  Second  ray  of  pectoral  divided, 
the  tliird  longest.  Ventrals  about  reaching  middle  of  anal,  their  length 
3J  iu  body,  their  insertion  midway  between  middle  of  opercle  and  base 
of  tail.  Anterior  rays  of  dorsal  half  the  length  of  the  head ;  43  rows  of 
scales  between  occiput  and  dorsal,  7  between  the  dorsal  and  the  lateral 
Hue.  Head  5;  depth  G;  ]).  12;  A.  10;  Lat.  1.  58.  L.  18  inches. 
Southern  California ;  very  abundant  in  summer  about  the  Santa  Bar- 
bara Islands. 

(Cooper,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  1864,  93;  GiUither,  vi,  295.)  -  • 

609.  £•  novcboracnnsjs  Mitchill. 

Dark  bluish  above ;  iiectorals  blackish,  with  the  lower  edge  pale,  in 
the  young  with  two  black  bars;  ventrals  mesially  blackish,  the  edges  all 
white;  caudal  lobes  mesially  dusky,  the  edges  pale.  Head  short;  snout 
very  blunt,  shorter  than  the  very  large  eye,  which  is  narrower  than  the 
broad,  concave,  interorbital  space.  Pectoral  fins  very  long,  reaching 
past  the  base  of  the  caudal ;  second  ray  of  pectoral  divided ;  ventrals 
reaching  considerably  i)ast  anal;  their  inserriou  midway  between  the 
preoperclo  and  the  base  of  the  caudal.  Dowsal  fin  inserted  opi)08ite 
aual.  Head4§;  depthSJ.  D.  ll;A.9.  Lat.  .  42-48.  North  Atlantic; 
not  rare  on  our  coast. 

(Mitcliill,  Aiucr.  Month.  Mag.  ii,  233,  1S17;  DoKay,  New  York  Fauna,  Fishes,  230; 
fCuv.&  Val.  xix,  99.) 

610.  E.  inclanuriis  Cuv.  &  Val. 

Bluish  above,  silvery  below,  the  pectoral  fin  blackish,  except  a  por- 
tion of  its  middle  and  inner  edge;  ventrals  plain  or  nearly  so.  Head 
of  moderate  length,  not  very  blunt,  the  interorbital  space  broad  wiu.r 
than  the  eye  and  somewhat  concave.  Eye  very  large,  longer  than 
snout,  3  iu  head.  Pectoral  fin  1%  in  length,  reaching  past  the  base  of 
the  last  dorsal  ray  and  the  tip  of  the  last  anal  ray.  Vnntrals  inserted 
midway  between  the  posterior  edge  of  the  eye  and  the  middle  of  the 
base  of  the  caudal,  their  tips  reaching  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  last 


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380     CONTIlinUTIONS   TO   NOKTII   AMERICAN   ICIITHYOLOaY — ly. 

auiil  ray ;  socoiul ray  of  i)ectoruI  llu  divided.  Dorsal  (In  low,  itH  insertion 
nearly  opposite  front  of  anal.  IImuX  4;  depth  0.  D.  11;  A.  9;  Hcalcs 
C-52-3.    North  Atlantic ;  occiasional  on  our  (;oaHt. 

(Tf  (-nv.  iSt.  Viil.  Hist.  Niil.  I'oiHs.  xix,  lOl  ;  siiid  t«»  huvo  a  Muck  blotch  on  tli«  iiiipor 
part  of  tlu>  biiNt^  ol'tli*^  tail,  n-culliiiK  Mi*>  t'.Dlorutioii  oiHpvuiuH  o(  Sarguii,  a  reutiitu  not 
noticed  by  uh  on  any  ol'onr  llyiug-titih.) 

Oil.  E.  cxilicilN  (•nu^Iin. 

Uluifsh  above,  silvery  Inflow,  sides  with  (Ive  broad,  transverse  bars- 
I)ectorals  and  ventrals  irrefjfularly  banded  and  blotehed  with  blue  and 
black.  IJody  very  slender;  snout  short,  ,\  length  of  head.  Dorsal  and 
anal  fins  similar  and  opposite.  Ventrals  inserted  slij^litly  behiml  tlie 
middle  of  the  body;  jieetorals  I'fj  in  length  of  body;  second  ray  of  pec 
torals  extendinj^  beyond  llie  membrane  in  a  spine-like  process.  Ven- 
trals 3  in  length.  Head  G  in  total  length  with  caudal.  D.  12;  A.  IL'. 
Lat.  1.  48.  {(hxxic.)  Atlantic  Ocean;  a  small  sjjecies,  possibly  the 
young  of  some  other. 

(Omolin,  Syst.  Nut.  i,  MOO,  17H8  ;  GUntbor,  vi,  21)1 ;  Goo(h),  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mim.  v, 
64.)  , 

180.-rVPSEL.URVS  SwaiuHou. 

Bearded  Flying-Jishes. 

(Cypsiluriin  Swainson,  Classilication  of  Fiybos,  18U9,  290:  typo  ExocoDttia  nuttalH  Lo 
Sueur.) 

This  genus  dillers  from  E.rocaitm  in  the  presence  of  one  or  more  bar- 
bels or  cutaneous  api)endages  of  delicate  texture  on  the  tip  of  tlie  n).in- 
dible.  The  species  are  all  of  snnill  size,  and  it  is  jjossible  that  in  soiuo 
of  them  these  appendages  are  lost  with  age.  (Kui/'chii^  a  swift  or  swal- 
low; odfHx.^  tail.) 

01  !l,  C.  riircntiis  (Mitch.)  Wciulaml. 

Barbels  2,  ribbon-like,  usually  little  if  any  longer  than  the  eye.  Eye 
large,  narrower  than  the  broadly,  slightly  concave,  interocular  space. 
Adult  nearly  plain;  young  with  three  broad,  black  bands  across  the 
belly  in  front  of  the  ventrals;  operculum  jind  i)ectorals  marbh'd  with 
black;  lower  cauilal  lobe  with  three  blackish  cross  bauds;  postoiior 
part  of  venlral  and  lower  part  of  anal  black.  Ventrals  and  pecjtoials 
rea(!hing  past  base  of  caudal ;  ventrals  inserted  nearer  the  root  of  the 
caudal  than  the  snout;  dorsal  very  high,  higher  than  the  body,  the 
longest  rays  not  reaching  the  caudal.    Anal  not  low.     llcad  4  iu 


imm:: 


f*- 


> 


LOPIIODRANCnil. 


381 


length,  not  very  short  nor  very  blunt.    D.  13;  A.  9.    Atlantic  Ocean; 
not  very  <!(nninon  on  our  coasts. 

(Exocalun  furmtuH  Mitoli.  TraT\H.  Lit.  and  Phil.  S«)c.  i,  \\\),  18ir>;  Exocattwt  fiircnhiit 
Oiliitlici",  vi,  2815:  Hxorwtuit  niitlaUi  Lo  Sihmit,  Joiini.  Aciul.  Nat.  Sci.  IMiila.  1H21, 10:  Kx- 
ffialuinultallii  (HU\t\uir,  vi,28(>:  ICxocvBtiiH  furcatun  lAUktm,  Vitluiidk.  MoiUlel.  Nutiirh. 
Forcii.  Iri7(i,  100;  VVoiiil.  1.  r.) 

6I3>  €.  comatlis  (Mitch.)  Wmuland. 

Grooiiisli  above,  paler  below  ;  ventrals  soinewhat  <lusky ;  lower  edge 
of  pectorals  pale.  JJody  moderately  elongate ;  head  niedinin  ;  eye  very 
liuge,  loos*'''  than  snout,  about  3  iti  lu^ad.  H;irb(d  very  loiif?,  ribbon- 
like, rciiehin}^  in  the  adult  aw  far  as  the  base  of  the  ventrals  ;  a  small 
Niiniliir  barbel,  shorter  than  the  ey<5,  on  each  side  of  it  at  base.  IN^itoral 
(ins  rciichinf?  to  last  ray  of  dorsal,  the  third  ray  lon}i;est,  the  second  sjdit. 
Insertion  of  dorsal  nearly  midway  between  vc^ntrals  and  anal;  ventrals 
siijjlitly  nearer  j?ill-oi)enin}?s  than  base  of  caudal,  their  tii)s  nearly  reac^h 
infj  end  of  anal,  which  is  smalhu*  than  dorsal ;  (caudal  well  forked,  the 
lower  lobe  h)ngest.  Head  4;  depth  lijj.  1).  12;  A.  0;  Lat.  1.47.  L.  8 
inches.    [IMtken.)    Atlantic  Ocean;  occasional  on  our  coast. 

(ExocirtiiH  wmaluii  Mitch.  TraiiH.  Ijit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  4'18:  ICxocmlim  mmatHH 
OiintliiT,  vi,  128(1:  Kxixujctiut  onmatiin  l)(>Kay,  Now  York  Kaima,  l''inh<w,  'JIM  :  KxovmtuK  op- 
jienf/icM/'i^i"*  Wood,  .lourii.  Acad,  Na(.  H(!i.  Pliila.  \HiA,W.\:  ExocmIuh  voinalua  Liitkun, 
VUlousk.  Mcddel.  Natur.  Foriui.  1870,  10(5,  ilg.  1, 

OttDEB  R.-T/)Pir()iuiANcn[r. 

{The  Lopliohranchs.) 

Gills  tufted,  not  laminated,  composed  of  small  rounded  lobes  atta(;hed 
to  the  gill-anjhes.  Scapula  suspended  to  the  cranium  by  a  post-tcn>- 
porui.  Superior  branchihyals  md  pharyngeals,  an«l  basal  braiujhi- 
liyals  wanting  or  wot  ossilied.  Mouth  very  small,  bounded  above  by 
the  prciaaxillaries.  'ost-temporal  simi>le,  co ossirted  with  the  crannim ; 
basis  of  the  cranium  .^itnple.  Pectoral  fins  with  elevated  l>as(ss.  Inter- 
davicles  well  dovelopc  .  Anterior  vertebrae  modi(ie<l,  the  diapophyscs 
miicli  expanded.  Air-bhuhhT  simple,  without  air-duct.  Snout  pro- 
duced, bearing  the  small  toothless  mouth  at  the  end.  Gill  covers  re- 
duced to  a  largo  simple  plate.  Skin  with  bony  plates.  Muscular 
system  little  developed.  The  families  mentiotuMl  below  have  neither  spi- 
nous dorsal,  nor  v^entral  fins;  the  Solcnontomathlw  of  the  Indian  Ocean 
have  all  the  llns  well  developed.    (A«v''(>?,  crest;  i3f)d)-^ta,  gills.) 

(iop/iotranc/iifGUnther,  viii,  150-'20o.)  —      ■     -  '    •'  ' 


4    .  V 


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■71 

382     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY. — ly. 


'i.tif'T''  iBiPI"''M        Jill 


:l 


^"  '  ANALYSIS  OF  THE   FAMILIES  OF  LOPIIOBRANCniI.  .•.  ■ 

a.  No  spinous  dorsal  fin ;  no  ventral  fins ;  gill-openings  narrow.  );.'< 

6.  Axis  of  head  in  a  line  with  that  of  the  body S vngnatiiip^e  58 

bh.  Axis  of  the  head  forming  an  angle  with  that  of  the  body..HiprocAMPiD^  50 

Family  LVIIL— SYNGNATHIDiE.: 

The  Pipe- fislics.  ;,. 

Body  elongate,  very  slender,  covered  with  bony  plates.  TIead  slender 
its  axis  continuous  with  that  of  the  body.  Snout  long,  tube-like,  bear- 
ing the  short  toothless  jaws  at  the  end.  Gill-openings  reduced  to  a 
small  aperture  behind  the  upper  part  of  the  opercle.  Tail  long,  not 
prehensile,  usually  provided  with  a  pmall  caudal  fin.  IMale  fishes  with 
an  egg  pouch,  usually  placed  on  the  under  side  of  the  tail,  souietimes 
on  the  abdomen,  and  formed  of  two  folds  of  skin  which  meet  on  the 
median  line.  The  eggs  are  received  into  this  pouch  and  retained  until 
some  time  after  hatching,  when  the  pouch  opens,  permitting  the  yorni" 
to  escape.  Dorsal  fin  single,  nearly  median,  of  soft  rays  only;  pectorals 
present,  small;  ventrals  none;  anal  fin  minute,  usually  present.  Genera 
10  or  more;  species  1130.  Small  fishes,  found  in  all  warm  seas,  somo 
times  enterinfif"  fresh  waters. 
(Syngnathiilce,  group  Si/ngnathina  Gilnthor,  viii,  153-193.) 

a  Humeral  hones  united  below;   caudal  fin  present;  pectoral  fins  well  devolopod; 
dorsal  nearly  opposite  the  vent Siphostoma,  187. 

1§7.— SIPHOSTOIfIA*  Eafiuesque. 
(iSi/nf/nffY/jws  of  most  recent  authors.)    * 

(Rafinesquo,  Caratteri  di  a^cuni  Nnovi  Genori,  18,  IHIO:  type  Sipionathua pelafiiniiiLf) 
Body  elongate,  very  slender,  six  or  seven  angled,  not  compressed, 
tapering  into  a  very  long  tail;  the  dorsal  keels  of  the  trunk  not  contin- 
uous with  those  of  the  tail.  Head  slender,  tapering  into  a  long  tuk'- 
like,  sub  terete  snout,  which  bears  the  very  short,  toothless  jaws  at  the  j 
Olid.  Humeral  bones  firmly  united  with  tlie  "  breant-ring.''  Body  cov- 
ered with  a  series  of  bony,  keeled,  radiated  i)lates,  arranged  in  linear  j 
soVies.  Dorsal  fin  distinct,  rather  short,  opposite  the  vent,  which  is 
near  the  middle  of  the  body;  caudal  fin  present,  rather  small;  anal  fin 

•The  genus  Sifngnaihua  of  LiniKsna,  originally  equivalent  to  the  modern  orderofj 
Zophobranchii,  was  first  subdivided  by  Rafinesquo  in  1810.  The  name  Siphostoma  wmI 
given  to  S.  pdagiem,  and  its  relatives,  the  Sgngnathua  of  late  writers,  that  of  Tiphltl 
to  S.  t'lphle,  the  Siphonostoma  of  late  writers,  while  Sijngnathua  was  retained  for  &| 
cequoreua  and  its  relatives,  the  group  now  usually  called  Nerophia,  ,. 


minute, 

Male  fisl 

by  two  c 

iishes.    ^ 

among  t 

jfeniis  an 

is  very  di 

a.  Breast  si 
b.  Atlai 

614.  S.  fv 
« 

Olivacec 

dorsal  witi 

Occiput  us 

covering  4 

Belly  in  fei 

body.     Lat 

D.  35-40.    ; 

described  fr 

{ffpignatliiia , 
Gilb.  Proc.  U.' 
jKckianiis  G'diit 
Faima,  Fish.  ;) 

on.  s.  loiij 

Color  of  o 
feiiialos,  nuic 
Ivoeled.  Dor 
from  snout 

'S.  ttffinia  (GUnt 

"Tliolougtho 

j  Head  iic.-u-ly  one 

I  line  of  flu,  snout 

I  Anfcrior  part  of 

'  VI-  than  hodj- 

I  Vi'ut  below  the 

I  ''«<l,v-riii«8.    Can 

I  Willi  iii(li,stiuet   . 

I  Total  lon;,'thG  ii 

[fiu  2  inches.     Lot 

Aiiofhcr  form  o 

Iti'iiialcs  very  high 

jlliohead.    bccipi 

p'Ks.    Distance  1 

|Hai'lc  carina.    Ho 

{Siphonoatoma  sp 


58.    SYNONATDID^^SIPnOSTOMA. 


383 


minute,  close  behind  vent;  pectorals  develojied,  aliort  and  rather  broad. 
male  flslics  with  an  egg-pouch  along  the  under  side  of  the  tail,  formed 
by  two  cutaneous  folds,  and  splitting  lengthwise  to  extrude  the  young 
flsUes.  Species  numerous,  inhabiting  all  warm  seas;  abounding  iu  bays 
anion""  the  sea-weeds,  and  entering  the  rivers.  The  species  of  this 
(Tcnns  are  subject  to  many  variations,  and  their  proper  discrimination 
is  very  difficult,    {anpov,  tuhc,  (rzo/ia,  month.) 

a  Dreast  shields  not  covercdby  skin;  lAver  jaw  projecting.     (Siphostoma.)  >  :x- 

6.  Atluutic  coast  species. 

G14<  S.  fiBSCUm  (Storer)  J.  &  G.— Common  Ptpc-fiah. 

Olivaceous;  sides  mottled  and  blotched  as  in  other  species;  base  of 
dorsal  with  darker  spots.  Mnzzle  shorter  than  the  rest  of  the  head. 
Occiput  usually  more  or  less  keeled  Dorsal  fin  longer  than  the  head, 
covering  4-4-5  rings.  Distance  from  snout  to  dorsal  3  in  total  length. 
Belly  in  females  scarcely  carinate.  Tail  ofie-third  longer  than  rest  of 
body.  Lateral  lino  and  upper  caudal  edge  not  continuous.  Head  9. 
1).  35-10.  Rings  18-1-37.  L.  10.  Atlantic  coast,  common  northward; 
ilescribed  from  specimens  from  Wood's  Holl,  Mass. 

[Stjngnatliiia  fu8cu8  Storor,  Ropt.  Fish.  Mass.  1838,  102:  Siphonontoma  fusctun  Jot.  & 
Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1880,  22:  S;ingnathH8  pecklanua  Storer,  1.  c.  1(»;J:  Sjingnathus 
mdhinns  Giinthor,  viii,  loT:  Sifnfjnathns  fasciatits  and  viridvuvvna  DeKay,  New  York 
I'amiii,  Fish.  319-321:  1  Si/ngnathits  affiitis*  Giluther,  viii,  1G4;  I'rom  Louisiana. ) 

G15.  S.  louisinaiiE  (Giiuthcr)  J.  &  G. 

Color  of  other  species;  base  of  dorsal  spotted.  INIuzzlo  longest  in 
females,  much  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  head.  Oceii)ut  somewhat 
keeled.  Dorsal  fin  shorter  than  the  head,  on  3-|-5  rings.  Distance 
from  snout  to  dorsal  2J  in  total  length.      ]3elly  iu  females  scarcely 

'S.  affinis  (GUnther)  J.  &  G. 

"The  leiigtli  of  the  siu.nt  is  a  lltMo  h^ss  than  that  of  the  remaining  part  of  the  head. 

Hond  nearly  one-ninth  of  the  total  length.     A  distinct  ridge  runs  along  the  nitMliau 

j  line  of  the  snont  and  nnchal  shields,     yupraorbital  ridge  contiiuied  over  the  temples. 

I  Aiitiiior  part  (^f  the  opiirculnm  with  a  faint  ridge.     Shields  withont  spinels.     Tail 

Idiigrr  than  body.     Caudal  pouch  half  as  long  as  tin*  body.     Lateral  line  interrupted. 

I  Vcut  bolow  the  posterior  third  of  the  dorsal,  which  occupies  l>  rings,  r>  of  which  are 

body-rings.    Caudal  iin  w<dl  develop«ul ;  anal  fin  rudinieufary  in  the  male.     Back 

wKli  intlistiuct  brown  cro.'iS-bars ;   a  brown  band   from  t\w  eye  along  the  Ruont." 

Total  length  C  inches.     Head  10  lines.    Trunk  IJ  inch.     Length  to  origin  of  dorsal 

[fiuiJ  inches.     Louisiana.     (GUnther.) 

Another  form  or  species  has  the  body  stouter  and  the  color  darker,  the  dorsal  in  the 
[feiualt's  very  high,  and  blhckish,  with  paler  spots.  Muzzle  about  e<iual  to  the  rest  of 
jtlie  head.  Occiput  somewhat  cariuated.  Dorsal  flu  shorter  than  tho  head,  oii  3-J-5 
jriujrg.  Distance  front  suout  to  dorsal  2^  in  length.  Belly  iu  tho  females  with  a  sharp 
Iblaek  carina.  Head  7.  D.  30-31.  Rings  15-f  33.  Saint  Johu'a  River,  Florida. 
{Sipkonostoma  sp.  Jordan,  Froo.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.  1880,22.) 


.11 


i;%^-w- 


!    ;>■  '• 


ii  '   :    ' 


Mi  'iri 


■'N,  « 


wm 


8.-^ 


t,   ♦ 


384    CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN  ICnTHYOLOOY— ly. 

cariiiated.     Tail  ono-flfth  longer  tban  the  rest  of  the  body.    Lateral 

line    and    upper  caudal  edge  not  continuous.     Head  7.     I).  33_37 

Kings  18 -f  33-20  4- 38.     L.  12  incites.    Virginia  to  Texas;  described 

from  specimens  from  Beaufort,  N.  C. 

{Si/ngnathiia  louisianw  Gilnthor,  viii,  IGO:  Siphonoatoma  louUiance  Jordan,  Proc.  U.  8 
Nat."  Mas.  1H80,  t>2.) 

bb.  Pacific  coast  spocioa. 

610.  S.  californiensc  (Storor")  GiU.— Big  Pipe-fish. 

Olivaceous,  varying  to  brownish  red,  yellowish  below,  head  and  body 
viirionsly  marbled  and  speckled  with  whitish,  the  markings  posterioilv 
taking  the  form  of  short  horizontal  grayish  stre.aks,  anteriorly  often 
forming  narrow  bars;  usually  a  brownish  lateral  band.  Top  of  head 
not  carinated.  Snout  very  long,  from  1^  to  2  times  the  length  of  the 
rest  of  the  head,  its  len.i^th  proportionately  greater  in  the  adult,  and 
usually  greatest  in  males.  f)or8al  shorter  than  head.  Lateral  line  not 
continuous  with  upper  edge  of  tail.  Belly  not  carinated.  Opercle  with- 
out ridge.  Dorsal  rays  42  (varying  from  38  to  44).  Rings  20  +  4G 
(those  behind  the  vent  varying  from  40  to  48  in  number;  40  to  43  in 
\ax.  (friscoVmcatmn  ;  40  to  48  in  var.  calif ornivnsc).  L.  14  to  18  inches, 
much  more  than  in  our  other  species.  Pacific  coast  of  United  States, 
everywhere  common,  especially  northward. 

{Sijngnalhus  califonmnsis  Storoi",  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  73,  1845:  Siinfinatht 
californicnuis  G\\l,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  IHd'i,  28:5:  SnnnnatliKS  fjriacoliiuvtiis  Ayren, 
Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1854,  14:  Syngnttthtts  grisvoUiieatim  Giiiitlu'i",  vii',  KiO:  Sjinyna- 
thus  abhotti  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  K.  R.  Surv.  Fisli.  310:  Synynathua  caUfoniiensis  iiiviml, 
U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  344.)      l/jL    '    /  (A.  Qljt^  f  x,  <t/, 

617.  S.  Icptorhynchust  (Girard)  J.  &  G.  ^ti-tvMJ-fv^     i  <r  o 

Yellowish  brown  or  blackish,  spotted  or  vermiculated.  Head  raised 
above,  but  usually  not  carinated.  Snout  l^-lj  times  the  length  of  tho 
rest  of  tho  head.     D.  30-35.    Rings  17+37-43.    L.  10  inches.    Other- 

*  Another  form  or  apccica,  occnrring  at  Monterey  and  Santa  Barbara,  ngreos  T\'ith 
tlio  prccedin<5  in  si/o,  color,  plates,  fin-rays,  «!k,c.,  bnt  dilFora  in  having  tho  siiout  short 
not  longer  than  tlio  rest  of  tho  head.  Tlio  eyes  aro  rather  BUialler  than  in  S.  califor- 
nienae,  and  tho  kCula  aro  perhaps  h-ss  sharp. 

t  Another  coiiunon  forni,»\vhich  is  probably  a  variation  of  this  species,  is — 
S.  dimidiainm  Gill. 

Similar  to  S.  leptorhynchua,  bnt  with  tho  snont  very  short.,  scarcely  as  long  as  tho! 
rest  of  the  head.  Head  slightly  crested  above.  D.  30;  ripgs  15-f-38.  L.  8  inches.! 
Coast  of  California,  chiolly  sonth  of  Point  Conccpciou. 

{Syngnalhita  breviroatria  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  156  (naino  prcoc- 
cnpied):  Syngnathiia  dimidiatiia  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  284:  Syngntttki\ 
dimidlatiiB  GUuthor,  viii,  65.) 


59.    HIPPOCAMPIDiE. 


5^5 


\risP  essentially  as  iu  S.  californicnss.  Nuchal  plates  somewhat  keeled 
invar,  leptorhynchus ;  not  keeled  in  var.  arundinaceum.  Coast  of  Cali- 
foiiiiii.  chielly  south  of  Point  Concepcion ;  abundant. 

I S^iiyiKilhiM  IvptorhifiichiM  {iirar(\,  Proc.  Acud.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliila.  1854,  ir>(5:  SungnafhttR 
jfptorliiliicli lid  Ciiraril,  U.  S.  Pac.  K.  U.  Siirv.  Fish.  ;M(i:  Syngnathm  UptoihiinchnH  iiiW, 
Proc.  Aiiid.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilu.  18G2,  284:  Syngnathna  arutidlnuceua  Giranl  &.  Gill,  11.  cc.,) 

(1(1.  Breast  Khiohls  covered  by  loose  skin  ;  lower  jaw  iucliidod.    {DcrmaioHtclhus"  Gill.) 

6l§>  8*  punctipinne  (Gill)  J.  &  G. 

Brown;  dorsal  tin  speckled.  Body  comparatively  robust  Snout 
moderate,  a  little  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  head.  Eye  large.  Occi[)ut 
with  a  raised  keel;  joint  between  the  occiput  and  the  first  dorsal  shiehl 
more  p<n'fect  than  usual,  so  that  the  head  can  be  placed  at  an  angle  with 
the  body.  Greatest  depth  {".bout  equal  to  length  of  post-orbital  part  of 
hciul.  Skin  on  breast  and  anterior  ventral  plates  thin,  showing  the 
striation  of  the  bones.  Tail  twice  as  long  as  trunk.  Head  8;  I).  41 ; 
rings  19+39.    L.  12.    San  Diego,  Cal.    Only  the  original  types  known. 

[DermatoHtethua  puncUpinniii  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilu.  1802,  '263.)  ' 

Family  LIX.— HIPPOCAMPIDiE  V      ' 

J  {The  Sea  Horses.) 

Syngnathoid  fishes  destitute  of  caudal  and  ventral  fins,  and  with  the 
tail  prehensile.  Form  of  the  body  and  head  singular;  in  the  typical 
geuera  the  body  is  compressed,  and  the  head,  which  is  idaced  nearly 
at  right  angles  with  the  axis  of  the  body,  is  surmounted  by  a  bony 
crest.  These  little  fishes  have  thus  a  remarkably  horse-like  physiog- 
nomy, like  that  of  the  conventional  "knight"  at  chess.  Mouth  very 
small,  terminal.  Dorsal  fin  median,  of  soft  rays  only;  anal  fin  minute; 
})ectoral  short,  with  a  broad  base.  Gill-openings  very  small.  Egg-pouch 
of  the  male  usually  at  the  base  of  the  tail.  Genera  about  4;  species 
about  30,  most  of  them  belonging  to  Hippocampus.  Fishes  of  the  open 
seas  of  warm  regions.  They  attach  themselves  by  their  tails  to  sea- 
weed and  other  floating  substances,  and  arc  often  carried  to  great  dis- 
tances by  currents. 

{SjngnathUlm,  group  Hippooampina  GUntlior,  viii,  194-206.)  -  -  - 

a  Body  compressed ;  occipnt  with  a  narrow  bony  crest,  which  is  surmounted  by  a> 
"coronet" ;  shields  with  tubercles  or  spines Hippocampus,  188. 


"Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1802,  283:  type  Dermatoatethm  punctipinnis  GilU 

(3£/)/(«,  skin;  dreOo?,  breast.) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  10 25 


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t 

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;  ;  _ 

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<    ■      ( 

w:: 

386     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICnTHYOLOOT — ly. 

1§8.— HIPPOCAIWPIJS  Rafinesque.* 
-  Sea  Horses. 

(Rafinesquo,  Iiidice  d'lttiologia  Siciliana,  1810,  37:  typo  Syngnathus  hippocampus  L.  =; 
Hippocampus  heptagonus 'Rai.) 

Body  strongly  compressed,  the  belly  gibbous,  tapering  abrui»tly  to 
a  long,  quadrangular,  prehensile  tail.  Head  with  a  distinct  cnrvtd 
neck,  pljiced  nearly  at  a  right  angle  with  the  direction  of  the  body 
surmounted  by  a  compressed  occipital  crest,  on  the  top  of  which  is  an 
angular,  star-shaped  coronet;  top  and  sides  of  the  head  with  spines. 
Body  and  tail  covered  with  bony  plates,  forming  rings,  those  on  the 
body  each  with  G  spines  or  tubercles,  those  of  the  tail  with  4.  Pectoral 
fins  present;  anal  minute,  usually  present;  dorsal  fin  moderate,  opposite 
the  vent.  Egg-pouch  in  the  male  a  sac  at  the  base  of  the  tail,  termi- 
nating near  the  vent.  Species  numerous,  in  all  warm  seas.  {l-::6/.a!ir.u^^ 
the  ancient  name,  from  f;r?ro?,  horse;  xd/x:zo^^  a  wriggling  sea-monster,  or 
a  caterpillar.)  ... 

619.  H.  heptagonns  Raf.—5ea  florae. 

Yellowish  brown ;  eyes  and  cheeks  with  radiating  wavy  lines  of  llj,'Iit 
Ijrown ;  snout  with  a  narrow  white  cross-band  near  its  middle  (Jidc 
Goode) ;  sides  with  a  few  small  pale  spots ;  dorsal  dusky  above.  Tuber- 
cles of  body  and  tail  i)rominent,  slightly  recurved,  usually  provided 
with  slender  filaments,  the  tubercles  of  each  alternate  or  each  third  ring 
on  the  back  usually  larger  than  the  others.  Occipital  crest  very  high, 
with  5  tubercles,  the  anterior  with  long  filaments.  Snout  as  long  as  the 
opercle,  which  is  marked  with  radiating  striae.  D.  18;  P.  18;  A.  4. 
Rings  11  ■+•  36.  L.  5  inches.  Warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic ;  north  to 
England  and  ^Newfoundland ;  rather  rare  on  our  coast.  Very  abundant 
in  the  Mediterranean.  European  examples  exaniined  by  us  are  pro- 
fusely spotted,  the  snout  plain ;  ours  is  possibly  a  different  si)ecies. 

(Sgngnathua  hippocampm  L.  Syst.  Nat. ;  Rafinesquo,  1.  c.  37  :  Hippocampua  auliquorum 
Leach,  ZoiJl.  Misc.  1814,  104:  JUppocampua  antiquorum  GiinihoT,  viii, '200:  Ilippocampui 
■antiquorum  Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1878,  45:  Uippocavtpus  hrcvirosMs  Cuvicr, 
Regno  Auiin. :  Hippocampua  hudaoniua  DoKay,  N.  Y.  Fauna,  Fishes,  322  :  Bippocampm 
hudaoniua  Storcr,  Hist.  Fish.  Mass.  416:  i  Uippocampua  ladcaudatua  GUuthcr,  viii,  205, 
"tail  without  knobs.")  ■     v    .  ;^^?,  -. 

«20.  H.  ingcns  Gr<l.  '      "'"      '~"":^"V"'  Z:'^'^''^'^'^  ---<.-- 

Chestnut  brown,  mottled  with  darker,  and  dotted  with  white.  Body 
rather  slender,  its  depth  about  equal  to  the  distance  from  snout  to  ]tos- 

*  =  Hippocampue  Leach,  Zool.  Misc.  1814,  103. 


60.    CENTRISCID^.  387 

teiior  margin  of  orbit  j  tail  longer  than  head  and  body  together;  snout 
rather  shorter  than  operclo ;  supraorbital  spine  nearly  half  diameter  of 
eye*  coronet  well  developed,  with  five  spines.  D.  19;  A.  4.  Kings  10 
^.38.    San  Diego,  Cal,  and  southward;  reaching  a  length  of  nearly  a 

toot. 
(Giriinl,  U.  S.  Pnc.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fishes,  1858,  342.)  "'  '  '  •  -'    •;- 

.■.:..^  ■',>:: •-::^^  ■■-■■  .:v^,;.^■■^^ 
Order  S.-HEMIBRANCHIT. 

{The  Hemibramlis,)  :^...'r--^'-i\-,  '['-.f/. 

Superior  branchihyal  and  pharyngeal  bones  reduced  in  number ;  in- 
ferior pharyngeals  separated.  Ventral  fins  abdominal  or  subabdominal. 
Moiitli  bounded  above  by  premaxillaries  only ;  interclavicles  developed. 
>fo  pneumatic  duct  to  the  air-bladder.  [Cope.)  There  are  also  several 
striking  peculiarities  in  the  structure  of  the  shoulder  girdle  and  the  skull, 
by  which  these  fishes  differ  from  the  Acanthopteri,  with  which  grouji  un- 
der one  name  or  another  they  have  usually  been  combined,  (^//j,  half; 
jjpdr/ta,  gills.) 

ANALYSIS  OF   FAMILIK  <  OF   UEMinRANCHII.  :• 

•Bones  of  head  produced  iuto  a  loug  tube,  which  hears  tlie  short  jaws  at  its  end. 
a.  Body  short,  compressed,  scaly  ;  no  teeth  ;  8i)iiious  dorsal  present. 

Centriscid.e,  CO. 
aa.  Body  elongate ;  teeth  present. 

b.  Dorsal  spines  none  ;  a  long  caudal  filament ;  no  scales Fistulauiid^e,  G1. 

66.  Dorsal  spines  present,  disconnected ;  no  caudal  filament. 

c.  Body  covered  with  ctenoid  scales Aclostomatid.e,  ()2. 

cc.  Body  scaleless,  with  bony  shields Aulobhynciiid/E,  G'.]. 

**  Bones  of  head  moderately  produced  ;  ventrals  I,  1  ;  dorsal  preceded  by  free  spiui-s ; 
body  scaleless,  naked  or  mailed Gasterosteio^,  61. 

*  Family  LX.— CENTRISCIDJE.  V  • 

{The  Snipe-Jishes.) 

Body  compressed,  oblong  or  elevated,  covered  with  small  rough  scales; 
no  lateral  line  ;  some  bony  strips  on  the  side  of  the  back  and  on  the 
margin  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen,  the  former  sometimes  conUueut  iuto 
a  shield.  Bones  of  the  skull  much  prolonged  anteriorly,  fori'iing  a  long 
tube  which  bears  the  short  jaws  at  the  end ;  no  teeth.  Gill-openings 
wide ;  branchiostegals  4.  Two  dorsal  fins,  the  first  of  4  to  7  spines,  the 
second  of  which  is  very  long  and  strong ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  moderate ; 
ventral  fins  small,  abdominal,  of  5  soft  rays ;  pe(;torals  short ;  caudal  fiu 
emargluate,  its  middle  rays  not  produced.    Air-bladder  largo ;  pseudo- 


':4'- 


„« 


iir 


f 


I 


388     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV 

branchiae  pieseut.    Gills  4,  a  Hlit  behind  the  fourth.    No  pyloric  ((Bca • 
intestinal  canal  short.    A  single  genus  of  three  or  more  species,  chiedy 
of  the  Old  AVorld,  one  of  them  straying  to  America. 
(C'enfnVft/a  part,  genus  Cen<n«c«8  GUnther,  iii,  518-5114.) 

1§9.-CENTBISCUS  LiuniEus. 

•    ;  Snipe-Jishea. 

(LinnsDUS,  Syst.  Nat.  1753:  type  Centriacus  scolopax  L.) 

The  characters  of  the  genus  are  included  above.  {xsvrpifTxo^^  an 
ancient  name  of  some  spinous  fish ;  from  xivrpw^^  a  spine.) 

631*  C.  scolopax  Linu. — Snipe-fish;  Trumpet-fish;  Bellotcs-fish. 

Eoae  red  or  reddish  olive  above,  silvery  on  the  sides  and  belly,  Body 
strongly  compressed  and  somewhat  elevated,  covered  with  small  itiiated 
scales,  each  stria  terminating  in  a  rather  strong  spine ;  second  tlorsat 
spine  very  strong,  serrated  posteriorly,  its  length  about  ^  total  leiifjtli 
of  fish ;  snout  several  times  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  head.  Head  2i 
in  length  ;  depth  3  J  to  4.  D.  V-12  ;  A.  20.  Mediterranean  Sea ;  occa- 
sional northward;  accidental  on  our  coast. 

(Linn.  Syst.  Nat. ;  Giinther,  iii,  518.) 

Family  LXL—FISTULARIID^. 

{The  Trumpat,  fishes.)  ^         ,     . 

Body  extremely  elongate,  much  depressed,  broader  than  deep.  5fo 
Scales.  Bony  plates  present  on  various  parts  of  the  body.  Head 
very  long,  the  anterior  bones  of  the  skull  much  produced,  forming  a 
long  tube,  which  terminates  in  the  narrow  mouth;  both  jaws,  and 
usually  the  vomer  and  palatines  also,  with  minute  teeth  ;  membra  lie 
uniting  the  bones  of  the  tube  below,  very  lax,  so  that  the  tube  is  capa 
ble  of  much  dilation.  Branchiostegals  5-7 ;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the 
fourth.  Gill-membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus;  gill-rakers  ob- 
solete. PseudobranchisB  present.  Air-bladder  large.  Spinous  dorsal  fiu 
entirely  absent;  soft  dorsal  short,  posterior,  somewhat  elevated;  anal  fin 
opposite  it  and  similar;  caudal  fin  forked,  the  middle  rays  produced 
into  a  long  Jlament ;  pectorals  small,  with  a  broad  base,  preceded  by  ii 
smooth  area  as  in  Oasterosteidcc ;  ventral  fins  very  small,  wide  apart, 
abdominal,  far  in  advance  of  the  dorsal,  composed  of  C  soft  rays.  Py- 
loric coBca  few ;  intestines  short.  Vertebrae  very  numerous  (4  +  49  +  33). 
Fishes  of  the  tropical  seas,  related  to  the  Sticklebacks  in  structure,  but 


61.   FISTULAllIID^ — FI8TULARIA. 


389 


with  prolouged  snout  autl  different  ventral  fins.    A  single  genus,  Fiatu- 
laria,  with  two  or  more  species. 
(Fintularidic,  part,  genus  Fistularia  Giinther,  iii,  529-535.) 

190.— FISTIJLA«IA  Linuiciis. 
Trumpetjinhes. 

( LiuniL' us,  Syst.  Nat.  1758:  typo  yia/nJarJa /aftaccaria  L.)        ■. 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  The  bony  shields,  charac- 
teristic of  this  genus,  are  thus  enumerated  by  Dr.  Giinther: 

"1.  A  narrow  strip  along  the  median  line  of  the  back  behind  the 
skull  (conflusnt  neural  spines). 

"2.  The  p.Tiir  of  broader  lateral  dorsal  shields  are  peculiar  bones, 
separated  processes  of  the  occipital  bone — similar  to  those  we  have 
observed  in  Mugil,  where,  however,  they  are  not  separated  from  the 
oeciitital,  and  arise  more  outwardly  than  in  Fistularia.  These  shields 
are  the  longest,  provided  anteriorly  with  a  ridge,  which  is  prolonged 
aud  extends  far  backwards  between  the  muscles  of  the  back.  This 
ri(l<?e  is  flexible,  and  does  not  interfere  with  the  lateral  movements  of 
the  lish;  it  appears  to  serve  as  a  base  for  the  attachment  of  muscular 
tibres. 

",*).  The  narrow  shield  on  the  side  is  the  coracoid,  and  composed  of 
two  bones,  the  posterior  of  which  is  somewhat  dilated  and  llxed  to  the 
lateral  dorsal  shields. 

"4.  The  ventral  shields  are  the  pubic  bones;  their  posterior  half  is 
broadest,  porous  inferiorly ;  they  are  narrower  before  the  middle,  leav- 
ing a  free  lanceolate  space  betvyeen  them,  and  are  again  a  little  widened 
anteriorly,  where  they  join  the  humerus  and  urohyal."  {G'dnilicr,  iii, 
532.)    (Latin,  fistula,  a  tube  or  pipe.)  . 

«.  Skiu  covered  with  dermal  ossifications,  • 

622— F.  tabuccaria  Liuu. — Trumpet-jlah. 

lieddish  brown  above,  variegated  with  numerous  blue  spots  on  the 
sides  aud  back.  Mouth  slightly  oblique,  lower  jaw  the  longer,  over- 
lapping the  upper;  snout  niuch  prolonged,  tapering  but  little  forward; 
its  edges  with  fine  serrations  or  none.  Margin  of  orbit  with  sharp  com- 
pressed points  in  front  and  behind.  Mandible  about  4  in  snout;  snout 
3f  ill  length  of  body.  Head  24.  D.  14;  A.  13.  Warm  seas;  occa- 
sional on  our  South  Atlantic  coast. 

(Liun.  Syst.  Nat.;  Giinther,  iii,  529.) 


r: 

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390     CONTRIBUTIONS    10   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

aa.  Skin  amooth,  Tvitboiit  dermal  ossifications. 
623.  F.  Kcrrata  Ciivier. 

Grayisb ;  sometimes  with  a  series  of  blue  spots  along  the  back  or  sldos- 
head  silvery  below.  Form  much  as  iu  the  preceding,  but  head  and  body 
broader  and  more  depressed ;  edges  of  snout  more  distinctly  serrated 
a  foramen  in  the  axil  of  pectoral.  Snout  3^  in  length.  Head  2S.  n. 
14;  A.  13.  Warm  seas  J  rare  northward  j  perhaps  the  same  as  the  pre- 
ceding. 
(Cuvier,  Rt*gne  Anim.  1817;  Giiuther,  iii,  5U3.) 

4^  Family  LXIL— AULOSTOMATIDiE. 

{The  Flute  mouths.) 

Body  compressed,  elongate,  covered  with  small  ctenoid  scales.  Lat- 
eral line  continuous.  Head  long ;  mouth  small,  at  the  end  of  a  lou" 
compressed  tube.  Lower  jaw  prominent,  with  a  barbel  at  the  syinphy. 
sis.  Premaxillary  feeble,  not  protractile;  maxillary  broad,  triiuinnhir 
with  a  supplemental  bone.  Teeth  minute,  in  bands,  on  lower  jaw  and 
vomer.  Branchiostegals  4.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Psendo- 
branchia}  well  developed.  Gill-rakers  obsolete.  Gill-membranes  sepa- 
rate, free  from  the  isthmus.  Air-bladder  large.  Spinous  dorsal  pres- 
ent, of  8-12  very  slender  free  spines.  Soft  dorsal  and  anal  rather  loiij;, 
similar,  posterior.  Caudal  small,  rhombic,  the  middle  rays  longest,  but 
not  produced  into  a  filament.  Ventrals  abdominal,  of  six  rays,  all  articu- 
lated. Pectorals  broad,  rounded,  the  space  in  front  of  them  scaly.  Two 
pyloric  cceca.  A  single  genus,  with  two  species,  found  iu  troi>ical  seas. 
(^FistuXaridos  pt.  genus  Auloatoma  Giiuther,  iii,  5:]r>-538.) 

191.-AVl.OSTOraA  Lac6i)cdo. 

(Lacdpftde,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  v,  :{57,  1803:  type  Fistularia  ehincnaia  L.) 
Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.    («u/'c  tube;  aru/ia,  mouth.) 

634.  A-  macnlatum  Val. 

Olivaceous,  with  one  or  two  series  of  brown  or  blue  dots  along  each 
side  of  the  back;  another  irregular  series  from  the  preoperculum  aloug 
each  side  of  the  belly  to  the  anal  fin;  three  or  four  silvery  lines  on  each 
side  of  abdomen,  replaced  on  the  head  by  irregular  oblique  streaks; 
anterior  part  of  dorsal  and  anal  with  a  horizontal  black  streak;  caudal 
fin  usually  with  two  round  black  spots;  ventral  fins  plain.  D.  X-23; 
A.  25;  V.  0.  {G'dnther.)  Caribbean  Sea,  north  to  Southern  Florida; 
probably  identical  with  A.  cMncnse.  ^  ^  *' 

(Valenc.  iuCuv.  Regno  Animal,  1817:  Auloatoma  coloratum  Milller  &  Troscb.  Schomb. 
Hist.  Barbad.  1848,.G73:  Atilmtonia  coloratum  Glintber,  iii,  53G.) 


1! '  • 


63.    AULORIIYNCHID^ AUL0RHYNCHU8. 


391 


Family  LXIII.-AULORHYNCHID^. 


^i!^- 


Bo;ly  elongate,  nearly  cyliiidiicil,  with  a  very  slender,  depressed  cau- 
dal peiluncle.  Skin  naked,  with  a  few  series  of  partly  caucoaled  i)late8. 
Mouth  terminal,  small,  at  the  end  of  a  tube  whieli  is  about  as  long  as 
the  rest  of  the  head ;  teeth  very  small ;  branchiostegals  4.  Gill-mem- 
branes slightly  connected,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Dorsal  fin  with  many 
small,  low,  free  spines,  each  of  which  is  depressible  in  a  groove ;  soft 
dorsal  short,  elevated  in  front ;  anal  similar  to  the  second  dorsal,  pre- 
ceded by  a  single  spine ;  caudal  flu  small,  forked.  An  oblong,  naked 
area  in  front  of  the  pectorals.  Ventrals  thoracic,  but  inserted  some- 
wbat  behind  pectorals,  I,  4,  or  I,  5.  Genus  1 ;  species  2.  Small  fishes 
of  the  North  Pacific,  intermediate  between  the  Sticklebacks  and  the 
Trumpet-fishes. 

{Aulorhyitchidw  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.  1832,  2:i3,) 
0.  Ski u of  bead  nuked ;  ventrals  1, 5;  pectoral  fins oinurjfiuato.. -AuLOUiiYxcnus,  192, 

103.— AULORUVNCIIUS  Gill. 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18GI,  1!)9 :  type  Anlorhynchiinjlavidua  Gill.) 

Body  very  long  and  slender,  almost  cylindrical;  caudal  peduncle 
elongate,  tapering,  much  depressed,  espe(!ially  posteriorly.  Skin  naked, 
with  a  series  of  small,  rugose  shields,  one  on  each  side  of  the  lateral  line, 
one  on  each  side  of  the  dorsal  fin,  and  a  double  row  on  the  lower  edge 
of  caudal  peduncle.  Lateral  line  present.  Head  not  mailed.  Mouth 
small,  horizontal,  at  the  end  of  a  tube  which  is  slightly  longer  than 
the  rest  of  the  head.  Premaxillary  bones  much  expanded,  with  long 
and  slender  processes;  lower  jaw  projecting,  with  a  flap  at  symphysis. 
Teeth  in  the  jaws  rather  sharp,  almost  in  one  series;  palate  tooth- 
less. Dorsal  spines  numerous,  entirely  separate,  equal  and  very  short, 
the  first  inserted  above  the  pectorals.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  posterior, 
nearly  equal,  oblong,  elevated  in  front;  caudal  fin  small,  emargiuate; 
liectoral  fins  emargiuate,  the  upper  an<l  lower  rays  longest;  ventrals 
not  much  behind  pectorals,  each  with  1  spine  and  (4)  5  rays.  (awAo?, 
a  tube;  ^o/yoi;^  suout.)  ,  .  .       ^.    ?;• 

0.  Lateral  shields  imbedded,  not  sxnnous.     (Aulorhynchtis.) 

625.  A.  navidus  Gill. 

Tawny,  with  about  20  darker  cross  blotches  on  the  back ;  minutely 
puuctulate  above;  opercula  and  ante-pectoral  region  with  bright  golden 
or  coppery  lustre,  bordered  above  by  a  blackish  band.    Gill  rakers  slen- 


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I  ■■VI 


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392     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 

(ler.  Dorsal  spines  minuto,  much  shorter  than  pupil.  Caudal  peduncle 
louger  than  head.  Head  4;  depth  IG.  D.  XXV-9;  A.  I,  Oj  y.  I  5 
Pacific  coast,  from  Monterey  northward ;  not  rare. 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acml.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18G1,  1G9:  Auliacopa  «pinc8ccn«  Peters,  Berlin  Mo- 
natsberichr,  186(> ;  Steind.  Ichthyol.  Beitr.  V,  153.)         .     ^,       .,  ^    ,.,  .. 

Family  LXIV.— GASTEROSTEIDiE. 

(The  SticJclebacJcs.) 

Body  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  tapering  behind  to  a  slender 
caudal  peduncle.  Head  rather  long,  the  anterior  part  not  produced  into 
a  tube.  Mouth  moderate,  with  the  cleft  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  promi- 
nent. Teeth  sharp,  even,  in  a  narrow  band  in  each  jaw ;  no  teeth  on 
vomer  or  palatines.  Premaxillaries  protractile.  Preorbital  rather 
broad;  suborbital  plate  large,  often  covering  the  anterior  part  of  the 
cheeks,  forming  a  connectioa  with  the  preopercle.  Branchiostegals  3. 
Gill-membranes  broadly  joined,  free  from  the  isthmus,  or  not ;  gill-rakers 
moderate  or  rather  long.  Opercijes  unarmed.  Skin  naked  or  with  ver- 
tically oblong  bony  plates  ;  no  true  scales.  Dorsal  fin  preceded  by  two 
or  mor  »  fvee  spines ;  anal  similar  to  soft  dorsal,  with  a  single  spine ; 
ventral  fins  subabdominal,  consisting  of  a  stout  spine  and  a  rudimentary 
ray.  Middle  or  sides  of  belly  shielded  by  the  iiniominate  bones.  Pec- 
torals short,  unusually  far  behind  the  gill-openings,  preceded  by  a 
quadrate  naked  area,  which  is  covered  with  shining  skin.  Caudal  tin 
narrow,  usually  lunate.  Air-bladder  simple;  a  lew  pyloric  ccjeca.  Gen- 
era 3,  Gasterooteus,  Apeltes,  and  Spinachia.  Species  about  20.  Small 
fishes  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  and  arms  of  the  sea  in  Northern 
Europe  and  America ;  noted  lor  their  pugnacity.  They  are  exceedingly 
destructive  to  the  spawn  and  fry  oi"  larger  lishes 

"  It  is  scan^ely  to  be  coucdved  what  damage  these  little  fishes  do,  and 
how  greatly  detrimental  they  are  to  the  increase  of  all  the  flsl.es  anion}; 
which  they  live,  for  it  is  with  the  utmost  industry,  sagacity,  and  greedi 
ness  that  they  8?ek  out  and  destroy  all  the  young  fry  that  come  their 
way."  {Gihither.)  Most  of  tha  Sticklebacku  build  elaborate  nests  which 
the  male  fish  defends  with  much  spirit. 

{Gasteroatekla  Qilnthct,  i,  1-7.) 

a.  Innoniinato  bones  joiued.  f«>rming  a  triajigulur  or  lanceoluto  plain  on  tlio  incliim 
lino  of  the  abdomer     OASTKiiosTF.rs,  I'.W. 

aa.  Innominat«»  bones  wKiely  wrparated,  formiijg  a  bouy  ridge  on  each  ,idi',  betwicii 
which  arc  the  voutrul  tin Apelti's,  I'M. 


aimi»aJia<M 


Ill 


64.   GASTEROSTEIDiE — GASTEROSTEUS.    ^      •  393 

193.— OASTEROSTEUS  Linnrons.  s 

'  SticklehacJcs. 

(/Vi'tetli;  Liunaeiis,  Syst.  Nat.  X,  1758 :  typo  GosterostcMS  acttZeo<u«  L.) 

Sticklebacks  with  the  innomiuate  bones  coalesceut  on  the  median  line 
of  the  belly,  behind  and  between  the  ventral  fins,  terming  a  triangular 
or  limceolato  plate.  Tail  slender,  keeled  or  not.  Skin  naked  or  variously 
covered  with  bony  plates.  Dorsal  spines  2-10  in  number,  variously  de- 
veloped. Species  numerous.  Fresh  waters  and  shores  of  all  northern 
regions.    {yoLarijp,  belly ;  dariov,  bone.) 

The  group  may  be  divided  into  the  following  sections,  which  are 
perhaps  of  generic  value : 

(I.  Gill-nicinbranes  posteriorly  froo  from  tt  -«-  Isthmus. 

b.  DoiHal  spines  7-11,  divergent  ( Pi/gosteua  Bre voort) pttngitius. 

bb.  Dorsal  spines  .'),  in  a  rij^ht  line  { Eiica Ha  J onhiu)  inconstana. 

m,  Gill-ui»iUil>i'*'Q6'*^ot^''*'0  from  tlio  Lstlimus  ;  body  more  or  less  mailed  {G  aster  out  tus). 
"'  mivrovcphaltw,  biacukatoa,  atkinni,  aculcatim. 

(I.  Gill-membranes  posteriorly  free  from  tlio  isthmns. 
4.  Dorsal  spines  7-11,  divergent  (P//j/08tett«*  Brevoort). 

636«  G.  pungitius  L. — Nine-apincd  Sticldcbaclc. 

Olivaceous  above,  profusely  punctulate,  irregularly  barred  with  darker, 

silvery  below.    Body  very  slender,  somewhat  compressed,  tapering  into 

tbo  very  long  and  slender  caudal  peduncle,  which  is  much  depres.sed  and 

stroiifily  keeled^  broader  than  deep.    No  dermal  bony  plates ;  skeletal 

plates  not  all  covered  by  skin.    Post-pectoral  plate  well  developed, 

striated.    Head  shortish,  the  snout  rather  blunt.    Thora<nc  processes 

well  developed,  widely  divergent,  forming  a  U-shaped  ligure     Dorsal 

spines  moderate,  the  anterior  diverging  to  the  right  or  left  at  various 

iiiigles,  the  posterior  more  nearly  erect.    Anal  8i)ine  large,  larger  than 

the  dorsal  spines.    Innominate  bone  feeble,  lanceolate,  not  cariiiated, 

its  edges  raised.    Ventral  spines  moilerate,  serrulate,  their  length  more 

til  III  one  third  that  of  the  liead.    Gill-rakers  long  and  slender ;  gill- 

iiiembraiies  free  from   the  isthmus  posteriorly.    Head  4;  depth  5-0. 

1).  IX,  1,  0 ;  A.  1,  8.    L.  3  inches.    Northern  parts  of  Europe,  Atlantic 

coasts  of  America,  Great  Lakes,  and  northward;  a  widely  distributed 

species,  found  in  both  fresh  and  salt  water.  ^ 

(LinnuMis,  Cyst.  Nat.;  Guntlier,  i,  (i:  GaHtcroHteua  occidentalU  Cuvior  &  Valenoiounrs, 
iv,  .'i(t9:  Oastvruatoiia  dclcayi  Agassiz,  Lake  Superior,  ;U1  (  Massachusotts) :  Gaatf  oateitg 

•lirovix  rt,  MSS.  (Jill,  Canadian  Naturalist,  Au;!,usf,  WC)^^:  type  Gmtvroattua  occirfpw- 
talii  C.  Si,  \.  =  Gaaivroatcua  j}uiiyiiiua  L.     {itvyi),  ruuip;  odreoy,  bune.) 


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394      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH   AMERICAN    ICIITlIYOLOaY— iv. 

ndmlomiH  A;i;a8siz,  Liiko  Superior,  IWO,  :U0:  Oautcrohtcua  concinnua  Richanlsou,  Pann. 
IJor.-Anicr.  Fishes,  57 ^SaHkutcluiwiui  River  aiidUreat  Hear LaUo;  D.  VII-I,<»;  A.I  BV 
dasteroHtvun  inmueiiHiH  Storor,  Host.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  404  (Main« ;  D.  Vll-j^y.  / 
I,  H).  Th'i  two  last,  porhapH  roprosout  a  disliuot  siilmpecioa,  tlistiiiguibluul  by  the 
presence  of  7  IVoo  ilorsal  spiiu-s.) 

Subs,  bruchypodn  Uoan. 

Siiuiliir  to  pungitim,  but  the  ventral  spines  very  short,  tlioir  Iciifrti, 
a  Httle  less  than  one-third  that  of  the  head.    D.  X-I,  10;  A.  I    ]o 
Ballln's  Bay  to  Ahiska;  abundant. 
(Hcan,  Hull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xv,  1-21),  1H79.) 

bh.  Dorsal  spiiu-s  about  .'>,  iu  a  right  liuo  (Eucalia  *  Jordan). 
9*H.  (i,  iiBCOnr      .ns  Kivt. — Urook  Stivlclchaek. 

Males  in  spiiufr  jot  black,  tinged  with  red  anteriorly;  females  and 
young  olivaceouH,  nu>ttled,  and  dotted  with  blaek.  Body  niodciiitolv 
elongate,  little  compressed,  the  caudal  peduncle  comi)aratively  stout 
not  keeled.  sSkin  smooth,  entirely  destitute  of  dermal  i>lates,  the  skele- 
tal plUes  covered  by  it.  Innominate  bone  small,  lanceolate, covered  h\ 
the  skin.  Space  in  front  of  pectorals  snmll ;  thoriu^ic  processes  very 
slencUn-  and  widely  separated,  (!overed  by  skin.  Gill  niembriuu's  some 
what  free  posteriorly;  gill-rakers  short.  Dorsal  spines  four  or  live, low, 
subecpnil,  iu  a  right  line,  a  cartilaginous  ridge  running  along  the  biiseot' 
the  flu;  anal  spine  similar  to  dorsal  spines;  ventral  spines  short  aiid 
sharp, serrated.  Head  o.] ;  depth  4.  D.  IV-l,  10;  A.  1, 10.  L.  li._i  iiielies. 
New  York  to  Kansas  and  CJreeidand,  in  fresh  Avaters  only;  abmuhuit 
in  the  Great  Lake  region. 

(Kirtland,  Host.  Jonru.  Nat.  Hist.  iii.  !27:i,  1841:  (JaHfvroHieitH  inicro,w8  Cope,  Piw. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  IHli,''),  81:  Ijueulia  iiironntdiin  Jonhux,  Troc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'iiilii, 
1877,  tJi) :  (iaHtn-onteiiH  pygmwuH  Agassiz,  T,ak(^  Superior,  18.'')(l,  U14,  tVoin  Lake  Suijcridi; 
this  is  perhaps  a  distinct  species,  ditVering  in  the  small  uunilier  of  lin-rays;  1).  Ill,  1, 
(?;  A.  I,  (i.  I'JuiHiUa  imoiiHfaus  var.  caijutja  .Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  187(i,  *.i4!' ;  Hi)e(iiinMis 
from  Cayuga  Lake,  N.  Y.,  with  compr«'ssed  and  elevated  btidy,  slenderer  tail,  and 
higher  spines :  f  (lasteroalcua  williamaoiiii  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  K.  Exp.  and  Surv.  x,i)4.) 

aa.  Gill-nienibrancs  not  free  from  the  iathuius;  body  uiorc  or  less  uiailcd.    {(lankm- 
teiin. ) 
0.  Tail  naked,  not  keeled,  t 


*  .Jordan.  Man.  Vert.  E.  U.  8.  1^7(5,  248 :  typo  Oaateroateua  invouatana  Kirtland.  {ti\ 
well;  «a/l/'(V,  nest.) 

t Olivaceous  brown,  darker  above;  sid^s  spotted  with  blaek;  belly  yellowish;  luiul 
3  in  length;  depth  rt  in  total  length;  eye  HJ  in  length  of  head ;  tipof  lirst  dorsal 
spine  not  n'aehing  the  base  of  the  second.  ]).  III-I,  ll>;  A.  1,7.  ((linrd.)  William- 
son's Pass,  California.  This  form  may  dill'er  from  (K  iniviiatttna  in  the  suialU'r  lunulur 
of  tloixal  spines. 

t  Several  recent  writers  liaA'e  in<licated  i heir  belief  that  the  naked  tailed  (ilicldi- 
backs  are  simple  varieties  <»f  tln^  oidinary  species.  This  nuiy  \h\  true,  but  we  linvo 
not  yet  met  with  distinctly  intermediate  forms,  either  on  the  Atlantic  or  Paeilio  coast, 


G4.    GASTERObTEIDyE — GA8TEROSTEU8. 


395 


(j.2§.  <».  niJcrocepEaalus  (liranl. 

OlivatH'ons,  Hilvory  below;  .skin  thickly  puu(;tuliito ;  males  bluekisli  in 
spiiii}.',  with  coppery  or  {;fohlen  luHtre.  liody  short,  deei),  moderately 
(Oiiipn'sscd.  (Jaiulal  i)eduiicle  rather  deep  and  coin[)rcssed.  Posterior 
njiri  of  body  unarmed.  Processes  Ironi  shoulder-girdle  below  widely 
(livcrfiiiig,  leaving  a  triangular  area  on  the  breast;  naked  area  in  iront 
of  pectorals  small.  Ventral  spines  serrate,  without  distinct  basal  cusp. 
Spines  of  soft  dorsal  and  anal  small.  Innominate  bone  lanceolate,  twice 
lis  long  iis  broad.  Dorsal  spines  attached  to  bony  plates,  as  in  0.  aeu- 
icdtus.  Dead  .S ;  depth  3;/.  I).  II-I,  11;  A.  I,  8.  Lateral  plates,  4  to  (J. 
Piicifn!  coast  of  the  United  States,  ascending  streams,  abuixlant  south- 
ward. 

((iiiiinl,  Proo.  Acad.  Niit.  Ri'i.  Pliila.  IRHl,  \'V\:  OnHivroMniH  pIrhriuH  and  inopinatua 
Girard,  1.  c  117:  (laHteronhux puyctli,  (Jiravd,  II,  8,  I'uc.  U.  1{.  Siirv.  Fish,  d^.) 

621>.  O.  I»ia«"«il<*ntcjs  Sliaw. 

Oioiscly  related  to  the  [>receding,  but  rather  larger;  the  innominate 
bone  triangular,  two-thirds  as  broad  as  long.  Ventral  spine  with  a 
distinct  basal  cusj)  on  its  outer  edge.  !).  II-I,  12;  A.  T,  0.  Northern 
Eiu'oiu'  and  United  States  fiom  Cape  Cod  northward.    Considered  by 

most  European  writers  as  a  variety  of  G.  aculeatm. 

(Shaw,  (ion.  Zool.  iv,  008,  1805;  Giiuihor,  i,.^):  GmlvroHivm  (jjimntintH  Cuvior,  R^.gue 
Aiiini.:  Ga8t<rn»h'UH  hiiirim  Cnv.  iti  Va\.\v,  481:  CuHlerontcHHcuvieri  Glriirtl,  Ikwt.  .Jonru. 
Nat.  Hint,  vi, 2.')4  ;  (!aiiki-ontriin  uculcatitH  tracliiiniH  (iomh'  &  Hoan,  Bull.  Essox  lust.  1^79, 
,i;  CtiKkrontviiti  whvallaiidi  I'lit.nain,  Piou.  Essi-.k  lust.  1607,4.) 

(1(1.  Tail  kticlod,  armed  with  i)late8. 
no.  U.  lltkillNll  liuan. 

Roddinh,  silvery  below  and  with  dark  bands  across  the  body.  Body 
Hloinler,  as  in  O.  pum/itins.  Lateral  pli'tes  15  in  u'lmber,  the  postericu* 
viry  thill,  covered  by  skin.  Tail  keelel.  Ventral  spines  long,  nearly 
oiMpiite  r(^aching  the  vent;  dorsal  spines  in  a  straight  line.  Read  '.iff 
ill  length;  depth  5.  1).  11-1,11;  A.  I,  8.  {Bean.)  Sehoodic  Lakes, 
Miiiiic. 

(lloiHi,  Proc.  IT.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1870,  07.) 

63li  4il.  nC'Ulciltllf^  L. — Comtnon  SllcklahaeJ, ;  nar»nf icicle, 

Daric  greenish  above;  sides  silvery,  or  ytdlow;  inLMubranes  of  ventrals 
olteii  red.  Head  rather  long.  Caudal  ]>edunele  very  slender,  covore<l 
with  ])lates  siuiilar  to  those  on  the  body,  and  provided  with  a  conspicu- 
0118  keel.  Processes  from  shoulder  girdle  below,  covering  most  of  the 
iireast,  leaving  a  narrow  uiikeu  area  between  them.  ()[>er(;le  linely  stri- 
ate. Large  rugose  bony  plates  on  ea(!h  side  of  base  of  <lor.ssil  spines, 
tbo  hitter  joined  to  tUeui  by  a  hinge  and  capable  of  being  flrndy  set,  like 


ih    "• 


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if. 


.      XL 


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,i    i     ,•'' 


396     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

tho  spines  of  cat-fish.  Naked  area  iu  front  of  pectorals  large.  Pelvic 
bone  lanceolate.  Ventral  spine  with  a  basal  cusp.  Spines  all  her/ate 
those  of  anal  and  soft  dorsal  small.  Head  3^;  depth  4.J.  D.  II-I  13. 
A.  I,  9.  Lateral  plates  33.  L.  4  inches.  North  Atlantic;  very  abuiul. 
ant  on  both  coasts. 

(Linn.  Syst.  Nut.  Giluthor,  i,  4:  Gantcroaiem  novehoracensla  Cuv.  &  Val.  iv,  .W2:  Qq,. 
teroateua  hiaculcatua  Storcr,  Hist.Fisli.  Mass.  40;  GaHteroatc.iia  hiacuhatan  ct  nordmrnccnm 
DeKay,  Now  York  Fauna,  Fish.  (55,  0(5:  Gaateroateus  nUjvr  Cnv.  «fc  Vul.  iv,  .')()4;  (;„j. 
teroatemi  trachiirua  Cnv.  &  Val.  iv,  481:  Gaateroatvua  biapinoaua  Walbaum,  AitcUi  Pise 
1792,  450,  the  oldest  Amurican  name.) 

Mubsp.  cataphractus  (Pallas)  J.  &  G. — Salmon-killer;  Stickleback. 

Extremely  similar,  but  more  robust,  the  body  and  head  a  little  shorter 

and  deeper.    Caudal  keel  very  strong.     San  Francis  o  to  ^Vluska  ami 

Kamtschatka;  very  abundant  northward. 

(Gaateracanthua  catapliractua  Pallas,  Mdm.  Acad.  Potersb.  iii,  'A25,  1811:  Gastemtem 
oholariua  Cnv.  &  V.al.  iv,  500:  Gaateroatetia  aerrataa  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci, 
lh55,  47:  Gaatcroateus  intirmediua  Gir^iid,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  185(5,  135:  Uankr. 
oateus  tnaculptus  Rich.  Last  Arctic  Voyage.) 

194.— APELTES  DcKay. 

(DoKay,  Now  York  Fauna,  Fish.  1842,  67,  nomcn  nudum:  type  Gaateroateua  qundracm 
Mitch.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  tho  back  elevated 

at  the  beginning  of  the  soft  dorsal  iln,  thence  declining  iu  nearly  a 

straight  line  to  the  tip  of  the  snout.     Tail  very  slender,  not  keeled. 

i!Jo  bony  dermal  plates ;  tho  skin  naked.     Innominate  bones  not  joined 

on  the  median  line  but  separated,  forming  a  bony  ridge  on  each  side  of 

the  abdomen,  below  which  the  strong  ventral  spines  are  dei)ressible. 

Chest  mostly  bony;  bare  area  in  front  of  pectorals  small,  but  distinct 

Gill-rakers  rather  short.    Gill-membranes  attached  to  the  isthmus, 

without  free  edge.    Free  dorsal  spines  3,  strong,  the  first  the  longest, 

directed  to  one  side ;  the  next  two  directed  toward  the  other  side  at 

different  angles;  attached  spine  of  dorsal  and  anal  well  developed;  a 

bony  ridge  on  each  side  of  the  spinous  dorsal,     (a,  privative;  -tirij, 

shield.) 

638.  A.  qnadracus  (Mitch.)  Brovoort. 

Brownish  olive  Jibove,  mottled  with  darker;  silvery  below;  male 
almost  black;  ventrals  with  tho  membrane  red  iu  spring.  Head  i  in 
length;  depth  4.  Caudal  peduiude  very  long  and  slender,  about  5 in 
lengtli.  D.  Ill — T,  11;  A,  T,  8.  L.  1.}  to  2h  inches.  Atlantic  wKistol' 
the  United  States;  V(iry  abundant  northward. 

{GaateroateuH  quadracua  Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  i,  4H0,  1815;  Gasterostm 
apeltea  Cnv.  &  Val.  iv,  505;  Gaalcroakua  quadraona  GUuthur,  i,  7.) 


ACANTHOPTERI. 


397 


Order  T.-ACANTHOPTKRI. 

{The  Spiny-rayed  Fishes.) 

Crauiiiin  normal,  symmetrical ;  tbo  maxillary  bone  distinct  from  the 
nreinaxillary,  which  forms  the  border  of  the  mouth.  Bones  of  the 
iiiaiidihle  distinct.  Gills  normal,  laminated,  rarely  reticulated.  Gill- 
opeiiiiigs  in  advance  of  the  pectorals.  Opercular  api)avatus  complete. 
Basal  bonos  of  pectorals  not  enlarged.  Pharyngeals  well  developed, 
the  third  superior  pharyngeal  usually  largest.  Lower  pharyngeals 
separate  or  united.  Ventral  lii;s  variously  placed,  often  wanting,  nor- 
mally thoracic  and  sixrayed,  the  first  ray  8i)inous.  Anterior  rays  of 
dorsal  and  anal  normally  developed  sm  spines,  but  often  soft  and  artic- 
ulate. Air-bladder,  if  present,  without  pneumatic  duct.  The  most  ex- 
tensive of  the  orders  of  fishes,  comprising   a  great  variety  of  forms. 

[axayOa,  spiue;   -T£f>i>'^,ixU.) 

{AcanlhoiJf'^flKjii,  Pharynyofinathi,  antl  Anacanthini  Giiiithcr,  i,  ii,  iii,  Iv.  cxchisivc  of 
various  lainiUes.  Orders  Pcrcesocts,  Fcrcomorpln,  and  PkarijtKjognalUi  Copo,  Traus. 
AmiT.  Phil.  «oc.  1870,  456.) 

ANALYSIS  OF  FAMILIES  OF  ACANTIIOI'TERt. 

A.  Voiitral  tins  abdominal;  doraala  two,  well  sopai'atcd.    {Perccaoccs.) 

B.  Donfitiou  strong ;  vortcbrm  '24 SPUYiiiENiDiE,  67. 

BB.  Dentition  feeble ;  vertcbric  more  than  24 ;  earnivorons Atuerinid^,  06. 

BBB.  Dentition  feeble;  vcrtebriBt>4;  linmophagous MuGILlD^,  65. 

AA.  Ventral  tins,  if  jjresent,  thoracic  or  jugular. 
C.  Ventral  region  an  ithout  suekiug-disk. 
D.  Suborbital  without  bony  stay. 
E.  Ventral  lins  present,  the  rays  in  normal  number,*  I,  5. 
F.  Lower  pharyngeal  bones  separate  (except  in  certain  Sciwiihlw)',  gills  4, 

a  slit  behind  the  last. 
G.  Gill-menilrancs  free  from  the  istlimus. 
H.  Spinous  dorsal  transformed  into  a  lamellated  sncklng-disk,  situated 
,  on  the  top  of  the  head. 

EcnKNKIDID/E,  70. 
HH.  Spinous  dorsal  not  transformed  into  a  sucking-disk. 
I,  Scales  small  or  obsolete,  mostly  cycloid ;   spinotis  dorsal  compar- 
atively little  developed ;    caudal 
peduncdo  slender,!  the  tin  widely 
forked. t     {ScomhriJ'onn  liahos.) 
K.  VcitebriB  more  than  24  or  25;  no  free  anal  spims. 

L.  Spinous  dorsal  represented  by  free  spines;  caudal  not  forked; 
' body  elongate,  fusiform. 

ELACATIDiE,  71. 

•Except  in  certain  StromatcUlcr,  Acanlhurt()a',  and  T<vntei(l(v. 
t  Except  in  PomatomidcB,  JilacatidoOf  and  somo  tStromatvutai, 


•u 


398     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 

LL.   Spinous  dorsal   well  developed,  depressiblo  in   a  gronv 
—  Scales  miuuto  or  wanting ;  premaxillaritN  nou-pro- 

-,  traetile Scomiuud.k,  74^ 

»  Scales  of  moderate  si;    ;  premaxillaiii's  jjnitijvc^ 

tile NoMi:ii).i.;,  7R('j) 

LLL.  Spinous  dorsal    littlo  develop*-.       .r  not  di.s(in<;iii,slial)l,. 

from  the  8ot't  parts;  no  (inlets. 
M.  QSsopliagns  without  tooth-like  process. CouYni.KMDj,;  ;(j 

MM.  Oesophagus  with  tooth-liko  process... Sthomatkid.j;  77 
KK.  Vertebra)  liH  ("24-26);  two  free  anal  spines  (sonictinies  obso- 
■  lete). 

N.  Scales  minute  or  obsolete,  cycloid;  tail  widely  forked. 

CAItAXdlD.*,  7,-,. 

NN.  Scales  small,  weakly  ctenoid;  tail  little  forked. 

PoMAToAiin.i:,  7fi, 
II.  Scales  well  developed,  mostly  ctenoid;*   caudal  peduncle  not 

especially  slender. 
O.  Pectoral  with  the  lower  rays  detached  and  filiform- 

two  short,  separated  dorsal  fius; 
head  with  muciferous  system  well 
^  developed. 

POLYNEMIIU:,  68, 

00.  Pectoral  fin  entire. 
P.  Throat  with  two  barbels;  dorsals  two;  scales  large. 

MULLID^,  90. 
PP.  Throat  without  barbels. 
Q.  Skull  cavernous;   anal  spines  I  or  2;   lateral  lino 

extending  on  the  caudal  fm;  hoad 
scaly ;  no  teeth  on  vomer. 

Sci.i;xii)/E,  91. 
QQ.  Skull  not  especially  cavcrncms. 
R.  Anal  tin  c<mii)uralivoly  short,  with  less  than  Kit 
soft   rays;   vomer  mostly  with 
teeth.     ( Perciform  lishes. ) 

S.  Scales  caducous;  dorsal  fins  two,  the  first  short; 
mouth  very  oblicpu'. 

Apogoniixi:,  89. 
SS.  Scales  adherent. 
T.  Aual  spines  1  or  2;   dorsal  fins  2;   pscndo- 
braucJiia3  small  or  obsok'tc. 

ri;iiCiD.E,  W, 
TT.  Anal  spines  3t  or  more  (rarely  obsolete). 
U=   Pseudobrancliiffi    small,   covered   by  the 
skin,  or  obsolete. 
V.  Vomerine  teeth ;  lateral  line  present. 

Et.assomatid.k,  8.T(/)). 


VV. 


Vomerine  teeth  none ;  lateral  line  obso- 


lete   C'KNTRAUCIIID.F,,  '^, 

UU.  Pseudobranehiic  well  developed. 
-    W.  Maxillar.v  not  slipping  under  prcor- 
bital  for  its  whole  length. 


•Small  or  wanting  in  some  Urunoecopidw,  Trichodoiiiidw,  and  IroHtvulw. 

t  Except  in  some  Sparido .  I'riacanlkidcr,  i'cntmrchida;  etc. 

t  Obsolete  in  somu  Sei'iauid'O]  more  than  three  iu  some  Venirarchida. 


t«-). 

ly  the 

ut. 

83  (h). 

1  prcor- 


FAMILIES   OP   ACANTHOPTERI. 


399 


,,  '     '     ,  I  Moutli  nearly  vertical;  at'ftl  fiu  lonj;; 

v.,<;i,    .  ■  whole  head  closely  scaly. 

,.■  .    .  PRIACANTIIIDiE,  8()  ('')• 

....  tt  Mouth  nearly  horizontal;    anal  (in 

.    ,:  rather  short Skkuanii)^,  80. 

WW.  Maxillary  with  its  upper  edyo  for  its 
whole  length  slipping  under  the 

preorbital Si'AitlDiE,  8H. 

BR.  Anal  fin  elongate;    pseudobranchiiu    jircHcnt; 
spinous  dorsal  little  di)V('lope<l. 
X.  Dorsal  spines  present;  sholeton  well 
...      .    -  ossified. 

Y.  Pectoral  lins  broad,  procnrreut  for- 
wards. 

t  Body  scaly ;  slit  behind  fourth  gill 
small;  eyes  superior. 

llHANOSCOPIDiE,  103. 
U Body  naked;  eyes  lateral. 

TiucnoiJoxTiD.i;,  102. 
YY.  Pectoral  fin  narrow,  not.  procur- 
rent;  body  .scaly. 

Latimd.k,  101  (6). 
XX.   Dorsal   spines  obsolete ;    skeleton 
more  or  less  cartilaginous. 

IcosTKii).*;,  101. 
GG.  Gill-mombranes  united  to  the  isthmus,  restricting  the  gill-openinga 

to  the  sides. 
Z,  Body  not  elevatiid ;   lateral  lino 
obsolete;  spinous  dornal  short  and 
weak ;  inner  rays  of  ventrals  loog- 

est Goniii)^,  104. 

ZZ.  Body  elevated;   lateral   line 
present;   spinous  dorsal  well  de- 
veloped     {VhwtodoHliform  fishes.) 
a.  Teeth  setiforni,  in  many  rows ; 
vertical  finsdeusely  scaly ;  tail 
unarmed. 
6.  Dorsal  fin  divided. 

EiniiPPiD/E,  1)7. 
tb.  Dorsal  fin  continuous. 

ClI/ET()DOXTII>iE,  1)8. 

aa.  Teeth  inci.sor-lik<!.  in  one 
row;  tail  with  1  or  more 
spines  on  each  side. 

AcANXiiump.i;,  99. 
FF.  Lower  pharyngeals  united.    {Pharyngoonathi.) 
c.  Nasal  openings  single  on  each  side;  scales  mostly  ctenoid. 
d.  Qills  '>ii,  last  slit  small  or  obsolete;  pseudobiiinehiie  present;  aual 

>        •    I'  spines  2 PomaCIcntuid/K,  9G. 

dd.  Gills  4,  a  slit   hehind  the  last;    pseudobrancliiie  olL-^oIefe;    anal 

spiues  'i  or  more. .  -ClcillJD/E,  95. 
cc.  Nasal  openings  2  on  each  side ;  anal  spines  3;  scales  mostly  eycloid. 
e.  Vivijjarous;  dorsal  fin  with  a  scaly  sheath ;  anal  rays  slender  and 

numerous EMinoTociu^:;,  93. 

*''    ee.  Oviparous;  auul  raya  rather  few. 


'm 


i  if  ■ 


m 


I  ! 


400      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    lOHTlIYOLOGY — iv. 

/.  Teotb  villiforin;  proinaxillariea  cxtronioly  protractiU';  f;i]lH4 

slit  behind  last;  pBeudolinmchia. 

concealed Geukid.i;,  yy. 

ff.  Teeth  not  villiform;  proraaxillarieH  moderately  protractile;  jriu^ 

3i;  last  slit  obsolete;  pscinloldan- 

chia)welldeveloi>ed.LAiJuii).i;.y.i 

EE.  Ventral  fins,  if  present,  with  the  rays  in  more  or  less  than  the  uoruuil 

mimber  (I,  5). 
h.  Ani^l  fm  present, 
t.  Body  compressed  and  elevated ;  the  scales  very  small,  or  uono, 
j.  Dorsal  spines  indistinct. 

fc.  Ventral  rays  4-6 Bkamii>,i:,  ao. 

fcfc.  Ventral  rays  abont  15 Lampkidid.k  78. 

jj.  Dorsal  sjnnes  well  developed ;  ventrivls  rays  about  1,7. Zkmd/K  81. 
a.  Body  not  specially  elevated. 

I.  Vontrals  thoracic  (if  present). 
j».  Ventrals  with  more  than  5  soft  rays;  scales  ctenoid ;  head 

armed. 

n.  Vent  normal BEnYciD/E,  82. 

nn.  Vent  in  front  of  vontrals;  dorsal  spines  few. 

Apiiuki)()Di:uii)/e,  83. 
•mm.  Ventrals  few-rayed  or  Avaiitinj;;  scales  small  orwaiitiii". 
0.  Upper  jaw  produced  into  a  sword;   dentition  feeble- 

gills  reticulated... Xii'Hiii)/K,  7:>, 
00.  Upper  jaw  not  produced ;  dentition  very  stroiiij;;  body 

elongate TiitciiiuiuD/E,  7;!. 

21.  Ventrals  jugular  (if  present). 

J).  PseudobranchiiB  present.     (Z^/cnjiJi/orm  fishes.) 
q.  Dorsal  with  many  spines,  sometimes  entirely  spinouH. 

BlknxMid.e,  11;{. 
qq.  Dorsal  with  few  spines  or  none, 
a.  Gill-membranes  united  to  the  isthmus. 

Z0AUCID4J,  115. 

««.  Gill-membranes   broadly  united,  free  from  the 
isthmus;  ventrals  none. 

CoxonoGADin.E,  llfi. 

«m,  Gill-mombrancs  separate,  free  from  the  istlimiia. 

I  t.  Ventrals  filamentous,  at  the  throat ;  jaws  with 

teeth OniiDiiD^E,  118. 

%t,  Ventrals  none;  jaws  toothless. 

Ammodytid/E,  69. 
j[j|p.  PseudobranchiiB  obsolete. 

M.  Dorsal  without  distinct  sjtiuous  part. 
V,  Vent  at  the  throat ;  ventrals  none. 

FiEUASFEiunj:,  117. 
«i'.  Vent  posterior. 
IP.  Scales  cycloid ;  caudal  fin  present. 

Gadii)^,  120. 
tow.  Scales  spinous,  keeled;   no  caudal  fin; 
the  tail  attenuate. 

Macrtjuid.e,  121. 
MM.  Dorsal  fin  with  a  distinct  spinons  part, 
composed  of  a  few  spines;  ven- 
trals I,  2;  gills  :5,  the  gill-mom- 
branes  broadly  united  to  the 
isthmus BATRAcniD.^;,  112. 


.'.-.r- 


65.    MUGILID^. 


401 


hh.  Anal  fin  none;  skeleton  not  ossified;  caudal  mdimontnrv,  or  not  in 

the  lino  of  axis  of  body, 

TUACIIYPTICKID^:,  100, 

DD.  Suborbital  vitb  bony  stay.     (Cottiform  fisbos.) 

V.  Head  not  mailed. 
'  X.  Slit  bebind  f()urtlijr''l  largo;  body  evenly 

'        ■    "  scaled CmiMD.i:,  10r». 

XX.  Slit  bebiud  fourth  gill  small  or  wanting. 
y,  Gill-membiaues    separate,     free    from 
iHtbmus;    ventral    fins    normally 
formed,  mostly  I,  5. 

SCOISP/ENID/E,  100. 
yy.  Gill-membranos    broa<Ily   joined,    at- 
tached   to    the    isthmus  or   not; 
ventral  fins  \  ariously  imix-rfect. 
COTTID^,  107. 
w.  Head  mailed,  externally  bony. 

z.  Ventrals  few-rayed,  close    together; 
last  gill-slit  obsolete. 

Agonip  E,  107  (ft). 
gz.  Venl.als  1,  4,  or  I,  ^,  i    ually  wide 
apart;  last  gill-slit  large. 

.Tkiglid^,  108. 


CC.  Breast  with  a  sucking-disk. 


a.  Gill-openings  narrow;  spinous  nor- 
sal  little  developed;  sucking-disk 
formed  of  the  united  ventral  fins; 
pyloric  c(Bca  numerous;  subor- 
bital with  a  bony  stay. 
ft.  Skin  smooth;  vei-tebraj  very  nu- 
merous   LlPARIDIDiE,  103. 

ftft.  Skin  tubercular;  vertebrio  rather 
few C  YCLOPTKUi  n^:,  1 10. 

aa.  Gill-oponingswide;  s[)inouH  doreal 
wanting;  sucking -disk  between 
the  ventral  fins;  no  pyloric  co'ca; 
body  naked..  .(iooiEnocwAi,  111, 


Family  LXV.— MUGILIDiE. 

{The  Mullets.) 

Body  oblong,  more  or  less  compressed,  covered  with  ratber  large 
cycloid  scales ;  no  lateral  line,  but  the  furrows  often  deepened  on  the 
middle  of  each  scale  so  as  to  form  lateral  streaks.  Mouth  small,  termi- 
nal. Jaws  with  small  teeth,  or  none ;  premaxillaries  protraiitile.  Gill- 
openings  wide,  the  membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Bran- 
chiostegals  5  or  6.  Gill-rakers  long  and  slender.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind 
fonrtb.  PseudobranchiiB  large.  Two  short  dorsal  flus,  well  separated, 
tlie  anterior  with  4  stiff  spines,  the  last  one  of  which  is  much  shorter 
tban  the  others;  second  dorsal  long' r  than  the  first,  similar  to  anal; 
Bull.  Xat.  Mus.  No.  10 20 


mm 


rr-^ 


I  '  i,'.  ■ 


402      CONTIIIIJUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICIlTnYOLOGY iv. 

anal  spines  3,  rapidly  graduated ;  ventral  fins  abdominal,  not  far  baci- 
attaclied  to  the  elom^ate  coracoid  bone,  coin])osed  of  one  spine  and  iue 
rays;  caudal  forked.  Air-bladder  large,  simple.  Intestinal  canal  loinr 
Peritoneum  usually  black.  Vertebra?  24.  Genera  3;  species  70-,so- 
iidiabiting  the  fresh  waters  and  coasts  of  warm  regions,  fecdiiur  „„ 
organic  matter  contained  in  mud.  A  considerable  indigestible  portion  of 
the  latter  is  swallowed,  and  in  order  to  prevent  larger  bodies  from  pass- 
ing into  the  stomach,  or  substances  from  passing  through  the  {fjll-opon 
ings,  these  tishes  have  the  organs  of  the  pharynx  modiliod  into  a 
iiltering  apparatus.  They  take  in  a  qujintity  of  sand  or  nuid,  and 
after  having  worked  it  for  some  time  between  the  pliaryngeal  bones 
they  eject  the  roughest  and  indigestible  portion  of  it.  The  npptr 
jdiaryngeals  have  a  rather  irregular  form ;  they  are  slightly  arched,  the 
convexity  being  directed  towards  the  pharyngeal  cavity,  tapering  an- 
teriorly, and  broad  posteriorly.  They  are  coated  with  a  thick,  soft 
membrane,  which  reaches  far  beyond  the  margin  of  the  bone,  and  is 
studded  all  over  with  minute  horny  cilia.  Each  branchial  arch  is  pro- 
vided with  a  series  of  long  gill-rakers,  which  are  laterally  bent  down- 
wards, each  series  closely  (itting  to  the  sides  of  the  adjoining  aioli- 
they  constitute  together  a  sieve  admirably  adapted  to  permit  a  transit 
for  the  water,  retaining  at  the  same  time  every  solid  substance  in  tlie 
cavity  of  the  pliarynx.    {Gunther.) 

The  Mugilidce,  AtHerinidw,  Sphyrccnidw,  and  OpldocephalUhc  compose 
the  group  or  suborder  of  PcrceHoces,  thus  characterized.  Ventral  lins 
abdominal ;  branchial  arches  well  developed,  the  bones  all  present  ex- 
cept the  fourth  superior  branchihyal.  Third  superior  pharyngeal  nnich 
enlarged ;  lower  pharjngeal  distinct.  Scales  cycloid.  Pectorals  ele- 
vated, about  on  a  level  with  the  upper  posterior  angle  of  opercnlnni; 
spinous  dorsal  usually  present.  (Latin,  Perca,  a  perch;  Esox,  a  pike— 
the  group  being  intermediate  in  its  position  between  the  Percoidsaud 
the  Uaplomi.) 

(MiKjiluJw  Giiutber,  iii,  409,  467.) 

•Jaws  with  a  series  of  oilia,  bafc  without  true  teeth;  jiart  of  the  stomach  mnscnlar, 
gizzard-like , Muun-,  195. 

193.— mUOIL  LinucDUs. 

{Mullets.) 
(Arto'.li ;  LinuaDiis,  Syst.  Nat. :  typo  Mugil  cepkalua  L.)  ^  

Body  oblong,  somewhat  compressed,  covered  with  large  cycloid  scales. 
Jiead  large,  bhintishj  convex  above,  scaled.    Mouth  small.   Jaws  tooth- 


•^i*'^''r,'wryr 


ii^-i.Uj 


65.    MUGILID^ — MUaiL. 


403 


'Hi ': 


](.<is  usnally  provided  with  short,  flexible  i.'ilia  resembling  teeth ;  lower 
jaw  forming  an  angle  at  the  symphysis.  A  portion  of  the  stomach  mod- 
itied  to  form  a  muscular  gi/.zard.  Species  very  numerous,  found  in 
jrreat  schools  near  the  shore  in  all  warm  regions.  (Latin  Mugil,  the 
aucient  name,  from  mulgeo,  to  suck.) 

•Ailiposo  pycUd  well  developed. 

a.  Scales  medium  (40-42  series);  sides  with  dark  stripes;  anal  rays  III,  8. 

633>  IW.  mcxicanus  Steindachner. — California  Mullet;  Macho. 

General  form,  coloration,  and  appearance  of  M.  alhula,  the  head 
rather  longer,  broader,  and  more  depressed ;  interorbital  space  about 
half  length  of  head.  Anterior  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  with  small  scales, 
the  posterior  part  of  the  fin  naked.  Eye  rather  small;  the  adipose 
eyelid  very  thick.  Bluish  above ;  sides  silvery,  with  dark  stripes  along 
the  rows  of  scales.  Head  4 ;  depth  4.  D.  1 V-I,  8 ;  A.  Ill,  8 ;  Lat. 
1, 42.  Pacitic  coast,  chiefly  south  of  Point  Concepcion ;  abundant  j  very 
close  to  the  next-  of  which  it  is  probably  a  variety. 

(. steindachner,  Ichth.  Boitriige,  iii,  58,  1875.) 

634>  IVI>  albula  l,.— Striped  Mullet. 

Body  rather  elongate,  little  compressed,  snbterete.  Snout  not  broad, 
moderately  depressed.  Mouth  moderate,  the  lips  thin,  the  maxillary  not 
nearly  covered  by  the  preorbital ;  angle  made  by  the  dentary  bones  ob- 
tuse, or  nearly  a  right  angle.  Spauv.  at  the  chin  between  the  nuindib- 
iilary  bones  oblanceolate,  acutish  anteriorly.  Scales  comparatively 
small,  a  few  on  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins.  Pectoral  fins  placed  little 
above  the  axis  of  the  body.  Coloratiou  dark-bluish  above ;  sides  sil- 
very, with  conspicuous  darker  lateral  stripes ;  a  dusky  blotch  at  base 
of  pectorals.  Head4J;  depth  4.  D.  IV-I,  8;  A.  Ill,  8;  scales  42-l.S. 
Atlantic  coast  of  United  States ;  very  abundant  southward,  where  it 
is  much  valued  as  a  food-fish. 

(Linu.  Syat.  Nat. :  Mugil  plumieriBloch,  Ansl.  Fisch.  taf.  39(5:  Mngil  lineatua  Ciiv.  & 
Vul.  xi,  98:  Mugil  lineatua  Gthr.  iii,  417:  Mugil  herlandieri  Grd.  U.  S.  Mex.  Uoiiiid. 
Siirv.  20,  fig.  1 — fig.  4  represents  the  young  of  M.  brasilienaia. ) 

aa.  Scales  larger  (3S  series);  sides  without  conspicuous  dark  stripes;  anal  rays  III,  9. 

635.  m.  brasiliensis  Ag. — JFJiite  Mullet;  Liza. 

Body  oblong,  rather  compressed.  Snout  moderate.  Mouth  mod- 
crate  ;  the  maxillary  mostly  concealed  under  the  preorbital ;  angle  made 
by  the  dentaries  about  a  right  angle.  Space  at  the  chin  between  the 
mandibularies  somewhat  club-shai)ed.    Scales  comxjaratively  large  j  soft 


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404     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICnTHYOLOGY — ly. 

dorsal*  and  anal  fins  covered  with  small  scales;  pectoral  fins  mostk 
naked,  inserted  liigli.  Coloration  bluish  above ;  the  sides  silvery,  without 
conspicuous  dark  8triy>es,  but  with  shining  streaks  along  the  rows  of 
scales ;  a  dusky  blotch  at  the  base  of  the  pectoral ;  tips  of  caudal  und 
soft  dorsal  blackish.  Head  4 ;  depth  4.  JD.  IV-I,  8 ;  A.  Ill,  9 ;  scales 
38-12;  vert.  11  +  13.  Cape  Cod  to  South  America,  .ind  Lower  Califor. 
nia;  abundant ;  on  our  Atlantic  coast,  usually  reaching  a  smaller  size 
than  Mugil  albula. 

(Agassiz  Spix.  Pise.  Brazil,  234 :  Mnrjil  etirema  and  Mujil  petrosua  Cuv.  «&  Val.  xi 
87, 8i);  Giiiither,  iii,  431:  Mugil  Uiieataa  Storer,  Hist.  Fish.  Mass.) 

Familv  LXVL— ATIIERINID.E. 

■  (Tltc  Sllvermles.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  covered  with  cycloiil 
scales  of  moderate  or  small  size.  No  lateral  line ;  some  scales  often 
with  rudimentary  mucous  tubes.  Cleft  of  the  mouth  moderate.  Teeth 
small,  on  jaws  and  sometimes  on  vomer  and  palatines,  rarely  wanting;. 
Premaxillaries  protractile  or  not.  Opercular  bones  without  spines  or 
serrature.  Gill-openings  wide,,  the  gill -membranes  not  connected,  free 
from  the  isthmus.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behiml  the  fourth.  Pseudobraiichi;e 
present.  Gill-rakers  usually  long  and  slender.  B ranch iostegals  T)  or  0. 
Dorsal  fins  2,  well  separated,  the  first  of  3-8  feeble,  flexible  spines,  the 
second  of  soft  rays.  Anal  with  a  weak  spine,  similar  to  the  solt  dorsal, 
but  usually  larger.  Ventral  fins  small,  abdominal,  noc  far  back,  of  1 
small  spine  and  5  soft  rays.  Pectorals  moderate,  inserted  bigh.  Air- 
bladder  present.  'No  i>yloric  coeca.  Caudal  and  abdominal  vertebrre  very 
numerous.  Carnivorous  fl^vshes,  mostly  of  small  size,  living  in  great 
schools  near  the  .^hore  in  temperate  and  tropical  seas ;  a  few  species  in 
fresh  water ;  nearly  all  the  species  have  a  silvery  band  along  the  side. 
Genera  about  8  r  species  CO. 

(JtAerinirfo;  pt.  Gilntbcr,  iii,  391-407.) 

a.  Premaxillaries  freely  protractile  (their  skin  not  continuous  with  that  of  tlic  fore- 
head). 
6.  Prcmaxillary  narrow,  its  edge  nearly  straight;  teeth  on  vomer..  Athkuina,  lOii. 
66.  Prcmaxillary  broad  posteriorly,  its  edge  curved  ;  no  teeth  on  vomer. 
0.  Teeth  none Leuukstfies,  107, 


'  Dorsal  and  anal  partly  naked,  pectoral  wholly  bo  in  specimens  from  North  Caro- 
lina ;  dorsal  and  anal  densely  scaly,  ^eutural  mostly  scaly  iu  specimens  from  Acapitkc^ 
Mux.,  otherwise  similar. 


H* 


w 


6G.   ATHERINIDiE — LEURESTIIES.  405 

fc.  Toeth  in  bands.  >  ^ .;    / ;  *>     ,        .     v     ,s    ■>' 

d.  Jaws  produced  in  a  short  beak Labidesthks,  198. 

(Id.  Jaws  not  produced,  the  lower  short Menidia,  IDS). 

ga,  Fremiixillaries  not  tr>;ly  protractile  (skin  of  the  preuiaxillaries  ui'JsiaUy  contiuu. 
ous  with  that  of  the  forehead).         •  ;' 

c.  Teeth  iu  villiform  bauds ArnERiNOi'Sis,  200. 

ee.  Teeth  in  a  single  series,  each  one  bicuspid AxuEKiXors,  201. 

Id6.— ATIIERinrA  Linnuius. 

Friars. 
(LiniLDiis,  Syst.  Nat.  xii,  17GG:  type  J//teri»ja /w'/)»e/it«  L.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed.  Mouth  large,  terminal,  oblique;  jaws 
about  equal,  their  edges  nearly  straight ;  maxillary  extending  to  the 
front  of  the  eye.  Premaxillaries  narrow  posteriorly,  anteriorly  protrac- 
tile. Villiform  teeth  in  bands  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Species 
imiiieroiis,  mostly  European.  (aOs/n-^r^,  the  ancient  name,  from  dOi^p,  a 
kirbor  spike,  from  the  form  of  body  or  the  numerous  bones;  possibly 
from  aOepi'Eiv,  to  despise,  from  their  diminutive  size.) 
636.  A.  Carolina  Cuv.  «fe  Val. 

Very  similar  to  the  European  A.  Jiepsctus,  but  with  the  head  smaller 
ami  the  body  slenderer.  Depth  O;^  in  total  length,  with  caudal.  1). 
VIII-1, 12 ;  A.I,  15.  L.  4  inches.  South  Carolina ;  not  seen  by  recent 
writers.    {Cuv.  <fc  Val.) 

(Cuv.  &  Val.  X,  445,  1835.) 
63?.  A.  veil  ana  Goodo  &  Bean. 

Snout  obtuse,  top  of  head  broad  and  very  flat ;  cleft  of  mouth  some- 
:vliiit  oblique ;  jaws  equal  anteriorly;  maxillary  extending  beyond  front 
of  orbit.  Teeth  very  small  in  the  Jaws  and  on  the  vomer.  The  silvery 
band  occupies  the  third  row  of  scales,  its  width  less  than  half  the  diame- 
ter of  the  eye.  Diameter  of  orbit  contained  twice  in  length  of  head, 
greater  than  interorbital  width  and  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the 
Kiioiit.  Spinous  dorsal  beginning  behind  the  vertical  from  the  tips  of 
the  ventral  fins.  Head  3^  in  length;  depth  4§.  D.  V-T,  9;  A.  I,  10; 
Lat.  1. 30 ;  L.  transv.  O.J.    ( Goodc  tfc  Bean.)    Clear  Water  Harbor,  Florida. 

(Goodo  &  Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat,  Mus.  ii,  342,  1879.) 

197.— LEIJBESTHES  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 
(Jtmlan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  29:  type  Alherinopsis  tenuis  Ayres.) 

This  getuis  agrees  with  Menidia  in  every  respect,  except  that  the  teeth 
are  obsolete.  But  one  species  is  certainly  known.  {Xeupo^^  smooth ; 
i'jOuo^  to  eat.)  T-T-        - 

U§.  L.  tenuis  (Ayres)  J.&Q. 

Clear  hyaline  green,  with  the  lateral  silvery  streak  very  distinct, 
wider  than  eye,  on  IJ  rows  of  scales ;  edges  of  scales  above  bordered  by 


'    '^;.'f«  til 

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406    COXTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMKUICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY— jy. 

(lark  imiiita.  Scales  small,  smooth,  and  firm,  closely  iinbricalcd,  tlHr 
c'.ljjcs  cronato.  Maxillary  not  reac^hinj?  to  pupil.  Promaxillary  v((iy  i,,.,, 
tractile,  tMirved,  its  posterior  portion  broad.  Lower  jaw  shorter  tlmu 
upper.  First  dorsal  (in  over  front  of  anal,  much  nearer  base  of  caiuliii 
than  snout.  Eye  equal  to  snout.  Mead  U;  depth  5.  D.  V_i, «».  ,\  j 
22 1  Lat.  L75.    L.o  inches.    CoastufCalifuruia^  abundant  in  ^auDieiro 

{Athcnnopnia  tenuis  Ayrcs,  Proc,.  Cal.  Aciid.  Nat.  Sci.  18(50,  76.) 

10S.-L.ABII>ESTIIE}Si  Copo. 

((\)]>o,  I'roc.  Amor.  Phil.  Soo.  I'hila.  IS7(),  •t.').'):  typo  dhiroxloma  Himtlum  Ci)]w.) 

This  }j:enus  dill'ers  from  MeniiUa  chietly  in  the  i)rolon}::ation  of  tlw^  jaws 
both  of  whiiih  are  i)roduced  into  a  short  depressed  beak.  (As,}!,-,  a  pair 
of  forceps;  itrOiut^  to  wiL) 

6't^«  L.  nIi'^ciiIiin  Copo. — lirook  Silnrmle;  Skipjack, 

Pale  olive  green,   translucent;   lateral   silvery   band,  very  dislinct, 

scarcely  broatier  than  piipil,  bounded  above  by  a  dark  lino ;  back  dotted 

with  black.     15ody  eUmf^ate,  very  slender,  compressed.     Head  Ion-,',  Hat. 

tish  above,  narro"  below.     Snt)ut  vslender,  conic.     Premaxillaries  broad 

posteriorly,  very  protractile,  i)roduced  forwards,  the  snout  louf^cr  than 

t  he  lai  jjfc  eye.    Edjje  of  upper  jaw  strongly  concave.    Teeth  very  slender 

mostly  in  one  series,  forming  a  narrow  band  in  front.     Scales  siuall, 

thin,  with  entire  edges.     Spinous  dorsal  very  small ;  soft  dorsal  short. 

Anal  lin  long ;  caudal  forked;  pectorals  moderate.    First  dorsal  inserteil 

somewhat  behind  the  vent.     Head  4.};  depth  0;  eye  JJA  in  head.    1). 

I V-I,  II;    A.  I,  23 ;  Lat.  1.  75.     L.  3^  inches.     I'onds  and  slu{,'};isli 

streams;  iMichigan  to  Iowa  and  Tennessee;  locally  abundant;  a  vory 

graceful  little  llsh. 

(ChiroxUmin  m(rHtn:n  Cope,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.  1865,  81:  Laiidcallivs  sknht 
Copo,  IVoo.  Amor.  Pliil.  Soc.  Pliila.  1870,  40.) 


190.— I?IElViDIA*  Duiaparto. 

Silversidcs. 

^^Argi/rea  DoKay  :  HasiUchthya  Grd. :  Lahidcathca  Cope.) 
(Bouap.irtc,  Fauna  Italica,  about  1810:  typo  Alhirina  menidia  L.) 

Body  elongate,  more  or  Jess  com]>ressed.    Head  oblong,  compressed. 
Mouth  small,  the  gape  curved,  very  oblique,  usually  not  reaching  the  eye;  j 

•  Chirostoma  Swainsoii,  Clussin.  Fishos,  etc.  1H3U,  243  {=Atlu'rinoidca  DlcMiker^  Alhm- 
nirhthyii  \lh^t}\wr  ^^  LoUrotftuUhim  (ird.,  all  tliow>  noiiiiiial  umiora  based  on  tlio  snnie  tjju',  1 
Aihtrina  humhohiliana  Cnv.  &  Val.,  IVoiii  Mexico),  iHdiHtinKuiNliodfroin  il/cHirtiVi  by  tin 
very  lonj?  and  strong  niandiblo  which  protrudoa  beyond  tho  nppor  jaw.    There  (ire  »j 
few  voniorino  teeth,  and  tho  pruiuaxillury  la  oxtromoly  protractile. 


6«;     ATllEUINID^. — MEN1DI\. 


407 


ihnlhvs  sicciiliii 


lower  jiiw  short;  inaxilljiry  slipjiitif;  o.utitrly  lunlor  pn  orbital;  jaws  canli 
with  ;i  l>;n><l  o*"  «i'ni*l*'j  usually  villifonn  teeth.  I'remaxillarieM  very  freely 
,.,)(,ac(ile»,  their  spines  eomparatively  loii^',  nearly  ecpial  to  tho  eye, 
txtoiidiii^'  baekwiud  beneath  a  f'ohl  of  skin  \vlii<'.h  eonnects  the  bases  of 
tho  maxillaries;  posterior  part  of  preniaxillaries  broa<l.  No  teeth  on 
vomer  or  palatines.  Scales  ent  ire,  or  with  the  edges  erenate  or  hu^iniato. 
giK'eies  nuMKUous,  of  niodcMato  or  simill  size,  some  of  them  entering; 
fix-ah  waters.  (ManiiJia,  an  old  name  of  some  small  silvcay  lish,  fr<?m 
;,,/);,  tho  moon.) 

«10.  IW.  boNcKC.  &V.)J.  &  a. 

Clear  transparent  gnuMi;  sides  with  a  well  defined  silvery  bind,  «| 
(liiiiiK'U'i'ol  the  eye ;  back  and  ehin  with  large,  blaek  (b>ts.  ICyii  large,  '.iff 
ill  iioiul,  a  little  longc'r  than  snout.  Scales  (Irm,  their  edg(!s  strongly 
cri'iiiilc,  Ihose  on  the  back  laciniate.  Ui)per  jaw  the  longer.  I'Mrst  dor- 
sal very  feeble,  over  the  beginning  of  the  anal,  rather  nearer  the  tip  of 
the  eaiKlal  (han  the  snout.  I)istan(;e  from  ilrst  to  seeoml  dorsal  jj  length 
of  head.  Pectorals  reaching  ve.iirals,  nearly  as  long  as  the  head. 
VeiiUiils  falling  far  short  of  tho  bast?  of  the  first  <lorsul;  second  dorsal 
very  short.  Tt^eth  short,  even,  forming  a  inirro'y  villifonn  band.  J  lead 
4|;  (le;»th  5.}.  J).  IV-f, .S;  A.  1, 'J2 ;  scales  d;"*-?.  L.  r>inche8.  Atlantio 
Coast  of  the  United  States,  <!hielly  southward;  abundant. 

{Alhcniia  mctiidia  Jiimi.  Syst.  Nut,.:  Alhcriitahosci  Cnv.  ct  Val.  x,  'Km,  IHH,'):  Athcrina 
vwtiilhi  Dclvay,  Now  York  I'^auiiii,  Fish.  11"^:  AUivrinivlilhyi  mvnidia  ot  uolala  (Jiiiiliicr, 

iii, -lo;;.)         :     ■        , 

ttll.  M.  vsiK^^wn*  ((iooilo  &.  Iloan)  J.  &  O. 

Silvery  streak  occupying  tho  lower  two-thirds  of  the  third  and  tho 
upper  two-thirds  of  thy  fourth  series  of  scales.  Eye  3  in  head,  as  long 
as  lower  jaw,  greater  than  snout  and  less  than  interorbital  width.  I'rc- 
maxillaries  freely  protractile ;  teeth  rather  strong.  Scales  laciniate  on 
tho  buck,  ncyrly  entire  laterally.  First  dorsiJ  ijiserted  opi)osite  tlio 
space  bctvyfcon  the  anal  tin  and  the  vent,  nearer  base  of  eau<lal  thaa 
snout.  Pectoral  about  as  long  as  head.  Caudal  slightly  foiked,  tho 
lobes  ccpial.  Vertical  tins  excessively  scaly.  Head  5;  depth  IV^  1). 
V-1,  7;  A.  I,  18;  scales  48-7.    L.  t  inches.    Virginia  to  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

{Chirostoma  ragrana  Ooodo  &  Uoau,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mas.  IWT'J,  148.) 

619.  W.  notata  (Mitch. ).T.  &  0.—.Si7i'cr«ido.  ., 

TraiKsparent  green,  with  a  lateral  silvery  band  lialf  the  width  of  tlie 


•We  hiiVH  boon  able  to  verily  this  clmructor  on  only  n  few  of  the  foreijjn  HpocieH. 
Wo  are  tiieroforo  uncertain  whether  Ihc  bulk  of  the  Hpeciea  referred  by  Dr.  Giiuthcf 
to  "Alhcrinicktliya"  belong  to  Menidia  or  to  AtherinopaiH. 


rl--- 


408     CONTUinUTIOMS   TO    NOUTIl   AMERICAN    ICIITIIYOLOGV— ly. 

eyo;  ftcalcs  above  with  spots  nlonfj  their  od^jes,  so  thiit;  their  outlines 
sire eleinly  (lellned ;  ehiii  speekUul.  HeiUeswith  entire  edj^es.  livola,,,,. 
.'^.^iii  head,  iil)<)iitiish)ti}j:!is  the  snout.  Jhwh  equal.  Fir.st  <h)r.sal  liir^cr 
than  in  M.  bosci,  inserted  in  front  of  th(^  anal,  over  the  vent,  ahout  mid. 
Avny  between  snout,  and  base  of  (;audal.  I>istan(!e  between  dorsals  X 
h'njjth  of  head.  IVeloral  searetdy  shorter  tlnui  head,  rea(!hiii^'  ])a,st  bn,,,,, 
of  ventrals,  which  do  not  reach  the  ven*,  or  the  front  of  tlie  dorNuj. 
Body  slenderer,  and  more  compressed  than  in  M.  bos:;i.  Teeth  jn  f,>^y 
Beries,  some  of  them  larjjer.  Head  5;  dei)th  0.  D.  IV-I,  8;  A.  I  23- 
scales  l(!-1().  \,.  5  inches.  Atlantic  coast  of  United  States,  chicHy 
jiorthward;  abundant. 

(iJ'fwi.frt  nolata  Mitcliill,  Trims.  ]At.  and  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  1811,  440:  Alhmm,  mtaia 
Dtikiiy,  Now  York  ruuna,  V'wh.  Ill:  Alherina  mcnidla  Oav.  ot  Viil.  x,  402:  CklroHlonui 
itotatiim  oi  iiuMt  Kjccnt  writciu.) 

«.|;i.  :?I.  l><>D'y!tiii3i  (Cope)  .T.  &  O. 

Pale  olive,  with  a  silver  band  on  2J  rows  of  scales.  I3ody  stouh'r  (hiiu 
nstial.  l"'irst  <lorsaI  far  in  advance  of  second,  inserted  over  the  vont 
slightly  neisrer  base  of  caudal  than  snout.  ICye  lar}i;e, .'{  in  head.  .Man- 
dible slightly  i)rojecting.  Si'ales  not  described.  Head  4] ;  depth  G. 
D.  V-I,  11;  A.  r,  IS.     h.2S  inclios.     J'otouiac  Jtiver.     {Cop<;.) 

(^/l.')•().s^(M((  lieryllhium  Co|u«,  TraiiN.  Am.  Phil.  Sv)c.  IbOO,  4015.) 

01  r,.  ITI.  I>B*3»sJlliie8Ssa«  (Q<i«».v  «fc  Ouininrd)  .7.  I'i  O. 

Olivaceous,  the  silvery  lateral  stripe  less  th.iu  half  the  diameter  of  the 
eye ;  scales  on  back  coven^d  with  dark  dots,  y^ali^s  all  entire.  Cldt 
of  mouth  reachiiijjf  to  nearly  opposite  eye.  Jaws  eijual.  Teeth  not 
formiu}^  a  dose  band.  First  dorsal  inserted  over  the  fru.it  of  the  anal, 
iienrer  the  base  of  the  caudal  than  the  snout.  Pectoral  as  Jonsr  as  tlio 
head,  reaching  well  i)ast  root  of  ventrals,  which  reach  the  vent.  Kyo 
^sVinhead.  Head  4;  depth  5.  I).  IV-F,  1);  A.  1,131;  scales  40-8.  L 
',\  inches.  I'Morida  to  IMexieo  and  Brazil.  Described  from  a  speciincu 
obtained  in  S.iint  John's  Kiver,  Florida.   „ 

(^  AlluniKt  brasH ii'iinin  ()\wy  &  O.iimanl,  V»)y.  Uran.  PoisH.  :?:?2:  Atherina  bran'.lknsii 
Ouv,  i*;:  Val.  :;,  -107:  AHicrinichlhi/H  hranHiciwiK  iiiinihi'V,  iii,  -llM.) 

01.t.  Itl.  iX'ClillseiEo;  (Ooodo  &  Ilean)  .1.  A;  G.  ^  „.., 

Silvery  streak  occupyin.y;  the  fourth  and  upper  half  of  the  llfth  row 
of  scales.  Kyo  3  to  J.V  in  head,  about  equal  to  the  snout  and  the  inter- 
orbital  width.  Mouth  very  protractile;  lower  .jaw  long,  more  than 
one-third  the  lenjjfth  of  the  head.  Scales  not  described.  First  dorsal 
tin  far  in  advance  of  the  anal  fin,  in  front  of  the  vent,  about  niidwiiy 


Ill  bran'.Uenm 


60.    ATITEniNID/E ATI1ERINOP8. 


409 


IhHwi'CII  Imsci  of  ciUKlul  and  Hiiont.  Ciuuliil  deeply  forked,  its  lobes  e(iiml. 
ncad  4;  depth  5.  1).  V-I,  H;  A.  I,  15}  Hcali!8  -'VS-U.  L.  1  mches. 
I-'lorida.    {(hKuhut  lU   u.)  • 

iChiiokloma  iicniiigulw  iiowU^  &  IJom,  I'roc.  II.  ft  Nivfc.  Miih.   1871),  14H.) 

itOO.- ATIII':ill!«OI'HBN  (Jirara. 

rcHcUiliUo  <U.l  Rcif. 

(Girnnl,  Pr<»;\  Acal.  Niif.  ftni.  IMiilii.  1851,  I'M:  tyixi  Aihv.rinopmH  mliforn'''ni>ln  Gnl.) 

This  {jeims  differs  from  ^f^;nu^'m  in  tlu;  noii  piotraetility  of  the  upper 
jiiw.  The  spiiK'S  of  the  [)reinaxillaries  are  very  short,  immh  shorter 
than  tlie  eye,  aii<l  they  'ire  covered  by  a  slciu  whielj  is  eontliiuons  with 
that  of  the  lorehead,  btiii;^  only  capable  of  .<neh  motion  as  is  ]>ermitte<l 
bvllx^  extJMision  of  a  fold  of  skin  between  the  Jaws  and  the  frontal 
irjfioii.  SpeiMes  reaehinjif  a  (tonsiderable  si/e  ami  having  iniportaneo  U8 
fi)i)(l  lislies.    {afhfitvTj,  Atherina;  ".  ':r,  appearan(;e.) 

(>I6.  A.  «':i!iir««"CBi**D8»<.i«<  (limn!. — CnUforma  Smelt. 

Traii^liiet'nt  gieenish,  a  bnrni.shed  lateral  stripe  whi(!h  is  rather 
|iliiiiiluHMis  than  silvery,  some  yellow  on  t!ie  opercles.  liody  elongate, 
littlccoiiipressed.  Maxillary  naircnv,  not  rea»'-hing  to  tin;  eye,  not  slip- 
piii^MUider  the  i>reorbital.  .lawseviMi;  teeth  small,  pointed,  in  narrow 
biMids;  inner  series  of  ui'.per  jaw  <!idarged.  dill  rak(us  very  long  an<l 
sh'iKli'r.  Scales  erenate,  somewhat  rough,  but  not  la(;inij;.ie.  I'irst  dor- 
sal large,  inserted  in  front  of  anal  nearer  base  than  snout;  secoiul  dor- 
salinscrted  in  front  of  middleof  anal,  which  has  a  scaly  sheath.  Pee- 
toriils  nearly  as  long  as  head,  not  reaching  to  ventrals,  the  latter  J.alf 
way  to  vent.  Eye  small,  5  in  head.  IIea<l  4;j';  depth  5.  J).  IX-I,  12; 
A.  I,  L*l»;  scales  77-l.'{.  L.  18  inches.  i*a(rili<;  coast  cf  United  States; 
very  abundant;  a  food-fish  of  consi<lerable  importaiu;e. 

{(iiiiinl,  Troc.  Acsid.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliila.  lrtr>4,  l:!4;  (iiriml,  U.  ft.  I'ac.  U.  U.  Surv.  Fish. 
X,  lO;!:  J(/i()i;(it7i///i/«(Y////()>')iii'nNi«{jliin(lu'r,  iii,  4(Ki. ) 

aOl.— ATIIEB!WOP.S  SlciiKliiclinor. 
(Stcindiicliiior,  l^'litli.  lJcitril;j;<(,  iii,  01,  1875:  typo  Athcriiiopsiii  affum  Ayn-n.) 

Teeth  hljid,  airinged  In  a  single  row  in  each  Jaw.  Otluu wise  as  in 
AtheriiuqfsiH.    One  Si«'cie8  known.  (a%nvij,  Atherina;  w^S  appearance.) 

Cn.  A.  adiiiiM  (AyroH)  Stoijuiachncr. — Little  Smelt. 

Clear  hyaline  green,  a  silver.N  lateral  band,  TJ  scales  wi<le,  narrower 
than  cyo,  bordered  above  by  a  ]>ur]>!ish  line.  Back  and  sides  thickly 
punctate.    IriH  uiid  opercles  with  bright  yellow.    Maxillary  not  reaching 


I 


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^Inl'llPt  WM 

'  'K  ': 

^:''il|| 

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. '  ii'^f-'ji" 

'  '.;.tii 

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i 


410     CONTRinUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 

pupil.  Lower  jiiw  slightly  shorter  than  upper.  Teeth  close-set,  incisor. 
liice,  Y-shsiped,  the  forks  divergent;  those  in  lower  jaw  hirgest  and  luost 
movable.  Eye  hirge,  not  longer  than  snout.  Spinous  dorsal  moderate 
inserted  over  the  vent,  its  origin  midway  between  jmsterior  angle  of  oi,. 
ercle  r'nd  base  of  caudal.  Pectoral  about  as  long  as  the  head,  rcacliinjr 
ventrals,  the  ventrals  not  to  vent.  Body  stouter  than  in  related  species. 
Scales  firm,  crenate.  Peritoneum  dark.  Head  5;  depth  4^.  D.  VI-I  n- 
A.  I,  22;  Lat.  1.  54.  L.  a  foot.  Pacific  coast  of  United  States,  with 
Atherinopsis  caH/orniensis,  and  equally  abundant. 
(^AUieriiiopHw  affinis  Ayres,  Proc.  Cul.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  1830,  73.)  • 

Family  LXVII  — SPHYR^NIDiE. 

{The  Barracudas.) 

Body  elongate,  subterete,  covered  with  smal!  cycloid  scales.  Ilcjul 
very  long,  pointed,  pike-like,  scaly  above  and  on  sides.  Mouth  horj. 
zontal,  large.  Jaws  elongate,  the  lower  considerably  i)rqjecting ;  upjjor 
jaw  non  protractile,  its  border  formed  by  the  premaxillaries,  behind 
which  are  the  broad  maxillaries.  Large,  sharp  teeth  of  unecinal  size 
on  both  jaws  and  on  palatines;  none  on  the  vomer;  usually  a  very 
strong  tooth  near  the  tip  of  the  lower  jaw.  Openndar  bones  without 
si)ine8  or  serratures.  Gill-openings  wide,  the  gill -membranes  not  united, 
free  from  the  isthuuis;  gill-rakers  very  short  or  obsolete.  Brancliioste- 
gals  7 ;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Psuedobrauchia3  well  developed. 
Air-bladder  large,  bifun'-ate  anteriorly;  many  pyloric  cceca.  Lateral 
line  well  developed,  straight.  Pectoral  fins  short,  placed  in  or  below 
the  line  of  the  axis  of  the  body;  ventrals  I,  5,  abdominal,  in  advance 
of  the  mi<ldle  of  the  body ;  first  dorsal  over  ventrals,  of  5  rather  .stout 
spines;  second  dorsal  remote  from  first  dorsal,  similar  to  anal  and  oppo- 
site to  it;  caudal  fin  forked.  Vertebne  24.  A  single  genus  of  about  15 
species;  voracious  pike-like  fishes,  inhabiting  nearly  all  temperate  and 
tropical  seas. 

{Sjih yrcenidw  GiintheT,  ii,  ^34-'M\.) 

aoa.— SPHWRiElVA  BlocU.         ;  / 

Barracudas. 
(Artedi;   Bloch,  Ichth. :  tyjto  Esox  sphyrwna  GmcH.) 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  {ff<f>6pacva,  the  ancient  name, 
"  hammer  fish,"  from  a<popii^  a  dart.) 

•  Pectorals  not  reaching  nearly  to  front  of  dorsal. 


67.    SPnYRiENIDiE — SPHYR^NA. 


411 


<H§.  St  ai'ffcntca  Gtd.— Barracuda.  -     " 

Brownish,  with  bluish  lustre;  bellj'  white,  scarcely  silvery.    Body 

clougiite,  little  coujpressed.    Lower  jaw  much  produced,  fleshy  at  tip. 

Eye  10  ill  head.     Maxillary  not  reaching  front  of  eye;  about  3  in  head. 

Teeth  moderate,  little  compressed.    8i)inous  dorsal  inserted  a  little 

nearer  snout  than  caudal,  just  in  front  of  ventrals,  well  behind  the  end 

of  the  pectorals,  which  are  a  little  longer  than  tlio  ventrals  and  less 

Jiaa  one-tenth  the  total  length.     Scales  very  small.    Head  3  J ;  depth 

7J.    D.  V-I,  9;  A.  I,  8;  scales  in  238  series,  IGO  in  the  lateral  line. 

L.  3  feet.    Pacific  coast,  from  San  Francisco  southward;  abundant;  au 

important  food  fish. 

(Giranl,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  144;  Stcindaclincr,  Ichth.  Beitr.  vii,  1; 
GQutbcr,  ii,  :{38.) 

619.  S.  spcf  (Ilaiiy)  Lacdpfedo. — Barracuda. 

Olivaceous,  silvery  below ;  young  with  dusky  blotches  across  the  back 
and  along  the  lateral  line.  Body  rather  slender,  with  rather  large 
scales.  Marillary  not  reaching  eye;  2J  in  hesd.  Teeth  moderate. 
First  dorsal  inseited  cl'ghtly  in  front  of  base  of  ventrals,  nearly  midway 
between  snout  and  base  of  caudal,  much  behind  the  end  of  the  pectorals. 
Space  between  dorsals  about  one-sixth  of  the  total  length.  Pectorals 
about  as  long  as  ventrals,  12  in  total  length.  Eye  8  in  head.  Lower 
jaw  with  a  fleshy  tip.  Head  3;  dei)th  8.  D.  V-I,  9;  A.  1,  9;  Lat.  1. 
130-150.  L.  24  inches.  Cape  Cod  to  the  Mediterranean  (the  common 
European  species) ;  not  rare  on  our  coast. 

{Emx  npel  Haiiy,  Encyolop.  Method.  Poiss,  iii,  7187 :  Sphyrwna  vulffaris  Giinthcr,  ii, 
334:  Ehox  ftphyrwim  Giiiul.  Syst.  Nat.  13H9:  Lacdpfede,  Hist.  Nat.  PoiHs,  v,  ;J2(i:  fSphy- 
rama  bonalis  DcKay,  New  York  Fauna,  Fish.  3U :  Sphyra^na  borealia  Goodo  &  B(;aii, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  1871),  14G.  Moro  than  one  apeciea  has  been  confounded  under 
the  above  names.) 

"Pectoral  reaching  front  of  spinous  dorsal. 

6-50.  S.  gua^uancho  Cuv.  &  Yal. 

Origin  of  first  dorsal  fin  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  body,  more  or 
less  in  advance  of  the  tip  of  the  i)ectoral8.  Ventrals  in  front  of  the 
dorsal.  Fifth  dorsal  spine  midway  between  tip  of  snout  and  base  of 
caudal.  Pectoral  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of  head.  Inter8i)ace  be- 
tween dorsals  5^  in  length.  Eye  C  in  head.  Opercle  with  2  points. 
Head  3,^;  depth?.  D.V-I,9;  A.  II,  8;  scales  14-110-17.  L.  18  inches. 
Cape  Cod  to  Florida  and  Cuba.    {Goode  tfc  Bean.) 

(Cuv.  &  Val.  iii,  342;  Goodo  &  Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  146:  Sphyrtena 
guayuanche  Poey,  Memorias,  ii,  lG(i.) 


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,        111 


412      CONTKIIHITIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY iv. 

0''SI.  S.  piciidil  lilocli  &  Sclinoiikr.— /'tcH(/a  ;  JJarracuda. 

Ori«;iii  of  lirst  dorsal  opposite  vontrals,  far  in  advance  of  tlic  niuldi,, 

of  the  body,  at  the  tip  of  the  pectorals.     Interspace  between  dorsals  one. 

fifth  of  total  len<;th.     Pectoral  fins  one-eleventh  of  total  len}j;th.    Scales 

larj-e.     Head  ll.\  in  total  length;  deptli  "\.    1).  V-I,  9;  A.  I,  J);  scales 

O-S-MS.     Vertebra)   113  +  lli.    L.   3^  feet.     {0 anther.)     West  IikIIi-s 

north  to  Florida. 

(Bloch  &  .S"lmci(l('r,  IHOl,  110:  Sphi/ra'na  barracuda  Ciiv.  &.  Vol.  iii,  3i;{j  Ciintlur 
ii,  ;J3v5;  Gootle  &  Beuu,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Muh.  1H7U,  14(5.)  ' 

Family  LXVIIT.— POLYNEMIDiE. 

{The  Threail-Jins.) 

Body  oblong,  eompresse*!,  covered  with  rather  large  scales,  which  aro 
feebly  ciliated  or  smooth ;  lateral  linecontinnous,  extending  on  (he cau- 
dal lin.  Head  entirely  8(;aly ;  snout  conic,  projecting  over  the  horizontal 
mouth,  which  is  rather  large,  the  maxillary  extending  to  beyond  the  eye, 
Eye  lateral,  anterior,  large,  with  a  largo  adipose  eyelid.  Villilbrni  teeth 
on  jaws  and  palatines  and  usually  on  vomer  also.  Pseudobranchiic  con- 
cealed. Ihanchiostegals  7.  Gill-membranes  separate,  free  from  istli- 
nuis.  (tills  4,  a  slit  behind  fourth.  Dorsal  flna  2,  well  separated,  as 
in  the  Pcrcesoces^  the  first  of  about  7  feeble  but  rather  high  spines,  the 
second  rather  larger,  of  soft  rays.  Anal  fin  similar  to  the  soft  dorsal, 
sometinuvs  larger;  caudal  fin  widely  forked;  second  dorsal,  anal,  and 
caudal  fins  usually  covered  with  small  scales;  vcntrals  I,  5,  thoracic, 
but  placed  well  behind  the  pectorals ;  pectoral  tins  moderate,  placed 
low,  divided  into  two  parts,  the  lower  and  anterior  portion  composed 
of  several  filiform  articulated  appendages,  free  from  each  other,  organs 
of  touch,  liones  of  skull  with  a  Avell-developed  muciferous  system,  as 
in  Sci(vni(hv.  Basis  cranii  double,  with  tube ;  post-temporal  bil'iucale; 
scapula  with  median  foramen ;  superior  pharyngeal  bones  4,  third 
largest,  narrow,  directed  forward.  Basal  pectoral  bones  divided ;  two 
normal,  supporting  the  fln,  one  longitudinal  without  rays,  and  one  a 
plate  on  the  eoracoid,  supporting  elongate  rays.  Stomach  ccecal,  with 
a  few  pyloric  appendages.  Air-bladder  various,  sometimes  wantinj,'. 
Vertebr{e24.  General;  species  25.  Tropical  seas.  A  singular  group, 
in  some  respects  intermediate  between  8ci(vnifl(c  and  Mugilklcc,  but  not 
closely  related  to  any  other  of  our  fishes.  Most  of  them  aro  valued  as 
food  fishes. 

(PoJifimnidw  Giiiithcr,  ii,  319-333.) 
a.  Vomer  with  tooth;  prooperclo  sorrato;  anal  flu  not  much  larger  than  rppotkI  dor- 
sal   POLYNE.MUS,  'M. 


p:*. 


G8.    POLYNEMIDiE P0LYNEMII8.  413 

»08.— POLYMEIWITS  LinniouB. 

(7Vi<7tWi«M  Klein;  Gill.)  :  ■ 

(^,111.  Svst.  Nut. :  type /Wi/H«*mM«;»rtraf/»«fl'M«  Linn.) 

Teeth  in  villilorm  bsiiulH  cm  both  JawH,  vomer,  pjilutinos,  and  i)tery- 
gom-s.  {'ivopt'iclo  Hliaiply  scrratiMl  on  its  posterior  margin,  its  anjflo 
with  a  .scaly  llap.  Scales  rather  small,  finely  ctenoid.  Fir.st  dor.sal 
with  7  or  8  feeble,  rather  hifjh  si)ines,  the  first  and  last  short.  Soft 
dorsal  ami  anal  tins  about  e(pial  to  each  other;  pectoral  filaments  3  to 
t).  Pyloric  cieca  in  cjreat  number.  Species  numerous  in  warm  .seas. 
^-ok>-,  many;  w77/*a,  thread;  from  the  numerous  i)ectoral  api)endages.) 
•  I'ectorul  apiMJuduges  7.  --y'- •:.^-  -:•  ■ir:i'\-  ''  .■":■'^■ 

^it9>  P- pU^ntlisri  (Jm\)  Gthr. 

Silveiy;    pectoral  fins  black.    Maxillary  extendinpf  backwards  past 

eye  to  ba.se  of  mandible.    Pe(;toral  filaments  about  as  lon<f  as  the  fin. 

Spinous  dorsal  high;  soft  dorsal  similar  to  anal,  its  last  ray  in-oduced. 

Iloiul  :n  in  length;  depth  about  3A.     D.  VII-I,  12;  A.  11,  13;    scales 

(1-58-10.    West  Indies;  occasional  on  our  South  Atlantic  coast. 

[PoUnUu'tyhiH  plnniUri  La<\  v,  i>l.  14,  f.  '.I;  Giinthor,  ii,  321:  Trivhidion  plamieri  Gill, 
Prof.  Ac.  ^at.  8ci.  IMiilii.  IHtU,  '^/U.) 

*•  Pectoral  iipiusndagcH  H.  ,  *  ►  '     • 

650.  P.  oclolills  (Gill)  J.  &  G. 

Silvery,  vertical  fins  pnnctulated  with  black;  i)ector'.il  fins  black. 
Pectoral  filaments  short,  reaching  middle  of  interspace  between  dor.sal 
fiiis.  Maxillary  2;|  in  length  of  head.  Eyes  large,  about  4  in  head. 
Head  ;U  in  length;  depth  about  3J.  D.  VIII-I,  11;  A.  II,  14;  scales 
(J-G()-10.    New  York ;  one  specimen  known. 

{Tfkhidion  ovtojllis  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliila.  1861,  280.)  ,     ' 

631.  P.  oclonomus  Grd. 

Ihownish,  sides  silvery ;  fins  white.  Pectoral  filaments  very  long,  the 
longest  reaching  i)ast  the  front  of  the  anal  fin.  Eye  4  in  head.  Head 
3.J;  depth  3^.  D.  VIII-I,  12;  A.  II,  13;  scales  6-01-10.  {Oirard.) 
Florida  to  Texas. 

(Giiani,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  181)8,  1G7;  GUnthor,  ii,  320:  TricUidion  octo. 
WHIMS  Gill.  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sifl.  Phila.  1861,  286.) 


Illll 


J    I 
1 

111 


414    contributions:  to  north  American  iciiTHYOLoaY— ly 

Family  LXIX.— AMMODYTID^. 
The  Sand  Launces. 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  small  cycloid  scales.  Ilead 
long.  Mouth  rather  large,  nearly  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  consider. 
ably  projecting,  the  syinphysia  produced.  No  teeth  in  jaws.  Gill. 
openings  very  wide;  gill-membranes  not  united,  free  from  the  isthmns. 
Branchiostegals  G  to  8.  Pseudobranchiae  large,  lamellate.  Gill-rakers 
long  and  slender;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Opercles  well  de- 
veloped, witliout  spines  or  seiratures.  Ej'e  moderate.  Premaxillaries 
very  protractile.  Maxillaries  long  and  slender.  Lateral  lino  running 
along  side  of  back.  Spinous  dorsal  absent  (or  represented  by  a  few 
weak  spines) ;  soft  dorsal  very  long  Jiud  low,  fragile,  extending  from 
behind  the  head  to  near  the  base  of  caudal.  Caudal  fin  small,  forked. 
Anal  similar  to  dorsal,  but  smaller.  Vent  somewhat  behind  middle  of 
body.  No  ventral  fins.  Pectoral  fins  inserted  low.  No  air-bladder. 
Pyloric  coeca  usually  1.  Genera  4,  species  8.  Small  fishes  swimming  in 
large  schools  and  often  burying  themselves  in  the  sand.  Found  along 
the  coasts  of  northern  regions. 

(Ophidiidce  group  Ammodytina  Giinther,  iv,  384-388.) 

•  Body  with  many  traiiyverse,  oblique  folds;   a  longitudinal  fold  of  skin  a'ong  sides 
of  belly ;  vomer  unarmed. 

a.  Dorsal  fin  without  spines Ammodytes,  204. 

aa.  Dorsal  fin  preceded  by  7  small  free  spines ArgykoT/ESIa,  305. 

S04.-AI?IJfIODYTC:S  Linnseus. 

Sand  Launces. 

(Artedi ;  Linn.  Syst.  Nat. :  type  Ammodytes  toUanus  L.) 

Body  elongate,  lanceolate,  the  skin  with  many  transverse  folds  run- 
ning obliquely  downward  and  backward,  the  small  cycloid  scales 
mostly  placed  in  cross-series  between  them.  Lateral  line  concurrent 
with  the  back.  A  fold  of  the  skin  along  each  side  of  the  belly.  Vomer 
not  armed  with  a  bicuspid  tooth.  Color  silvery.  Vertebrae  G3.  («/i/i«f, 
sand;  8uw,  to  dive.) 

652.  A.  americanus  DeKay. — SandLaunce;  Sand  Eel;  Lant 

Olivaceous  above,  silvery  below ;  sides  with  a  steel-blue  stripe.  Pec- 
toral fins  much  longer  than  snout,  reaching  front  of  dorsal.  Lateral 
folds  125-130.    Depth  equal  to  length  of  mandible,  which  is  2^  in  head. 


immingm 


69.    AMMODYTID^ — AROYROT.fiNIA. 

Iletul  t'J;  depth  about  10.    D.  GO;  A.  2S.    Newfouudliind  to  Capo  Ilat- 
teras  Jibiuuhint.     Scarcely  diirereiit  from  vl.  tofttauMS  o' EJiirjpe. 

(DcKiiy,  Now  York  Fuunii,  Fish.  lH4si,  317;    Giiutbor,  iv,  3c>C;    Storor    Hist.  Fitb. 
llas».) 
$33.  A.  pcrsonatas  Gril.—Sand  Launce. 

Clear  hyaline  green ;  sides  silverj'.  Pectoral  fin  half  lenj:fth  of  head, 
reachiiif?  past  the  front  of  the  dorsal.  Lateral  folds  130-150.  UeJid  4^ ; 
depth  0.  Kyo  2  in  snout,  (i  in  hea<l.  D.  54;  A.  24.  L.  G  inches. 
Monterey  to  Alaska,  very  abundant;  probably  also  a  variety  of  A. 
Uhianus.    /^,v  -     ,y^''^^-^f<'..  /-A    ^•'-  '       J  -  ■'^-  .-4;/.^^.  /^/ 

(Giranl,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856,  137  ;  GUnther,  iv,  387.)      /(^^>57 
631.  A.  ainscanus  Cope. 

Dorsal  inserted  above  middle  of  pectoral.  Maxillary  reaching  front 
of  orbit.  Mandible  less  than  depth  of  body.  Head  4^ ;  depth  0.  Eye 
2  in  snout,  G  in  head.  Lateral  folds  182.  D.  02 ;  A.  31.  L.  6  inches. 
Sitka,  Alaska.    (Cope.) 

(Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1873.     Probably  also  a  forra  of -4.  toUanus.) 

635.  A.  dub^us  Reiub. 

8kiu  with  about  150  very  distinct  folds.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  over 
posterior  third  of  pectoral.  Ilead  G ;  deiith  equalling  length  of  mandi- 
ble, 2^  in  length  of  head.    D.  05;  A.  34.    Cape  Cod  to  Greenland.   , 

[Oiinther.) 
(Keinhurdt,  Dausk.  Vidcnsk.  Selsk.  Afbandl.  1838,  132;  GUntber,  iv,  387.) 

305.— ARGYRClTiENIA  Gill. 

(Gill,  Cat.  Fish.  East  Coast  N.  Amor.  18G1,  40  (not  characterized):  type  Amnodytes 
vittatm  DeKay.) 

This  genus  is  supposed  to  differ  from  Ammodytes  in  the  presence  of  a    ^ 

rudimentary  spinous  dorsal,  composed  of  about  7  minute  free  spines. 

(a/jj-yp?,  silver;  ratwj'a,  ribbon.)  '  , 

656.  A.  vUtata  (DeKay)  Gill. 

Greenish  olive  above,  with  a  broad  silvery  band  along  the  sides,  w  hich 
is  margined  above  with  blackish ;  silvery  below.  Body  oblong,  some- 
what compressed,  slender.  Head  small  and  pointed,  flattened  and 
grooved  above,  compressed  beneath.  Eyes  large.  Snout  terminating 
in  a  bifid  tip.  Mouth  rather  large,  protractile,  toothless.  Lower  jaw 
longest.  D.  VII,  54;  A.  28.  Sag  Harbor,  New  York.  {DeKay.)  It 
has  not  been  seen  since  its  description  by  DeKay,  and  its  existence 
is  extremely  doubtful. 

{Ammodytes  vittatus  DcKay,  Now  York  Fauna,  Fiab.  1842,  3!8.) 


f2 


.    -.M.t!' 


mi 


416    conjRibutions  to  north  American  ichthyology ly. 

Family  LXX.—ECHENEIDTD^; 

'     {The  Remoras.)  . 

Body  fusiform,  eloiiffato,  covered  with  minute,  cycloid  scales.  Mouth 
wide,  with  villiforin  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  and  usually  on 
tongue.  Prernaxillaries  not  protractile.  Lower  jaw  prqjectiuf,'  boyoml 
iipper.  Spinous  dorsal  modified  into  a  sucking-disk,  which  is  placed  on 
tlie  top  of  the  head  and  neoh,  and  is  comi)osed  of  a  double  series  ot 
transverse,  movable,  cartilaguious  plates,  serrated  on  their  posterior  or 
free  edges.  By  means  of  this  disk  there  fishes  attach  themselves  to 
other  fishes  or  to  floating  objects,  and  are  carried  for  great  distances  in 
the  sea.  Onercles  unarmed.  Pectoral  fins  placed  high;  \entral  tins 
present,  thoracic,  and  close  together — I.  .T;  dorsal  ami  anal  fins  1oii<t 
without  spines,  opposite  each  other;  caudal  fin  emargiuate  or  rouiukMl. 
Branchiostegals  7.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth;  gill-rakers  short- 
gill-membranes  not  united,  fiee  from  the  isthnuis.  PseudobrauduiB  ob- 
solete. Several  pyloric  appendages.  No  air-bladder.  No  flulets.  No 
caudal  keel.  Vertebrje  more  than  10  +  14.  Genera  2;  species  about 
10,  found  in  all  seas,  all  having  a  very  wide  range. 

t 

(5c'0JH&m/rp  part :  giMius  jKc/)CHCJ8  Giintiicr,  ii,  37G-385.) 


a.  Rays  oT  jioctorals  normal 

o«.  Raya  of  pectoral  liiis  stiff,  broad,  ossecaa. 


EcuKXEis,  20G, 

...  RUOMyoCIUULS,  WI7, 


a©6.— ECHEWJCIS  Liniia>u8. 


(Artedi ;  Linn.  Syst.  Nat. :  type  ^c/icjim  ?>attcm/c8  L.) 

Pectoral  rays  soft  and  flexible.  Characters  otherwise  included  above. 
{l-j^sviji-y  an  ancient  name,  from  'i^^,  to  hold  back;  vao?,  a  ship.) 

o.  Be  ly  very  slender;  vertebra)  14 -j- 16.     (Ethcnek.) 

657.  E.  naiicrates  L.— P('<;af7or.  ■, 

Brownish;  belly  dark  like  the  bock^  as  usual  in  this  family;  sides 
with  a  broad  str'pe  of  darker  edged  with  whitish,  extendirg  tlirou{:li 
eye  to  snout;  caudal  black,  its  outer  angles  whiti'-h;  pectorals  and  veil- 
trals  black,  sometimes  bordered  with  i)alo;  dorsal  and  anal  broadly 
edged  with  white  anteriorly.  Body  elongate,  subterete,  slender.  Disi; 
long.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  longer  than  the  disk;  inner  rays  of  ventral 
fins  niirrowiy  adnate  to  the  abdomen;  caudal  bevroming  emargiuate  witli 
age.  VertebrcB  14-f  10.  Vertical  fins  low;  pectorals  2  length  of  head, 
rather  long  and  acute.     Lower  jaw  projecting,  with  the  tip  flexible. 


70.   ECHENEIDID^ — RHOMBOCHIRUS. 


417 


^jjxiUai-y  barely  reaching  verf ical  from  nostril.  Head  5 J  in  length  j 
disk  3|;  width  between  pectorals  about  7^.  D.  XXI-XXV — 32-41; 
X.  34  (32-38).    In  all  wai  m  seas,  north  to  Cape  Cod  and  San  Francisco. 

(Linn.  Syst.  Nat.;  GHuther,  ii,  384:  Leptecheneis  naucrntea  Gill,  Proc.  Acad. Nat. 
Sil  phila.  1864,  CO.  Echenew  naucrateoidea  Zuieiiw,  Nova.  Acta.  Acad.  Sci.  Imp.  Pelro- 
nyl.  ir,  279?  Lepiecheneia  naucrcicoides  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  61,  Ech- 
ifjjojjicauda  Mitch.  Amer.  Monthly  Mag  ii,  244.  Echeneia  Uneata  Violhr.  I'^htlx  S.  C. 
1360  102,  and  Eclieneia  liolbrooki,  Gliuther,  ii,  382,  are  namea  applied  to  speciuiens  with 
thodisk  comparatively  long,  but  with  only  21  lamiuiB.) 

ja.  Body  rather  robust ;  vcH;ebra)  12  + 15.    (i?e»»wa *  Gill.) 
I  Dorsal  raya  about  XVIII-23. 

63§.  E.  remora  L.— iJemora. 
Uniform  dark  brown.  Body  and  tail  comparatively  robust,  the  latter 
compressed.  Pectoral  fins  rounded,  short,  and  broad,  their  rays  soft 
and  flexible;  ventral  fins  adnate  to  the  abdomen  for  more  than  half 
the  length  of  their  inner  edge.  Tip  of  lower  jaw  not  produced  into  a 
flap.  Vertebrae  12  +  15.  Head  broad,  depressed  Disk  longer  than 
the  dorsal  or  anal  fin.  Maxillary  scarcely  reaching  front  of  orbit. 
Caudal  lunate;  vertical  fins  rather  high;  pectoral  f  length  of  head. 
Head  4;  disk  2^;  width  between  i^ectorals  5J.  D.  XVIII— 23;  A.  25. 
Warm  seas,  north  to  New  York  and  San  Francisco,  usually  found  at- 
tached to  large  sharks. 

[Echeneia  remora  L.  Syst.  Nat. :  Echentia  jacobwa  Lowe,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1839, 
P):  Echeneia  remora  GUnthcr,  ii,  378:  Eemwa  jacohaa  Gill,  Proc.  A.cad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila^ 

M,  Dorsal  rays  about  XVI-30.    (Remoropaia  Gill.) 

639.  £.  bracEiyptcra  Lowe. 

Light  brown,  darker  below;  fins  paler;  body  robust,  the  greatest 
depth  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  short  pectoral  fins;  disk  shorter 
than  base  of  dorsal,  rather  broad ;  upper  jaw  angular.  Caudal  nearly 
truncate.  Head  nearly  4;  width  between  pectorals  6^.  D.  XVI — 30; 
A.  26.    Warm  seas,  north  to  Massachusetts. 

{Echeneia  hrachyptera  Lowe,  Proc.  Zoot.  Soc.  Lond.  18^19, 89:  Echeneia  quatuordecemlani' 
ii!fl(M«  Sloror,  Hist.  Fish.  Mass.  40G:  Echeneia  hrachyptera  GUuther,  ii,  378:  llemoropai» 
hracligpterua  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci,  Phila.  1804,  CO.) 

90Y.-RIIOIIIBOCHIRUS  Gill. 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1833,  38:  type  Echeiieia  oattoohir  Cuv.) 

This  genus  agrees  with  Remora  in  every  respecjt  excepting  the  struc- 
tare  of  the  pectoral  fins.    These  are  short  and  broad,  rhombic  in  outline, 

•Gill.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  239:  type  Echeneia  ren^ora  L.  {Remora,  an 
toeipntnan  ■,  "holding  back.") 

Bull.  Nat.  MuB.  No.  10 27 


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418     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY— -ly. 

the  rajs  all  flat,  broad  {ind  stiflF,  being  partially  ossified,  although  showintr 
the  usual  articulation ;  upper  rays  of  pectoral  broader  than  the  others 
One  species  known.     (/(J«/i/9«?,  rhomb;  x^'Pi  band.) 

660.  K.  osr.eochir  (Cuvier)  Gill. 

Light  browu;  underside  of  head,  ventral  line,  part  of  ventrals  and  a 

spot  on  pectorals  pale.    Mouth  very  small,  maxillary  not  nearly  reaching 

to  the  line  of  the  orbit.    Disk  very  large,  broader  and  rougher  than  in 

Echeneis  rernora,  extending  forwards  beyond  the  tip  of  the  snout.    Can- 

dal  fin  emarginate,  with  rounded  angles.    Head  4|  in  length;  disk  21  • 

width  between  pectorals  5.    D.  XVIII— 21 ;  A.  20;  P.  20.    West  Indies 

north  to  Cape  Cod;  parasitic  on  species  of  Tetraptv.rus. 

{Echeneia  oateochir  Cuvier,  Rfegne  Anim :  Echeneia  oateochir  Gttnther,  ii,  381 :  £c/ien«ij 
ietrapturorum  Poey,  Memorias,  ii,  25C.) 

Family  LXXI.— ELACATID^. 

{The  Crab-eaters.) 

Body  elongated,  fusiform,  subcylindrical,  covered  with  very  small 
smooth  scales.  Head  rather  broad,  low,  pike-like.  Mouth  rather  wide 
nearly  horizontal,  the  maxillary  about  reaching  front  of  eye;  both 
jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue  with  bands  of  short,  sharp  teeth; 
lower  jaw  longest.  Premaxillaries  not  protractile.  First  dorsal  repre- 
sented by  about  eight  low,  stout,  equal,  free  spines,  each  spine  Impressi- 
ble in  a  groove;  soft  dorsal  long  and  rather  low,  somewhat  falcate,  sim- 
ilar to  and  nearly  opposite  the  anal?  two  weak  anal  spines,  one  of  them 
free  from  the  fin ;  ventrals  thoracic,  1,5;  caudal  fin  forked;  no  caudal 
keel;  no  finlets;  no  sucking-disk ;  no  air-bladder.  Branchiostegals  7. 
Pyloric  cojca  branched.  Vertebrae  more  than  10  + 14.  A  single  genus 
with  probably  but  one  species,  a  large,  strong,  voracious  fish,  found  in 
all  warm  seas.    {Scombridw  part,  genus  Ulacate,  Giinther,  ii,  375.) 

30§.— EliACATE  Cuvier. 

(Cnvier,  R?>gne  Anim.  ed.  2d,  1829:    type  Elacaie  malabaricti  Cnv.  =  Gasteros'em 
canadua  L. ) 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  (jyAazarij,  a  spindle  or  an 
arrow,  from  the  form  of  the  body.) 

« 

661.  E.  cannda  (Linn.)  Gill.— Crab-cater ;  Cohia. 
Olive  browuj  sides  with  a  distinct  broad  band  of  darker,  and  a  less  j 

distinct  band  above  and  below  it;  below  silvery.  Head  much  depressed,  j 
Mouth  moderate,  the  short  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit.  Pectorals  | 
broad  and  falcate ;  caudal  deeply  emarginate,  the  upper  lobe  slightly 


72    XIPHIID^ — XIPHIAS.  419 

the  longer.  Lateral  line  wavy  and  irregular,  utscending  posteriorly. 
Head  4i  in  length;  depth  5§.  D.  VIII-I,  2G;  A.  II,  25.  L.  6  feet. 
In  all  warm  seaa,  occasional  on  our  Atlantic  coast  in  summer. 

(Gasteronteus  canaduA  Linn.  Syst.  Nat. :  ElacaieatlanticuaCwv.  &  Val.  viii,334:  Elacate 
niflia  Giiiitlier,  ii,  375 ;  Holbrook,  Ichth.  S.  Car.  97.) 

Family  LXXII.— XIPHIIDJE. 

{The  Sword-fishes.) 

Scombroid  fishes  of  great  size,  with  the  body  elongated,  naked  or 
covered  with  rough  rudimentary  scales,  and  the  upper  jaw  very  much 
prolouged,  forming  a  "sword,"  which  is  composed  of  the  consolidated 
vomer>  ethmoid  and  premaxillaries.  Teeth  small  and  rudimentary,  or 
wanting.  Dorsal  fin  long,  usually  divided  in  the  adult,  continuous  in 
the  young,  without  differentiated  spinous  part,  the  posterior  portion 
much  smaller  than  the  anterior.  Anal  fin  similarly  divided  in  the 
adult.  Caudal  peduncle  slender,  keeled.  Ventral  fins  thoracic,  incom- 
plete or  entirely  wanting.  Caudal  fin  widely  forked  in  the  adult.  Gills 
of  peculiar  structure,  the  laminae  of  each  arch  joined  i^to  one  plate 
by  reticulations.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  fourth ;  gill-membranes  separate, 
free  from  isthmus.  Pseudobranchia)  present.  Brauchiostegals  7.  Air- 
bladder  present.  Pyloric  coeca  very  numerous.  Very  young  individuals 
differing  much  from  Ihe  adults;  the  fins  high,  both  jaws  prolonged  into 
a  beak,  and  the  head  armed  with  long  spines.  Genera  3;  species  about 
5;  powerful  fishes,  inhabiting  the  open  seas,  most  of  them  valued  as 
food.    {Xiphiidce  GUnther,  ii,  511-514.) 

a,  Ventral  fins  entirely  wanting ;  teeth  none.     (Xiphiin(B) Xiphias,  209. 

dfl.  Ventral  fins  present;  teeth  small.     {Umtiophorinte.) 

b.  Ventral  rays  united  into  one ;  dorsal  fin  low Tetrapturus,  210. 

bh.  Ventral  rays  three ;  dorsal  very  h'gh Histiophorus,  21 1. 

900.— XIPHIAS  LinntBus. 

Sword-fishes. 

(Linn.  Syst.  Nat. :  type  Xiphias  gladiua  L.) 

Sword-fishes  without  teeth  and  without  ventral  fins.  Body  somewhat 
compressed.  Dorsal  fins  2,  the  anterior  beginning  opposite  the  gill- 
openings,  falcate  and  elevated,  its  height  rather  less  than  that  of  the 
body ;  second  dorsal  very  small,  on  the  tail,  opposite  the  small  second 
anal.  In  the  young,  teeth  are  present  and  the  two  dorsal  fins  are  con- 
nected, the  fin  being  elevated  as  in  the  species  of  Eistiophorus.  First 
auul  similar  to  first  dorsal,  but  smaller,  less  falcate,  and  far  behind  it} 


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420     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 

pectoral  fins  moderate,  falcate.  Skin  naked,  more  or  less  rongb  es. 
pecially  in  the  joung,  which  have  rudimentarj'  scales.  Swoixl  ilattenod 
Caudal  keel  single.  Intestines  long,  sinuous.  Air-bladder  simple.  Pel. 
vie  arch  obsolete.  Fishes  of  great  size,  reaching  a  weight  of  300  to  4(K) 
pounds,  the  flesh  valued  for  food,  (ctf  {'«?,  the  ancient  name  of  Xiphkn 
ffladius,  from  cfV'"?>  a  sv/ord.) 

662.  X.  gladius  L. — Common  Sword-fish. 

Very  dark  bluish  above,  dusky  below;  "sword"  almost  black  above 
below  lighter.  Cleft  of  mouth  extending  beyond  eye.  Head  about  2\- 
depth  about  5J.  Snout  3  in  length.  D.  40-4;  A.  18-14.  Vert.  14 -f  12. 
Atlantic  Ocean,  on  both  coasts ;  also  in  the  Pacific,  north  to  the  Santa 
Barbara  islands. 

(Linn.  Syst.  Nat. ;  GUnther,  ii,  511 ;  Storer,  Fiab.  Mass.  1867,  71. 

aiO.— TETRAPTUBUS  Raflnesqne. 
Spear  Fishes. 

(Rafiuesque,  Indice  d'ltliol.  Sicil.  1810,  30:  type  Tetraptums  belone  Eaf.  of  the  Medit- 
erranean, )  * 

Sword-fishes  with  small  teeth  in  the  jaws  and  on  the  palatines,  with 
the  ventral  fins  represented  each  by  a  single  spine,  and  with  the  dorsal 
fin  not  greatly  elevattd,  divided  in  the  adult,  its  height  not  greater 
than  the  depth  of  the  body.  Body  much  compressed.  Skin  with  rudi- 
mentary embedded  scales;  sword  rounded;  caudal  keel  double.  Air- 
bladder  sacculated.  Vertebrre  12  +  12.  Intestine  short,  straight. 
{rerpa,  four;  Ttrepdv,  wing;  ffupd^  tail,  from  the  wing-like  caudal  keels.) 

663.  T.  albidus  Pocy.— /?i7i-^s^  ;  Spear-fish;  Agvja  Blanca. 

Dark  blue  above ;  whitish  beneath;  fins  dark  blue.  Nape  elevated, 
the  greatest  depth  of  the  body  opposite  the  opercle.  Eye  midway  be- 
tween opercle  and  tip  of  lower  jaw.  Dorsal  inserted  in  front  of  base  of 
pectorals.  Caudal  forked  at  an  angle  of  70  to  80  degrees.  Head  (to 
end  of  upper  jaw)  2|;  depth  7-8.  Length  of  caudal  lobes  4J.  D.  Ill, 
39-G;  A.  II,  13-C.  Length  7  to  8  feet.  {Poey.)  Cape  Cod  to  West 
Indies ;  not  rare  on  our  coast. 

(Poey,  Mem.  ii,  2'M:  f  Tetrapturus  belone  Raf.     Histiophorue  belone  GUnther,  ii,  513.) 

664.  T*  anipliis  Pooy. — Aguja  de  Casta. 

Color  dark  blue ;  paler  below,  with  bluish  cross  streaks.  Body  stouter, 
more  convex  at  the  nape,  the  greatest  depth  being  behind  the  oper- 
cle.   Caudal  forked  at  anangle  of  90  to  100  degrees.    Dorsal  inserted 


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73.    TBICHIUEIDiB. 


421 


rather  behind  base  of  pectorals.    Head  2f  ;  depth  5.    Length  of  caudal 
lobes  3^.    D.  Ill,  38-7  J  A.  II,  13-7.    Length  8  feet.    {Poey.)    West  In- 
dies north  to  Florida  j  perhaps  a  form  of  the  preceding. 
(Poey,  Mcmorias,  ii,  24;{.) 

911.— IlISTIOPHORVS  Lnc6pMe. 

Sail-Jishes. 

llttiophorus  LacAfihAe,  Hist.  Nat.  Pojss.  iii,  1802,374:  type  latiophorus  gladi/er  Lac.= 

Scomber  gladiua  Brou88onet. ) 

Sword  fishes  with  small  teeth  on  the  jaws  and  palatines,  with  the  ven- 
tral fins  present,  of  2  or  3  rays,  and  with  the  dorsal  iins  extremely  high, 
contiguous,  its  height  much  greater  than  that  of  the  bodyj  anal  flu 
divided.  Body  slender,  much  compressed,  covered  with  elongate  scales. 
Intestines  short,  nearly  straight;  air-bladder  sacculate.  The  sword  is 
usually  shorter  than  in  Xiphiaa^  and  the  lower  jaw  more  developed. 
The  skin  is  also  rougher.  Large  fishes  of  the  warm  seas.  {1(tt:ov,  sail; 
iftipiui,  to  bear.) 

665.  II«  gladius  (Brouss.)  GtliT.—Sail-Jiah. 

Membrane  of  dorsal  fin  with  numerous  small  spots.  Dermal  produc- 
tions lanceolate.  Upper  profile  of  head  descending  in  a  straight  line. 
Snout  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  head.  Head  4  in  total  length ;  depth 
7  or  8  in  the  same.  D.  4G-7 ;  A.  10-7;  V.  2.  Vertebrse  14-f  10.  {Oun- 
ther.)    Atlantic  and  Indian  oceans ;  occasional  on  our  coast. 

(Scomler  gladiua  Brouas.  M^m.  Acad.  Sci.  1786,  454 ;  Gilnther,  ii,  513 :  Hiatiopherus 
indkua  Cuv.  &  Val.  viii,  293 :  Riatiophorua  americanua  Cuv.  &  Val.  viii,  303.) 

Family  LXXIII.— TRICHIURID^. 

{The  Hair-tails.) 

Scombroid  fishes  with  the  ventral  fins  imperfect  or  wanting  and  the 
spinous  and  soft  parts  of  the  dorsal  not  differentiated.  Body  extremely 
elongate,  compressed,  naked.  Mouth  wide,  the  jaws  armed  with  strong 
unequal  teeth.  Premaxillaries  net  protractile.  Pseudobranchise  pres- 
ent. Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth ;  gill-membranes  separate,  free 
from  the  "sthmus.  Lateral  line  present.  Dorsal  fin  very  long,  low, 
usually  continuous,  tbe  rays  all  similar.  Caudal  fin  small  or  absent;  if 
present,  forked.  Anal  fin  very  long  and  low,  sometimes  scarcely  rising 
above  the  surface  of  the  skin.  Ventrals  thoracic,  rudimentary  or  want- 
ting.  VertebrsB  of  abdomen  and  tail  in  greatly  increased  number.  Air- 
bladder  present.    Pyloric  cceca  numerous.    Genera  about  5 ;  species  12, 


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422     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 

in  the  tropical  seas.  Very  close  to  the  Scomhridcc,  from  which  grom» 
as  here  understood,  the  Trichiuridcc  differ  chiefly  in  the  non  dift'erenti 
ation  of  the  dorsal  spines.    {Trichiuridcc  jiart;  Giinther,  312-319.) 

"No  caudal  fin ;  tail  taporing  to  a  point;  dorHal  iiu  single;  no  ventral  iiiiR. 

TKicmunu8,2l2. 
9ia.— TR1CIIIURV8  LinniBus. 

Hair  tails. 

(Leptiirus  Artedi;  Gill.) 
(Linninus,  Syat.  Nat.  xii,  176(5:  type  Trichiurus  lepturus  L.) 

Body  extremely  elongate,  band-like,  the  tail  very  slender,  taperhi"  to 
a  fine  point,  without  caudal  fin.  Hejid  long,  with  a  very  wide  mouth 
the  jaws  armed  with  unequal  and  very  strong  teeth ;  upper  jaw  with 
about  four  long,  strongly  compressed  barbed  teeth ;  teeth  on  the  pahi- 
tines,  none  on  the  vomer.  Lower  jaw  longest,  preorbital  covering  cleft 
of  mouth  posteriorly.  Dorsal  lin  single,  low,  occupying  the  whole  of 
the  back,  the  spines  not  distinguishable  from  the  soft  rays ;  anal  very 
long,  its  base  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body ;  composed  of  de- 
tached  spines,  which  are  very  short,  nearly  hidden  in  the  skin,  the  ante- 
rior directed  backwards,  the  posterior  forwards ;  ventml  fins  wanting 
or  reduced  to  small,  scale  like  appendages;  pectorals  small.  No  scales. 
Lateral  line  decurved,  concurrent  with  the  belly.  VertebroB  39  -f- 120. 
Color  silvery.  Voracious  fishes  of  the  high  seas ;  reaching  a  consider- 
able size,    {rpcxiovy  a  little  hairj  oupd^  tail.) 

a.  Ventral  tins  entirely  wanting  in  the  adult.    (Trichiurm.) 

666.  T.  lepturus  Lhm.—IIair-iail. 

Uniform  brilliant  silvery ;  dorsal  dark-edged.  Snout  long  and  pointed, 
about  as  long  as  pectoral ;  maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  pupil,  concealed 
by  preorbital.  Head  about  7 J  in  length ;  depth  about  16.  Eye  2  in 
snout.  D.  135;  A.  about  100.  Warm  seas,  north  to  Virginia  and 
Lower  Galiibrnia. 

(Linn.  Syat.  Nat.  xii;  Giinther,  ii,  346.) 

Family  LXXIV.-SCOMBRIDJE. 

{The  Mackerels.) 

Body  elongate,  not  much  compressed,  covered  with  minute  cycloid 
scales,  or  else  wholly  naked;  the  scales  anteriorly  sometimes  forming  a 
corselet.     Lateral  line  present,  its  course  undulate.    Head  subcouic, 


74.   SCOMBRID^ — SCOMBER. 


423 


nointed  anteriorly.  Mouth  rather  large;  preraaxillary  not  protractile; 
maxilltiry  without  supplemental  bone ;  jaws  with  sharp  teeth,  large  or 
small.  Vomer  and  palatines  toothed  or  not.  Prcoperde  entire ;  opercle 
unarmed.  Gill-openings  very  wide,  the  membranes  not  united,  free  from 
the  isthmus.  Gill-rakers  usually  long.  Pseudobranchiai  present,  large. 
A  slit  behind  fourth  gill.  Branchiostegals  7.  Dorsal  fins  2,  the  first 
of  rather  weak  spines,  depressible  in  a  groove,  the  second  similar  to  the 
anal;  «inal  spines  weak;  last  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  usually  detached 
and  separate,  forming  series  of  flnlets ;  caudal  peduncle  extremelysleudor, 
usually  keeled,  the  caudal  lobes  abruptly  diverging,  falcate;  ventral  fins 
moderate,  thoracic,  1, 5.  Vertebra}  in  greater  number  than  in  Carangidcc, 
the  uuinber  more  than  25.  Pyloric  cajca  numerous.  Air  bladder  fre- 
qiieutly  absent.  Coloration  metallic,  often  brilliant.  General?;  species 
about  70,  Fishes  of  the  high  seas,  many  of  them  cosmopolitan,  and  all 
having  a  wide  range.  Most  of  them  are  valued  as  food-fishes. 
(Scombrido!  lit.  aud  TrichiuridcB  jit.  Gliuther,  ii,  349-373.) 

a,  Fiulots  present;  dorsal  spines  less  than  20.    {Scombrinw.) 
b.  Spinous  dorsal  short  (of  less  than  12  spines),  remote  from  the  second. 

c.  Vomer  and  palatines  with  teeth;  corselet  obsolete Scomber,  213. 

cc.  Vomer  and  palatines  toothless;  corselet  well  developed Auxis,  214. 

Ih,  Spinous  dorsal  long  (of  more  than  12  spines),  contiguous  to  the  second. 
d.  Caudal  keel  present. 
e.  Corselet  imperfect  or  obsolete;   teeth  of  jaws  strong;   minute  teeth  on 

vomer  and  palatines Scombeuomouus,  215. 

ee.  Corselet  developed. 
/.  Palatine  teeth  strong ;  vomer  toothless;  vertehne  normal... Sarda,  216. 
/f.  Palatine  teeth  villifonn. 
g.  Vomer  with  teeth;  vertebrae  normal,  the  lower  foramina  small. 

OUCYNITS,  217. 
gg.  Vomer  toothless;  abdominal  vertebria  with  the  lower  foramina  en- 
larged aud  a  portion  between  the  vertebraj  proper  and  the  hiomapophy- 
868  developed  in  the  form  of  a  net-work  or  trellis Euxnyi.NUS,  218. 

913.— SCOIIIBER  Linna)ua. 

Mackerels. 

(Linnffius,  Syst.  Nat.  1758:  type  Scomber  acombrua  L.) 

Body  fusiform,  rather  elongate,  somewhat  compressed;  caudal  pe- 
duncle slender,  with  two  small  keels  on  each  side.  Mouth  wide,  with 
a  single  row  of  rather  small,  slender  teeth  in  each  jaw  and  on  the  vomer 
and  palatines;  maxillary  slipping  under  the  broad  preorbital.  Scales 
very  small,  not  forming  a  corselet.  First  dorsal  of  7-12  feeble  spines, 
separated  from  the  second  by  an  interspace  greater  than  the  base  of  the 
fin;  second  dorsal  small,  followed  by  5-9  detached  flnlets;  anal  similar 
to  second  dorsal,  with  similar  flnlets ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  small,  the 


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424     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY ly, 

former  on  a  level  with  the  eyes;  caudal  fin  small,  widely  forked.  Pyloric 
appei:da}j[eH  exceedingly  numerous.  Air-bladder  usually  wanting.  Specie 
few,  widely  distributed,  everywhere  highly  valued  for  food,  {txoiiftpur 
IjhUii  Scomber,  the  ancient  name  of  the  common  mackerel.) 

a.  Alr-bI»i1«1or  prusotit,  Htuitll. 

667*  8.  pneumatophorusDolaRuche.— CAubA/aoA;ere2;  Tinker Mnokcrel ;  Eatttr 
Atavkerel. 

Blue,  with  about  20  wavy,  blackish  streaks,  whi(!h  extend  to  just  Iw- 

low  the  lateral  line|  sono  of  these  form  reticulations,  and  incloso  i)alo 

spots  of  the  color  of  the  back ;  belly  and  sides  silvery ;  a  black  axillary 

spot.    Head  rather  pointed.    Maxillary  reaching  front  of  pupil.    Eye 

4  in  head,  nearly  equal  to  snout;  pectoral  f  length  of  head.    Head  33' 

uei)th  5.    D.  IX— I,  12— V;  A.  I— I,  11— V.     Lat.  1.  200.    L.  1  foot. 

Atlantic  and  Pacific,  north  to  Maine  and  San  Francisco;  common  iutbo 

Mediterranean  and  in  Southern  Galiibrnia;  irregular  in  its  appearance 

on  our  Atlantic  coast. 

(Do  l)v  Roche,  Ann.  Mus.  Nnt.  Hist,  xiii,  JllT);  Oilntlior,  il,  359:  Smnihet' grex  Witvh. 
Trans.  Lit.  &  I'bil.  8oc.  N.  Y.  IHL'i,  422:  Scomber  dckatji  Storcr,  Finh.  Miihh.  1867,52; 
Scomber  die.go  Ayrcs,  Proo.  Cftl.  Acnd.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  1)2,  IKW;  Scomber  colias  pt.  Stein- 
(lachner,  nee  Scomber  colias  of  GUuther  aud  C.  &  V.,  whieh  haa  but  7  durual  upiues.) 

aa.  Air-bladder  wanting. 

60§>  S.  ss*oinbru8  L.— Common  Mackerel, 

Lustrt  IS  diJtk  blue  above,  with  about  35  wavy,  blackish,  transverse 

streaks;  below  siiv^ry;  base  of  pectorals  dark.    Snout  rather  long  and 

pointed,  compressed.     Mouth  large,  maxillary  extending  to  anterior 

margin  of  orbit.    Ventrals  and  pectorals  short,  the  former  nearly  half 

length  of  head.    Eye  less  than  siuMit,  5  in  head.    Head  4  in  length; 

depth  5^.  D.  XII— 1,10— V;  A.I,11— V.  L.  18  inches.  North  Atlantic; 

abnndant  on  both  coasts,  aud  occasionally  tjirayiug  to  the  Pacific.   A 

well-known  food-fish. 

(Linn.  Syst.  Nat.:  Scomber  scomber  GUuther,  il,  357:  Scomber  vwiirtHa  Storer,  Hist. 
Fish.  Mass.  54.) 

914.— AVXIS  Cuvicr. 

Frigate  Mackerels. 

(Cuvier,  R^gne  Anim.  1829,  ii :  typo  Scomber  roohei  Risso. ) 

Body  oblong,  i)lump,  mostly  naked  posteriorly,  anteriorly  covered  with 
small  scales,  those  of  the  pectoral  legion  enlarged,  forming  a  corselet. 
Snout  very  short,  conical,  scarcely  compressed.    Mouth  rather  small, 


74.   SCOMBBIDiE — SCOMBEKOMORUS. 


425 


the  jaws  equal.  Teeth  very  small,  mostly  in  a  single  series,  on  tlic  jaws 
only.  Tail  very  slender,  dei>rc8Hod,  with  a  rather  largo  keel  on  each 
side.  I'irst  dorsal  short,  separated  from  tlie  second  by  a  considerable 
jiit^i^pare.  Second  dorsal  and  anal  small,  each  with  7  or  8  fiidets. 
IVctoriils  and  ventrals  small.  Ko  air-bladder.  Brancihiostogals  7. 
I'vloric  c(eca  dendritical.  Gill -rakers  very  long  and  slender,  numerous. 
Vertcbnc  peculiarly  modilied,  essentially  as  in  EuthyimuH.  (a3c«T,  an 
aucieiit  name  ol'  a  young  tunny,  from  ai^'w,  to  grow.) 


,  A>  rochcl  (RiHH(f)  GUnthor. — Friyat^  Mackerel, 
Blue,  variegated  with  darker  above,  becoming  i)lain  with  age;  belly 
silvery.  Body  robust,  scarcely  compressed,  abruptly  contracted  at  cau- 
dal peduncle.  Eye  as  long  as  snout,  5  in  head.  Opercle  very  broad. 
Scales  of  corselet  and  along  anterior  dorsal  region  i;omparatively  large. 
Maxillary  almost  entirely  concealed  by  preorbital.  Dorsal  spines  rather 
stiff;  space  between  dorsals  four-fifths  length  of  head.  About  33  gill- 
rakers  below  angle.  Tectoral  reiiching  i)ast  middle  of  first  dorsal.  Head 
4;  depth  4^.  D.  X-12-V1II;  A.  13-VlI.  Vert.  39.  Mediterranean  to 
the  East  Indies;  lately  api)eariug  in  great  numbers  on  our  Atlantic 
coast.    A  food-lish  of  little  va'uo. 

{Scomher  rochci  Ilisao,  Ichtli.  Nico,  IHIO,  1(55;  Gllnflier,  ii,  309:  Scomber  li»u$  Rafln> 
esquo,  t'aratteri,  etc.  iBlO,  45:  Auxia  vulgaris  Cuv.  &  Vul.  viii,  13U.) 

ai9.-SCOITIBEBO]IIORUS  Locdpiide. 
{Cybittm  Cuvier.) 

(Lacdpfcdci,  Hist.  Nat.  Poisa.  iii,  292,  1802:  typo  Scomheromoraa  plumierii  hac.=Scom' 
her  regalia  Blucli. ) 

Body  elongate,  naked  or  with  rudimentary  scales,  which  do  not  form 
a  distinct  corselet.  Uead  pointed,  comparatively  short  and  small. 
Mouth  wide,  the  strong  teeth  in  the  jaws  often  compressed  or  knife- 
shaped;  villiform  or  sand  like  teeth  on  the  vomer  and  palatines;  max- 
illary not  concealed  by  preorbital.  Spinous  dorsal  low,  of  14-18  feeble 
spines.  Soft  dorsal  and  anal  short,  similar,  somewhat  elevated  and 
falcate,  each  followed  by  7  tolOfinlets;  ventrals  small;  pectorals  moder- 
ate, near  the  level  of  the  eye.  Air-bladder  present.  VertebrsB  normal. 
l'i«h<>s  of  the  high  seas ;  graceful  in  form  and  beautiful  in  color;  among 
the  best  of  food-fishes.    (*rzo/i/9^«<;,  Scomber;  6iwpo<;y  near.) 

6T0t  8.  concoloc  (Tjockington)  J.  &,  G. 

Male  dark  steel-blue,  the  sides  silvery,  without  streaks  or  spots; 
female  with  two  alternate  soiica  of  brown  spots,  the  silvery  on  sides 


Ii 


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1  '1 


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426      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY— ly, 

clouded  with  dusky;  fins  nearly  plain,  dark.     Mouth  slightly  oblifnu, 
tlio  nia.xillaiy  reaching  to  luvsterior  margin  of  pupil.    Teeth  of  Jiiw^  <:„ii,. 
I)aratively  small,  subconical,  little  cotnpressed;  those  of  vomer  and  pain. 
tines  minute  and  granular.     Eye  5.^  in  head.    Pectoral  lins  8  in  Icnirtb 
inserted  rather  above  axis  of  body;  ventral  fins  small;  spines  ot  dorsal 
slender  and  fragile,  the  longest  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  head ;  dorsal 
flns  separated  by  an  interspace  equal  to  one-third  the  length  of  base  i.f 
spinous  dorsal;  caudal  shorter  than  head,  its  lower  lobe  longest.    Gil;. 
rakers  long,  18  below  angle.    Head  about  5;  depth  rather  less.    D. 
XVII-lC-VIir;  A.  I,  10- VIII.     Monterey  Bay,  California;  rare.   A 
food- fish  of  high  quality. 
(C/iriomiira  cojico/or  Lockiugton,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1879.) 

071.  S.  mnetllatUS  (Mituh.)  J.  &  G.  — Spanish  Mackerel. 

Bluish  and  silvery  above  with  bright  reflections  ;  sides  with  numer- 
ous bronze  spots  which  are  nearly  round  and  about  as  large  as  the  pupji. 
Spinous  dorsal  white  at  base,  dark  above  and  on  the  anterior  half  of 
the  flu.  Caudal  keel  well  developed,  with  a  smaller  keel  above  and 
below  it.  Head  small  and  pointed.  Mouth  rather  large,  obliipic;  max- 
illary reaching  posterior  margin  of  orbit.  Teeth  large,  compressed, 
about  32  in  each  jaw.  Gill  rakers  few,  slender,  about  12  below  angle. 
Interspaces  between  dorsals  shorter  than  eye ;  caudal  as  long  as  head. 
Head  4^  in  length ;  depth  r»J.  D.  XVIII-18-IX ;  A.  II,  17-VIII.  Coasts 
of  iforth  America,  north  to  Cax)e  Cod  and  Lower  California;  one  of  our 
most  valued  food-fishes. 

{Scomber  maculattis  Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phi],  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  4*Jfi,  1815:  CybiummacU' 
latum  Giiuther,  ii,  '.i72:  Cybium  maoulaium  Ilolbrouk,  Ichth.  S.  Car.  (iO.) 

672.  S.  regalis  (Bloch)  J.  &  G.—Cero. 

Silvery;  sides  with  a  brownish,  broken,  longitudinal  band,  above  and 
below  which  are  numerous  brownish  spots,  persistent  in  the  adult;  an- 
terior portion  of  spinous  dorsal  black.  Body  rather  elongate,  its  dorsal 
and  ventral  curves  about  equal.  Lateral  line  descending  obliquely, 
slightly  undulate  along  the  tail.  Mouth  large ;  maxillary  reaching  to 
below  eye.  Teeth  triangular,  strongly  compressed,  about  20-16.  Pec- 
toral scaly.  Head  4  in  length ;  depth  ^.  D.  XVII-1, 15-VIII ;  A.  II, 
15-VIII.  Cape  Cod  to  Brazil;  not  common  on  our  Atlantic  coast; 
reaches  a  weight  of  20  pounds. 

{Scomber  regalia  Bloch,  Ausl.  Fische.taf.  3113:  Cybium  regale  GUnther,  ii,  372:  Scorn- 
heromorua  plumierii  Lac.  iii,  21)2:  Cybium  acervum  C.  &,  V.  viii,  1831,  186:  Cybium  rejalt 
Poey,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1878,  4.) 


74.    SCOMBRID^— 8ATIDA. 


427 


4?8.  S.  caballO  (Cuv.  &  Vul.)  J.  &  Q.— Sierra. 

Sides  of  body  with  indistinct  darker  yellowish  spots;  adult  immacu- 
late; Pj'inons  dorsal  without  black  blotch  anteriorly.  Eyo  large. 
M(Mitli  large,  maxillary  reaching  to  below  eye.  Lateral  lino  descend- 
in;?  abruptly  below  the  second  dorsal.  Teeth  triangidar,  strongly  com- 
pressed, ;d)out  .30-25.  Tectoral  scaly  at  base  only.  D.  XI V-1, 15-VIII ; 
A.  11,  1«'>-VIII.  (Poey.)  Warm  pnrts  of  the  Atlantic;  occasional  on 
our  coast ;  reaches  a  weight  of  100  pounds. 

(dibiiim  (ubaila  Cnv.  «&  Val.  viii,  IHHI,  187:  Cijhium  cahaUa  OHnther,  ii,  ^3:  Cybium 
0Mculatum  C.  &  V.  viii,  191  :  Cybium  caballa  Poey,  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  1878,  4.) 

910.— SARDA  Cuvicr. 

Bonitos. 

(Pelamya  Cuv.  &  Val.  1831,  precccupied  iu  Horpetology. ) 

(Cuvicr,  Ri'^gne  Auim.  od.  2d,  ii,  1829:  tyjie  Scomber  pelamya  Brilnnich=- 5comJer  aarda 
Bloch.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  covered  with  small  scales,  those  of  the  pectoral 
region  forming  a  corselet.  Caudal  peduncle  slender,  strongly  keeled. 
Head  large,  pointed,  compressed.  Mouth  large.  Teeth  in  the  jaws 
ratber  strong,  conical,  slightly  compressed;  similar  teeth  on  the  pala- 
tines, but  none  on  the  vomer ;  maxillary  not  concealed  by  preorbital. 
Gill  rakers  long  and  strong.  First  dorsal  long  and  rather  low,  of  18-23 
ratber  stout  si)ines,  which  are  gradually  shortened  behind;  iuterval 
between  the  last  spine  and  the  second  dorsal  short;  second  dorsal  small, 
followed  by  8-9  fiulets;  anal  fin  similar,  usually  with  one  less  finlet; 
paired  tins  small ;  pectorals  placed  below  the  level  of  the  pupil.  No 
air  bladder.  Pyloric  ccBca  very  numerous,  dendritical.  Vertebrae  nor- 
mal. Fishes  of  rather  large  size,  with  metallic  coloration.  (Latin, 
mrda;  Greek,  adpoa,  the  anr'ipnt  name  of  the  typical  species,  also  known 
as  Amia,  Pelamys,  etc. ;  so  called  from  its  being  taken  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  island  of  Sardinia;  hence  also  the  diminutive  aapdivrj,  the 
Sardine.) 

674.  S.  inediterrancn  (IJloch  &  Scbncidex)  J.  &  O.—Bonito;  Skip-jack. 

Dark  steel-blue  above,  with  numerous  narrow,  dark  stripes  from  the 
back  obliquely  downwards  and  forwards ;  silvery  below.  Body  elongate, 
scarcely  compressed,  robust ;  corselet  distinct,  small,  not  extending  be- 
youd  pectoral.  Teeth  moderate,  slightly  compressed.  Gill-rakers  rather 
small,  13  below  angle.  Maxillary  reaching  beyond  orbit.  Head  3^  ia 
length;  depth  4.    D.  XXF-1, 13-VIIIj  A.  1, 13-VIIj  P.  10.    L.2J  feet 


ii  |i 


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HP 


i 


■»'-ii 


428     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NOUTH   AMERICAN   ICIITIIYOLOGY^lv. 

Atlantic  Ocean,  on  both  coasts;  abundant;  a  food-flnh  of  rather  low 
gra<Iu. 

{Scomber  pclnmyn  HrUnnioh,  Ichth.  MuhhII.  17(>8,  GO,  not  of  L.  SyHt.  Nat. :  ,%„i^,. 
mdilcnancun  Hliuh  &  Schn.  1H<)1,  23:  Pelainya  aarda  StoTov,  Viah.  Moss.  (U;  i'e/aj,. 
$arda  GUiith(<r,  ii,  ;Ui7:  Sarda  pelamya  Uill.) 

eV.t.  S.  chllcnNis  (Cnv.  &  Val.)  J.  &  Q.—lionUo  ;  Skip-jack;   Tana. 

Dark  uiotallic  blue;  sides  dusky;  about  5  biackish  stripes  riuinin" 
oblicjuely  upward  aud  backward  from  the  pectoral  region  to  tlio  ii|,i,,.i. 
tidgo  of  the  tail,  these  variable  in  number  and  direction.  Ucud  poinU'd 
conical,  naked.  Maxillary  reaching  posterior  border  of  eye.  IN^jtorals 
l)laced  just  below  the  level  of  the  pupil,  scarcely  half  as  long  as  liciul. 
Gill-rakers  long,  strong,  about  18  below  angle.  Corselet  niodoratelv 
developed.  Uead  3^;  depth  about  4.  D.  XVIII-I,  12-VlU;  A.  II, 
11-VI.  L.  2-3  feet ;  weight  IG  pounds.  San  Francisco  to  Patagonia 
and  Japan;  abundant  northward  in  summer;  very  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding but  with  the  spinous  dorsal  always  shorter. 

(Pelamya  chilenaia  Cnv.  &  Val.  viii,  Hi'.\:  Pelamya  lineolata  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R. 
Strv.  riah.  lUG:  Pelamya  chilenaia  GUuthcr,  ii,  lOG:  Pelamya  orientalia  GUnthur,  ii,  lOfi.) 

aiT.-ORCYRiUS  Cuvier. 
Tunnies. 

(Thynnua  Cnvier,  1817,  preoccnpiod  in  entomology.) 
(Cuvipr,  Rbgne  Anim.  2d  ed.  1829:  type  Scomber  thynnua  L.) 

Botly  oblong,  robust,  with  very  slender  caudal  peduncle.  Head  con. 
leal.  Mouth  wide,  with  one  series  of  small,  conical  teeth  in  the  jaws  and 
bauds  of  minute  villiform  or  sand-like  teeth  on  the  vomer  and  palatines. 
Scales  present,  those  of  the  pectoral  region  forming  an  obscure  corselet. 
First  dorsal  of  12-15  spines  which  grow  gradually  shorter  backward,  the 
iutervjil  between  last  spine  and  second  dorsal  slight ;  secoL  .1  dorsal  and 
anal  short  and  rather  high,  each  with  8-10  finlets ;  ventrals  moderate; 
pectorals  moderate  or  very  long,  rather  below  the  level  of  the  eye.  Ver- 
tebrsB  normal,  the  lower  foramina  very  small.  Fishes  of  the  open  sens ; 
often  attaining  a  very  great  size,  {dpxuvoi;,  an  ancient  name  of  0.  thyn- 
nus.) 

a.  Pectoral  fins  sabre-sbapod,  reaching  beyond  end  of  second  dorsal.    {Albicores.) 

676.  O.  alalonga  (6mel.)  Risso. — Albicore;  AUUnghi;  German. 

Bright  metallic  steel-blue;  belly  bluish  silvery;  flns  colored  like  tbe 
body ;  pectorals  blackish,  with  silvery  lustre.  Body  little  compressed, 
regularly  elliptical,  its  weight  great  in  proportion  to  the  length.    Tail 


74.    SCOMBRIDiE — EUTIIYNNUS. 


429 


strongly  keeled,  broiuler  than  deep.    Corselet  indistinct.    Scales  rather 

large.    Pectoral  reaching  beyond  second  dorsal  and  anal,  inserted  a 

little  below  level  of  pnpil,  its  base  a  little  wider  than  the  large  eye; 

vcntrals  short.     Head  li\;  depth  3J.     D.  XIV-II,  llf-VIII;  A.  II,  12- 

VII.    h.  3  feet;  weight  15-20  jmunds.     Iii  all  warm  seas,  in  the  open 

(H;ei«i;  abundant  in  summer  in  the  Mediterranean  and  about  the  Santa 

Uarbara  Islands;  occasional  on  our  Atlantic  coast. 

(Scomlicr  alatunga  (»nui\.  SyHt.  Nut.  17SH,  W\0,  minprint  for  alalonga,  fide  Cuv.  &  Val. : 
Thmnun  olalovf/a  Cuv.  &,  Viil.  viii,  I'JO:  ThijnnuH  panficua  Cuv.  &  Val.  viii,  1311: 
Jhiinnu»(ill>nrora,  alalonfja,  and  pacijicus  Vtilntlu'r,  u,  'MV-i/MCi:  Orojnus pacificuaCoopvr, 
proc.  C'al.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  18U3,  75:  Orcyniu  genno  LUtkou,  Spulia  Atiantica,  IBHO,  473.) 

a,  Pectoriil  fiiiH  comparatively  uhort,  not  reaching  beyond  the  end  of  the  Bpinous  dor- 
sal.   {Tunnita.) 

J7V.  O.  Ihyniius  (Linn.)  Poey. — Tunny;  Horse  Mackerel ;  Albicore. 

Dark  blue  above;  below  greyish  with  silvery  spots.  Mouth  rather 
large;  posterior  margin  of  preoperclo  somewhat  shorter  than  inferior. 
Eye  small.  Dorsal  and  anal  falcate;  caudal  very  widelj-^  forked;  pec- 
torals reaching  nearly  to  end  of  spinous  dorsal.  Head  3^  in  length ; 
depth  4.  D.  XIV-I,  13-IX;  A.  1, 12-VIII.  North  Atlantic,  on  both 
coasts;  the  largest  of  the  Scomhrida;,  reaching  a  length  of  10  feet  or 
more  and  a  weight  of  half  a  ton. 

(Scomber  thynnua  h'mn.  Syst.  Nat.:  Thyvnva  aeeundo-doraalia  Stnvf^T,  Fish.  Mass.  65; 
Uynnus  thynnua  O'inthor,  ii,  3(W:  Tnynnu^  rulgaria  C.  &V.  viii,  58:  Thynnuabrachyp- 
terwsand  corctti  Giinther,  ii,  363.) 

9X§.-12IJTI1¥NI«VS  LUtken. 

Little  Tunnies. 

{Thynnua  Liitken  :  Thynnivhthya  Oiglioli ;  both  names  preoccnpied.) 
(Liitkon  MSS.  in  Epist.  Feb.  1881 :  type  Thynnua  thmnina  C.  &.  V.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Orcynus,  according  to  Ltttken*,  "  (1)  in  the 
absence  of  teeth  on  the  vomer ;  (2)  by  the  complete  absence  of  scales 
outside  of  the  corselet,  while  in  the  Orcyni  of  the  same  size  the 
skin  is  covered  with  small  scales;  the  limits  of  the  corselet  in  the 
Tunny  and  Albicore  are  obscure,  so  that  it  cannot  properly  be  said 
that  they  have  distinct  corselets;  and  (3)  by  an  important  osteological 
character,  namely  the  peculiar  development,  in  the  form  of  a  net-work  or 
trellis,  of  a  portion  of  the  abdominal  part  of  the  backbone,  between  the 
vertebrae  proper  and  the  htemapophyses.  This  organization  is  common 
to  Th.  thunnina  {alliteratus)  and  Th.  pelamys,  and  is  found  modified  in 

"Spolia  Allaniioa,  1880,  596. 


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430     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN  ICnTHYOLOGY— ly. 

the  genus  AuxisJ^     Species  of  smaller  size  than  the  Tunnies,  mostlv 
pelagic.    {Baird.)    (ew,  true;  Ouvvu<:,  tunny.) 

678.  E.  alliteratns  (Raf.)  J.  &  G.— Little  Tunny;  Albicore. 

BluibU  above  with  wavy,  blackish,  longitudinal  streaks;  silvery 
below.  Inferior  margin  of  preoperculum  half  longer  than  posterior. 
Dorsal  spines  moderate ;  pectorals  reaching  the  vertical  from  the  nintii 
dorsal  spine.  Head  32  in  length  ;  depth  4',.  D.  XV-I,  12-VlII;  A. I 
12-^ 'II.    Atlantic  Ocean  ;  occasional  on  our  coast. 

{Scomber  alliteratns  Raf.  Caratteri  di  Alouni'Nnovi  Geueri,  1810,  46 :  Thynnus  aMnin 
thunnina,  and  brevirostria  Giliitber,  ii,  363-;{65.) 

670.  E.  pelainys  I'L.)  LUtkon. — Oceanic  Bonito. 

Back  bluish;  on  each  side  of  the  belly  4  brownish  longitudinal  bands. 
Length  of  posterior  margin  of  the  preoperculum  1§  in  that  of  the  in- 
ferior. Pectorjil  reaching  the  vertical  from  the  tenth  dorsal  spine;  dor- 
sal spines  rather  feeble.  Head  3J ;  depth  4  (to  fork'  of  caudal).  D. 
XV-I,  12  + VIII;  A.  II,  12+711.  {OUnther.)  Tropical  seas;  occa- 
sional on  our  Atlantic  coast. 

{Scomber pelamtj^  L.  Syft.  Nat.:  Thynvtis  yclamys  GiintUor,  ii,  365:  Thynnm pehmiji 
Cuv.  ot  Val.  viii,  113.) 

Family  LXXV.— CARANUID^.  ^ 

The  Plot  fishes.  •    ^ 

Scombroid  fishes,  with  the  body  more  or  less  compressed  and  often  ele- 
vated, sometimes  naked,  or  more  usually  covered  with  small,  thin,  cycloid 
scales.  Head  compressed,  the  occipital  keel  prominent,  usually  trench- 
ant. Mouth  of  varying  size,  the  dentition  various,  the  teeth  generally 
small ;  premaxillaries  usually  protractile ;  maxillary  with  or  without  a 
supplemental  bone ;  preopercle  urually  entire  in  the  adult,  in  the  very 
young  armed  with  three  or  more  spines.*  Lateral  line  complete,  anteri 
orly  arched,  the  posteri  r  part  straight,  sometimes  armed  with  bony 
plates.  Dorsal  fins  more  or  less  separnted,  the  spinous  part  rather  weak, 
the  spines  usually  depressible  in  a  groove;  anal  fin  loiig,  similar  to  tlie 
soft  <lorsal,  alwuys  preceded  by  two  stiff  spines,  usually  separate,  bnt  in 
the  j'oung  often  more  or  less  connected  with  the  flu  or  with  each  other; 
these  sometimes  disappear  with  old  age,  and  sometimes  the  spinous  dor- 
sal also  vanishes;  often  a  procumbent  spine  before  the  dorsal  iiu;  ven- 
tral f'  thoracic,  well  developed,  1,5;  caudal  peduncle  very  slender,  the 
fln  w»v,ely  forked;  jiectoral  fins  narrow.  Gill-openings  very  wide,  the 
membranes  usually  not  united,  free  fiom  the  isthmus.    Gills  4,  a  slit 

*  For  an  account  of  the  trausformntions  of  various  members  of  this  family,  see  Lilt- 
keu,  Sjiolia  Atlaniioa,  1880. 


75.    CARANGID^— TRACHUJJUS.  431 

behind  the  last.  Gill- rakers  usually  long.  Brancbiostegals  commonly 
I  Ail-bladder  present,  often  bifurcate  behind.  Pseudobranchire  lar^^e, 
present  in  all  our  genera,  sometimes  disappearing  with  age.  (Esopha- 
gus unarmed.  Pyloric  coeca  generally  numerous.  Vertebrae  fewer  than 
in  tlie  Scombridcv,  about  25  in  number.  Coloration  generally  metallic 
5  ami  silvery.  Genera  25;  species  about  130,  abounding  in  warm  seas, 
often  n'oviug  northward  in  summer,  like  the  Scombridw.  Most  of  the 
species  are  widely  distributed,  and  nearly  all  are  valued  as  food. 
(Carangklat  pt.  GUuther  ii,  417-485,  exclusive  of  certain  genera.) 

•Lateral  line  armed  with  bony  keeled  platea,  at  least  posteriorly.    {Caranginre.) 

ij.  Annaturo  of  lateral  lino  extending  its  whole  length Tkacuukus,  219. 

(10.  Annaturo  of  lateral  line  on  ita  straight  posterior  portion  only. 

]).  Dorsals  and  anal  each  with  a  detached  (inlet Decapteru8,  220. 

hb.  Dorsal  and  ani'l  without  fiulets. 

c.  Spinous  dorsal  developed Caranx,  221. 

cc.  Spinous  dorsal  rudimentary  or  disax)x>()i>'i'lng  with  ago  ;  scales  rudim'^ntary. 

BLEPIIAR13,  222. 

"Lateral  lino  unarmed. 

d.  Premaxillaries  protractile, 
e.  Anal  iin  about  equal  to  the  soft  dorsal,  its  base  longer  than  the  abdomen ; 
tail  not  keeled. 
/.  Thoracic  region  trenchant ;  body  excessively  compressed. 

y.  Dorsal  outline  more  convex  than  the  ventral  outline ;  profile  very  steep; 
head  very  short  and  high ;  preorbital  very  deep.     {Seleninw.) 

Selene,  223. 
gg.  Dorsal  outline  less  convex  than  ventral ;  profile  not  atecp ;  preorbital 

moderate.    (Chloroscomhrinos.) CliLOROSCOMnRUS,  224. 

ff.  Thoracic  region  not  trenchant;  body  moderately  compressed.    {Tra- 
chynotiiKX.) 

h.  Forehead  convex .  Traciiynotuh,  22.'>. 

ee.  Anal  fin  much  shorter  than  the  soft  dorsal,  its  base  not  longer  than  the 
abdomen ;  tail  keeled.     {Svriolinw,) 
i.  Finlets  none. 

j.  Dorsal  spines  free,  in  adult Naucrates,  226. 

jj.  Dorsal  spuies  connected  by  membrane Seriola,  227. 

it.  A  two-rayed  finlet  behind  dorsal  and  anal Elagati8,  228. 

dd.  Premaxillaries  net  protractile ;  dorsal  and  anal  with  finlets;  maxillary 
very  naiTow,  without  distinct  supxilemental  bone.  {Scombroi- 
dinw.) ScoMEROiDES,  229. 

iil9.— TKA€HVRVS  Raflnesqne. 

SaureJs. 

(Rnfinosqiic,  Indiced'Ittiologia  Siciliaua  1810, 20 :  type  Scomber  traohuriis  L.  =  Trachtmu 
saurus  Raf. ) 

Bo.\,  rather  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  not  elevated,  tapering 
to  a  slender  caudal  peduncle,  which  is  as  broad  as  deep.  Scales  iiresent, 
not  very  small.  Lateral  line  armed  throughout  with  i)lates,  those  on  the 
caudal  peduncle  larger  and  spinous;  an  accessory  dorsal  branch  to  the 
lateral  line.  Snout  rather  long.   Mouth  moderate.  Minute  teeth  mostly 


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432      CONTP.IBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICIITHYOLOaY— ly 

in  single  series  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Dorsals  two,  the  first 
preceded  by  a  procumbent  spine.  No  flulets.  Two  strong  spines  before 
the  anal,  connected  by  membrane.  Pyloric  cceca  numerons.  In  aii 
warm  seas,  {rfm-^oopoz,  the  ancient  name  of  T.  sauriut;  from  rpayu- 
rough;  oupa,  tail.) 

6§0.  T.  symmctricus  (Ayres)  Giranl. — Horse  Maokerl. 

Similar  to  T.  saunis,  but  slenderer  and  less  compressed.  Arch  of 
lateral  line  longer,  as  long  as  straight  part,  the  junction  of  the  two  much 
beyond  tip  of  pectoral ;  plates  on  the  anterior  part  small,  crowded,  their 
height  less  than  half  eye.  Head  3^;  depth  4^.  D.  VIII-I,  31;  \, 
Il-l,  27  ;  Lat.  1.  48  +  47.  Coast  of  California,  from  San  Francisco  south- 
ward ;  very  abundant  in  summer. 

{Cararx  tymmetricua  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  1855,  62;  Girard,  Pac.  R.  R 
Surv.  Fish.  107.) 

981.  T.  saMrils  Rnf.— fforso  Mackerel;  Ship  Jack;  Sanrch 

Greenish,  sides  silvery ;  a  dusky  opercular  spot.  Body  more  com- 
pressed and  deeper  than  in  the  preceding.  Head  rather  long.  Mouth 
moderate,  the  maxillary  reaching  the  front  of  eye.  Eye  large,  equal  to 
snouty  4  in  head ;  arch  of  lateral  line  short,  reaching  scarcely  beyond  pec- 
toral, 1^  in  straight  part,  the  plates  high,  nearly  as  high  anteriorly  us 
posteriorly,  their  heiglit  more  than  half  eye.  Head  3^ ;  depth  4.  1). 
VIII-I,  29;  A.  II-I,  28;  Lat.  1.  40  +  37.  L.  1  foot.  Southern  Europe; 
occasional  on  our  South  Atlantic  coast. 

{Scomber  trachurua  Liuu.  Syst.  Nat.  i,  17r>B :  Caranx  trachuriia  Lacdpbde,  iii,  63 :  f  Car- 
aiuromorua  phimierianua  Lac6p.  Hisit.  Nat.  Poiss.  iii,  84  :  ISelar  japanicua  Bleek'sr,  Vorh. 
Bat.  Gen.  xx,  vi,  Japan,  pi.  8:  Trachurua  aaurua  Rnfincsquo,  1.  o.  5iO:  Trachurua  iravhum 
GUnthoi,  ii,  41U. 

330.  DECAPTERIJS  Blcuker. 

Mackerel  Scads. 

(Bleeket.  Natniirk.  Tydachr.  18.')5,  v,  417:  type  Caravxktirra  Cnv.  &  Val.) 

Body  elongate,  little  compressed,  almost  perfectly  fusiform.  Head 
short,  pointed.  Mouth  rather  small ;  jaws  about  equal,  the  dentitiou 
feeble.  A  supplementary  maxillary  bone.  Premaxillaries  protractile. 
Scales  moderate,  enlarged  and  spinous  along  lateral  line  posteriorly; 
second  dorsal  and  anal  each  with  a  single  detached  flnlet;  free  anul 
spines  very  strong.  Abdomen  rallier  shorter  taan  anal  fin.  Gill-rakers 
long  and  slender.  Species  numerous.  (fhx<i?,  ten ;  nveptiv^  fln ;  there  being 
ten  fins,  counting  the  spurious  flnlets  and  excluding  the  free  spines.) 

689.  D.  piinctUtUS  (Agasaiz)  Gill. — Scad;  Bound  Robin. 

Bluish  above,  silvery  below;  a  dark  opercular  spot.  Eye  rather 
small,  shorter  than  snout,  about  equal  to  tiio  width  of  cheeks  or  tho  in- 


w- 


^i 


7&    CARANGID^ — CARANX. 


433 


terorbital  space.  Maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.  Teeth  on  vomer  and 
jxlatini's,  none  on  tongue;  teeth  in  jaws  in  single  series.  Lateral  line 
little  arched ;  arch  of  lateral  line  nearly  as  long  as  etraight  part.  Scutes 
Duraerous,  deep,  crowded,  about  40.  Pectorals  short,  shorter  than 
Ijead.  Breast,  cheeks,  and  top  of  head  sc^ly.  Depth  5  in  length; 
mAiff.  D.VIIl-I,  30-1;  A.  11-1,24-1.  L.  12  inches.  New  York  to 
the  West  Indies ;  not  common  on  our  coast. 

I  iCaranx  punotatua  Agassiz,  Spix.  Pise.  Bros.  1829,  108 :  Caranx  punctatua  QUnther, 
il,42(i.) 

I§8.  D>  macarellUS  (Cnv.  &  Val.)  Gill.— Mackerel  Scad. 

Silvery,  plumbeous  below;  a  small  black  spot  on  the  opercle.  Lat- 
eral line  nearly  straight.  Head  5;  depth  6.  D.  VIII-1, 33-1;  A.  II — I, 
21-1;  scutes  25.  {OUnther.)  Warm  parts  of  the  Atlantic,  northward 
to  Cape  Cod ;  scarce  on  our  coast. 

(Caranx  maoarelltia  Cuv.  &  Val.  ix,  40:  Ccranx  macarellua  GUnther,  ii,  426.) 

991.— CARANX  Lac^pMe. 
Crevalles. 

[Caranx,  Carangops,  Carangus,  Paratractus,  and  Trachurops  Gill ;  Caranx,  Gnathanodon, 
Selar,  Carangoides,  Carangichthya,  etc.  Bleeker.) 

(Commerson ;  Lacdpfede  Hist.  Nat.  des  Poiss.  1802,  iii,  72 :    type  Scomber  apecioaua 
Forsk&l.) 

Body  ovate  or  oblong,  compressed,  the  back  sometimes  considerably 
elevated,  sometimes  little  arched.    Head  moderate  or  rather  large,  more 
or  less  compressed.    Mouth  moderate  or  large,  oblique;  maxillary  with 
a  well  developed  supplemental  bone,  excending  to  below  the  eye.    Pre- 
maxillaries  protractile.    Teeth  variously  developed ;  sometimes  minute, 
granular,  and  deciduous  {Garanx)y  sometimes  with  an  outer  row  of 
stronger  teeth  (/t?e?ar,  etc.)  or  with  small  canines  (Carangus);  villiform 
teeth  often  present  on  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue.    Gill-rakers  long. 
Eye  large,  with  an  adipose  eyelid.    Dorsal  spines  rather  low,  connected ; 
second  dorsal  long,  elevated  in  front;  both  fins  depressible  in  a  groove. 
Anal  lin  similar  to  second  dorsal  and  nearly  as  long,  preceded  by  two 
rather  strong  spines,  its  base  longer  than  the  abdomen.     Caudal  fln 
strongly  forked,  the  peduncle  very  slender.    Ventral  fins  moderate ; 
pectorals  falcate;  no  flnlets.    Scales  present,  usually  ver^  small.    Lat- 
eral line  wifh  ite  posterior  portion  armed  with  strong  bony  plates,  which 
gi'ow  larger  on  the  tail,  each  plate  armed  with  a  spine;  a  short  dorsal 
branch  of  lateral  line,  usually  present.    Preopercle  entire  in  the  adult, 
serrate  in  the  young,  usually  with  a  mombranaceous  border.    Species 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 28 


*  I.J    7  *  ' 


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lii'. 


43^     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICIITIIVOLOGY— ly 

very  imrnerous  in  all  warm  seas,  most  of  tbem  valued  for  food.   As  her 

underHtood,  this  genus  includes  a  considerable  variety  of  forms,  diflerinrr 

iu  the  dentition  and  in  the  shape  of  the  body.    Its  nieirbers  sccin  how 

ever,  to  form  an  almost  unbroken  series  from  one  extreme  to  another 

{xdpa,  head.    "A  cause de  I'espece  de  prominence  que  presente  leur  tite 

de  la  force  de  cette  parti  j,  de  I'eclat  dont  ello  brille,  et  d'ailUMirs  jKuir 

annoncer  la  sorte  de  puissance  et  do  domination  quo  plusieuris  osseux 

de  ce  genre  exercent  sur  un  grand  uonibre  des  poissoDs  que  frcqucuteut 

les  rivages"  Lac6pede). 

Our  species  may  be  divided  aa  follows : 

o.  Teeth  present,  Hiiiall,  nearly  uniform,  or  the  outer  somewhat  enlarged;  no  canines 
(*>/«>•  meeker.) 

h.  Body  fuHifonn,  elongate crumcnophthalmui. 

bh.  Body  ovate  or  subfuKiform. 
(!.  Dejith  oue-third  or  less  than  one-third  the  length  to  base  caudal. 

piHqiwtue;  cahallm;  cihi. 

cc.  Depth  more  than  one-third  the  length bcaui;  fakatm 

aa.  Teeth  unequal;  lower  jaw  with  small  canines.     {Carangun) faUax;  hipput, 

a.  Teeth  present,  small,  nearly  uniform ;  the  outer  row  sometimes  enlarged ;  no  cuuiniH, 
{Stlar*  Bloeker.) 
ft.  Body  fusiform,  eWgate.     (TrachuropB  G\]\,) 

684.  C.  crumenophthalmus  (Bloch)  hac.—Goggler ;  Big-ciivd  Send. 

Bluish  olive  above,  silvery  below,  a  faint  opercular  spot.  Body  ob- 
long-elongate, little  compressed,  the  back  not  elevated.  Head  elongate, 
rather  pointed,  the  lower  jaw  projecting ;  maxillary  reaching  i)ast  tlio 
front  of  the  eye,  which  is  very  large,  longer  than  snout,  about  3  in  head. 
Eye  much  deeper  than  the  cheeks  and  greater  than  the  interorbital 
width.  A  single  series  of  small  teeth  in  enijli  jaw ;  very  weak  teeth  on 
vomer  and  palatines ;  a  patch  of  teeth  on  tongue.  Shoulder-girdle  near 
isthmus  with  a  fleshy  projection,  in  front  of  which  is  a  deep  (nnss-fur- 
row;  adipose  eyelid  largely  developed.  Scales  comparatively  large. 
Cheeks  and  breast  scaly.  Gill-rakers  long,  numerous.  Lateral  line 
scaixjoly  arched,  its  scutes  weak,  but  little  carinated.  Dorsal  s[)ine3 
slender ;  free  anal  spines  strong ;  pectorals  falcate,  nearly  as  long  as 
head.  An  angle  at  lower  posterior  part  of  opercular  region  as  iu  Clupca. 
Head  3^;  depth  3^.  D.  VIH-I,  26;  A.  II-I,  22;  scutes  35.  Cape  Cod 
to  Madagascar;  abundant  in  tropical  seas. 

(Scomber  cnDnenophthalmns  Blooh,  taf.  34:1;  Gilnthor,  11,  4*29:  Trachuropa  crumennh 
thalmua  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1862,  4:11.) 

66.  Body  ovate  or  subfusiform. 

0.  Depth  ouo-thlrd  or  less  the  length  to  base  of  candal. 

''  ^Bleekor,  Notuurk.  Tydschr.  1865,  ▼,  417. 


75.   CARANOIDiE — CARANX. 


435 


|g9.  C.  pisquctus  Ciiv.  &  Val.— Crcm/W. 

Greenish  olive,  golden  yellow  below ;  a  black  blotch  on  opercle.    Body 

oblong,  moderately  elevated,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  outlines  about 

equally  anjhed.    Profllo  forming  a  uniform  curve.    Snout  rather  sharp. 

Mouth  slightly  oblique,  a  little  below  axis  of  body.    Maxillary  reaching 

about  to  middle  of  orbit.    Teeth  comparativt.y  largo ;  a  aingle  series  in 

lower  jaw ;  ui)per  jaw  with  an  inner  series  of  smaller  teeth ;  no  canines  j 

tcetU  on  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue.    Eye  rather  small,  shorter   Iian 

5nout,  3i  in  head.     Gill-rakers  long,  numerous.     Pectoral  as  long  as 

lieatl,  barely  reaching  anal,  its  broad  basal  part  half  its  length.    Scales 

moderate;  cheeks  and  breast  so-ily.    Top  of  head  naked,  with  se-Mes 

of  mucous  pores.    Lateral  lino  with  a  weak  arch  anteriorly,  which  is 

about  half  length  of  straight  portion.    Lateral  scutes  numerous,  devel- 

o|)e(I     •  whole  straight  part  of  lateral  line.    Head  3;^;  depth  3.     D. 

VIII-I,  24 ;   \.  II-I,  19 ;  Lat.  1.  50  (scutes).    L.  1  foot.    Cape  Cod  to 

West  Indies;   the  mos^t  abundant  of  the  Carangidw  on  our  Atlantic 

coast  northward. 

(Ciiv.  &  Viil.  ix,  1)7  :  Caranx  hippos  Holbr.  Ichtli.  S.  C.  1830,  90 :  Paratraotun  pisque- 
toGiil,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  IdG^,  A32:  Caranx  vhryaoa  GUuthur,  ii,  445.) 

6§6.  C.  caballus  Qilnthcr. 

Greenish  above,  silvery  below ;  a  black  blotch  on  the  opercle,  none 
elsewhere.  Form  of  0.  pisquctus ;  rather  elongate,  not  greatly  com- 
pressed; the  dorsal  and  ventral  outlines  regularly  and  nearly  equally 
arched ;  a  low  occipital  carina;  a  prominent  supraocular  ridge.  Scales 
comparatively  large,  the  scaly  sheaths  of  the  vertical  tins  well  developed. 
Cheeks  and  upper  part  of  opercles  scaled ;  breast  scaled,  jaws  naked. 
Teeth  in  a  narrow  band  above,  those  in  front  somewhat  enlarged,  those 
of  lower  jaw  mostly  in  one  series ;  feeble  teeth  on  tongue,  vomer,  and 
palatines.  Mouth  rather  small,  the  jaws  nearly  equal ;  maxillary  r«;ach- 
ing  front  of  pupil.  Eye  large,  3J  in  head,  the  adipose  eyelid  unusually 
developed.  Gill-rakers  numerous,  very  long  and  slender,  28  below  angle. 
Curve  of  lateral  line  low,  the  straight  part  beginning  under  first  ray  of 
second  dorsal,  at  a  distance  rather  more  than  length  of  head;  length  of 
arch  1§  in  straight  part.  Scutes  of  lateral  line  strong.  Pectoral  fins 
very  long,  slender,  and  falcate,  their  length  considerably  more  than  that 
of  the  head ;  a  little  less  than  3  times  in  length  of  body,  their  tips  reach- 
iug  fourth  anal  ray ;  the  broad  basal  part  forming  little  more  than  one- 
third  the  total  length  of  the  fin ;  ventrals  short ;  a  concealed  spin& 
hcforo  dorsal;  second  dorsal  and  anal  a  little  elevated  in  front,  the  long 


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430    coNTurnuTioNS  to  north  American  icnTiiYOLooY— iv. 

est  ray  nearly  lialf  length  of  head,  the  last  rays  of  tho  fln  scarcely  risinu 
above  the  8(;aly  sheath.  Head  4;  depth  3J.  D.  VIII-I,  24;  A.  II,t 
Ul;  Lat.  1.  41  (developed  scutes).  San  Diego,  Oal.,  to  South  America 
(Description  from  original  types  of  T.  boops,) 

(  Tmch'nu  hoopg  Oiranl,  U.  8.  Pao.  R.  H.  8arv.  Fish.  I8r»9,  108,  not,  Caranx  bnnnK  nf 
C.  &  V. :  Caranx  cahallun  ailutUer,  Trans.  Zool.  8oo.  Lonrt.  1861),  431 :  Caranx  gimrd 
•  8tcindaolinor.) 

6§Y.  C.  cibi  Poey. 

Dusky  bluish,  golden  below,  without  spots.  Body  rather  elongate  not 
elevated,  muzzle  pointed.  Profile  regularly  curved.  M  axillary  roacliincr 
front  of  eye.  Teeth  villifotm  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines.  llrciUit 
and  vertical  flns  scaly.  Last  spine  of  dorsal  short,  strong,  freo.  V{x- 
torals  as  long  as  depth  of  body,  falcate ;  ventrals  short.  Eye  4i  ju 
head.  Head  3Jj  depth  3.  D.  VIII-I,  25;  A.  II-I,  22.  West  liulie.s, 
north  to  Florida. 

(Poey.Memorios,  ii,  224,  1858.) 
CO,  Depth  more  than  ono-third  the  length. 

68S.  C.  bcani  Jordan. 

Silvery,  bluish  above;  no  black  spot  on  opercles  or  flns;  spinous 
dorsal  and  sixil  dusky.  Body  ovate,  deep  and  compressed,  somewhat 
elliptical ;  the  profile  anteriorly  not  elevated,  forming  an  even  curvo  con- 
tinuous from  tho  snout  to  the  base  of  the  dorsal,  the  snout  therefore  not 
blunt.  Top  of  head  not  much  compressed.  Premaxillaries  on  tho  level 
of  the  lower  edge  of  tho  pupil ;  maxillary  not  reaching  to  opposite  tho 
front  of  the  pupil.  Teeth  rather  small,  in  a  narrow  band  on  eju;l:  jaw, 
without  distinct  canines;  villiform  teeth  on  tongub,  /omer,  and  palatini. 
Cheek  about  as  deep  as  the  eye,  which  is  rather  small,  considerably 
shorter  than  snout ;  adipose  eyelid  little  developed.  Gill-rakers  loiijj. 
Breast  entirely  scaly ;  soft  parts  of  the  vertical  flns  densely  covered  with 
small  scales.  Pectoral  fln  falcate,  a  little  shorter  th«in  the  hond,  reach- 
ing past  the  front  of  the  anal ;  caudal  equally  forked.  Plates  of  lateral 
line  small.  Head  3J^ ;  depth  2^.  D,  VIII-I,  27 ;  A.  II-I,  23 ;  Lat.  1. 28. 
Beaufort,  North  Carolina. 

(Jordan,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  486.) 

680.  C  falcatus  Holbr. 

Greenish  above  with  blue  reflections^  sides  and  below  golden  or 
silvery ;  caudal  fln  yellow,  inner  edge  of  upper  lobe  black ;  a  black  axil- 
lary spot,  opercle  faintly  blotched.  Body  oval,  much  compressed,  with 
the  axis  nearly  midway  between  the  back  and  belly;  profile  very  con- 


75.   CARANOIDiE — CARANX. 


437 


Blow  golden  or 


yfx.  Month  very  small,  oblique,  tlio  maiJllary  scarcely  reaching  the 
middle  of  the  orbit.  Uead  sniall,  short,  about  as  deep  as  long.  Eye 
l^rge  as  long  as  snout,  3^  in  hetul.  Gill-rakers  shortish,  rather  strong, 
<)0 below  arch ;  anal  spines  sniall,  the  second  longest;  upper  lobe  of  the  • 
caiulul  falcate,  more  than  a  third  longer  than  the  lower.  Lateral  scutes 
iiiiraiTOUS,  very  strong.  Teeth  rather  strong,  in  one  scricH  in  each  jaw ; 
toi'th  on  tongue  few  or  none;  those  on  vomer  and  palatines  minute, 
deciduous ;  scales  small ;  cheeks  u'lked,  breast  scaly;  lateral  line  strongly 
arched,  the  arcjh  about  one-third  the  straight  portion ;  scaly  sheaths  of 
dorsal  and  anal  very  high,  extending  the  whole  length  of  fin.  Pectoral 
falcate  longer  than  head,  reaching  aim!.  Ileiid  4J;  depth  2^.  D. 
VII-l,  28;  A.  II-I,  25 J  Lat.  1.  (scutes)  about  50.  West  Indies  north- 
ward; not  cttmmon. 

(Holbrook,  Iclith.  R.  C.  1860,  94 :  Caranx  amhlyrhi/n chits  Oiintlicr,  i\,  441,  pt.  not 
ofC.  &V.:  Caranjopn  falcatua  Gill,  Proo.  Acad.  N.*t.  8ci.  Phila.  1H(W,  431.) 

M.Toetli  unequal ;  lower  Jaw  with  small  caninos.    {Carangm  *  Qrd.) 

690.  C.  fnllax  C.  &  y. 

Bluish,  sides  golden  or  silvery,  a  very  small,  black  opercular  spot. ,. 
Form  of  C.  hippua,  but  the  profile  not  so  strongly  arched.  Teeth  as  in 
C,  hippus.  Breast  entirely  scaly ;  anterior  part  of  soft  dorsal  flu  black ; 
DO  spot  on  the  pectorals.  Scutes  present  on  whole  of  straight  i)art  of 
liiteral  line;  arched  part  of  la^eral  lino  1|  in  straight  part;  an  abrupt 
angle  at  junction  of  the  two  parts.    Pectoral  shorter  than  head,  max- 

i  illary  reaching  posterior  edge  of  pupil ;  cheek  and  ui>per  parts  of  opercles 
scaly;  scaly  sheaths  of  fins  little  developed.    Head  3f ;  depth  2^.    D. 

I VIII-I,  22;  A.  II-I,  10;  Lat.  1.  35  (scutes).    Warm  seas,  north  to  South 

I  Carollua ;  not  common. 

(Cuv.  &  Viil.  ix,  95:  Caraux  Aiji/jos  GUutlier,  ii,  449:  Caraiix  richardi  Holbr.  Icbih. 

J8.C.  1860,  9(3.) 

!69l.  C.  hippus  (L.)  Ollnlhcr.—Ctevalld ;  Horse  CrevalU. 
Oiiviiceous  above ;  sides  and  belov/  silvery  or  golden ;  a  distinct  black 

I  blotch  ou  opercle  and  one  on  lowor  rays  of  pectorals,  the  latter  some- 
times wanting ;  axil  of  pectoral  dusky ;  anterior  edge  of  dorsals  black ; 

I  upper  edge  of  caudal  peduncle  dusky.    Body  oblong,  the  anterior  pro- 

i  file  very  strongly  arched.    Head  large  and  deep.    Mouth  large,  low,  and 
nearly  horizontal  below  axis  of  body;  lower  jaw  included;  maxillary 

I  extending  to  nearly  opposite  posterior  border  of  eye.    Teeth  in  upper 


'Girard,  U.  S.  M«x.  Bound.  Surr.  Ichth.  1829, 23;  tyx/e  Scomber  oaran^iwBloch;  name 
I  a  modification  of  Caranx, 


hi  ' 
II 


.  m 


■  Mr 


i'l 


*  >  f 


.^  I.; 
•  '    -'  M 


'  -  1 


I.    . 

,     1 

ft      ■  «w 

1-^ 

/•      -f 

I 

IE 

::-'  Aim 

■ .  *'-  TffliEli 

'  '  /HH 

»f* 


r 


i1  '' 


438      CONTnillUTIONS   to   north    AMERICAN   ICIlTIIYOLOOY^iv 
Jnw  In  n  hroiul  vllliform  band;  an  ontor  Rorloa  of  U^rgo,  wide  sot 


coni. 

Hillc 

uiul 


cal  ti^eth;  teeth  of  lower  jaw  in  one  row,  a  (lintinet  (ianine  on  oicU 

of  synipliyHls;    villiforin  teeth  on  vomer,  pahitineH,  ptcMypdds 

tonjjne.     LaU^ral  lino  with  a  wide  arch,  its  length  J^  that  of  Htmiifht 

part;   i»lateH  not  coverinjjf  all  of  Htraight  part.     Dorsal  Kpincs  sliort 

rather  stojit;  proounibent  npine  olwolete.    (Hill-rakers  Htout,  not  vcrv 

long,  15  below  angle.     Occipital   keel   Hharp.      Eye  not  vny  larm, 

longer  than  Hnont,  4  in  hejui.      Pectoral   falcat<ii,  longer  tliiin  licad 

llreast  naked,  with  a  sniall  i)ateh  of  scales  in  front  of  veninils  only 

Candal  1oIh>s  e<puil.     Head  .'4;  depth  Ji^ ;  Lat.  1.  (scntes)  about  3o 

D.  VIII-I,  20;  A.  ll-l,  17.    CajH)  Cod  to  West  Indies;  connaou  soutli. 

ward. 

{S(M}mhn  hipiHM  \j,  Synf,.  Nut:  Cantniinit  /if/>;wwOill,  Proo.  Acinl.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilii.  ISfi? 
4:W:  Citmnx  tleffUHor  Holltrook,  It-hfli.  S.  V.  IW5(),  87:  (.'rtrnru  rnn/HiM  (Jllutlu«r,  Trnm 
Zo«">I.  Soc.  liOiKl.  IH<)(),  4;W:  Scomber  r» ran tjii it  Illooli,  tiif.  il4():  iSVom/xr  r/in/dim  Mitcliill 
Trans.  Lit.  and  riiil.  800.  N.  V.  i,  'I'Jl:  (\trnnniin  ckriiHOn  Oill,  I'rod.  Acml.  Ntit,  Sri 
Phila.  1H(V2,  4H4:  Caranffu«  enculontuM  GnX.  U.  8.  M«x.  tktuiul.  Siirv.  Iclith.  Z\:  Varant 
car(ingu$  UUuther,  ii,  448.) 

999.-BI.EPIIARBS  Cuvior. 
Cobblcrjitthcs. 

(GailiM  Lac^pbdc,  precHiCupiod:  iSc.vn>,  Ilynnin  and  GalUchthyti  Cuv.  &  Val.:  likpha- 

richthyH  QUI) 

(Cuvior,  R^gllc  Anini.  ii,  1817:  typo  Xr»g  cilinriH  Uloidi.) 

BiMly  rhoinlM)id,  deep,  strongly  conipressed,  more  or  less  ('oiiii)let('Iy 
covoixmI  with  niiniite  embedded  scales,  sometimes  apparently  naked; 
those  ou  the  straight  portion  of  the  lateral  lino  enlarge<l,  bony  and 
spinous,  as  in  Caranx,  but  less  developed.  Month  moderate,  with 
bands  of  villiform  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue.  First 
dorsal  fin  little  developed,  the  spines  short  and  rudimentary,  mostly 
disappeiiring  with  age;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  similar  to  each  other;  the 
first  five  or  six  rays  of  each  flu  elongate  and  flliform  in  the  young,  bo 
coming  shorter  with  age;  ventral  fins  elongate  in  young;  on  flnlets. 
Caudal  peduncle  narrow ;  the  caudal  widely  forked.  Gillrakers mod 
erate,  stout.  This  genus  is  not  essentially  ditferout  from  Camm. 
Warm  seas.    (,5,l£ya/»«»f,  cilium.) 

602.  B.  crinitus  (Akorly)  Dckay. 

Bluish  above,  golden  yellow  below;  a  dark  blotch  on  operclo;  a 
black  spot  on  orbit  above ;  a  black  blotch  on  dorsal  and  anal  in  IVont. 
Bo<ly  oval,  much  compressed,  highest  at  the  elevated  bases  of  dorsal 
and  anal  flus.    Preorbital  very  deep.    Mouth  nearly  horizontal  in  the 


>^ 


75.   CARANOIDif: — SELENE. 


439 


idiilt,  very  obllquo  In  tho  youiiff.    I'^irHt  rayH  of  dorsal  and  anal  flla- 

n)(>ntou«»  cxccM'dinfily  lon^j  lun'oniin^  Hliortcr  with  ngv.    Lateral  lino 

with  a  wido  an-Ji,  tho  onrvcMl  portion  abont  ecpial  to  Htrai^ht.    Hcaly 

hIkivHi  of  tins  lirtlc  dov^^loI^ed.     H(int<(H  beoonio  Htronjjor  and  blnnttT 

ttjtli  a},'0.     V(?ntral  <  broad.    Occipital  kcol  sharp.     Pectorals  hni}j  an<l 

fiilcatc,  lonf,'t'r  than  head.     Head  .'{^  in  leni;th;  dopth  \\  to 2.    D.  Vf-l, 

10;  A.  Il-I»  1'5.    Scntes  12.    (^ape  Cod  to  Sonth  Anieriiia;  not  very 

iibiindiiMt  northwardrf. 

(/AMnn-inilm  Akrily,  Kwwv.  Jour.  Sol.  xi,  141;  Dok.  N.  Y.  Fininn,  FIhIi.  123:  Caranx 
M/orGiliillior,  ii,  AM.) 

9ii;t.-l§l':LGNE  Lucdpudu. 

Moon  Jlnhea. 
{ArgyrloniinlAivAy^hiVt'.  Vomer  CawU'T.) 
f;,„coj)Nl)',  Ili«t.  Nttt.  I'()iHH,  iv,  .'ifJO,  IHOIl:  typo  Sclcnc  aryentea  Lac.) 

Ilody  very  doHc^ly  coniprcsscd  and  nnich  elevated,  tho  profile  very 
obliqiit^or  nearly  vertical ;  ed;?esof  body  <;very  where  trenchant,  especially 
iiiitoriorly.  Head  short  and  vtny  decq),  tlni  opcrcle  very  short,  ami  the 
prcorbital  extremely  deei>;  an  abrupt  anjjfle  at  the  occipital  n^gion. 
Moiitii  rather  suuill;  ))remaxillaries  ])rotractile,  fitting  into  a  notch 
l)ctwcca  tlie  bases  of  tho  maxillaries;  nuixillaries  broad,  each  with  a 
siipplcJiiental  bone.  Tongno  narrow,  free.  Teeth  niinnte,  on  jaws, 
toii{,Mio,  vomer,  and  ])ah<tines.  Gill  rakers  long  and  slender.  Si)in(;s  of 
tins  usually  weak,  more  or  less  filamentons  in  the  young;  free  anal 
spiiiea  immovable,  sonmtimes  obsolete  in  tho  adult.  Soft  fins  falcate 
ornofc.  Nofinlets.  Head  naked.  Scales  minute.  Lateral  line  unarmed. 
Coloration  silvery.  (te-I'?."?,  tho  moon.) 
c,  Soft  (loiHivl  tuul  aiml  with  tho  anterior  raya  nnu-li  produced  in  tho  adult.     (Sdene.) 

693.  S.  vomer  (L.)  Llltkon. — Bfoon-Jinh;  Look  Down;  JTorec-htad. 

Bhiish  above,  sides  and  bdow  silvery  with  golden  reflection.s ;  ante- 
rior edge  «)f  soft  dorsal  black;  axil  dusky.  Diameter  of  eye,  length  of 
operclc,  and  distance  from  eye  to  i)rofile  about  equal ;  eye  2  in  maxillary, 
2J  in  preorbital ;  mandibles  very  deep,  the  dentary  bones  thin,  ai)proxi- 
inate;  one  or  two  of  tho  dorsal  spines  greatly  elongate  and  filamentous 
ill  the  young,  short  in  tho  adult ;  ventrals  variable  in  length,  usually 
about  as  long  as  the  eye  in  tho  adult,  variously  elongate  in  partly  grown 
specimens.  Head  3  in  length;  long  dorsal  rays  2;  pectoral  2'};  long 
anal  rays  2^;  depth  1^.  D.  VII-I,  22;  A.  II-I,  20.  Warm  seas; 
rather  common  southward,  north  to  Long  Island,  and  Lower  California. 

(Zeus  vomer  L'na.  8yHt.  Nat.:  Zeus  capillaris  Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y. 


■<t .    ■  -III 


h  ^ii 


pi»3 


M 


i.     : 


I  i 


I, . 

I'! 


440     UONTHlUL'riONS   TO    NOlMll    AMUUICAN    ICHTIIYOLOOY— IV. 

Arpfiirh>i»HK  f'xti'iflvH*  l,iti<UliiHlitii,  I'ttM'.  Tul.  Aftnl,  Nikt.  Hcl.  |M7(l;  'V/r«i'(i)(/cii((yi(ii,|„|,, 
Aliil  <4tf;,vH«>iii(«t<Timi<r(|mrlly  gi-owit)  itf  itiimt  mooiit  wri(«>tii.     MhlttMi,  H|Mi|iik  Atlnniii. 
IMHt,  n47.  in  whioli  nt«Mii(«li-  tli*^  Htn^fN  or  Hiowtli  of  MiIn  hiiiI  oMi«<r  N|ii<(>lt'M  nnt  f|,|| 
•l<>m>i-iltiMM  ■ 

Mil.  AU  ll«>  <)ii'>  M>r.v  low,  nonooriho  vwyn  pmiliitunt  or  niikiiiiMitoiin  hi  llio  inlnli,   m„ 

601.  n.  n««ll|»lilill«  iMi(><1i.)  MI(Uon.-7f.Hw  HkA. 

<lix»oniHh  iihovo, bt'i.iw  h:o|»Ioii  or  mIIvim-.v.     Yoiiiik  with  ii  MmK  Itloid, 

(It  <M'i|aJn  of  Nti'iiiglH   piii't  of  lii(<M'itl  Un«>.     lto«ly  oltloti^,  ilintuhji',  iii^^ 

o)i.«vii(o«l  thiin   iti  (ho  othrr  MpiM'ioM;  prollh^  initoriorly  iumiiIv  \<Mtiiii| 

hi^hoNi  i)hov<>  (ho  (\V(\  nnout  noinowhiit   pnitniiliii^,  belly  ninst  hhIkmI 

in  thi\v<>iin^:  ntoiilh  «)hlii)iio;  tniixilliiry  nMohiiiK:  viMiictil  iVniii  trout  (if 

orbit.     Vontnil  (Ins  niinnio;  Uorsnl  nn<l  nnul  vt»ry  low,  j'Mpcrinlly  in  iii„ 

ft«lnl(,  (ho  lonp:  rivyH  ili.Mipponrinij:  vory  onrly  ;  pooloriilM  I'uloiito,  iilxntl  mm 

\\n\ir  DM  hoiul.     Iloiiil  l\\  in  lonKth;  <lop(h  l||.     U.  \'III-I,'JI;  A.  IM, 

17.    Tropioul  Antoriou,  nordi  (o  t^tipofoU;  not  vory  ooninion  oiioiir 

otNists. 

(7fwx  it.'M;)(M»M  MttrU.  Tmnn.  T,lt.  *  I'till.  Soc.  N.  Y.  lH|fi,  :W4:  .(»7/j/M(mt(«  «(•(/;,(,. 
nh  iJU<<<t\oi.  ii,  l,v.» :  Vomn'  htttwoi  V\\\ .  A  Vul.  Is,  |HI» :  Vomvv  hiou>tt(  Dokitv .  Ni«w  Ymk 
l''n\u\u.  ('iHli.  Vil  i  I.lltkiMi,  Spoliiv  Aditntico,  IHMO.rCt:  Inmrt  fwr^Ki  I'oitt",  I'me,  Acml, 
Nftt.  Soi.  rhilii.  If^'O,  tU':  .(fj/i,»>»<i>ii»««  ttftim(j<ti/«WM(t  llutotioltlor.) 


It  •. 


tt«l.rill.OltOMOITIIIItliSI  (ilmrtl. 
( ■WtViM);»f«ryr  AhiibhI/,  jtn'ooonplod.) 
(Gimnl,  r«Mo.  Ao.nl.  Ntvt.  »«'(.  riiUi*.  IHoH,  UVi^t  typo  Srrioln  atmoitolUn  V\i\\  &\\\\. 

Boily  oblong  ovato,  olosoly  otunpro.ssod,  bn(  no(  olovatod ;  (lio  iiIkIoiiumi 
pixMninont  «n(oriorly,  i(»  ourvo  boinjr  nmoh  groiitorthnn  (hoourvo  of  tlio 
l>rtok.  (Voipu(  un^l  (hornoio  ro);ion  (itMiohunt.  (^uuliil  j)o«lun(>KMm 
iuvn»\v,  tho  (in  \vi«loly  forUod.  Soalos  Nnuill,  Nino<»(li.  Ijiiloral  linoinciicd 
in  (V«>n(,  nnarnioil.  lload  nonrly  nakod.  Proorbiial  low.  Moudi  mflur 
sntall,  ol>li!ino,  lowor  jaw  soarooly  piH)joo(lnj;f ;  uppor  Jaw  jirotriu'tih'; 
maxillary  bix>!id,  omarginaio  bohiiul,  \\\[\\  a  largo  mipplonion(iil  bono, 
.TaWvS,  vonuM*,  and  ]>a1atiiu\s  wi(h  I'ooblo  tooth,  nioHtly  in  winglo  soricii. 
First  dorsal  of  fooblo  spinos,  oonnootod  by  n»on»brano;  si'oond  dorsjil 
and  anal  long  and  low,  vsiniilar,  ntuoh  longor  (han  tlu^  shoH  nhdonion. 
No  t\nlota.  Anal  spinOvS  strong.  Vontrals  snaill;  i)octor«ls  luloato. 
Gill-rakors  long.    (xHwfio<:,  grocn;  «rxo/i(?/»(»c,  niaokoitil.) 

•  Cuvier.  Kogiio  Auiu).  ii,  1817 :  typo  I'oma'  bi-owni  Cuv.  ~  ZctM  Mtijiinnh  Mitchill; 
(Latin  tx>M«r,  a  plowshanv) 


7n.   OAnANOtl)^, — TnACtlYNOTlTN. 


441 


1011,  (*.  chrirMiriiM  (l<.)  (till. 

iiIhivo;  <liii'k  o|M>i'«Miliir  iiimI  itxIlliMy  hp<iIm;  iiiHidoot'  inoiiMi  lihu^k.     HomI 

r,itli<<i' (liM>prr  lliiiii  loii^;;  opon^lom  vtM-y  Htimt ;  niioiiI  Hliott.     Miuilli  v(*fy 

olilii|ii«;  iiiiixilliMy  nMUfliiiiK  Hiitrrior  iiiiir);ln  of  (\V(t;  t^yn  VM-y  lArKn^ 

loiiK^'f  ""1^"   '*'i<*ii(9   i^lHMit.  .'(   ill    IhmkI.     rtiiidiil    pcdiiiirlo  loii)xi>r  tlnin 

ili^np,  iiH  illiinM>t«>r  )<'HM  (tiiiti  Mutt  of  tlit^  <\vo;  vciitrtilM  vit.v  niimiII,  llttiiif; 

iiitoii  Uioovo  ill  wliioii  Mio  VMiit,  \h  niliiiitcd;  prctonilK  loii);,  r)ilf'tit<',  lum- 

Ihiiil  llioliMitfni.     liciul  .'l<{  ill  Irii^IJi;  iti^pMi  2h.     I>.  VIM  — I, 'JO;  A. 

Il^l,  LMi.    (Hipo  <'ii(l  to  liowoi-  Oiilii'oriiiii  himI   IimIIii;  ('oiiiiimmi  cm  (nir 

HtMitli  Atliiiitio  (MMint. 

(Sitimlur  i<hrjiiiiirini  filiiii.  Wysf.  Ni»l.!  ^f^l^rll|l^rrl^r  rhrfi^urun  (Jlliiflifr,  II,  IIMi:  KrrUilit 
„i«m»/M'''''H'iiv.  .V  Viil.  lx,«ill:  Svrliihu'hhih  IIoHikki!;,  Ii-IiMi.  H.  0,  HWl,  711:  (Jlilor- 
o,nmlirnii  ciiiiHoHit  ^^ti\.  IcIiMi.  II.  H.  M«<x.  IIoiiimI,  Hiirv.ill.) 

•aft.— TIIAIJIVI^OTIIM  l.luY.l.^<|0. 

I'onipanofi. 

{lUtlhrnhpmnn  llolltroiik  :  lUtlloiltm  iWrwrtX.) 
(t.n)'<<|ii'«i)(«,  Hint..  Nut.  Poinn.  II,  IHOO;  \.y\w  i'hirUnhn  filminm  Mlot^li.) 

ilod.v  <M)iiipn*HNi><l,  iiioil<>ni.i(>l,Y  (di^viittMl,  tlin  Kcnrnil  (Mitiinc  ovale. 
('luiiliil  prdiiiM'in  Mliort,  uiid  nitlirr  Hlfuidcr.  AImIoiik'Ii  not.  trciiciKUit, 
Nlioiicr  lliiiii  tli()  iiiiiil  fill,  liciid  iiiodtfriit<^l,v  (u>iiiprcHH«'d,  M'vy  tdiiiit,  tint 
Hiioiil  idii'iiptly  ti'iiiMMito.  Moiitli  iM'iii'ly  liori/oittui,  tJM)  itiiixillii.iy  iciMdi- 
iiii;  tlin  tniddli^  of  tlio  (\vo;  piriiiiixllliuicH  protriM'tilr;  iiiiuiilnry  wiMi- 
oitl  «liMliiirt>  Hiippl(MiM>iit)il  lioiu^  .liiwH,  votiirr,  iitid  piiliMJiicH  wiMi  l»widH 
III'  villirurtii  t<M^tli,  tv'liicli  \u'{\  dcc.ldiioiiH  willi  h;;o.  Vii'U]H\vvh'>  ciitln;  in 
lli(>  iidiilt.  (iill  rnJioiH  HJiort.  Oill-iiiotiiiiniiM-s  coiiHidcnildy  iiiiltc.4i. 
HpiuoiiN  doiHiil  n-prcHontcd  l»y  Mix  lutlHT  low  HpiiicH,  wlilrJi  an»  vAtu- 
wvW\\  by  iiKMiilnaiKi  in  ilit)  yoiiii^  and  urct  iVoo  In  Mic.  adult.  In  old 
H|M>('iiii(iiiH  IIm^  HpincH  appear  Htnati  on  mtc.oiiiit  of  cticroacdnncntH  of  \hv. 
tloNii,  and  iillOnatoiy  ofdMi  dlHiippcar.  Hocond  doi-Hal  lon^;,  ch-vattMl  In 
fitiiit;  niial  oppoNitt^  (o it, and  Hindlar  in  form  und  hI/.c;  two  Htont,  n(;arly 
freoNpiiH'H  in  front  of  anal,  and  one  (;onn<>(;t4!d  witii  ttic  fin,  tliene  often  diH- 
upiHMirin^witli  ii(;e.  HcalcH  Htiiall,  hiiiooMi.  Lateral  line  unarmed,  litMn 
arched;  no  (raiidal  keel.  *'Wlieti  extremely  yoiin^  tlie-  pr(^oi»ereiilum  Ih 
urmt'd  at  the  aii^cle  with  three  large  HpineH,  an<l  Hinsiller  ones  alM>ve  ami 
below.  The  NpinoiiH  dorHal  Ih  clevelojied  hh  a  perfect  fin,  and  teeth  are  prcH- 
entoii  tliejawH  and  palatine  arch.  In  thin  Htagc  the  HpecieH  has  never 
l)c«n  (Iea(!rlbod  by  previouHnaturaliHtH,  ami  <;onHefpiently  ban  received  no 
name,  us  tho  correspouding  stage  of  Naucratea  {Nauclerm)  haH.    At  an 


a,' 
,  .'4*Mil 


4 


V  ■ 

■i  • 


f  •   '■        ek 


a  * 


t  . 


442      C0XTRIBUTI0N8   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN  ICHTnYOLOGY— ly. 

early  period  the  preopcrcular  r.pines  are  absorbed  into  the  substance  of 
the  preoperculum  and  disappear.  The  spinous  dorsal  and  tljo  teeth  are 
still  retained.  In  this  condition  it  remains  for  some  time,  M,e  spinous 
dorsal,  however,  gradually  losing  its  relative  size,  while  the  soft  vortical 
fins  increase.  In  this  stage  the  species  belongs  to  the  genus  DoUodon 
of  Girard.  At  a  later  period  the  membrane  connecting  the  dorsiil  spines 
has  become  obsolete,  and  the  species  then  represents  the  genus  Trachi- 
notu8j  as  understood  by  Cuvier  and  Valenciennes,  and  others.  Finally 
in  old  age,  the  teeth  of  the  jaws,  palate,  and  pharyngeal  bones  have  fallen 
out,  and  the  lobes  of  the  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  iins  attairtod  their 
greatest  extension  and  become  pointed.  This  final  stage  l:as  been  made 
known  by  Holbrook  under  the  new  generic  name  of  Bothrolicmm^  (Gill 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  440).  The  pseadobrauchiie  also  dis- 
appear in  old  specimens.  The  species  of  Tmchyiotuis  are  among  those 
most  highly  valued  as  food-fishes,     {rpox'j^,  rough;  vcotu-,  back.) 

a.  Body  witliont  dark  bands. 

b.  Vertical  fins  without  black. 

69«S.  T.  carolinus  (L.)  Gill.— Common  Pompano. 

Uniform  bluish  above,  sides  silvery,  golden  in  the  adult,  without 
baitds ;  fins  plain  silvery  or  dusky.  Body  oblong  ovate,  elevated,  pro 
file  forming  a  gentle  curve  from  the  middhi  of  the  back  to  the  snout, 
where  it  descends  abruptly.  Dorsal  and  anal  falcate,  their  lobes  reach- 
ing when  depressed  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  lin ;  pectoral  reaching  to 
opposite  the  vent.  Gill-rakers  short,  slender  in  the  young,  becoming 
thick  in  the  adult.  Head  4;  depth  2^.  D.  VI-I,  25;  A.  II— I,  23.  L. 
13  inches.  West  Indies,  north  to  Cape  Cod ;  the  most  valued  food-fish 
of  our  southern  waters. 

{Gaatcrosteua  carolinm  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.:  Trachynotua  pampanua  GUnther,  ii,  484; 
Bothrolcemua  pampanua  Holbrook,  Ichtb.  S.  C.  18G0,  81.) 

ih.  Vertical  fins  largely  black. 

«97.  T.  ©vatus  (L.)  Gthr. 

Bluish,  sides  silvery;  lobes  of  the  dorsal  and  anal  more  or  less  black. 
Body  comparatively  deep.  Head  about  4.  Depth  1%  to  2.  D.  VI-I, 
19 ;  A.  II — I,  18.  In  all  warm  seas ;  north  to  Virginia  on  our  Atlantic 
coast. 

{Gaateroateus ovatwe  L.  Syst.  Nat.;  Gilatber,  ii,  481.) 

69S.  T.  Koreensis  C.  «&  V. 

Dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  lobes  black.  Snout  obliquely  truncated; 
maxillary  reaching  to  below  the  centre  of  the  eye;  anterior  rays  of  dor- 


^^5?^ 


75.   CABANGIDiE — NAUCRATE8. 


443 


gal  and  mal  extending  beyond  the  middle  of  the  fins  when  depressed. 
Heatl  4J  in  total  length;  depth,  2^;  caudal  lobes  4.    D.  VI— 1,20;  A. 
II-I  17.    Florida  to  Africa.    {G'unther.)    Not  evidently  difl'erent  from 
the  preceding. 
(Cuv.  &.  Val.  viii,  419;  GUntlier,  ii,  483.) 

aa.  L"  ily  with  vertical  dark  bands. 

e09.  T.  Klaucus  Cuv.  &  Val. 

Bluish,  sides  golden,  with  four  narrow  blackish  vertical  bands,  the 
first  under  the  first  dorsal  spine,  the  second  under  the  fifth,  the  others 
under  the  soft  dorsal.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  falcate,  much  elevated  ante- 
riorly, reaching  beyond  base  of  caudal ;  caudal  lobes  elongate.  Head 
3|;  depth  2.  D.  Vl-1,  19;  A.  II-I,  18.  Pyloric  cceca  13.  Tropical 
sejis,  north  to  Virginia  and  Lower  California. 

(Cuv.  &  Val.  viii,  400;  Giliither,  ii,  4S:J;  Ilolbrook,  Ichth.  S".  C.  192.) 


I   '•; 


;.# 


'•■'    -V  '■ 


936.— NAIJCRA.TES  Raiiuesque. 

Pilot-fishes. 

(^ouoZerusCuvier;  youug.) 

(Rafinesque,  Caratteri  di  Alciini  Nnovi  Genori,  &c.,  1810,  44:  typo  NaucraUa  conductor 

Raf.  =  Gastcroateus  doctor  L. ) 

This  genus  differs  from  Seriola  only  in  the  reduction  of  the  spinous 
dorsal  to  a  few  (4  or  5)  low,  unconnected  spines.  The  young  {Ifauclerus 
Cuv.)  have  the  spines  of  the  dorsals  connected  by  membrane,  and  a  more 
or  less  distinct  strong  spine  at  the  angle  of  the  operculum.  A  single 
species,  in  the  open  seas,  (vawz.oarij?,  ruler  of  the  ships,  i.  e.  holding  ships 
fast — a  name  apjplied  by  the  ancients  to  Echeneis  and  other  fishes.) 

700.  N.  ductor  (Linn.)  Raf.— P;?o<-/8/i;  Romero. 

Bluish,  with  five  to  seven  dark  vertical  bars.    Body  rather  elongate, 

little  compressed.    Snout  rather  blunt.    Mouth  terminal,  oblique,  small ; 

maxillary  scarcely  reaching  orbit.    Caudal  keel  large,  fleshy;  pectorals 

short  and  broad;  ventrals  rather  large.    Head  4  in  length;  depth  4. 

D.  IV — I,  26 ;  A.  II — I,  IG.    In  all  warm  seas ;  occasional  on  our  Atlaiitic 

coast. 

{Gaateroateua  ductor  Linn.  Syst.  Nat. :  Naucratea  noveboracenaia  Cuv.  &  Val.  viii,  325; 
Gttutlier,  ii,  374.) 


;■  hi 


4-i'l     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH  AMERICAN   ICUTIIYOLOGY^iy. 


.'  K 


'■•r^' 


■•  ■■•y 


ill-'  « i 


SSY.-SGRIOLA  Cnvicr. 

Amber-JinhM. 
{UaUUractiu  Gill.) 
(CavicT,  Ri^gno  Anim.  cd.  9,  ii,  18iK):  typo  Coraiw  dHHMWN  Risso.) 

Bodj'  oblong,  modemtely  coini)ro88iHi,  not  olovttttHl.  Occiput  and  breast 
not  trenchant.  Hwul  usually  nioro  or  loss  conical,  not  very  blunu 
Mouth  eoniparativoly  largo,  with  bri>ad  bands  of  villiform  tooth  on  both 
jaws,  tongue,  vomer,  and  palatinos;  a  briNul,  8tn>ng,  suppleiuontal  niaxil. 
illary  Iwne;  premaxillarioa  protnurtile.  Scales  sunill.  Lateral  lino 
8e4UX!el,v  arcluHl,  forming  a  kot^l  on  the  caudal  i>edunole,  not  arnioil  with 
lH)ny  ])lates.  Sides  of  head  with  seniles.  First  dorsal  with  about  sovou 
low  sp  OS,  counecteil  by  membrane ;  second  dorsiU  very  long,  olovattnl 
in  fi*ont ;  anal  similar  to  the  soft  dorsal  but  not  nearly  so  long,  shorter 
than  the  alHlomen,  juxhumUhI  by  two  very  suuill  fhni  spines,  which  dis- 
appear in  old  ilshes;  no  llnlols;  ventral  ttns  voi-y  long;  pectonds  vshort 
and  broad.  Gill-mkors  nuHlemte.  Species  of  moderate  or  larjje  sizo, 
often  gracefully  coloivd;  most  of  them  valued  as  f(HHl-tlshos.  This 
genus  should  pi-obably  ha  united  to  yancrates.  (Nmo/rt,  the  Itnliaii 
name  of  ^\  dumei^!!L) 

TOI.  S.  Inlnndl  Cuv  &  Ynl—Yvnow-ML 

Bright  steel-blue  above,  sides  dull  silvery,  an  irivgular  yellowish 
lateral  band;  llns  ilusUy  yellowish  green;  ciimlal  dull  yellow.  HoiJy 
ivgularly  fusiform,  st)mo\vliat  compivssod,  tapering  to  the  sharp  snout 
and  siender  wiudal  pod.mcle.  Maxillary  ivach  ing  fmnt  of  pupil.  Month 
not  very  large.  0 ill  rakers  long  and  strong.  Head  naked,  except  on 
the  cheeks.  Fins  scaleloss.  Caudal  keel  moderate ;  caudal  Uduvs  noarly 
eqiml.  Spines  of  ntoderate  development,  the  five  anal  spines  disappear 
ing  with  ago.  Pectorals  shorter  than  vcntrals,  vliich  aixi  half  lenjilh  of 
head;  longest  dorsal  ray  I  ho'ght  of  body.  Pyloric  cummi  very  nniuor 
ous.  ne;;d  4;  depth  4.  I).  V  to  Vll-1,  .W;  A.  11-1,21.  L.  .Meet.  In 
most  warin  sea^;  abundant  in  summer  about  the  Santa  liarbani  Islituds 


s; 


also  (K'casional  on  the  South  Atlantic  coast.    An  excellent  footl-llsh. 

(Guv.  &Vul.  ix,  yiW,  IKW;  GHnthcr,  ii,  4(Ul:  Snioln  mirmUtata  Srhlogo!,  I'nun, 
Japan.    PoiiM.  115,  pi.  (ii>) 

TO)l.  8.  rlvoliltnit  On\ . •!&.  Vnl.— /fixjl-  Salmon. 

(3olor  ur.iform ;  an  oblique  black  band  l\'om  the  nape  tlimugh  the  oyc 
to  the  pivorbital.  Snout  conicjil,  1 J  times  the  diameter  of  t  he  eye.  Max- 
illary not  rcaching  the  vertical  from  coutro  of  pupil.    Back,  nock,  and 


i  ■;; 


75.   CARANGID-E — SERIOLA 


445 


ftlHiomon  alijjlitly  pompi"csar<\.  Voutmls  rtMc!uii{j  vont;  soft  dorsal 
f;il('j»to.  its  luM{?Vir  0  in  lonfjjth.  Scalos  small.  IVpth  .'V|;  IuvkI  4.  1>. 
VII,  I.  '29',  A.  II,  I,  HI ;  Lrtt.  1.  rtbout  131.    {Oiinther.)    i'ojust  of  Hraztl 

to  Florida. 

■  Chv.  iS:  V^ivl.  ix.  207  :  Si^riohi  h'niaricHit;!'  f^iMht^r,  ii,  4'M:  Striola  f»<)M«ir»>ii.'»i/f  Om>«lo  iV 
H,<»u.  rnu\  U.  8.  Naf.  Mus.  ii.  187l>.  Vii):  f  Seriolahow"  Ciiv.  &  Vul.  ix,  iiOl*;  Liltlvini, 
Siwli*  Alliu>ti*'«»  188(),  WM:  Utriula  jalcaUit  CJiluthor,  ii,  41)4.) 

}0S.  §.  stcnrnsil  Ooodo  «.<&  Honn. 

Color  bluish  aUovo,  whitish  boiieath,  a  band  of  uTiHMiish  ytilow  jis 
\vid«^  n*'  tho  oyo  extondinfj  fmin  tho  proopori'lo  to  tho  oxtriMuity  of  Mu> 
tail;  tins  {fix^ouish;  tnuos  of  bands  on  tho  «>i)on*lo.  Hotly  subfnsiforni, 
highest  at  orijjin  of  socond  tlorsal,  thcnci"  taporinjj  ovt'nly  to  snt)ut  and 
tail.  Caudal  ihmIuiu'Io  soiaowhat  dopwssod,  with  lateral  oarinai  and 
stwnj?^''''"'*^'^'*''^**  {{roovos  above  and  below;  nnixillary  iTaehinj;  vertie^il 
(torn  middle  of  orbit*  Teeth  viUiforin  in  jaws,  on  vonuvi,  palatines,  aiul 
inouo  nietlian  awd  two  lateral  series  o»i  ionjjfuiv  Scales  small  on  tho 
oheeks,  none  on  lin»b  of  preo»'i»veie  or  the  rtMuainder  of  the  hea«l.  Head 
;{iinlenjjth;  depth  4j{.  Eye  (5^  in  head.  D.  VII-I,  31$;  A.  II-I,  10. 
[Cnmie  i('-  licnn.)    Gulf  of  Mexii^o,  north  to  Pensaeohu 

(l^HHlo  A  Hoivn.  V.  S.  Nut.  Mus,  1871).  ■1>^ ) 

TOI.  S.  T.onnta  (.Mitoh.)  0.  A:  V.—liuddcr  Finh. 

llliiish  above,  white  below;  sides  with  about  0  lm>ad  blaek  bars, 

Ihc  fonninj;  thive  larjje  blotches  on  the  dorsal  an<l  two  on  tho  anal; 

thi>  bars  jjrowiu};  faint  or  disappearinjj  with  ajje;  an  oblique  dark 

band  fix>m  the  spinous  dorsal  tt)  the  eye,  the  space  above  this  olivaceous; 

spinous  dorsal  black;  ventrals  niostly  black.     Head  lonjjer  than  dwp; 

pixUUc  desccudiu}'  in  a  gentle  curve;  top  of  head  to  base  of  dorsal  fbi 

wmpix'ssed.    Mouth  iu\i:'ly  horizontal ;  nuixillary  irachinj;  to  beU>\v  tho 

miihlle  of  orbit.    IVctorals  small,  wumled,  as  lonjr  as  the  eye  and  snout ; 

v»>ntmla  two-Miiixls  length  of  hea«l.     Vent  beliind  middle  of  body. 

Head  3i  in  length ;  depth,  3^.    l\  VIl-I,  38 ;  A.  ll-I,  L*!.    L,  30  inchea. 

Oai>oOo«l  to  Florida;  rather  coinnum. 

(Stomyr  sotctlun  Mitch.  Trinm.  I.lt.  niid  Phil.  Soo.  N.  Y.  lHir»,  427;  Gllntlior,  ii,  4(V>: 
Aiio/n  <vn)/»»»fM«iV  lloll).  lohth.  8.  V.  lHtU),7ii;  l\x»m8«>ntl»  Camlinn,  wants  tho  vorticnl 
li;m(l«,  lint  is  not  othi<rwi:<o  ohvtously  tlitV(<n<nt ;  lliis  iii  duubtlvsa  duo  to  iucrunturd 
.ij!:<\  ««  HoU>i\wk*H  typo  WIV8  ovor  two  foot  in  h-ngth.) 

»J«.  §.  ftesclntn  (Hlooh)  Cr.v.  A  Vttl. 

l^rtHMiish  alM>ve,  yellow  below ;  body  with  sixteen  narn>w  and  somtv 
wimt  irregular  brriwn  cmasbands,  arranged  in  pairs;  those  between 

*  Hotly  doopor,  oyo  Inrjjfcr,  spvnos  stoiUor,  and  oandul  hnmdor  than  in  S.  dnmfrili. 
D.  VII-I,  ai;  A.  II-I,  SiO.  Sllvwy  wLu  »  brown  tou»iH>rftl  band.  South  Carolina. 
lOw.  ^  Val.) 


f  -I 


■     vN. 


h 


'■if''  '1 


S  4    fi   ' 


«« 


'     '  **' 

*  Mgfcfc^ 

■*  r  "l 

"^^^^^^^^1 

^^p 

^HH 

I'Ni- 

'''HUbiM 

.>^mm 

,fli 


yM-i  ^  1:.  -  . 


446     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NOUTH    AMERICAN   ICIITIIYOLOGY— ly. 

the  soft  dorsal  and  anal  extend  on  those  fins,  forming  fire  blotches  on 

the  former  and  three  on  the  latter;  a  blackish  band  between  the  eyes- 

ventrala  black.    Head  short,  deeper  than  long ;  profile  convex.    Dorsal 

and  anal  fins  not  elevated.    D.  VII-I,  30 j  A.  II,  20.    {Cuv.  &  Val] 

Coast  of  South  Carolina. 

(Scomber  faaciatua  Bloch.  Iclith.  taf.  341;  Gliiithor,  ii,  4t)4;  Cuv.  «&  Val.  ix  21t- 
Zonichthi/s"  faaviatus  Swuiuson,  Class.  Fish.  1839,  248.) 

3a§.— EliAUATIS  Bennett. 

Yellow  Taih. 

(Seriolichtinja  Bleeker:  Decapiua  Poey. ) 

(Bennett,  Narrative  of  a  -whaling  voyage,  ii,  283,  1840 :  type  Seriola  bipinnulata,  Qnoy 
&  Gaimard.) 

Second  dorsal  and  anal  long,  each  with  one  detached  finlet  composed 

of  two  rays.    Otherwise  as  in  Seriola..    {ijXaxdrrj,  a  spindle.) 

V06.  E.  pinnulatns  Pucy. 

Bluish,  with  two  longitudinal  bluish  bauds,  yellowish  below.  Body 
fusiform,  very  elongate.  Cheeks  scaly.  Maxillary  reaching  a  little  be- 
yond nostrils.  Eyes  7  J  in  head.  Caudiil  keel  feeble ;  caudal  lobej'  i  ^ 
long.  Pectorals  pointed,  halfas  long  as  head.  Fins  not  scaly.  Two  rajs 
connected  by  membrane  in  each  finlet.  Head43;  depth  5J.  D.  VI-I, 
26-11;  A.  ir-I,  17-11.  L.  2 J  feet.  {Poey.)  West  Indies,  north  to 
Florida:  rare. 
(<SerJo?a2)t»m«/«<a  Poey,  Momorias,  ii,  233,  1858.) 

'3a».— SCOmBIBOIDES  Lacdpi^de. 

Leather-jacJcets. 

(Lacdpfcde,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iii,  52,1802:  type  Scomberoidcs  noeli  Lac.) 
Body  compressed,  oblong  or  lanceolate.  Caudal  peduncle  slender, 
not  keeled.  Head  short,  compressed,  acute.  Occipital  keel  sharp. 
Mouth  rather  large,  with  small  sharp  teeth  in  bands  on  jaws,  tongue, 
vomer,  and  palatines,  and  sometimes  on  the  pterygoids.  Jaws  about 
equal,  the  upper  not  protractile ;  maxillary  very  narrow,  without  dis- 
tinct supplemental  bone.  Gill-rakers  rather  long.  Scales  small  in  our 
species,  linear,  and  extremely  narrow,  embedded  in  the  skin  at  diO'ereut 
angles.  Lateralline  unarmed.  Dorsal  spines  rather  strong,  3  to  7  in 
number,  nearly  free  in  the  adult;  second  doisal  very  long,  its  posterior 
rays  penciliated  and  nearly  or  quite  disconnected,  forming  fiulets;  uual 

*  The  genus  ZonichthyH  Swainson,  1.  c,  based  on  tliis  species  is  cbaraoteriKed  by  the 
deep  hood,  its  depth  at  the  ooc>put  being  greater  than  its  length.  {Zovoi,  z,ouo;  i]fiv(, 
fish.) 


7G.    POMATOMIDJE. 


447 


rather  longer  than  soft  dorsal,  much  longer  than  the  abdomen,  its  last 
j^ys  forming  similar  finlets ;  anal  spines  strong  j  ventral  fins  depres- 
sible  in  a  groove;  pectoral  fins  very  short.  Species  numerous  in  the 
tropical  seas.  The  American  species  belong  to  the  subgenus  or  genus 
OligopU'GS,  characterized  by  the  toothless  pterygoids  and  the  peculiar 
gcales.  The  dorsal  spines  are  seven  in  Scombroiclcs  proper  {Chonnemua 
Cuvier),,the  pterygoids  are  armed  with  teeth,  and  in  most  of  the  species 
the  scales  are  normally  developed.    {^xt)/i,3po^j  mackerel;  e{(5«?,  like.) 

a.  No  pterygoid  teotli;  scales  linear,  embedded  (OUgopUtea*  Gill.) 

TOT.  S.  OCCldcntalls  (Liun.)  J.  &  Q.— Leather-jacket, 

Blnish  above,  bright  silvery  below;  fins  yellow.  Body  lanceolate, 
glendar.  Eye  as  long  as  snout,  about  4  in  head;  opercles  short. 
Maxillary  reaching  beyond  middle  of  orbit.  Scales  very  long  and 
oarrow,  embedded  in  the  skin,  placed  obliquely  at  angles  with  each 
other,  their  appearance  unlikeordinary  scales.  Fins  low;  pectoral  as 
long  as  eye  and  snout;  caudal  very  deeply  forked,  the  lobes  equal. 
Head  5  in  length;  denth  4.  D.  V,  1,20;  A.  11— I,  20.  Both  coasts  of 
Central  America,  and  West  Indies,  north  to  New  York  and  Lower  Cali- 
fornia; not  rare  southward. 

[Gaatci'oatem  occidenfalis  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.:  Chorinemna  occiilen talis  GUuther,  ii,  47.5; 
OligopUles  oooifkntalis  GU\,  Troc.  Acud.  Nat.  Sci.  Philj«.  186J,  lOG.) 

Family  LXXVI.— POMATOMID^. 

{The  Blue-fishes.) 

Body  oblong,  comj^ressed,  covered  with  rather  small  scales,  which 
are  weakly  ctenoid.  Caudal  peduncle  rather  stout.  H(^ad  large,  com- 
pressed Mouth  large,  oblique.  Premaxillaries  protractile.  Maxillary 
DC  '■!  ,Hng  under  'he  preorbital,  provided  with  a  large  supplemental 
'")i,  '  ver  jaw  projecting;  bands  of  villiform  teeth  on  vc/nor  and  pal- 
atines, i  '  '0  on  the  vomer  forming  a  triangular  patch;  jaws  each  with  a 
Ringle  series  of  very  strong,  compressed,  unequal  teeth,  widely  set;  upper 
)aw  .vith  an  inner  series  of  small  depressed  teeth ;  villiform  teeth  on  the 
base  of  the  tongue.  Occipital  keel  strong ;  free  edge  of  preopercle  pro- 
duced and  serrated.  Gill -membranes  free  from  the  isthmus,  not  united. 
Brancbiostegals  7;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Pseudobranchise 
Irgo.  Gill-rakers  slender,  rather  few.  Opercle  ending  in  a  flat  point. 
llik.)ks  and  opercles  scaly.    Lateral  line  present,  unarmed.    Dorsal 

*Gill  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1863,  166:  type  Oaaterosleua  occidentalU  L. 
(o,li/os,  few ;  oaXirtfi,  attaed.) 


to 


^i3^^^ 


fyy^^M^'-' 


km 


111 

'.  "  -  ,1- 
i*   -  ■ 

1.-.: 


448      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICnTHTOLOGY— -ly. 

fins  2,  the  anterior  of  about  8  weak,  low  spines,  connected  by  mfimbrano 
and  deprossiblo  in  a  groove ;  second  dorsal  long,  similar  to  the  eloncate 
anal,  both  fins  being  densely  scaly ;  fln-rays  slender.  Two  very  small 
free,  anal  spines,  sometimes  hidden  in  the  skin.  Ventrals  thonunc  I  5 
Pectorals  rather  short.  Caudal  flu  forked,  the  lobes  broad.  Aii-biad. 
dor  simple,  with  thin  walls.  Pyloric  ccoca  very  numerous.  Yort^bne 
104-14,  as  in  Carangidcc.  A  single  species,  found  in  nearly  j^ll  warm 
seas.  This  family  is  closely  related  to  the  CarangidtBj  from  which  groan 
it  is  an  oflshoot  toward  the  Percoids. 

{CarangidtB,  gouus  Timnodon  Qiinthor,  ii,  479-480.) 

980.— POItlATOMirS  Lac6pesde. 

Blue-fish, 

(^Temnodon  Cuvior.) 

(LacdpMp,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iv,  430, 1802:  typo  Pomatomm  akih  l-tao.  :=Ga»terostnu sal 
tutrix  h.) 

Characters  of  t  u«  genus  included  above,  {izw/ia,  operculum ;  To/ui? 
cutting;  from  the  serrated  preopercle.) 

1'0§.  P.  snitator  (L.)  Gill.— />/wc-^«ft;  Qnen-jUh;  Skip-jack. 

Bluish  or  givenish,  silvery  below;  a  black  blotch  at  base  of  pectoral. 
Body  r«>bust,  moderately  Compressed ;  belly  compressed  to  a  bluntish 
edge.  Head  deep ;  top  of  hejul  and  a  ridge  on  each  side  above  tbo 
cheeks  naked.  Cheeks  much  longer  than  the  opercles.  Pectorals  placed 
rather  low,  their  length  a  little  more  than  half  that  of  the  head.  Head 
3J;  depth  4.  D.  VIII-I,  25;  A.  11-1,20;  Lat.  1.95.  L.  3  feet.  Atlantic 
and  Indian  Oceans;  of  late  years  very  abundant  on  our  Atlantic  coast; 
a  large,  voracious  flsh,  extremely  destructive  toother  fishes;  valued  for 
food. 

{Perca  mltatnx  L.  Syst.  Nat.  xi,  17()0,  i,  293:  Gasteroaleua  saltaMx  L.  Syst.  Nat.  xii, 
1766:  TcmvodoH  mllator  Cuv.  &  Val.  ix,  £25:  Tcmnodon  naltaior  Storer,  Hist.  Fish. 
Iilu88.  300:  Tcmnodon  saUator  Gilnthor,  ii,  479.) 

Family  LXXVI  (&).— NOMEID^. 

( The  Nomeids.) 

Scombroid  fishes  with  the  body  oblong,  more  or  less  compressed, 
covered  with  cycloid  scales  of  moderate  size.  Vertebra)  more  thaa 
10  -f  14,  as  in  Scombndcc  and  Stromatcidac.  Mouth  large  or  small, 
usually  with  minute  teeth;  premaxillaries  protractile;  maxillary  narrow. 
Gill- membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus;  pseudobranchioe  large. 
No  tooth-like  processes  in  the  oesophagus.    Preopercle  entire,  or  crenu- 


77.  8tromateid;e. 


449 


lute.  Lateral  line  unarmed.  Ventrals  thoracic,  l,  5,  sotnotinjoa  depress- 
ible  in  a  deep  groove  in  the  abdomen.  Dorsal  fins  separate ;  the  spines 
usually  feeble,  connected  by  membrane.  Soft  dorsal  lon;^,  sometimes 
flith  linlets;  anal  tin  similar  to  soft  dorsal,  without  free  s])ines;  caudal 
pBilutide  shuuVer,  the  flu  widely  forked.  Pyloric  cieca  numerous,  (rcn- 
era  5  >  species  about  10.  Fishes  of  the  tropical  seas. 
(Scomhridw,  jjroup  Nomeina  Oilnthor,  ii,  387-;K)2.) 

i,  Cluft  <>f  mouth  narrow;  veutrnlH  roccivoil  in  a  «loop  ^jroovo  in  tlio  abdomnn. 

NOMKUS,  231. 
aSl.-NOItlEUS  Cuvicr. 

(Ciivior,  R^jJ;no  Aniin.  1817;  typo  Gohiuit  gro!>ovU  (iinolin.) 

Body  oblouff,  rather  comiirossed,  covered  with  rather  small  cycloid 
scales.  JTead  Hattish  above;  occipital  crest  little  developed;  cleft  of 
the  mouth  narrow.  Teeth  small,  in  a  single  series  in  the  jaws;  teeth 
on  the  vomer  and  palatines.  Pseudobranchia)  large.  First  dorsal  with 
10 or  1 1  spines ;  second  dorsal  and  anal  very  long,  similar  to  each  other, 
ffjtliout  (inlets ;  anal  flu  with  3  rather  strong  spines,  none  of  them  free ; 
caudal  lin  not  deeply  forked  ;  ventral  lins  long  and  broad,  attached  to 
the  belly  by  a  membrane,  depressible  in  a  deep  furrow  in  the  abdomen. 
Lateral  line  running  high.  Air-bladder  present.  Pyloric  c<Bca  very 
numerous.  Vertebrro  10  +  25.  Warm  seas,  {vo/xshi;,  pastor;  early 
travellers  having  compiled  the  fish  to  a  mullet,  herder  or  berger  in 
Dutch.) 
r09.  I¥.  SfronovH  (Gmel.)  Gthr. 

Brownish  above,  silvery  below,  the  sides  below  with  large  round 

brown  spots;  ventrals  black,  with  silvery  edgings;  anal  with  3  brown 

spots.     Maxillary  reaching  to  below  the  front  of  the  eye;   vimtrals 

reaching  front  of  anal,  pectorals  still  further.     D.  X-I,  20;  A.  Ill, 

26.    Tropical  parts  of  the  Atlantic  and   Indian  Oceans;    north  to 

Florida. 

{CoUm  gronovli  Gmelin,  Syet.  Nat.  1788,  1205:  Nomcus  mauritU  Cnv.  &,  Val.  ix,  243: 
Glinther,  ii,  387.) 

Family  LXXVIL— STROMATEIDiE. 

{The  Broad  Shintirs.) 

Scombroid  fishes,  with  the  body  compressed  and  more  or  less  ele- 
vated, covered  with  small  or  minute  cycloid  scales.    Profile  anteriorly 
blunt  and  rounded.    Mouth  small.    Premaxillaries  protractile  or  not. 
Dentition  feeble ;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  i)alatine8  j  (esophagus  armed 
Bull.  Nat.  Mas.  No.  10 29 


»•  M^^i 


'fm 


1 

lil 

It. 

f 

» 

?^ 

4 


t.^ 


1 


5   .| 


'    ; 

8-1    t  ,    t 


450   coNTiiimrnoNs  to  north  American  ichtiiyolooy — ^iv. 

with  miiiuMous  lioniy,  biirbod  or  hooked  tootli.    dills  4,  a  slit  Itchind 

tho  Ibiirtli.    (iill-iiiciubnincs  oiilicr  IVoo  or  more  or  less  JoiiH-d  i„  tli« 

istUums.    (lill-r.ikcrs  rather  Ion;;.     I'soudobranchiie  presont.    (!h(>(\lis 

8oaly.     PrcoporcUuMitlro  or  sorrato.    Lateral  lino  well  developed,    d,,,. 

sal  (In  single,  lon^,  with  the  spines  few  or  weak,  often  obsolete ;  anal  fin 

lon;jf,  similar  to  the  soft  dorsal,  nsiially  with  three  snniU  spines,  whinii 

are  often  depressiblo  in  a  fold  of  skin;  ventrals  thoracic  or  in;,MiI;u 

normally  1,  5,  bnt  sometimes  reduced  or  aUo;;ether  wantin;;;  caudallin 

lunate  or  forked.    Usually  no  air-bladdiT.    Pyloric  cceca  coiniiioidv  mi. 

niero.ts     Vertebrannore  than  10 -fit.    (leiuira  about  5;  species  25-;{o. 

Sujall  IIsIh's,  f«)und  in  most  warm  seas.    The  two  std)fami!ies,  bolli  rcpro 

sonted  in  our  waters,  diil'iM*  wi<lely  from  each  other  in  general  iippcar- 

ance,  but  ajxree  iti  the  singular  character  of  teeth  in  the  (esophagus. 

{S<n)mhruliv  and  Carangidw,  pt.  Oiluthcr,  ii,  ;U)7-4lM,  48.').     Oonoru  Siromakua,  Ccntro- 
h>pbu8,  and  I'ammclns.) 

•Vi'iitral  <lus  iiiiimto  or  alwonfc;  opercular  bonos  ontiro;  sralos  luiimto;  caudid  fm 
forki'd;  ])roiiia\illarios  nof.  protracfcilo.     (Stroinntcimr.) 
a.  Caudal  peduuclu  uut  koulud;  gill-tuuiubraucH  i'ruo  from  tho  iHtluiiiiH. 

Stuomatkhs,  23'J. 

•' Vontral  tins  woll  dovolopod;  V.I,  5;  soalos  innilorato ;  pnmiaxillnricH  protnvdilo; 

caiidal  lunato.     {l'vn(roloi>hiniv.) 

b.  Dorsal  wpiiuvs  »h(»rfc  and  Htout;  preopordo,  intoroperdo,  and  Hubopcircln  fluolv 

w'rrato Lnais,  m 

aS4.-SirilOITIAVCVS  Linna^nH. 

irarrcst  Fkhcs. 
{PcprihiH  and  lihombun  Cnvior:  PoronotuH  (lill.) 
<Artcdi;  Linnanis,  Sysfc.  Nat. :  typti  StroinaUms  Jlatola  L.) 

Body  ovate  or  suborbicular,  strongly  compressed,  tapering  into  ii 
slender  caudal  peduncle,  whicli  is  not  keeled  or  shielded.  Head  short, 
compressed,  the  protile  obtuse.  Mouth  suuill,  terminal,  the  jaws  sub 
equal.  Prenuixillaries  not  i)rotractile.  Jaws  each  with  a  single  series 
of  weak  teeth.  Scales  very  small,  cycloid,  silvery,  looselv  inserted, 
extending  on  the  vertical  fins.  Opercular  bones  entire,  (lillineni 
branes  separate,  free  from  the  Isthmus;  gillrakers  moderate.  Lateral 
line  continuous,  concurrent  with  the  back.  Dorsal  llu  long,  nioro  or 
less  olevat*  d  in  front,  i)receded  by  a  few  indistinct  spines— usually  one 
or  more  ]>  ocumbent  spines  in  front  of  dorsal  and  anal,  each  of  these 
with  a  free  point  both  anteriorly  mid  posteriorly;  anal  fin  similar  to 
dorsal,  or  shorter,  usually  with  three  small  spines;  ventral  fins  wanting 
in  the  adult,  a  rudiment  sometimes  visible  in  the  young;  a  single  small, 


77.   STROMATEID^. — STROMATEUS. 


ArA 


sliiirp  spine,  nttmihed  to  tho  pnbic  boiK^,  often  oc<!Up.vinff  tho  pincc  of 
ilio  veiitmlH;  pectomlH  loii^  an<l  narrow.  <)au<liil  \vi(]<>l,v  forked.  H])c- 
(iPH  iiiuncrouH.  {rrrpw/iarto^,  an  anciunt  natrio  of  Home  brijfhtly  (colored 
lisli  ill  the  Ited  Sea;  from  nrfxh/in,  a  bedqnilt.) 

„  Vriitnil  ihis  obHoIoto ;  ])«<lvio  ^pill(^  pn^mMit. 

ii.  Doi'Hiil  aiifl  (inal  IhiH  ialciitci,  tlK^i*'  unlcrinr  rayn  tniiili  lon^rr  than  ili«  head; 
l«»(ly  Hiihorliic.iilar.     (lihoinhiiH*  Lar/^pnlo.) 

flO.  f*.  lll«|»ldotQI.%  (I/.)  .1.  &  (l.—Ilarvmt  FIbIi. 

(Ireenisli  above,  golden-yellow  ix'low.  Body  Hiiborbienliir,  bonnded 
liycvcn  curveH.  Month  very  Hinall,  oblicine,  nuixillary  reuchinff  front 
of  orbit.  No  pores  alonj;  tiie  Hides  of  ihii  ba(^k.  Ptujtorals  shorU'r  than 
liciul,  rciiehing  half  way  to  eandal ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  fins  falcate,  the 
loii;jfcst  rays  of  anal  nearly  lialf  lenj^thof  bcdy;  (;aiidal  lobes  eqnal 
SaloH  tliin  and  de(!i<liioMs,  not  very  small.  ]I(^a<l  3;  d<4)th  li^.  J).  45; 
,\.  40;  liiit.  1.  about  00.  Vcrtobrui  15-f  15.  Capo  Cod  to  South  Amer- 
ieii;  (ioinmonost  southward. 

[Chwioihm  alcpidotm  L.  8,VHt.  Nat. :  S/rrnopttfx  ijariUnii  HI.  &  Schii.  1801,  41)4 :  Rhomhut 
liiH(;i'/)i«ni»  Cuv,  &  Val.  ix,  401  :  StmmuteuH  (ianU'ttu{i\\\\i\\i'r,  ii,  IIOU. ) 

U\,  DorHal  and  anal  fliiH  not  i'alcatc;,  tlu^ir  anterior  rayH  Hliortur  than  tlio  head  ;  form 
ovato. 
c.  No  8<U"i«H  of  larjxo  port'H  alonj;  tlio  Hich'H  of  tho  l»ack. 

fll.  S.  loinBiflDifilius  AyrcH.— (V«7(/"«rn(rt  I'ompatio. 

Bluish  abovi^,  bri{^ht!y  silver^' below;  iins  ]>nnctnlate;  anterior  lobes 
of  dorsal  and  anal  dusky-ed|jfed.  Body  ovate,  blunt  anteriorly,  with  a 
short,  slender  tail,  the  caudal  tin  widely  forkc^d.  Mou.  .  very  small, 
temiiiial,  the  maxillary  extending  to  the  eye.  Teeth  very  feeble.  (Jill- 
iiikers  short,  slender,  less  than  hali"  diameter  of  «'yo.  ICyesmall.  One  or 
L'prociunbent  sjunes  before  the  dorsal;  lonj^est  rays  of  dorsal  ^  of  head; 
piiliic  spine  small;  pc^ctorals  lonjjer  than  head;  no  i)oreH  ahmg  base  of 
dorsal.  Spines  of  dorsal  and  anal  very  small  or  entirely  obsolete.  S(!ale8 
small,  silvery,  deciduous.  Head  4 ;  depth  2.  1).  JIT,  4(5;  A.III,  40.  L. 
lOinclies.  Pacific  coast  of  United  States;  abundant  in  suinincir;  highly 
prized  as  a  food-fish. 

(PoyouotiiH  HimiUimuH  Ayrcs,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  ISoO,  84.) 

n.  Aspries  of  larno  pores  along  tho  hawi  of  tlio  doiHiJ  fin.     {Poronotuii\  Gill.) 
713.  ilii.  ll'incantBlll!^  Pock. — I)oUa>'-Jinh;  Jlaivcst-JlHh ;  liuiicr-finh;  La  raiidlc. 

Bluish  above,  below  silvery.     Body  oval,  much  compressed.    Dorsal 


'Lacijpodc,  Hist.  Nat.  PoIhh.  ii,  321,  18()0:  typo  Chwtodon  alepidoUiB  L.  (^(jonftoi, 
rliDiiib. )  * 

tfiill,  Cat.  Fisli.  East  Coast  N.  Am.  If^l,  35  (not  characterized):  typo  Stromateua 
lriaraH</i««  Peck,     (jr opt}?,  pore;  rairo?,  back.) 


ii 


5.-  '•';., d 


1 


! 


r.iH 


'lit 


J'J' 


%w& 


V    ! 

V'- 


■it 


-if'  r^ 
i. 


It 


1  <" 


ji 


452      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICFITHYGLOOY-— iv. 

and  veiitrnl  outlines  about  equally  curved.  Snout  very  blunt,  rouiMh^ 
in  proille.  Mouth  SLiall,  the  niaxillaiy  not  reaching  the  orbit,  ('uiidai 
peduncle  very  short;  anterior  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  little  i'lcvatwl 
Lateral  line  high,  a  series  of  conspicuous  pores  above  it  near  tU{\  base 
of  the  dorsal.  Pet'-torals  much  longer  than  head.  Gill-nikcrs  latlui 
long,  5  diameter  of  the  eye,  which  is  4  in  head.  Head  4;  depth  li.'. 
D.  HI,  45;  A.  HI,  38.  L.  10  inches.  Maine  to  Cape  Hattcras;  very 
abundant. 

(P»?ck,  Muui.  Auiur.  Aoad.  ii,  48:  Ithombua  cryptonm  Cuv.  &  Val.  is,  408;  Giiiithor  n 
398.)     ■  '    ' 

383.— LIRV8  Lowo. 

Eudder-Jinhes. 

{Palinuru8  DeKay,  proocciipiert  in  Crustttcoa:  Palinunohthija  Gill:  Pammclm  GUnther.) 

(Leirus  hosvo,  Prrto.  Zool.  Soc.  Loiid.  1839,  82:  typo  Leiriia  bennotti  Lowo  =  Ccntrolophio, 
ovaliaC.  &  V.) 

Body  ovate,  compressed,  more  elongate  and  less  compressed  than  in 

Stromatem.    Profile  very  blunt  and  convex.    Mouth  moderate ;  inaxil 

lary  narrow,  with  a  small  su[)plemental  bono;  i>romaxillaries  protii\'! 

tile,  little  movable.    Jaws  nearly  eipial,  eiujh  with  about  one  series  of 

small,  slender  teeth ;   no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines,     rreoperculmn 

interoperculum,  and  suboperculum  finely  serrated.     Gill-rakers  Ion;;; 

gilj-membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus.    Scales  small,  smooth; 

larger,  thicker,  and  more  adherent  than  in  Stromateiis,    Cheeks  scaly. 

Fins  rather  low;  dorsal  fin  long,  preceded  by  C-8  short  but  ratlier 

strong  spines,  the  Last  ones  connected  by  membrane,  the  others  nearly 

free;  anal  fin  similar  but  shorter,  preceded  by  3  spines,  which,  like  tlie 

dorsal  spines,  are  nearly  imbedded  in  thick  skin ;  vortical  fins  doiiscly 

scaly  towards  their  bases;  caudal  fin  emarginato;  caudal  peduncle 

stout;  ventral  fins  large,  thoracic,  1,5;  pectoral  fins  moderate,  rounded 

or  falcate.    Two  species,  differing  from  the  European  genus  CentrohpJm 

chiefly  in  the  development  of  the  dorsal  spines^  which  in  the  latter  genus 

are  indistinguishable  from  the  soft  rays,    {htpo^,  thin.) 

713.  £•.  perciformis  (Mitoh.)  J.  &  Q.—Rudder-flah. 

Blackish  grtien,  everywhere  dark,  the  belly  scarcely  paler  and  not 
silvery.  Eye  rather  large,  with  an  adipose  eyelid,  its  diameter  nearly 
equal  to  the  snout,  4.J  in  head.  Maxillary  reaching  to  opposite  frout 
of  pupil.  Top  of  head  naked,  covered  with  small  mucous  pores.  Pec- 
torals nearly  as  long  as  head.    Head  3^;  depth  2 J.    D.  VII,  I,  21;  A. 


78.    LAMPRIDIDiE — LAMPRIS. 


453 


III,  1f>;  Tjat.  1.  75.     L.  1  foot.     Maine  to  Capo  Ilatteras;  rather  com- 
mon northward. 

(Coriiphmna  prrmformis  Mitch.  Amcr.  Moiitli.  Mag.  ii,  1818,244:  PalinuruH  pcrciformit 
Ih'Kny.  Now  York  Fanna,  FIhIi.  184ii,  118:  I'alinuriclUhyii  perciformiti  Hill,  Pioc.  Acad. 
,\at.  IS*:'-  I'liiltt-  1H60:  Pammdm  pcrcifornm  Giliither,  ii,  485.) 

Family  LXXVIII.— LAMPRIDIDiE. 

(The  Opalis.) 

Body  ovate,  compressed,  and  elevated,  covered  with  minute,  very 
deciduous,  cycloid  scales.  Head  small,  rather  pointed.  Mouth  small, 
terminal,  without  teeth,  its  angle  with  slits  in  the  skin  to  permit  the 
motion  of  the  jaws,  as  in  Orcynus.  Premaxillaries  protractile.  Opercu- 
lar bones  entire.  Dorsal  fln  single,  very  long,  elevated,  and  falcate  in 
front,  without  distinct  spines ;  anal  long  and  low,  not  at  all  falcate ; 
both  tins  depressible  in  a  groove;  ventral  flns  thoracic,  but  behind  the 
pectorals,  composed  of  14  to  17  rays;  pectoral  flns  large,  falcate,  their 
bases  horizontal;  caudal  fln  moderately  forked,  its  peduncle  short  and 
slender,  without  keel.  Lateral  line  present,  much  arched  in  front. 
Brancliiostegals  6.  Gill-membranes  free  from  the  isthmus.  (Esophagus 
not  armed  with  spinous  teeth.  Air-bladder  large,  bifurcate  behind.  Py- 
loric appendages  very  numerous.  Vertebrte  45.  Fishes  of  large  size 
and  gorgeous  coloration,  inhabiting  the  open  Atlantic.  A  single  genus 
witb  one  or  two  species. 

(Scombridw,  genus  Lampr'u,  Glintber  ii,  415, 410.) 

934.— liAIVIPRIS  Retzius. 
Opahs. 

(Retzius,  Nyn Ilandlung,  iii,  91, 1799 :  typo  Zeua  guttatun  Brlinnich  =  Zeua  luna  Gmelin.) 
Characters  of  the  genus  included  above,    {kainrpu^^  radiant.) 

714.  Ii.  gnttatns  (Brilnnicb)  Rotz. — Opah;  Eing'Jiah  ;  Sun-fish. 

Color  a  rich  brocade  of  silver  and  lilac,  rosy  on  the  belly;  everywhere 
with  round  silvery  spots;  head,  opercles  and  back  with  ultramarine  tints, 
jivws  and  flns  vermilion;  flesh  red.  Longest  dorsal  ray  shorter  than 
pectorals,  which  are  nearly  as  long  as  the  head.  Anal  very  low  in 
front,  a  little  higher  behind.  Head  3^;  depth  If.  D.  54;  A.  40;  V. 
14-17.  Vert.  23-f22.  L.  3-4  feet.  {Lowe.)  Atlantic,  occasional  ofif 
Newfoundland.    One  of  the  most  gorgeously  colored  of  fishes. 

{Zeus  guttatna  Briinnicli,  Danako.  Sulslc.  SIcr.  iii,  1788,  398:  Zeua  luna  Omclin,  Syst. 
Nat.  1788, 1225:  Lampfin  luna  Uiiuther,  ii,  416;  Cuv.  &  Val.  x,  39:  Lampria  lauta  Lowe, 
Fish.  Madeira,  27.) 


•»:'^! 


ill 


4 

•! 

» ;  f  ' 


454     CONTUIBUTIONS    TO   NOUTII    AMERICAN    ICIITnYOLOOY— IV 

Family  LXXIX.— CORYPITiENID^E. 

{The  Dolphins.)  • 

Itody  oloiifjato,  corn  pressed,  covered  with  smjill  cycloid  scales,  (i^.f^ 
of  the  month  wide,  obliiiiiu,  the  lower  Jaw  projecting?.  Cardilorm  t«M'tli 
in  the  ,juw»  and  on  the  vomer  and  palatine  boncHj  a  i)atch  of  vijlirorn, 
teeth  on  the  tongue;  no  teeth  on  the  (esophaguH.  ()per(!ular  hones 
entire.  Skull  with  a  crest,  which  is  much  more  elevated  in  tin;  iidnlt 
than  in  the  jonn/jf.  A  sinj^le,  many-rayed  dorsal  fin,  not  greatly  elevated 
extending  from  the  nape  nearly  t^  the  caudal  iin;  anal  siniil;ii-,  but 
shorter;  both  without  distinct  spines;  pectoral  fins  very  short  iind 
small ;  ventrals  well  developed,  thoracic,  I,  5,  partly  received  into  a 
groove  in  the  abdomen ;  caudal  fin  widely  forked.  Lateral  line  i)r(>,s('iit. 
Gill  mend)ranes  free  from  the  isthnuis.  liranchiostegals  7;  no  jisciido 
branchiae  No  air-bladder.  Pyloric  appendages  very  numerous.  V'ertc 
bne  m(n*e  than  10  +  14.  A  single  genus,  with  six  or  eight  species.  Very 
large  fishes,  inhabiting  the  high  seas  in  warm  regions,  noted  for  tlioir 
l)rilliant  and  changeaWc  colors.  To  this  family  belongs  the  Dolpliin 
or  Dorade  of  the  ancients,  Corypha'na  hippiirus  L. 
{Scombridw:  gouuH  Corj/phwna  Giiiithur,  li,  404-408.) 

933.  CORVPIIiENA  Linnimis. 

Dolphim.  ' 

(Lamptigus  C  &V.',  young  or  crcstless  forms.)  , 

(Linnipns,  Syst.  Nat.:  typo  Cor!n>hwna  hq)piiru8  L.) 

Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.  The  species  are  not  well 
known,  having  been  unduly  nndtiplied  by  authors,  {xopt'xpatvaj  the  name 
apidied  by  Aristotle  to  Coriiphwna  hippurus^  from  xm^oo?,  helmet;  ^«cvw, 
to  show.) 

•Jiff.  C.  piinctulnta  (Cnv.  mid  Val.)  Gihr.— Spotted  Dolphin. 

Sea-green,  silvery  below,  with  scattered  black  spots  on  the  sides  and 

back ;  a  series  of  distant  rounded  spots  along  the  base  of  the  dorsal 

fln ;  head  with  brown  st^'nes.      Body  elongate,  compressed,  taporin"; 

gently  backwards;   profile  very  convex,  snout  blunt.     Mouth  large, 

oblique;  maxillary  reaching  middle  of  orbit.    Pectorals  short,  falcate; 

ventrals  long  and  rather  narrow.    Eye  large,  nearly  as  long  as  snont. 

Head  4 J ;  depth  about  a.    "  D.  51 ;   A.  25."    Warmer  parts  of  the 

Atlantic,  occasional  on  our  coast. 

{Lampuffus  jmnctulatua  Cxiv.  aud  Val.  ix,  327:  GUntber,  ii,  408:  1  Coryphcena  cquiscli 
L.  Syat.  Nat.) 


80.    BRAM1.')/B — PTERACLI8. 


455 


ii 


710.  r>  Aueurl  Ctiv.  &.  Vol. 

This  s|)(;cieH  appearato  differ  from  thopr(ice<1iiif;in  tlio  iiKTcuHod  iiuin- 
iHToriiii  rays.  Tlio  clovatod  crest  represented  in  DeKny's  fl^^nreof  his 
^^i\(jlobiecpH^  is  a  character  of  very  old  individuals.  "D.  04;  A.  20." 
(Ci/r.«tKa/.)  "D.  0.'J;  A.29."  {DeKay.)  Atlantic  coasts  of  the  United 
Stiitos;  rare. 

(Cuv.  &,  Vttl.  ix,  302 :  Coryphwna  glohlrrpit  DoKay,  Now  York  F»unn,  Fi«li.  1842, 132.) 

Family  LXXX.— BIlAMIDiE. 

{The  liramoldH.) 

Body  oblonpfor  elevated,  compressed,  covered  with  cycloitl  or  spinona 
scales.  Mouth  wide,  oblique;  the  jaws,  vomer,  an«l  palatines  provideil 
with  sm  dl  teeth.  Promaxillaries  protractile.  Snout  more  or  less  ob- 
tii8«  and  convex.  Dorsal  and  anal  ftns  very  lon^,  both  more  or  less 
elevated;  ventrals  thoracic  or  juf?ular,  the  nund)er  of  rays  usually  not 
1, 5.  Branchiostegals  7.  I'seudobhinchia',  i>r(^sent.  Pyloric  append- 
ages few.  Vertebno  more  than  10  + 14.  Genera  4 ;  species  about  10, 
ii)habitin{;  the  open  seas. 

(Scombridw :  g(Mi«ra  Jirama,  Taracteit,  and  rteraclin  VA\\\{\xv)T,  ii,  408-411.) 

•Dorsal  fin  very  l)ij?h,  extending  from  the  forehead  to  the  euudal  fin,  romj»oHed  of  very 
sleiwler,  inurticulatuMpineH;  anal  tin  tiiniilar;  ventral  fins  jngnlar.  (Pteraelinw.) 

a.  Jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines  with  Hinall  teeth ;  air-bladder  very  Hmall. 

I'tkuaclis,  23G. 

936.— PTEKACL18  Gronovins. 

(GronoviuB,  Act.  Hoi  vet.  vii,  44, 1772:  type  Coryphwva  velifera  PalhiH.) 

Body  compressed,  oblong,  covered  with  moderate-sized  cycloid,  lobat^ 
or  omarginate  scales.  Eye  large.  Dorsal  liu  very  much  elevated,  ex- 
tending from  the  forehead  to  the  base  of  the  caudal,  composed  of  filiform 
spines,  its  form  triangular,  its  base  scarcely  less  than  the  total  length 
of  the  flsh ;  anal  fln  similar  in  form,  also  composed  of  slender  fniglle 
8i)ines ;  ventrals  jugular,  nearly  un.ler  the  eye,  long,  of  4-0  slender  rays. 
PsondobranchijB  present.  Air-bladder  very  small.  Most  of  the  species 
of  this  singular  genus  inhabit  the  Indian  Ocean,  (rre/x)^,  fin  or  wing; 
xktiu),  to  close.  "  The  name  indicating  the  double  rows  of  scales  which 
embrace  the  bases  of  the  two  vertical  iins.") 

717.  P.  carolinus  Cnv.  &  Val. 

Silvery,  with  bluish  reflections.  Mouth  larger,  scales  larger,  and 
fourth  ray  of  the  dorsal  stouter  thaii  in  other  species.    D.  LII  j  A.  LXI V. 


I   !i. 


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I 


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l^u-,->. 


m 


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456     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 

Coast  of  South  Carolina;  known  only  from  a  mntilated  specimen  t  inches 
long,  evidently  the  j'oung  of  some  pelagic  species. 
(Cuv.  &  Vul.  ix,  368;  GUnther,  ii,  411.) 

Family  LXXXI.— ZENID^. 

(The  Dories.) 

Body  short,  deep,  much  compressed  and  elevated,  naked,  or  covered 
with  minute  scales,  or  with  bony  protuberances.  Teeth  small,  in  narrow 
bands  or  single  series,  on  the  jaws  and  vomer  and  sometimes  on  the 
palatines.  Mouth  rather  large,  terminal,  the  upper  jaw  protractile. 
Eyes  lateral.  Opercles  and  other  bones  about  the  head  often  armed 
with  spines.  Branchiostegals  7  or  8.  Gill-membranes  little  united,  free 
from  the  isthmus.  Pseudobranchiae  large.  Air-bladder  large.  Gill- 
rakers  usually  short.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Dorsal  tin  emar 
ginate,  or  divided,  the  anterior  part  with  strong  spines,  the  posterior 
part  longer ;  anal  flu  with  or  without  spines ;  ventral  fins  thoracic,  their 
rays  I,  5  to  I,  8 ;  caudal  flu  usually  not  forked.  Lateral  line  obscure 
unarmed.  Pyloric  coeca  exceedingly  numerous.  VertebraB  about  32. 
Genera  5;  species  about  10;  flshcs  of  singular  appearance,  inhabitiug 
warm  seas. 

{Scombridw,  group  Cyttina,  Giinther,  ii,  393-396:  Cyttidw  Giiuthor,  Intr,  Stu  i]i. 

450.) 

a.  Scales  minute  or  wanting ;  anal  spines  very  strong ;  no  palatine  teeth.    {Zeninw.) 
i.  Anal  spines  3;  bases  of  both  dorsals  armed  with  sxiiuous  plates. Zexopsis,  iiXi, 

33Y.-Zi:^'OP8IS  Gill. 

.(Gill,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phila.   1832,   125:  type  Zeua  nebuloaus  Temminck  & 
Scblegel,  from  Japan.) 

Body  ovate,  much  compressed,  without  scales,  not  warty.  Head 
deeper  than  long,  its  anteiior  profile  steep.  Mouth  rather  large,  upper 
jaw  protractile;  teeth  small,  on  jaws  and  vomer,  none  on  the  palatines. 
Various  bones  of  the  head  and  shoulder  girdle  armed  with  spines. 
Series  of  bony  plates  along  the  sides  of  the  belly  and  the  bases  of  tho 
dorsal  and  anal,  each  plate  armed  with  a  strong  spine.  Eye  larjje, 
jjlaced  high.  Gill-rakers  short.  Dorsal  spines  very  strong,  usually  10 
in  number.  Anal  spines  3.  Ventral  fins  long,  mostly  I,  7.  Caudal 
peduncle  slender,  the  fin  not  forked.  Two  or  three  species  known,  differ- 
ing from  Zeus,  mainly  in  the  presence  of  3  anal  spines  instead  of  4.  Pe- 
lagic.   (Ce6?,  Zeus;  w^c?,  appearance.    Zeus  is  from  Ceu?,  Jupiter.) 


82.    BERYCID^. 


457 


Z.  ocellRtas  (Storor)  Gill. 
Color  silvery,  nearly  plaiu ;  a  black  lateral  ocellated  spot  in  life,  (lis- 
apiK'aiing  in  spirits.  Body  short,  deep,  compressed.  Skin  wholly 
iiaiced,  except  for  the  bony  bucklers,  which  are  armed  each  with  a  central 
spiue  hooked  backwards  and  marked  with  radiating  ridges;  7  bucklers 
along  the  base  of  the  dorsal,  the  5th  and  Gth  largest ;  2  on  the  median 
line  iu  front  of  the  ventrals,  the  second  largest;  one  median  plate,  and 
1)  pairs  between  ventrals  and  anal,  and  4  along  the  base  of  the  anal.  Top 
of  the  head  with  rcnghish  ridges,  but  without  spines;  a  spiue  at  the 
base  of  each  d^r.tary  bone;  the  broad  maxillaries  each  with  a  supple- 
mental bone;  teeth  nearly  obsolete.  Eye  large,  much  nearer  the  gill 
oiKsning  than  the  tip  of  the  snout.  Gill-rakers  short.  Caudal  peduncle 
very  slender,  the  caudal  flu  short  and  rounded;  pectorals  very  short; 
ventralvS  large,  the  rays  I,  G,  the  first  soft  ray  closely  appressed  to  the 
spiue;  aual  spines  short  and  stout,  the  soft  rays,  like  those  of  the  dorsal, 
low;  dorsal  spines  filamentous.  D.  IX,  26;  A.  111,24.  Pv'ilagic;  one 
specimen  taken  at  Provincetown,  Mass.  (Description  from  the  original 
type.) 

[Zeus  occllatiia  Storor,  Proc.  Bos.  Soc.  Nat.  Hiat.  vi,  888;  Gill,  1.  c.) 

Family  LXXXII.— BERYCID^. 

{TJie  Squirreljislies.) 

Body  oblong  or  ovate,  compressed,  covered  Avith  very  strongly  ctenoid 
or  spinous  scales.  Head  with  large  muciferous  cavities,  covered  by  thin 
skin.  Eye  lateral,  usually  la^ge.  Mouth  more  or  less  oblique.  Pre- 
maxillaries  protractile ;  maxillary  rather  large,  usually  with  a  supple- 
mental bone.  Bands  of  villiform  teeth  on  jaws,  and  usually  on  vomer 
and  palatines.  Opercular  bones  usually  spinous ;  frequently  every  mem- 
brane bone  of  the  head  strongly  serrated.  Branchiostegals  mostly  8. 
Gill -membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind 
the  fourth.  Pseudobranchise  present.  Gill-rakers  moderate.  Cheeks 
and  opercles  scaly.  Ko  barbels.  Dorsal  fin  long  or  short,  usually  with 
stroiig  spines ;  anal  with  2-4  spines ;  ventral  fins  thoracic,  usually  I,  7, 
the  number  of  rays  greater  than  1, 5 ;  caudal  fin  usually  forked.  Pyloric 
cceca  uumerous.  Genera  5-C;  species  about  50.  Rough-scaled  and 
brightly  colored  fishes  of  the  warm  seas;  two  species  straying  to  our 


vti-  i-:\' 


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» J. 


458      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 

coast.    Many  of  them  inhabit  considerable  depths  in  the  ocean.    The 
young  often  difter  widely  in  appearance  from  the  adult. 

(/ier^cidte  GUuther,  i,  8-50 ;  exclusive  of  certain  genera.) 

a.  Dorsal  fin  continuous,  the  spinous  part  short ;  anal  spines  3 ;  abdomen  Rorratcd 

HoPLOSTETllfS,  238. 

aa.  Dorsal  fin  deeply  einargiuate,  the  spinous  part  long ;  anal  spines  4. 

HoLocEXTitus,  2;i0, 


\\->; 


!■:■■ 


i»-i  ■■! 


i.,ii.  1 


238.— HOPILOSTE THUS  Cuv.  &  Ya\.  , .  .^,.; 

(Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poias.  iv,  469,  1829:  type  Hoplostcthus  mcditena- 
neua  Cuv.  &  Val.) 

Body  short  and  deep,  much  compreased.  Head  short,  compressed 
very  blunt  anteriorly,  deeper  than  long,  with  very  conspicuous  iinicoiw 
cavities.  Eye  very  larf^e.  Mouth  very  oblique,  the  jaws  equal  wiien 
the  mouth  is  closed.  Maxillary  long,  broad  behind,  with  a  distinct  sup- 
plemental bono,  which  reaches  the  posterior  border  of  the  eye.  Toeth 
very  tine,  villiforin,  on  jaws  and  palatires,  none  on  the  vomer.  Sub- 
orbital with  radiating  ridges  and  a  few  spines;  a  vertical  ridjjrc  on  tbe 
front  of  the  opercle.  Opercle  little  developed,  its  spine  small  or  obso 
lete;  a  strong  spine  at  the  angle  of  the  preopercle;  the  long  verticnl 
limb  of  the  preopercle  finely  serrated.  Gill-membranes  separate,  free 
from  the  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  8.  Scales  moderate  or  small, 
ctenoid ;  lateral  line  present,  its  scales  enlarged ;  abdomen  with  a  series 
of  bony  plates  each,  ending  in  a  retrose  spine.  Dorsal  tin  cor»tinuons, 
short,  the  spines  graduated,  G  in  number;  anal  with  3  graduated  spines; 
caudal  forked,  its  rudimentary  rays  spinous;  pectorals  low,  rather  long; 
ventrals  I,  G,  rather  short.  Air-bladder  simple.  Pyloric  ca^ca  numerous, 
Vertebrre  114-15.    Deep-sea  fishes.    {oTtXo^,  armed  ;  (ttsOo^,  breast.) 

Y19.  H.  iiicditerraneus  C.  &  Y. 

Silvery,  rosy  in  life ;  fins  scarlet,  peritoneum  and  inside  of  mouth 
black.  Eye  very  large,  much  longer  than  snout,  forming  about  ono-tliir( 
the  length  of  head.  Abdominal  plates  9-13  in  number.  Body  aboviMviti 
very  small  rou^iish  scales ;  sides  nearly  or  quite  naked  (in  the  young 
example  seen;,  scaly  in  the  adult.  Pectorals  reaching  flr.st  soft  ray  ot 
anal;  ventrals  to  vent;  fins  rather  low.  Head  2A;  depth  V}.  1).  VI, 
IG;  A.  Ill,  8;  Lat.  I.  28.  Length  of  ai)ecimen  3  inches,  lately  dredged 
b}'  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  off"  Chesapeake  Bay.  Coasts  of  Southeiii 
Europe. 

(C.  t  V.  iv,  431);  Gilnther,  1,  9:  Travhiohlhys  spcciosus  Lowo,  Fish.  Madeira,  651.) 


82.    BERYCIDiE — HOLOCENTRUS. 


SI39.— IIOLOCENTRUS  Blocb. 


459 


Squirrel-fishes. 

{Ehynchichthys  Cuv.  &  Val. ;  youug. ) 

(Arieui ;  Bloch,  AuoL  Fisclio,  iv,  01,  abont  1787 :  typo  Holocentnia  sogo  Blooh.) 

Body  oblong,  moderately  compressed,  the  veutral  outline  nearly 
straight,  the  back  a  little  elevated,  the  tail  very  slender.  Head  com- 
pressed, narrowed  forward.  Operculum  with  a  strong  8i)ine  above, 
below  which  the  edge  is  sharply  serrated;  a  strong  spine  at  the  angle 
of  preopercle.  Orbital  ring,  preorbital,  preopercle,  interopercle,  sub- 
oi)ercle,  occiput,  and  shoulder  girdle  with  their  edges  sharply  serrate. 
jlouth  small,  terminal,  the  lower  jaw  projecting  in  the  adult ;  in  the 
young  (which  constitute  the  supposed  genus  Rhynchichthys),  the  snout  is 
much  produced.  Maxillary  broad,  striate,  with  a  supplemental  bone. 
Eje  excessively  large.  Scales  large,  closely  imbricated,  the  posterior 
margin  strongly  spinous.  Lateral  line  continuous.  Dorsal  deeply  emar-  < 
ginatc,  the  spines  usually  11,  depressible  iu  a  groove;  soft  dorsal  short 
and  high ;  anal  with  4  spines,  the  first  and  second  quite  small,  the  third 
very  long  and  strong,  the  fourth  smaller;  caudal  widely  forked;  both 
lobes  with  the  rudimentary  rays  spine-like ;  ventrals  large,  I,  7,  the 
spine  very  strong.  Species  numerous,  remarkable  for  the  development 
of  sharp  spines  almost  everywhere  on  the  surface  of  the  body,  (oxor, 
wboliy;  xivrpov,  spine.) 

730.11.  pcntacaJitJlBlS  (Blocli)  Vaill.  &  Boo.— Sjuirrel-Jiah. 

Chiefly  bright  red,  with  shining  longitudinal  streaks;  tins  not  black. 
Month  small,  the  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  middle  of  orbit.  Soft 
dorsal  as  high  as  the  body ;  ventrals  much  longer  than  pectorals,  reach- 
ing vent.  Head  3J  in  length ;  depth  3^.  Eye  about  2^  in  head,  D. 
Xi,  15;  A.  IV,  10;  Y.I,  7;  Lat.  1.50.  Vertebra)  11 -f  l«.  Ooeca  25. 
West  Indies ;  .accidental  on  our  coast ;  once  taken  at  Newport,  R.  I. 
"Its  bright  color  and  nervous^arting  motions  rendering  it  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  denizens  of  the  rock-pools.  The  local  name  refers  to 
the  erunting  noise  uttered  by  them,  which  rescnbles  the  bark  of  a 
squirrel."    (Goode.) 

(liodianuH  pentaoanihu8  *  Bloch,  Aiisl.  Fische,  iv,  40,  taf.  225 :  Holocentnia  nogo  Blonh, 
Aiml.  Fiscli(>,  iv,  (U,  taf.  232:  I'erca  rufa  Walbatim,  Artedi,  Pise.  171)2,  a.")l ;  Holo- 
ceiitnm  Umnipiiine  GUuther,  1,  28';  Vaillant  &  Bocourt,  Miss.  8ci.  au  Mox.  144.) 


'Opercula  squamosa.    Auteriora  5  spinis  pone  hoxTida."    {Block.) 


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4G0     CONTIiinUTlONS    TO    NOKTII   AMERICAN    ICIITIIYOLOnY-~iv. 

Family  LXXXIII  (a;.— APIIUKDODElUL).E. 

{The  Vinitc  PcrchcH.) 

Body  oblong,  clovat(Ml  ut.  tho  ojwso  of  tlH5  dorHiil,  coinprivsH«>(|  li(>liiii,i 
the  head  thick  and  deprosstMl,  the  proiUo  eoncjivo.  C.iuual  pcdniulc 
thick.  Mouth  moderate,  iso.newhat  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  pntjoctin"- 
maxillary  reaching:  to  anterior  l»order  of  the  eye.  Teeth  in  villjforin 
bandn  on  .jawH,  vomer,  pi^atines,  and  pterygoids.  Premaxillarirs  not 
priftractile ;  maxillarieH  .small,  witliout  evident  Hupplemental  bono, 
Preopen;le  and  prorbital  witii  tluiir  free  edges  sharply  Nerrate;  npordu 
with  a  spine.  IJones  t)f  skidl  sonu>what  cavernous.  Hides  of  (Ik^  heiui 
sc^ily.  liower  pharyngeals  narrow,  sei)arate,  Avith  villiforin  tvctli. 
(}ill-mend)ranes  slightly  Joined  to  the  isthmus  anteriorly.  (Jill  rakers 
tubercle-like,  dentate.  Pseuilobranchiu^  obsolete,  dills  4,  a  small  slit 
behind  the  fourth.  P»raniihiostegals  0.  Scales  moderate,  slron),'ly 
ctenoid,  adherent.  Lateral  line  impi'srfector  wanting.  Vent  always  an 
terior,  its  posititni  varying  with  age,*  from  Just  behind  the  ventral  llns 
iu  the  young,  to  below  tlu>  i>reopercle  in  the  adult.  Dorsal  thi  .siii;f|(>, 
median,  high,  with  but  l\  or  4  si)ines,  which  are  rapidly  gra<lnatetl,  tlin 
ttrvst  being  very  short.  Anal  small,  with  li  slender  spines;  ventral  tins 
thoracic,  without  distinct  spiiu»,  the  nund»er  of  rays  usually  7;  caudal 
tin  rounded  behind.  Air-bladder  simple,  largii,  adhei*cnt  to  the  walls 
of  the  abdomen.  Vertebrae  U-f-lH.  Pyloric  cieca  about  1L».  A  singlo 
genus,  with  probably  but  one  species.    Coidined  to  the  United  States. 

(Jj)A>'<!rfodcrirf(r  Gliuthor,  1,  271.) 

910.— APIIREDODF.RIJS  Lo  SiuMir. 
Pirate  VervhcH. 

(Lc  Snoui';  Cuv.  &  Val.  Hist.  Nut,  Poiss.  ix,  44r»,  l8y;J:  typo  Aphre(lo<Uru»  fiihlmmLi 
Suour  =  iS(X)/(»/»»i«  «(i.vrt»M«  (lilliaiiiN.) 

Characters  of  the  genus  incbn'ed  strove.    (d^iHln^,  excrenuMit;  (V/n;, 

the  thmat,  fixim  the  position  of  the  veitt;  heneo  nioro  correctly  Apk- 

<lodcrn,'<.)  ■        - 

mi.  A.  NiiyitililH  ((lilliamN)  OoKuy. — I'iratv  Perch. 

Color  dark  olive,  proflisely  speckled  with  dark  points  which  oftoii 
nuiko  bljudvish  str\>aks  along  i-ows  of  scales;  two  blackish  bars  at  huso 
of  oaudal,  between  which  is  a  light  bar.    Head  Jl;  dej)th  3.    ]).  Ill,  11 


^This  siugular  fact  was  first  noticed  by  Profossui-  S.  A.  Forces. 


83.    ELASSOMATIlliT: — ELA880MA. 


4GI 


(IV,  10);  A.  ir,  (5;  V.  7;  U.  0}  Lat.  1.  47-58.  L.  5  IiicIioh.  8Inj;f?i;0i 
utrcivi"^  and  bayoiiH  from  Now  York  couHtwiHo  to  rj«)uiHijiim,  and  Miron^li- 
„iit  tli<^  MiHHiHHippi  HaHin  in  lowlands  and  Htn^aniH  with  alluvial  bot- 
toms; loiJally  abundant,  vaiiablo.  The  Hinffiilar  vaiiationH  in  tho  posi- 
jion  of  the  vonl  havo  given  riwc  to  novcial  nonnnal  Npoc-ics  and  a  nonil- 
iial  {ictiUH. 

(.Wf*/""'"  "".'M'"*"' '''"''''""t  .lourn.  Adiid.  Nut.  Hr\.  riiila.  iv,  HI:  AphwAodcrM  ijlUb:)- 
,«.i('.  iV  V.  ix,4'lH:  Slcniotrrmin  inolcpdi  N^ilmm,  IJnll,  Illn.  Nut,.  Miih.  \,'X),  1H70:  Apliro- 
ilcdinmrookkinnH.UK-Aixii,  rn>n.  Acad.  N/it.  8()i.  IMiila.  iH77,('iO:  AMti'rnol.'nmia  vwmlnnia 
jdiilaii,  Hitli.  U.  8.  Nat.  Muh.  x,  52:  AphoihdvniH  innltiph  .tonlaii,  Man,  Vort.  nd.  2,  '*''!'.); 
liiiiillx  r,  i.  271.  Vnr  diMcription  of  variat.ioiiH  In  tlio  |Hmitioa  of  tho  votit,  hoo  Jordan, 
111,11.  III.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist,  li,  4*3,  1H7H.) 

Family  LXXXIIi  (6).— ELAySOMATlD/K. 

{Tho  Wa/tsmncH.) 

]\m\y  oblonj;,  coinprc88C<l,  covered  with  rather  large,  eyeloi*!  HcalcH. 
Moiilli  Hinall,  terminal,  the  lower  Jtiw  proj(M',tint?;  both  jawH  with  rather 
stroll};  eonic  teeth  in  few  HcrieK;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  ni»p<'r 
jaw  very  protractile.  Jtonen  of  head  with  entire  edgcH.  OluickH  and 
o|U'i('leM  scaly,  (lill-membranes  broadly  united,  free  from  the  isthmns; 
jriliriikers  tubercle-like.  Lower  pharyngeals  narrow,  separate,  with 
slinr|)  teeth.  Branchiostegals  ai)i)arently  5.  Jiateral  lino  obsolete. 
Vent  normal.  Dorsal  lln  single,  snuill,  with  about  4  spines;  anal  with 
;i  spines;  ventrals  thoracic  I,  5;  caudal  rounded.  pHeudobran(5hlj« 
iioiu'.  Vertebral  21.  One  species  known,  a  very  singular  little  flsh, 
Olio  of  the  smallest  known,  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  the  United 
States;  ititermediate  between  tho  Aphrvdodcridxv  aiid  Ccntrarchidw. 

941.-EI.A880IfIA  .Ionian. 

(jnrtl.m,  Ilnll.  IT.  8.  Nat.  Muh.  x,  50,  1877:  typo  IClasHoma  znnata  .Jnriltiu  ) 
Characters  of  the  genus  included  above,    [i^airaomfia,  a  diminutioH.) 

Vi*i,  E.  xocanluin  Jordan. 

Color  olive  green,  everywhere  ftnely  punctulato;  sides  with  about 
eleven  parallel  vertical  bands  of  dark  olive,  about  erpial  in  width,  nar- 
rower than  the  eye;  tl.e  bands  about  as  wid(5  as  the  pale  interspaces; 
!i  conspicuous  roundish  black  spot,  nearly  as  large  as  the  eye,  on  tli<^ 
man  just  above  tho  axis  of  the  body,  under  the  beginning  of  the 
(lors;il;  soft  llns  faintly  barred;  a  blackish  bar  at  base  of  (;audal. 
IJody  ol)long,  compressed,  the  nape  rather  broad  and  dei»ressed.  Head 
narrowed  forward.    Eye  largo,  3  iti  heatl.    Mouth  small,  oblique,  the 


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402      CONTRIDUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERIC.VN    ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 

maxillary  scarcely  reaching  pupil.    Teetli  in  jaws  stout,  conical,  sliffbtlv 
curved,  in  two  or  three  rows.  .  Head  3;  depth  3J.     D.  IV,  lO;  j^  jjj 
o;  B.  6;  scales  42  + 19.    L.  1^  inches.    Smallest  of  our  spi nous-rayed 
fishes,  inhabiting  sluggish  streams  and  bayous,  from  South  lUiuols  to 
Texas  and  Alabama. 

(Jordan,  Bull,  x,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  50,  1877;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2,248;  Jordan 
Bull.  Ills.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  47;  Hay.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  iii,  1880,  .fjOO. )  ' 

Family  LXXXIV.— CENTRARCHID^.* 

{The  Sun-fishes.) 

Percoid  fishes  with  the  body  more  or  less  shortened  and  compressed' 
the  regions  above  and  below  the  axis  of  the  bodj'  nearly  equally  devel- 
oped, and  corresponding  to  each  other,  and  the  pseudobrancliiae  im- 
I)erfect.  Head  compressed.  Mouth  terminal,  large  or  small.  Teetli 
in  villiform  bands,  the  outer  slightly  enlarged,  without  canines;  teetli 
present  on  premaxillaries,  lower  jaw,  and  vomer,  and  usually  on  pala- 
tines also,  sometimes  on  tongue,  pterygoids,  and  hyoid.  Premaxilla- 
ries protractile;  maxillary  with  a  supplemental  bone,  which,  in  one 
genuS;  is  sometimes  minute  or  o'jsolete.  Preopercle  entire  or  some- 
what serrate;  opercle  ending  in  two  flat  points  or  prolonged  in  a  black 
flap  at  the  angle.  Preorbital  short  and  deep ;  first  suborbital  narrow, 
the  maxillary  not  slipping  under  its  edge.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the 
fourth.  Pseudobranchiae  small,  almost  glandular,  nearly  or  quite  cov- 
ered by  skin.  Gill-membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Bran- 
chiostegals  C  or  rarely  7.  Gill-rakers  variously  formed,  armed  with 
small  teeth ;  lower  pharyngeal  bones  separate,  their  teeth  conic;  or 
sometimes  paved.  Cheeks  and  opercles  scaly.  Body  fully  sculod,  the 
scales  usually  not  strongly  ctenoid,  rarely  cycloid.  Lateral  line  present, 
usually  complete.  Dorsal  fins  confluent,  the  spines  C-13  in  number 
(usually  10),  deprcssible  in  a  shallow  groove;  anal  spines  3-!).  Intes- 
tinal canal  short.  Pyloric  cceca  5-10.  Vertebrae  about  30.  (coloration 
usually  brilliant,  chiefly  greenish.  Sexes  similar;  changes  with  age 
often  great.  Fresh- water  fishes  of  North  America;  genera  10;  species 
about  25,  forming  one  of  the  most  characteristic  features  of  our  fish 
fauna.  Many  of  the  species  build  nests,  which  they  defend  with  much 
courage.  All  are  carnivorous,  voracious,  and  gamy.  All  p-ro  valued  as 
food  in  direct  proportion  to  the  size  which  they  attain. 


*Wo  aro  iudcbtod  to  Mr.  Chaa.  L.  McKay  for  the  results  of  his  studios  of  this  family, 
5u  tho  advance  of  tho  publication  of  a  uionograpli  of  the  group. 


84.    CENTRARCIIID-iE — CEN'»'EARCHU8.  463 

This  is  a  very  natural  and  peculiar  group,  but  its  claim  to  recognition 
ag  a  distinct  family  is  questionable,  as  the  only  character  of  importance 
which  separates  it  from  SerranidcB  is  the  rudimentary  character  of  the 
pseudobranchifB.  There  is  a  strong  analogical  resemblance  between 
the  Gentrarchidce  and  the  Cichlidce. 

(Percidw,  group  Grijitina,  pt.  GUnther,  i,  256-2G1.) 

a  Dorsal  fin  scarcely  larger  than  anal;  gill-rakers  very  long  and  slender. 
5.  SpiiK'WS  dorsal  longer  than  soft  part,  the  spines  about  12;  anal  spines  usually  8. 

Centraucuus,  242. 
hh.  Spinous  dorsal  shorter  than  soft  part,  the  spines  r>-8,  anal  spines  6. 

POMOXYS,  243. 

art.  D«rsal  fin  much  larger  than  anal ;  gill-rakers  shorter. 

c.  Body  comparatively  short  and  deep;  dorsal  fin  not  deeply  divided. 
d.  Tongue  and  pterygoids  with  teeth ;  mouth  large. 
e.  Scales  ctenoid ;  caudal  emarginato. 
/.  Operculum  emarginate  behind;  anal  siiiues  5-7. 

g.  Branchiostegals  7 Archoplitks,  244. 

gg,  Branchiostegals  6 Ambloplites,  245. 

ff.  Operculum  ending  in  a  black  convex  process  or  flap ;  anal  spines  3. 

ClI^NOBKYTTUS,  246. 

ee.  Scales  cycloid;  caudal  fin  convex Acanthauchus,  247. 

d.  Tongue  and  pterygoids  toothless;  mouth  small. 

ft.  Caudal  fin  convex ;  operculum  emarginate  behind. 
{.  Dorsal  fin  continuous ;  dorsal  spines  normally  9;  anal  spines  3. 

Enneacanthus,  248. 
it.  Dorsal  fin  angulated,  some  of  the  middle  spines  higher  than  the 

posterior  ones;  dor-al  spines  10;  anal  3 Mesogonistius,  249. 

hh.  Caudal  fin  emarginate;  operculum  prolonged  behind  in  a  convex 

process  or  flap,  which  is  always  black Lepomis,  250.  ^ 

cc.  Body  elongate;  dorsal  fin  low,  deeply  emarginate;  mouth  large;  caudal  emar- 
ginato  MlCUOPTEKUS,  251. 

343.— CCNTRARCHUS  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes. 

(Cuvior  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iii,  ()2.  1829:  type  Lahrua  irideua  Lacdpbde.) 
Body  short  and  deep,  compressed.  Month  moderate,  the  lower  jaw 
the  longer;  maxillary  with  a  well-developed  supi^lemental  bone.  Teeth 
on  vomer  and  pcalatines.  Opercle  emarginate  behind.  Gill-rakers  seti- 
foriii,  very  long,  finely  dentate,  in  large  number  (20-30  of  the  large  ones). 
Fins  large;  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  about  equal  in  extent,  the  soft  por- 
tion of  the  latter  longest  and  most  posterior,  the  two  fins  being  obliquely 
opposed;  dorsal  flu  with  the  spinous  part  longer  than  the  soft  part,  of 
about  12  spines,  which  are  not  rapidly  graduated;  anal  fin  with  about 
8  spines.  Scales  large,  not  strongly  ctenoid,  {xeurpov,  spine ;  apxo^, 
anus,  from  the  development  of  the  anal  spines.) 

733.  C.  niaeroiitcrus  (Lac.)  .Tor. 

Body  ovate,  strongly  compressed.     Head  small.    Mouth  moderate, 
very  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  pupil.    Preopercle  and  preorbital 


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464     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY iv 

finely  serrate ;  5  or  6  rows  of  scales  on  cheek.  Fins  liigh ;  ventral  spine 
reaching?  beyond  the  vent.  Mandible  about  half  the  length  of  the  Lead 
Color  green,  with  series  of  dark-brown  spots  on  sides,  below  lateral  line 
forming  interrupted  longitudinal  lines;  belly  yellowish;  a  dusky  oper- 
cular spot;  fins  with  reddish  or  brownish  markings;  the  dark  colors 
on  vertical  fins  forming  reticulations  around  paler  spots;  conspicuous 
ocellated  black  spot  usually  present  on  last  rays  of  dorsal  fin,  especially 
distinct  in  the  young,  disappearing  with  age.  Head  3^;  depth  2.  D. 
XI  or  Xir,  12;  A.  VII  or  VIII,  15;  scales  5-44-14.  L.  G  inches. 
North  Carolina  to  South  Illinois  and  southward;  abundant  in  lowlaud 
streams. 

{Labrua  maeropterua  Lacdpfede,  Hist.  Nat.  Poisa.  iii,  447,  1802;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  X,  aO:  Labrua  indeua  Lac^p^de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iv,  716,  1802:  Centrarchm 
irideua  Holbr.  Ichtli.  S.  C.  1800,  18:  C'ientrarcliua  irideua  Gilnthor,  i,  257:  Centranhus 
irideua  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  30.) 

948.— POMOXYS  Rafinesque. 
Crappies. 

(Pomoxia  Raiinesque,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i,  417, 1818:  type  Pomoxia  annulam 
Raf.) 

Body  more  or  less  elongate,  strongly  compressed,  the  snout  projecting. 
Mouth  large,  oblique ;  maxillary  broad,  with  a  well-developed  supple- 
mental bone.  Teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines ;  few  or  none  on  tongue. 
Low?r  pharyngeals  narrow,  with  sharp  teeth.  Gill-rakers  long  and 
slender,  numerous.  Opercle  emarginate;  preopercle  slightly  dentate. 
Scales  large,  moderately  ctenoid.  Fins  large,  the  anal  larger  than  the 
dorsal,  of  6  spines  and  about  17  rays ;  dorsal  with  6-8  graduated  spines, 
the  spinous  dorsal  shorter  than  the  soft  part;  caudal  fin  emarginate. 
Sranchiostegals  7.  {-w;ia,  oi)ercle;  «Cw?,  sharp;  the  opercle  ending  in 
two  flat  points  instead  of  an  "  ear-flap.") 

a.  Dorsal  spines  f).     (Pomoxya.) 

724.  P>  annularis  Raf. — Crappie;  Bachelor;  Neto  Light;  CamphellUe. 

Body  elongate.  Head  long,  the  profile  more  or  less  strongly  S-shaped, 
owing  to  the  projecting  snout,  depressed  occipital  region,  and  very 
prominent  thickened  ante-dorsal  area.  Mouth  very  wide,  the  maxillary 
reaching  past  the  pupil.  Scales  on  cheeks  in  4-5  rows.  Eye  large,  4 
in  head.  Color  silvery  olive,  mottled  with  dark  green,  the  dark  marks 
chiefly  on  the  up|)er  part  of  the  body  and  having  a  tendency  to  form 
narrow  vertical  bars;  dorsal  and  caudal  fins  marked  with  green;  anal 
fin  pale,  nearly  plain.  Fins  very  high,  but  lower  than  in  P.  sparoides. 
Head  3  j  depth  2^.    D.  VI,  15  j  A.  VI,  18 ;  Lat.  I.  36-48.    L.  12  inches. 


84.   CENTRARCHID^ — ARCHOPLITES. 


465 


Variable.    Mississippi  Valley,  &c.;   abundaut  soutliward,  cliiefly  in 
slnggisli  streams ;  valued  as  a  food-fish. 

(Bafincsqiie,  Amer.  Monthly  Mag.  1818, 41 ;  Raf.  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1818, 
417-  Raf.  Icbth.  Oh.  1829,  33;  Jordan  &  Cojieland,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  187C : 
VonMyx  sioreriua,  hrevicauda,  intermedius,  anul  i)rotacantliu8  Gill,  Proc.  Acud.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.  18'A  G4-6G:  Ctntrarchua  nitidua  GUnther,  i,  257.) 

Off.  Dorsal  spiuea  7  or  8.     {Hyperistiua"  Gill.) 

ytjj,  p,  sparoldes(Lac.)Grd. — Calico  Baaa;  GraaaBaaa;  Barfiah;  Slrawheiry  Baas. 
Body  oblong,  elevated,  much  compressed.  Head  long,  its  profile  not 
strongly  S  shaped;  the  projection  of  tbe  snout  and  ante-dorsal  region 
and  the  depression  over  the  eye  being  less  marked  than  in  P.  annularis. 
Mouth  smaller  than  in  P.  annularis,  the  maxillary  reaching  about  to  the 
posterior  edge  of  pupil,  the  mandible  shorter  than  pectorals.  Scales  on 
cheeks  in  G  rows.  Fins  very  high ;  anal  higher  than  dorsal,  its  height 
4-5  times  in  length  of  body.  Color  silvery  olive,  mottled  with  clear 
olive-green,  the  dark  mottllngs  gathered  in  irregular  small  bunches,  and 
covering  the  whole  body ;  vertical  fins  with  dark  olive  reticulations  sur- 
rounding pale  spots;  the  anal  marked  like  the  dorsal ;  a  dusky  opercular 
spot.  Head  3 ;  depth  2.  D.  VII  or  VIII,  15;  A.  VI,  17  or  J  8 ;  Lat.  1. 41. 
L.  12  inches.  Great  Lakes  and  Upper  Mississippi  Valley  to  New  Jersey, 
and  southward  to  Florida  and  Louisiana ;  chiefly  in  lowland  streams  and 
lakes ;  a  handsome  fish,  valued  as  food. 

(Lahrua  aparoidea  Lac6p.  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iii,  1802,517;  and  iv,  717:  Centrarchus 
sparoidea  C.  &  V.  iii,  8,  1829:  Centrarchus  hexacanthua  C.  &  V.  vii,  458,  1831 :  Centrar- 
chus hexacanthua  Giinther,  i,  257:  Pomoxya  hexacanthua  Holbrook,  Ichth.  8.  C.  29: 
Pomoxya  nigromaculatua  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2,  247,  and  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  37, 
based  on  Cantharua  nigromaculatua  Lo  Suenr  MSS.,  noticed  by  C.  &  V.  iii,  8.) 

344.— ARCE^IOPIiBTES  Gill. 

(Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1831,  165:  type  Centrarchus  interruptus  G'rard.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  the  back  elevated.  Mouth  large,  oblique, 
ho  broad  maxillary  with  a  well  developed  supernumerary  bone.  Teeth 
on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  tongue,  and  pterygoids ;  lingual  teeth  in  two 
patches ;  pharyngeal  teeth  pointed.  Gill-rakers  long  and  strong,  com- 
pressed, numerous,  about  20  in  number,  some  of  them  on  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  arch.  Branchiostegals  7.  Operculum  emarginate,  the  lower 
pomt  much  the  larger,  striate,  the  ridges  terminating  in  small  spines; 
preopercle,  interopercle,  subopercle,  suborbital  and  preorbital  with  their 
inferior  edges  conspicuously  serrate;  dentaric^s  and  preopercle  with  large 
D'.uciferous  depressions  or  pits.    Dorsal  fin  with  about  13  spines;  anal 

•  Gill,  Amor.  Jonrn.  Sci.  Arts,  1834,  92 :  typo  Centrarchus  hexacanthua  C.  &  V.  {vTinp, 
bigb;  idnov,  Bfiih) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 30 


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466      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH  AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 

usually  with  7  spines.    Caudal  emarginate.    Scales  strongly  ctenoid 
California.    (a^;^o?,  anus ;  orrAjrij?,  armed.) 

736.  A.  iiiterruptns  (Grd.)  Gill.— Sacramento  Perch. 

Body  oblong-ovate,  compressed,  the  back  cousiderably  elevated  ante- 
riorly, depressed  over  the  eye,  the  snout  projecting  at  an  angle.  Mouth 
terminal,  very  large,  the  maxillary  very  broad,  extending  beyond  pupil. 
Eye  very  large,  4  to  5  in  head.  Scales  on  cheek  in  about  eight  series 
Dorsal  spines  rather  low,  strong;  anal  spines  similar.  Pectoral  short 
barely  reaching  anal.  Color  blackish  above,  sides  silvery,  with  about 
seven  vertical  blactish  bars,  irregular  in  form  and  position  and  more  or 
less  interrupted;  a  black  opercular  spot;  fins  nearly  plain.  Head 28- 
depth  2J.  D.  XEIF,  10;  A.  VII,  10;  scales  about  7-51-14.  L.  12  inches. 
Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers;  abundant;  the  only  fresh-water 
percoid  \^  dst  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

{Centrarchns  interruptua  Girard,  Proc.  Acac*..  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  129:  AmhlopUtes 
intcrruptu8  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  10:  Centrarchus  interruptm  Giinther 
i,  237 :  Centrarckus  maculosus  Ayteti,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  1854,  8.) 

34S.— AlflBIiOPIilTGS  Rafiuesque.  ' :      >  2  „ 

Bock  BasH.  - 

(Rafinesque,  Ichth.  Oil.  1820,  33:  i^]}e  Lepomia  icthcloidca  'Raf.=Bod'iamtariq)eatns'Rsit) 

Body  oblong,  moderately  elevated,  compressed.  Mouth  large,  the 
broad  maxillary  with  a  well-developed  supplemental  bone ;  lower  jaw 
projecting.  Teeth  on  vomer,  palatines,  tongue,  and  pterygoids ;  lingual 
teeth  in  a  single  patch ;  pharyngeal  teeth  sharp.  Branchiostegals  G. 
Opercle  ending  in  2  flat  points ;  preopercle  serrate  at  its  angle ;  other 
membrane  bones  chiefly  entire.  Gill-rakers  rather  long  and  strong, 
dentate,  less  than  10  in  number,  developed  only  on  the  lower  portion 
of  the  arch.  Scales  large,  somewhat  ctenoid.  Dorsal  fin  much  more 
developed  than  the  anal  fin,  with  10  to  11  rather  low  spines;  anal  spines 
normally  6.    Caudal  fin  ems'iginate.    {a/iiSluq,  blunt;  ok^ttj^,  armed.) 

73T*  A.  rupestris  (Raf.)  Gill. — Common  Rock  Baaa;  Bed-Eye  ;  Gopgle-Eye. 

Body  oblong,  moderately  compressed.  Head  large,  the  profile  little 
depressed  above  the  eye.  Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  extending  to 
opposite  posterior  part  of  pupil.  Eye  very  large,  3 J  in  head.  Gill 
rakers  few,  about  10  developeu.  Scales  on  cheeks  in  6  to  8  series ;  pre- 
opercle serrate  near  its  angle.  Color  olive  green,  brassy-tinged,  with 
much  dark  mottling ;  the  young  irregularly  barred  and  blotched  with 
black,  the  adult  with  a  dark  spot  on  each  scale,  these  forming  inter- 


84.   CENTRARCHID^ — CH^NOBRYTTUS, 


467 


rupted  black  stripes;  a  black  opercular  spot ;  dark  mottlings  on  the 
soft  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal.  Head  2^ ;  depth  2-2J,  D.  XI,  10;  A. 
VI  10;  scales  about  5-39-12.  Cceca  7.  Vert.  14+  18.  L.  12  Indies. 
Verniout  to  Great  Lake  r«gion  and  Manitoba,  south  to  Louisiana ;  very 
abundant  west  ot  the  Alleghanies. 

(Bodianm  rnpestris  Raf.  Am.  Monthly  Mag.  1B17, 120:  Centrarchus  ceneus  C.  &  V.  iii, 
84:  Centrarchus  mneus  GUnthor,  i,  25G;  Jorrlan,  Man,  Vert.  od.  2,  237:  Ambloplites  cavi- 
/ro»8  Copo,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1838, 217,  ia  probably  a  young  specimen  of  this 

Bpecies.*) 

346.— CH/i:]V€3RVTTlJS  Gill. 

War-mouths. 

(Calliuma  Ag.  not  of  Raf.) 

(Gill.  Amer.  Joum.  Sci.  Arts,  1864,  92 :  type  Calliurua  viclanops  Grd.  =  Pomotia  gulosus 
Cuv.  &  Val.) 

This  genus  has  the  general  form  and  dentition  of  Ambloplites  with  the 

convex  opercle,  10  dorsal  and  3  anal  spines  of  Lepomis.     Preopercle 

entire.    Branchiostegals  6.     Caudal  fin  emarginate.     Scales  weakly 

ctenoid,    (x'^^'-'^j  to  yawn ;  Bryttus,  i.  e.  Lepomis.) 

a.  Dorsal  beginning  above  the  opercular  spot. 

y2§.  C.  anIisJius  UaKsiy.— Goggle  Eije. 

Body  heavy,  deep  and  thick,  stouter  and  less  elongate  than  in  the 
next.  Head  deep.  Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  pos- 
terior margin  of  the  eye;  the  supplemental  bone  strong.  Scales  on 
cheeks  in  7  or  8  rows.  Opercular  flap  broad.  Eye  small,  4J  in  head ;  pre- 
opercle and  mandible  with  large  mucous  pits.  Dorsal  beginning  directly 
over  the  opercular  spot,  which  is  above  base  of  pectoral ;  spines  of  dor- 
sal very  stout,  the  longest  as  long  as  from  snout  to  middle  of  eye.  Color 
in  life  dark  olive-gree  ^  above ;  sides  greenish  and  brassy,  with  blotches 
of  pale  blue  and  bright  coppery  red,  the  red  predominating ;  belly  bright 
brassy  yellow,  profusely  mottled  with  liright  red;  lower  jaw  chiefly 
yellow ;  iris  bright  red ;  opercular  spot  as  large  as  eye,  black,  bordered 
with  copper  color;  3  or  4  wide  dark  red  bands  radiating  backwards 
from  eye  across  cheeks  and  opercles,  separated  by  narrow  pale  blue  inter - 

*  A.cavifrona  Cope. 

Physiognomy  more  of  Centrarchus.  Month  largo,  very  oblique,  the  maxillary 
reaching  beyond  the  middle  of  the  pupil ;  chin  prominent.  Outline  of  cranium  cou- 
cavo.  Eye  large,  3  In  head.  Scales  of  cheeks  very  few,  minute.  Mucous  cavities 
largo.  Siivory,  dusted  with  dark  points;  scales  with  a  narrow  vertical  dark  shade 
at  liase ;  soft  fins  dusky;  a  small  black  opercular  spot.  Depth  2^.  D.  X,  18 ;  A. 
VI,  11;  scales  7-38-13.    Roanoke  River,  Virginia.     {Cope.) 


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468     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — Iv. 

spaces;  upper  fins  chiefly  black,  mottled  with  orange  and  blue;  lower- 
fins  dusky ;  a  small  black  spot  on  last  rays  of  dorsal ;  color  in  spirits 
very  dark,  the  reddish  shades  becoming  b!ack ;  young  with  vertical 
chains  of  spots.  Head  2% ;  depth  2^.  D.  X,  10 ;  A.  Ill,  9 ;  scales 
G-40-12.  L.  10  inches.  Lake  Michigan  and  Uijper  Mississippi  Valley 
abundant. 

'  (GlossopUtea  melatuyp8  .lor.  Man.  Vert.  ed.  1, 1876,  223,  317:  Chanobryttua  guloms  Jor^ 
dan,  Man.  Verf.  ed.  2,  1878,  237 :  ChwnobryUua  gulosus  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist. 
N.  Y.  1876,  359,  not  Pomotia  guloaua  C.  «&  V. ;  McKay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas,  1681.) 

aa.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  behind  the  vertical  of  the  base  of  the  pectorals. 

739.  C.  gfulosus  (C.  &  V.)  Jor. —  War-mouth;  Red-eyed  Bream. 

Verj^  similar  to  the  preceding;  the  body  more  compressed  and  more 
elongate,  the  profile  less  steep.  Scales  of  cheeks  larger,  in  about  G-8 
rows.  Opercular  spot  smaller.  Eye  4.J  in  head.  Dorsal  beginning 
behind  base  of  pectoral ;  pectoral  short,  barely  reaching  anal.  Color  in 
life  clear  olive-green  clouded  with  darker,  usually  without  red  or  blue; 
a  dusky  spot  on  each  scale  more  or  less  distinct ;  vertical  fins  mottled 
with  dusky ;  a  faint  spot  on  last  rays  of  dorsal  bordered  by  paler ;  3 
oblique  dusky  bars  radiating  from  eye;  belly  yellowish.  Head  2J; 
depth  2^.  D.  X,  9 ;  A.  Ill,  8 ;  scales  6-43-11.  L.  9  inches.  Virginia 
to  Texas ;  abundant  only  southward.  Close  to  the  preceding,  but  dis- 
tinguishable by  the  posterior  insertion  of  the  dorsal. 

(Pomotia  guloaua  Cuv.  «fe  Val.  iii,  367,  1839  :  Centrarc  lua guloaua  uiul  viridiaC.  &  V.  vii, 
437, 460, 1831 :  Centrarchua  guloaua  Giinther,  1, 258 :  Calliuru«  floridenaia  Holbrook,  Journ. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1855,  53:  Sri/<^«8/oneJen8i«Giinther,  i,  260  :  Lepomia  gillii  Co\)e., 
Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1868,  225 ;  Chwnobryttua  viridia  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  N.it. 
Hist.  N.  Y.  1876,  360:  Chanobryitua  viridia  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2,  238:  Callium 
melanopa  Girard,  IT.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  x,  11 :  Bryttua  melanopa  Giinther,  i,  2(10:  Zr- 
pomia  charybdia  Cope,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1868,  21.) 


24T.— ACANTHARCHUS  Gill.  ' 

(Gill,  Amer.  Jonm.  Sci.  Arts,  1834,  92:  type  Centrarchua  pomotia  Baird.) 
,  Body  oblong,  robust,  not  much  compressed  or  elevated.  Mouth  not 
very  large,  the  broad  maxillary  with  a  well  developed  supplemental 
bone ;  lower  jaw  projecting.  Teeth  on  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids, 
and  tongue ;  lingual  teeth  in  a  single  patch  ;  pharyngeal  teeth  sharp. 
Gill- rakers  few,  rather  long  and  strong.  Opercle  emarginate ;  preoper- 
cle  entire.  Scales  cycloid,  large.  Lateral  line  complete.  Dorsal  spines 
usually  11;  anal  spines  5;  caudal  fin  rounded  behind.  (azav<?a,  spine ; 
apXov,  anus.)  .  '  . 


84.  CENTKARCHID^ ENNEACANTHUS. 


469 


¥30*  A«  pomotis  (Baird)  Gill. — Mud  Sun-fiah. 

Body  oblong,  moderately  compressed.  Snout  short.  Mouth  wide, 
the  gape  short;  the  maxillary  reaching  posterior  part  of  orbit.  Eye  not 
very  large,  3  J  to  4  in  head.  Cheeks  with  about  5  rows  of  scales.  Dor- 
sal spines  low ;  the  longest  about  as  long  as  from  snout  to  middle  of 
pupil.  Color  very  dark  greenish ;  body  usually  with  five  rather  indis- 
tinct blackish  longitudinal  bands  along  the  sides ;  cheeks  with  dark 
bands,  which  run  nearly  parallel,  the  lowest  passing  across  the  maxillary 
around  the  front  part  of  the  lower  jaw.  Fins  plain  dusky.  A  black 
opercular  spot.  Head  2§ ;  depth  2.  I).  XI,  10 ;  A.  V,  10 ;  scales  G-43-12. 
L.  4  inches.  Southern  New  York  to  South  Carolina,  in  sluggish  streams 
near  the  coast. 

[Centrarchm  pomoiia  Baird,  9th  Smithson.  Rep.  1854,  325;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed. 
2  ',i!J7:  Centrarduia  pamotia,  GUuther,  i,  250.) 

348.— ENNEACANTHUS  GiU 

HemiopUtva  Cope:  Copelandia  Jordan.) 

(Gill,  Arn.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts.  1864,  92:  type  Pomotia  oheaua  Grd.) 

Body  rather  short  and  deep,  compressed.  Mouth  small ;  the  supple- 
mental maxillary  bone  well  developed.  Teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines, 
none  on  the  tongue.  Opercle  ending  behind  in  two  flat  points,  with  a 
dermal  border.  Preopercle  entire.  Scales  rather  large,  the  lateral 
line  sometimes  interrupted.  Dorsal  fin  continuous,  normally  with  9 
spines ;  anal  fin  smaller  than  the  dorsal,  with  3  spines ;  caudal  flu  con- 
vex behind.  Branchiostegals  G.  Species  of  small  size  and  bright  color- 
ation. Abnormal  variations  in  the  number  of  dorsal  and  anal  spines 
have  given  rise  to  the  nominal  g&nQVSL  Hemioplites  and  Copelandia. 
(ewea,  nine;  azav<?a,  spine.)  , 

731.  E.  eriarchus  (Jordan)  McKay. 

Body  rather  elongate,  the  profile  forming  a  nearly  uniform  curve. 
Eye  large,  3  in  head.  Mouth  moderate, "  maxillary  reaching  slightly 
beyond  front  of  pupil ;  its  supplemental  bone  well  developed.  Scales 
on  cheek  in  about  3  rows.  Soft  dorsal  high,  its  longest  rays  equal  to 
distance  from  snout  to  front  of  opercle ;  anal  fin  very  large,  with  strong 
spines.  Pectorals  reaching  beyond  anal  spines;  ventral  spines  reaching 
anal.  Lateral  line  incomplete.  Olivaceous;  vertical  fins  with  round 
(blue?)  spots.  Head  2f ;  "depth  2^.  D.  X,  9 ;  A.  IV,  8 ;  scales  4-33-10. 
L.  3  inches.  Menomonee  Eiver,  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin;  but  one  speci- 
men preserved.    It  is  probably  an  Enneacanthus  with  an  abnormal  in- 


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470     CONTUIBUTIONS   TO   NORTn   AMERICAN  ICHTnTOLOOY— iv. 

crease  in  the  number  of  spines.    Spe  '  "m***?.^-,!^.-  ajju^vlanH  with  the  same 

numbers  are  occasionally  foun('t 

{Copvlandia eriarcka  Jovdau,  Proc   Ai  ,  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1877,  56;  McKay,  Proc.  U  8 
Nut.  Mns.  1881.  J  '    '   * 

■yaa.  E.  obesMS  (Bair'^'^;".i. 

Body  oblongo^'^/f  elliptical.  Scales  large,  little  crowded.  Dorsal 
spines  2J  in  h>  ^rVs  long  as  from  snout  to  jwsterior  margin  of  eye.  Anal 
flu  large*  Jrfitral  spine  not  reaching  vent,  its  first  ray  not  reaching  tlio 
base  of  vue  last  anal  spine;  caudal  fin  moderate,  about  as  long  as  from 
snout  to  middle  of  opercle;  opercular  spot  rather  large,  more  than  halt' 
the  size  of  the  eye,  velvet  black,  bordered  with  purple.  Eye  3^  in  head- 
cheeks  with  four  rows  of  scales.  Color  olivaceous,  with  5-8  well-defined 
dark  cross-bars ;  spots  on  body  and  fins  i)urplish  or  golden ;  cheek 
with  lines  and  spots ;  a  dark  bar  below  eye.  Head  2§ ;  depth  If.  D. 
IX,  10;  A.  Ill,  10;  scales  4-32-10;  the  pores  developed  usually  on 
about  20  scales,  but  sometimes  on  nearly  all  of  them.  L.  3  inches. 
Massachusetts  to  Florida,  abundant  in  sluggish  streams  near  the  coast, 

(PomotiB  ohesiia  Baird,  9th  Smiths.  Kopt.  1854,  324:  Briittu8  oheuus  Girard,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  So.  Phila.  W.VJ,  5.3;  Jortlan,  Man.  Vert.  245:  Bryltua  faaoiatua  Holbrook,  Journ. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18,j5,  51:  Bryttua  faaciatua  GUnther,  i,  260;  Cope,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1878,  65:  Pomotia  guttatua  Morris,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185!t.) 

733.  E.  ffloriosus  (Holbr.)  Jor. 

Body  oval,  moderatelj^  compressed,  the  profile  concave  above  eye. 
Opercular  spot  scarcely  larger  than  pupil.  Caudal  about  as  long  as 
from  snout  to  anterior  margin  of  preopercle.  Color  olive-green,  yellow- 
ish below,  speckled  above  with  golden;  no  vertical  bands;  fins  rosy, 
with  golden  spots,  often  a  dusky  spot  at  base  of  caudal.  Head  2|; 
depth  IJ.  D.  IX,  11;  A.  Ill,  10.  L.  2^  inches.  Maryland  to  Florida, 
in  clear  sluggish  streams.  t 

{Bri/ttua  glorioaua  Holbr.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1855,  51:  Bryttua  glormat 
Giiuther,  i,  260;  Uhler  &  Lugger,  Fishes  Maryland,  112.) 

YSl.  E.  Slmulans  (Cope)  McKay. 

Body  comparatively  elotigate.  Mouth  moderate,  very  oblique,  the 
maxillary  reaching  just  past  the  front  of  orbit.  Dorsal  spines  medium; 
soft  rays  in  the  males  somewhat  elevated,  reaching  to  or  beyond  (var. 
pimiiger)  the  base  of  the  caudal;  the  longest  soft  ray  as  long  as  from 
snout  to  front  of  opercle,  or  (var.  pinniger)  as  long  as  head;  fins  iu 
females  all  lower ;  pectoral  fin  reaching  nearly  to  middle  of  anal.  Eye 
34  in  head.  Lateral  line  usually,  but  not  always,  complete.  '  Color  dark 
olive;  young  with  traces  of  vertical  darker  bars;  ear-flap  small,  with  a 


84.   CENTRABCIIIDiE — MESOGONISTIUS. 


471 


blae  border,  and  a  pearly  spot  in  front;  a  dark  bar  abont  width  of 

pupil  t'xteuding  obliquely  downwards  below  eye ;  sides  of  bead,  whole 

body  imd  vertical  fliis,  in  the  males,  with  round  bright  blue  spots  ar- 

rau{,'fd  in  irregular  rows,  these  spots  most  distinct  on  the  cheeks  and 

opercK's  and  on  the  lower  part  of  the  sidtis;  females  duller,  with  larger 

and  fiiiuter  spots  more  regular  in  position.    A  dark  bar  below  eye. 

Head  li;^;  depth  2^.    D.  IX,  10;  A.  Ill,  9  (occasionally  D.  X,  or  A.  IV, 

in  abnoruial  specimens) ;  scales  3-30-9.    New  Jersey  to  North  Carolina; 

abundant  near  the  coast. 

(Hemioplitea  simulann  Cope,  Journ.  Acail.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1868,  218;  based  on  speci- 
men with  4  anal  spines:  Jinneacanthus  margarotia  Gill  &  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
X,  28,  1878:  Ennt acanthus  guttaiua  Cope,  Jouni.  Acad.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.  18G9,  219: 
Enneacanthiia  pinniger  J or&.va,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  27,  1878,  a  southern  form,  dis- 
tinguished by  the  larger  size,  brighter  color,  and  larger  lius,  all  doubtlesa  the  result 
of  more  favorable  surroundings.) 

349.— mESOGONISTIVS  Gill. 

Banded  Sun-fishes. 

(Gill,  Amer.  Jouru.  Sci.  Arts,  18G4,  92:  type  Pomotia  chatodon  Baird.) 

Body  short  and  deep,  compressed.  Mouth  small.  Teeth  present  on 
vomer  and  palatines,  none  on  the  tongue;  supplemental  maxillary  bone 
biiiall.  Gill  rakers  rather  strong,  dentate.  Opercle  ending  in  two  flat 
Doiiits,  with  a  dermal  border;  preopercle  entire.  Scales  large.  Dorsal 
with  ten  spines ;  outline  of  the  fln  angulated,  the  middle  spines  being 
much  longer  than  some  of  the  posterior  ones;  anal  ftn  much  smaller 
than  the  dorsal,  with  3  spines;  caudal  fin  posteriorly  rounded.  Size 
small.    (/i£<TM?,  middle;  ijwvra,  angle;  OffTtov,  sail.) 

T3t(.  M.,  chsetodon  (Baird)  Gill. — Black-handvd  Sun-fiah. 

Body  suborbicular,  compressed.  Head  moderate,  the  profile  nearly 
coQcurrent  with  the  dorsal  curve.  Mouth  very  small,  the  maxillary 
reaching  nearly  to  the  eye.  Eye  large,  3  in  head.  Cheeks  with  3-4 
rows  of  scales.  Fins  rather  large;  dorsal  fin  high  in  front,  the  middle 
portion  depressed.  Lateral  line  continuous.  Coloration  clouded  straw- 
color,  the  sides  with  6-8  conspicuous  but  rather  irregular  black  vertical 
bars,  the  first  through  the  eye,  the  second  in  front  of  pectorals,  inter- 
rupted on  the  operculum,  the  third  at  the  front  of  the  dorsal  covering 
the  membrane  of  the  first  three  spines,  and  forming  a  medial  black 
stripe  on  each  ventral  fln,  the  fourth  at  front  of  soft  dorsal,  the  flfth 
opposite  its  last  ray,  the  last  at  the  base  of  the  caudal;  black  oper- 
cular spot,  with  a  crescent-shaped  paler  centre.    Fins  mottled.    Head  3  j 


I"  '^Aa'l.i't"'I^i-3i'  I 


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472      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

depth  1%.    D.  X,  10;  A.  Ill,  12;  scales  4-28-10.     L.  3  inches.    Ne\T 

Jersey  to  Maryland,  in  sluggish  streams.    A  handsome  little  fish. 

(Pomods  chwtodon  Baird,  Ninth  Siuithsouiun  Rei)ort,  1854,  324:  Pomotis  chwtodon 
GUuther,  i,  263;  Jordan,  Man.  Vort.  ed.  2,  245.) 


h.' 


h^[l.    \ 


!■!' 


aaO.— LiEPOmiS  Rafiulsque.  -i 

Sun-finhcs.  ' 

(Ichthclls,  Pomotis  and  Apomotis  Eafinisqno:    Bryttua  Cuv.  &  Val. :  Xenotis,  Xystro- 
]}lUm  and  IlcUoperca  Jordan:  Eiqtomotis  Gill  &  Jordan. 

(Rafineaqno,  Journal  de  Physique,  1819,  402 :  type  Labrus  auritus  L.) 

Body  oblong  or  ovate,  more  or  less  compressed,  the  back  in  tlio 
adult  somewhat  elevated.  Mouth  moderate  or  small,  the  jaws  about 
equal;  maxillary  narrow,  the  supplemental  bone  small  or  reduced  to  a 
mere  rudiment  or  altogether  wanting.  Teeth  on  vomer,  and  usually  on 
l^alatines ;  none  on  tongue  or  pterygoids ;  lower  pharyngeals  narrow, 
the  teeth  conic  or  paved.  Gill-rakers  mostly  short;  preopcirculum 
entire;  opeiculura  ending  behind  in  a  convex  flap,  black  in  color, 
which  in  some  species  becomes,  grcatl.y  develoi)ed  with  age.  Brancliios- 
tegals  i>.  Scales  moderate.  Dorsal  fin  continuous,  with  ten  spines ; 
anal  with  three  spines;  caudal  fin  emarginate.  Coloration  brilliant, 
but  evanescent.  A  large  genus,  one  of  the  most  difficult  in  our  fish 
fauna  in  which  to  distinguish  species.  The  form  of  body,  development 
of  ear-flap,  and  hei;^ht  of  /jpines  vary  greatly  with  age.  The  number 
of  fin-rays  and  scales  are  assentially  the  same  in  all.  (AeTTJc,  scale;  ;rw/xa, 
operculum,  a  character  supposed  to  distingush  the  genus  from  Sparvs.) 

The  species  may  be  subdivided  as  follows: 

*  Lower  pharyngeals  narrow,  the  teeth  mostly  conic, 
a.  F^.aryngeal  teeth  all,  or  nearly  all.  slender,  acnto. 
ft.  Supplemental  maxillary  hone  well  dovel(>ped;  piilatine  teeth  present;  gill- 
rakers  stilTund  ratluir  lon;^;.    (Apomotis  Maf. ) .  cyanelliis,  symmetricus,  phenax, 
hi).  Supplemental  maxillary  rednced  to  a  slight  rudimevit. 

c.  Gill-rakefM  stiff,  not  very  short;  palatine  tcoth  nsnally  present.    (Lepomi»,) 
•       d,  Gill-rakers  comparatively  long  and  slender;  ear-Map  shoi-t. 

iachyriis,  macrochtrus,  mystacalis,  elovijatita,  hturimts,  punctattts,  vn.iiatiis, 
dd.  Gill-rakers  short,  thickish ;  cariiap  very  long  ami  narrow  in  the  adult. 

auritM. 
cc.  GilT-rakors  weak  and  floxihlo,  very  short ;  nn  palatine  teeth.   (Xctotis  Jordan.) 
'  megalotit),  marpinatm,  homhifrom, 

ilib.   Snpi)lemontal  maxillary  ohsolete ;  gill-rakers  slender.    {Jldioperca.) 

e.  Palatine  tet  lU  present ..hiimiUs, 

ee.  Palatine  teotl:  none ;  a  black  dors:il  patch paUidas. 

aa.  Pharyngeal  teeth  mostly  bluntly  e»nio.    (X jatroplitca  Jotian.) 

heron,  tnryorus,  alhnhs, 

••Lower  pharyngeals  broad,  with  the  teeth  paved,  nearly  spherical,  truncate  above. 

Jiupomotia  Gill  &  Joiuuu) notaUis,  holbrooki,  gibboBiis,  Urii«, 


84.    CENTRARCHIDiE — LEPOMIS. 


473 


a  Pharyngpal  teeth  all  or  nearly  all  Blender,  acnte ;  lower  pharyngeals  narrow,  th« 
teeth  mostly  conic. 
b.  Supplemental  maxillary  evident ;  palatine  teeth  present ;  gill-rakers  stiff  and 
rather  long.    {ApomoHa  *  Bailncsque.) 

fStJ.  Ij«  cvandiMS  Kaf. — Bed-eye;  Dive-spotted  Sun-fish. 

Bodv  oblong,  rather  elongate,  becoming  short  and  deep  with  age ; 

niodt  itely  compressed.    Head  large,  with  projecting  snout.    Mouth 

K        large,  the  maxillary  broad  and  6at,  with  a  small  supplemental 

boue,  reaching  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  eye ;  lower  jaw  projecting. 

Dorsal  spines  quite  low,  the  highest  scarcely  longer  than  snout  (in  the 

adult,  longer  in  young).    Scales  small.    Opercidar  spot  small,  less  than 

eye,  broadly  margined,  the  black  confined  to  the  bony  part.    Pectoral 

short,  not  reaching  anal.    Color  variable,  the  prevailing  shade  green, 

with  a  strong  brassy  lustre  on  sides,  which  becomes  nearly  yellow  below ; 

each  scale  usually  with  a  sky-blue  spot  and  more  or  less  of  gilt  edging, 

giving  an  appearance  of  i^ale  lateral  streaks;  besides  these  marks,  dusky 

or  obscure  vertical  bars  are  often  present,  and  the  sides  are  sprinkled 

with  dark  dots ;  vertical  fins  marked  with  blue  or  green,  the  anal  usually 

edged  in  front  with  pale  orange;  usually  a  conspicuous  black  spot  on 

posterior  base  of  dorsal  and  anal,  these  often  obsolete ;  iris  red ;  cheeks 

wI'lU  narrow  blue  stripes.    Scales  on  cheeks  in  8  rows.    Head  3 ;  depth 

2.J.    D.  X,  11;  A.  in,  9;  Lat.  1.  about  48     L.  7  inches.    Very  variable. 

Great  Lake  region  to  Mexico;  very  abundant  south  westward ;  asceud> 

ing  smdl  brooks. 

(Raf.  Journ.  do  Physique,  1819,  420  :  Icthelh  meJanops  Raf.  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,  m :  Cal- 
Vmrus  longuliis,  diaphanus,  formosus,  and  vdcrops  Girard,  U.  8.  Pac.  11.  R.  Surv.  Fish. 
and  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound,  Surv.  Ichth.  1859:  lirifttua  signifer  Grd.  U.  S.  Pac.  li.  R.  Surv. 
F'sli.  tiO :  liryttns  lojigulua  Giinther,  i,  260 :  Lepomia  microps,  mineopaa,  and  vidanops 
vJope,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Phila.  1868  223, 224 :  Apomotia  cyanellus  Jordan,  Man. 
Vert.  E.  U.S.  ed.  2,239.) 

737.  L.  syillinetricus  Forhes,  sp.  nov. 

Color  dark,  most  scales  with  a  vertical  dark  bar  at  base ;  cheeks  mot- 
tled, not  striped ;  sides  with  about  10  vertical  bars,  widest  forward ; 
pectoral  fins  pale ;  ventrals  dusky  in  the  male ;  dorsal  fin  in  the  female 
with  a  dark  ocellated  8i)ot  on  its  Last  ray.  Body  short,  deep,  with  reg 
iilar  outlines.  Mouth  moderate,  the  lower  jaw  longest,  the  maxillary 
reaching  the  front  of  the  pupil ;  supplemental  maxillary  present.  Pala- 
tine teeth  present ;  pharj  ngeal  teeth  rather  blunt.  Gill-rakers  stiff  and 
long.    Cheeks  with  7  rows  of  scales.    Opercular  angle  not  prolonged, 

•  RaOnesque,  Journ.  de  Physique,  etc.,  1819,  420 :  type  Lepomia  cyanellus  Ruf. ;  a, 
priujitivo;  »©/<«,  operculum;  ovi,  ettr=roripomi«  Raf.  18ii0. 


■. 


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474     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 

its  black  spot  higher  than  long,  shorter  than  eye  with  a  narrow  pale 
border.  Spinous  dorsal  rather  low,  two-thirds  height  ot  soft,  the  loujr. 
est  spine  as  long  as  from  snout  tc  middle  of  eye ;  caudal  peduncle  sborf 
and  deep ;  caudal  slightly  emarginate ;  pectorals  and  vcntrals  reachinr; 
vent.  Head  2§ ;  depth  1%.  Eye  a  little  longer  than  snout,  3|  in  head. 
D.  X,  10 ;  A.  Ill,  9 ;  scales  6-34-14.  L.  2J  inches  (adult).  Types  15 
specimens,  in  Illinois  Laboratory  of  I^atural  History  from  Illinois  Iliver. 
(^rfies  MSS.)  ,   ; 

'J'3§.  1..  plieiiax  (Cope  &  Jordau)  McKay. 

Appearance  of  Lepomis  pallidus.  Body  rather  short  and  deep ;  snout 
short,  projecting,  forming  an  angle  over  the  eye.  Mouth  inoderate,  the 
lower  jaw  slightly  the  longer,  the  maxillary  reaching  middle  of  eye,  the 
supplemental  bone  strong.  Eye  moderate,  4J  in  head.  Opercular  spot 
larger  than  eye.  Scales  on  cheek  in  7  rows.  Gill-rakt^rs  very  long. 
Dorsal  spines  short  and  strong,  as  long  as  from  snout  to  middle  of  eye* 
pectorals  long ;  soft  dorsal  high,  anal  higher.  Color  in  spirits  nearly 
plain  olive-green  ;  no  black  spot  on  dorsal  or  anal.  Head  2  J ;  depth  2^. 
D.  X,  10 ;  A.  Ill,  9 }  scales  6-43-14.  L.  6  iuches.  Beaseley's  Point, 
Kew  Jersey. 

(Apomotia  phenax  Cope  «fe  Jordan,  Bull,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  26,  1877;  McKay,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.  1881.) 

hb.  Supplemental  maxillary  reduced  to  a  slight  rudiment. 

c.  Gill-rakers  stiff,  not  very  short ;  palatine  tooth  usually  present.    {Lejyomis.) 
d.  Gill-rakers  comparatively  long  and  slender;  ear-ilap  short. 

939.  Li.  iscliyrus  Jor.  &  Nelson. 

Aspect  of  L.  pallidus.  Body  elongated,  robust,  much  elevated. 
Mouth  wide,  the  maxillaries  reaching  middle  of  orbit.  Palatine  teeth 
present.  Occiput  prominent ;  top  of  head  flat  and  short,  forming  an 
angle  with  tlio  descending  profile.  Scales  on  cheeks  in  6  rows.  Fius 
high,  the  .'iorsal  spines  rather  low  and  very  strong,  the  longest  as  long 
as  from  tip  of  snout  to  middle  of  orbit.  Opercular  flap  large,  with  a 
broad  pale  edge,  entirely  surrounding  the  bl.ack.  Eye  large,  smaller 
than  opercular  spot,  4J  in  head.  Color  dusky,  mottled  with  orange  and 
b'ue;  cheeks  with  wide  obscure  blue  bands;  a  dusky  spot  on  dorsal 
and  anal  behind;  belly  and  lower  fins  coppery  yellow;  lower  jaw  and 
lower  parts  of  head  leaden  blue.  Head  2§ ;  depth,  2^.  D.  X,  12;  A. 
Ill,  10 ;  scales  5-46-14.    L.  7  inches.    Illinois  Eiver.  T^   TT^ 

(Ichthclia  aquilenaia  Nelson,  Bull.  Ills.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  37  (not  Pomoiia  aquiknm 
B.  «fc  G.);  Jordan  &  Nolsou,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  25,  1877.) 


84.   CENTRARCniDJE LEP0MI8. 


475 


9410.  L.  inacrochirus  Rnf.  > 

Brigbt  steel-blue,  with  many  bronze  orange  spots,  wbicli  cover  nearly 
tbe  whole  surface,  so  arranged  that  the  ground  color  forms  a  series  of 
vertical  chain-like  bars,  very  conspicuous  in  life ;  vertical  fins  mottled 
with  bronze  and  usually  more  or  less  edged  with  pale  orange ;  sometimes 
a  faint  black  dorsal  spot;  no  distinct  blue  stripes  on  cheek,  but  the 
sitlos  of  the  head  shaded  with  purplish.  Opercular  flap  small,  black, 
luargined  with  pale.  Body  rather  elongate,  the  head  somewhat  acute. 
Pectoral  fins  reaching  beyond  ventrals  to  anal.  Gill-rakers  rather  long 
and  slender,  strongly  toothed,  11  developed.  Supplemental  bone  minute. 
About  7  rows  of  scales  on  cheeks.  Head  3;  depth  2 J.  D.  X,  12;  A. 
Ill,  10;  scales  about  C-42-15,  L.  5  inches.  Ohio  Valley;  a  small, 
bamlsome  species. 

(Raf.  Journ.  de  Physique  1819,  420;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert,  ed,  2,  239:  Lepomia  nephelut 
Cope,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18G8,  222.) 

741.  L.  mystacalJs  Cope. 

Body  deep,  comi)re8sed.  Eye  large,  3J  in  head.  Dorsal  spines 
robust,  little  shorter  than  the  soft  rays;  paired  fins  long;  maxillary 
extending  somewhat  beyond  frort  of  orbit;  four  rows  of  scales  on 
cheeks;  opercular  spot  short  without  border.  Gill-rakers  slender. 
Dusky,  sides  silvery,  with  irregular,  short,  dark  vertical  bars ;  a  palo 
baud  from  mouth  across  preopercle,  a  dark  line  below  this,  then  a  silvery 
baad;  lower  parts  and  most  of  vertical  fins  yellow."  Head  3g;  depth 
2.    D.  X,  12 ;  A.  HI,  12;  scales  7-51-15.    East  Florida.    {Cop^.) 

(Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  See.  18^7,  G6.)      ,        >.  -  y- .  •  \ 

742.  L.  clongatUS  (Holbr.)  Gill  &  Jor. 

Body  rather  elongate,  compresses       Front  steep.    Caudal  peduncle 

long.    iVIaxillary  extending  to  front  cf  eye.    Eye  large,  3 J  in  head. 

Scales  on  cheek  in  C  ro    s.    Opercular  flap  moderate.    Fins  high,  the 

longest  dorsal  fin  as  louj^  as  snout  and  eye.    Dusky  above,  yellowish 

below,  with  faint  dark  vers   ^al  bars  on  the  sides,  and  a  dark  blotch  on 

the  tail  behind  the  dorsal  fin;  cheeks  with  pale  bluish  lines;  fins  plain. 

Head  2§ ;  depth  2  J.    D.  X,  11;  A.  HI,  9.    L.  4  inches.    South  Carolina 

to  Florida.    {HolbrooJc.) 

{Pomotia  dongatua  Holbr.  Journ.  Acad.  Nnt.  Sci.  Phila.  ISSf),  47:  Pomotia  elongatus 
G'.iuther,i,  2(52:  1  Lepomia  OjMlialmieua  Cope,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1808,  224.) 

713.  li.  inili'inns  (Grd.)  McKay. 

Body  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  the  form  precisely  as  in  L.  cya- 
nellus.    Mouth  rather  largo;  maxillary  about  reaching  front  of  eyej 


r 


i 


i 

•    .iulti 

H 

'C 


«Jf.< 


476      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

teeth  on  vomer  and  front  of  palatines.  Gill-rakers  moderate,  0  or  10  de- 
veloped. Supplemental  maxillary  scarcely  appreciable.  Eye  oqual  to 
Jnterorbital  width.  Cheeks  with  7  rows  of  scales.  Spinous  dorsal  rather 
high,  the  longest  spine  about  as  long  as  from  tip  of  snout  to  pupil;  pec- 
torals  short,  scarcely  reaching  vent.  Scales  small,  reduced  on  breast. 
Dark  greenish ;  a  black  spot  on  dorsal  as  in  L.  cyanelltis.  Ilead  2^  • 
depth  3.    D.  X,  10;  A.  Ill,  9;  scales  7-42-15.    Texas. 

{CaUiuriie  murimi8  Grd.  U.  S.  Pac.  K.  R,  Surv.  Fish.  1858,  18,  pi.  7,  fijr,  1;  the  other 
pecinieiis  oxaininod  by  Girard  belong  to  L.  cyanvllua  :  lirtjttm  murinus  Giiiithtr  i 
GO;  McKay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1881,88.)  '  ' 


8 

2G0 


I&IU 


7'4'i.  L.  piinctatus  (Cuv.  &.  Val.)  Jor.  « 

Body  deep,  compressed,  the  profile  steep ;  an  angle  above  the  eye. 

Mouth  moderate;  maxillary  reaching  past  anterior  margin  of  eye;  sup- 

jdemental  maxillary  present,  small.    Palatine  teeth  present.    Gill-rakers 

rather  long,  stiff,  and  strong.    Opercular  fla])  small,  short,  and  deep 

shorter  than  eye.     Eye  large,  4  in  head.     Scales  on  the  cheeks  in  7 

rows.    Dorsal  spines  high,  the  middle  ones  highest,  nearly  as  long  as 

snout  and  orbit.    Olivaceous,  with  numerous  small  deep  brown  spots 

smaller  than  pin-heads,  resembling  lly-specks;  these  are  most  distinct 

on  the  lower  part  of  the  sides,  where  they  form  lines  along  the  rows  of 

scales,  and  on  the  opercies;  sometimes  they  cover  the  whole  body.    Fins 

plain  dusky.     Head  3;  depth  IJ.     D.  X,  11;  A.  Ill,  10;  scales  0-40-13. 

L.  5  inches.    Streams  of  Florida;  a  handsome  species,  known  at  sight 

by  the  peculiar  coloration.  > 

(Bryttus  pnnctatiw  and  reticnlatvs  Cuv.  &  Val.  vii,  402;  Jordan,  Proc.  IJ.  8.  Nat. 
Mus.  ii,  tJ24,  1879:  Lcpomia  apiatua  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Pbila.  1877,65:  Lqn- 
opomna  apiniua  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  'lb,  1877.) 

743.  li.  miuinlus  Jordan. 

Body  oblong  and  somewhat  regularly  elliptical.  Mouth  rather  large. 
Opercular  flap  short  and  broad,  entirely  black.  Scales  of  cheek  in 
4  series.  Eye  large,  3^  in  head.  Giil-rakers  shortish,  but  stitt'.and 
rough.  Palatine  teeth  present.  Dorsal  si)ines  rather  long,  as  long  as 
from  snout  to  posterior  edge  of  pupil  Pectorals  long.  Color  dark,  a 
scarlet  spot  on  each  scale,  forming  red  longitudinal  stripes ;  a  dusky 
mark  on  each  side  of  each  red  spot;  belly  largely  orange  red;  fins  dark; 
no  dorsal  spot;  iris  red.  Head  2^;  depth  2|.  D.  X,  10;  A.  Ill,  1»; 
scales  4-40-11.  L.  4  inches.  Alabama  to  Texas 3  not  rare;  a  small, 
brightly  colored  species. 

(Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  2(5,  1877.) 


84.    CENTRARCHID^ LEPOMIS. 


477 


dd.  Gin-ral^«"'8  sliort,  tbickish ;  car  flnp  in  the  adult  very  long  and  narrow. 
746.  I"  aurltus  (L.)  Raf.— Long-cared  Sun-fiah. 

Body  elongate,  not  much  elevated.  Snout  moderately  prominent. 
Mouth  rather  large,  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  past  front  of  eye. 
Cheeks  with  rather  small  scales,  in  about  7  rows.  Scales  of  breast  very 
small.  Palatine  teeth  few,  rather  large.  Gill-rakers  quite  short,  not 
much  longer  than  in  Lepomis  megalotis,  but  stift*  and  rough,  set  v.ide 
apart,  diminishing  in  size  Jrom  the  angle  forwards.  Opercular  flap 
very  long  (longer  in  the  adult  than  on  any  other  of  the  Suu-flshes 
except  Lepomis  megalotis),  narrow,  usually  not  wider  than  the  eye.  In 
the  young  the  flap  is  variously  shortor,  but  always  narrow;  lower 
margiu  of  flap  usually  pale.  Dorsal  spines  rather  low.  Color  olive; 
belly  largely  orange  red;  scales  on  the  sides  with  reddish  spots  on 
a  bluish  ground ;  vertical  fins  chiefly  orange  or  yellowish ;  head  with 
bluish  stripes,  especially  in  front  of  eye;  fins  becoming  dusky  in  spirits; 
nodjjsky  blotch  on  last  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal.  Head  (without  flap) 
3  in  length;  depth  2J.  D.  X,  11;  A.  Ill,  9;  Lat.  1.  47.  L.  8  inches. 
Maine  to  Louisiana;  abundant  in  all  streams  east  of  the  Alleghauies; 
the  typical  form,  above  described,  chiefly  northward. 

(Lahriis  aiirituH  Linn.  Syat.  Ntit.  ed.  x,283,  17r;8:  LahruH  auritun  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  cd. 
xli,  475,  17'T):  livjittHa  unieolor  Cnv.  &  Val.  vii,  464:  Pomolis  ruhricauda  Storer,  Bo8t. 
Journ.  Nat.  Hist,  iv,  177:  PomoHs  appendix  Storor,  Hist.  FisL.  Mass.  1867,  14.) 

Var.  solis  (Cnv.  &  Val.)  McKay. 

Similar  to  the  preceding,  except  that  the  scales  on  the  cheek  are 

larger,  in  5  or  6  rows;  the  scales  on  the  breast  are  not  very  small,  and 

there  is  usually  a  dusky  blotch  on  the  last  rays  of  the  dorsal.    Virginia 

to  Louisiana,  in  streams  coastwise;  abundant,  replacing  the  true  auritua 

in  the  streams  of  the  Southern  States. 

{Pomotis  soUh  Cnv.  &  Val.  vii,  408:  Jchthdia  ruhr'icaitda  Holbrook,  Ichth.  S.  C.  1860, 
15;  McKay,  Proc.  V..  S.  Nat.  Mua.  iv,  89.") 

cc.  Gill-ralvors  weak  and  flexible,  very  short ;  palatine  1  eeth  none.     ( Xenotia  *  Jordan. ) 

Ti?.-  L.  meg^alotis  (Raf.)  Cope. — Long-eared  Sun-fiah. 

Body  short  and  deep,  compressed,  the  back  very  strongly  arched ;  the 

profile  very  steep,  usually  forming  an  angle  above  eye,  but  sometimes 

full  and  convex.    Mouth  small,  oblique,  the  premaxillary  rather  below 

the  eye,  the  maxillary  extending  to  opposite  middle  of  eye.    Scales  on 

cheek  rather  large,  in  about  5  rows.    Dorsal  spines  very  low,  not  much 

longer  than  the  snout.    Opercular  flap  in  the  adult  very  long  and  broad, 

with  a  broad  or  narrow  i)ale  blue  or  red  margin,  the  margin  sometimes 

•Jordan,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1677, 76:  type  Pomotia  fallax  B.  &  G.  (€f  koS, 
wonderful;  ouS,  ear.) 


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478     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 


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very  broad,  sometimes  almost  wanting ;  the  flap  half  or  more  longer 
than  the  eye  in  the  adult,  much  shorter  in  the  young,  its  dovelon- 
ment  subject  to  great  variation.  Brilliant  blue  and  orange;  the  back 
chiefly  blue;  the  belly  entirely  orange,  the  orange  on  the  sides  in  spots 
tbe  blue  in  wavy  vertical  streaks;  lips  blue;  cheeks  orange,  with  bright- 
blue  stripes;  blue  stripes  before  eye;  iris  red;  soft  parts  of  vertical  tins 
with  the  rays  blue  and  the  membranes  orange;  ventrals  dusky.  Head 
■without  flap,  3  in  length;  depth  1§-2J.  D.  X,  10;  A.  Ilf,  8;  scales  o- 
38-14.  L.  6  inches.  Michigan  to  Minnesota,  South  Carolina,  and  Mex- 
ico; very  abundant  in  most  streams.  One  of  our  most  brightly-colored 
fishes.  Extremely  variable:  the  young  are  often  elliptical  in  form,  and 
the  size  at  which  the  characteristic  ear-flap  is  developed  varies  sieatly 
with  different  individuals.  We  have  thus  far  failed  to  distinguish  any 
tangible  varieties.  Some  Southern  specimens  have  the  ear-flap  lon'^er 
{faUax)',  some  l!fortheru  ones  have  the  scales  rather  larger  {imcriptim) 
or  the  margin  of  the  ear-flap  broader  than  usual  {peltantes),  or  wantinj,' 
altogether  [lytlirocliJ^ms).  Some  Southern  specimens  (hreviccps)  have  a 
dusky  spot  on  the  !nst  rays  of  dorsal.  These  characters  gradually  dis- 
appear on  examination  of  a  large  series. 

( lehthelis  megaloiia  Raf.  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,29 :  Xenoiis  megalotu  .Jordan,  Man.  Voit. ed 2, 
242:  Ichthells  aiirita  Raf.  Ich.  Oh.  1820, 29,  not  Labriia  auritus  L. :  Lcpomis  auritun  Cope 
Joiirn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18G8,  220:  Xenotis  lythrochloria  Jordan,  Bull,  U.  S.Nat. 
Mils.  X,  40:  Pomoiia  vitida  Kirtland,  Boat.  Jouru.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  472:  romotix  fnUnx 
Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  24:  Pomotia  fallax  Girard,  U.  8. 
Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fisli.  27:  Pomotia  ruhricauda  GUuther,  i,  262:  Pomotin  brvviceps  B,  & 
G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nar,.  Sci.  Phihi.  1853,  390:  Pomotia  popel  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  I{.  Surv. 
Fish.  X,  2(5:  Pomoiia  aanguinolcniua  Af;as8.  Aiiier.  .Joiim.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  302:  Xenolisnolk 
Jordan,  Ball.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  22,  uot  Pomotia  aolia  C.  &  V. :  Pomotia  conveiifrom 
Baird  «fe  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  24 :  Xcnotia  aurcolua  Jordan,  I5iill, 
U.  S.  Nat.  MnH.  x,  41:  Pomotia  inscript ua  Agassiz,  Amer.  Jonrii.  Sci.  Arts,  It'.'-.l,  :i(y: 
Xcnotia  inacriptua  .Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  42:  Lcpomia  peliastea  Cope,  Proc. 
Amcr.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  454;  McKay,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  iv,  Sd.) 

74§.  li.  margnnatus  (Holbr.)  McKay. 

Body  short  and  deep.     Snout  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  eye, 

the  maxillary  extending  to  tbe  orbit.    Paired  flns  rather  long.    Color 

olive,  with  darker  vertical  bars;  head  and  body  with  numerous  blnish- 

green  spots;  opercular  appendix  bordered  with  green.    Head  3;  depth 

2.    D.  (IX)  X,  12;  A.  Ill,  lU.     Fiwr'da.     {Holbrool:) 

(^Pomotia  marginatiia  Holbr.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1855,  49:  Pomotia  margi- 
nnina  GUuther,  i,  2(54.) 

749.  L.  boanbifi'ons  (Agass.)  Jor. 

Body  rather  short  and  deep,  with  the  profile  very  steep  and  the  back 
very  much  arched,  the  greatest  depth  of  the  body  being  over  the 


mi^.- 


84.   CENTRARCHID^ — LpPOMIS. 


479 


opercles;  opercular  flap  very  small,  uumargined.  Eye  large;  a  slight 
angle  in  front  of  the  eye.  Gill-rakers  unknown.  Mouth  moderate, 
placed  very  low;  the  premaxillaries  entirely  below  the  eye;  maxillary 
extending  back  to  the  middle  of  the  pupil.  Dorsal  spines  moderate, 
the  last  ones  somewhat  shortened.  Anal  fin  large;  i)ectoral8  and  ven- 
trals  reaching  anal.  Scales  of  cheek  in  5  rows.  Light  brown;  fins 
pale,  unspotted.  Scales  of  belly  and  sides  dotted  with  golden  orange. 
Head  2|;  depth  2^.  D.  X,  — ;  A.  Ill,  — ;  scales  5-?-ll.  L.  4  inches. 
{Agassiz.)  Tennessee  River.  Known  to  us  from  the  original  descrip- 
tion and  from  a  tracing  of  a  drawing  received  from  Professor  Bliss. 
yVomoUahombifrona  Agassiz,  Amer.  Jonrn.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  303.) 

flflo.  Supplementary  maxillary  obsolete :  gill-rakers  sleuder,  rather  stiff.    {HcUoperca* 
Jordan.) 
i.  Palatiue  teeth  present. 

750.  L.  hamilis  (Grd.)  Cope, — Red-spotted  Sunfiah. 

Body  oblong.  Scales  large.  Spines  rather  high.  Profile  not  very 
steep.  Eye  3 J  in  head ;  mucous  pores  on  head  very  lai'ge ;  opercular 
flap  rather  long,  broad,  with  a  very  broad  red  margin  which  entirely 
surrounds  the  black.  Gill-rakers  rather  long,  blunt,  8-10,  well  de- 
veloped; cheeks  with  about  5  rows  of  scales.  Bluish,  with  conspicuous 
greenish  spots  and  mottlings  posteriorly ;  sides  with  many  conspicuous 
ronnd  salmon-red  spots;  usually  a  faint  black  spot  on  last  rays  of 
dorsal;  belly  and  lower  fins  red.  Head  2^;  depth  2^.  D.  X,  11;  A.  Ill, 
9;  scales  5-34-11.  L.  3  inches.  Kentucky  to  Kansiis  and  Texas;  lo- 
cally abundant;  a  small,  highly-colored  species. 

(Brijtius  htmiliH  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1857,  201;  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac. 
R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  18.'j8,  21:  Lcpomis  anaijaUinus  Cope,  Jouru.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 
18C8,  221:  Lepomis  anagallinua  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  cd.  3,  240:  ?  BrijtluH  oculatus\  Cope, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  ]8()5,  83:  ?  Lepomis  oculatus  Cope,  Jouru.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.  18(58.  221. 

(M,  Palatine  teeth  none  ;  a  black  blotch  on  last  rays  of  dorsal. 

751.  L.  paltidus  (Mitch.)  Gill  &  Jor. — Blue  Sutifish ;  Copper-nosed  Bream;  Dol. 

lardce. 

Body  comparatively  short  and  deej),  compressed ;  the  young  slender, 
the  adult  nearly  orbicular.    Caudal  peduncle  rather  slender.    Head  not 

"Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1876,355:  type  Labrvs i)aUidu8  Milch.  {rfXiov, 
sun;  TTFpHtj,  perch.) 

\L,  oculatus  Cope. 

Similar  to  L.  humilis,  but  tho  body  deeper,  the  caudal  peduncle  and  fln  forming 
but  ouc-third  of  the  length.  Head  short;  opercular  flap  long,  with  a  black  spot  aa 
large  as  eye,  surrounded  by  a  broad  pale  margin ;  body  without  rod  spots.  Depth  2^. 
Scales  5-32-11.    L.  3.    (Cope.)    Minnesota. 


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480     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO  Js'ORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 

larjEfe,  the  projecting  snout  nsnally  forming  an  angle  above  eye.  Mouth 
quite  small,  oblique,  the  jaws  about  equal,  the  maxillary  barely  reacli- 
ing  the  front  of  the  eye.  Five  rows  of  scales  on  cheeks.  Opercular 
flap  very  short  in  the  young ;  in  the  adult  rather  long  and  wide,  witliout 
pale  edge.  Gill-rakers  moderately  long,  nearlj^  terete,  bent  slifrhtiv 
downwards,  about  10  well  developed.  Dorsal  spines  strong  and  hifrj, 
usually  longer  than  snout  and  eye.  Ventral  fins  reaching  anal ;  pectorals 
reaching  past  anal  spines.  Olive  green;  adults  dark;  young  more  or 
less  silverj',  with  a  purple  lustre  in  life;  sides  with  undulathig,  often 
chain-like,  transverse  greenish  bars,  which  become  obsolete  in  the  adult- 
no  blue  stripes  on  cheeks ;  a  dift'use  black  blotch  at  base  of  posterior 
rays  of  dorsal  and  anal,  often  obscure  in  young;  no  red  on  fins;  very 
old  si^ecimeus  often  with  the  belly  coppery  red.  Head  3 ;  depth  2.  D. 
X,  11;  A.  Ill,  10;  Lat.  1.  44.  L.  8  inches.  Great  Lakes  to  Florida  and 
Mexico ;  very  abundant ;  one  of  our  most  widely  difiused  and  variable 
species. 

(Lahrus  palladHs  Mitchill,  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  18L^),  407 ;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert. 
241:  Labrua  appendix  Mitchill,  Amer.  Month.  Mag.  247,  IHlCJ  (not  Pomot'is  appendix  of 
authors):  Pomotis  incisor  C,  &  V.  vii,  4(')():  Pomot is  incisor  Gilnther,  i,  2(59:  IcIitluJiH  in- 
cisor Holbrook,  Ichth.  S.  C.  12 :  Pomotis  f/ibbosus  C.  &  V.  vii,  4(57  :  Pomotis  spcciosna,  and 
aqiiilcnsis  B.  «fe  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  24 :  Pomotis  speciosus  Giinther, ',  2(ii!: 
Pomotis  luna  Grd.  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Snrv.  Fish,  x,  22 :  Lcponm  longispinia,  mcqalotis,  and 
ardcsiacus  Cope,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1H6H,  220, 222 :  Lepom  is  purptiraacens  Cope, 
Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phi  hi.  1H70,  453:  Pomotis  obscurm"  Agasmz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci. 
Arts,  1854,  302:  Lepiopomus  obacurus  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  1876,  317,  a  deeply 
colored  variety,  from  the  Tennessee  Basin  and  southward.) 

CO.  Pharyngeal  teeth  mostly  bluntly  conic.     {Xysiroplitesi  Jovian.)  .. 


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VSa.  L..  heros  (B.  .fe  G.)  McKay. 

Appearance  of  Lepomis  pallidus.  Body  robust,  deep ;  the  front  steep, 
the  projecting  snout  forming  a  considerable  angle  at  the  eye.  Caudal 
peduncle  rather  long.  Mouth  moderate.  Eye  large.  Scales  on  cheeks 
ill  4  or  5  rows.  Opercular  flap  broad,  about  as  large  as  eye,  with  an 
orange  margin  below  and  behind.     Spines  strong  and  rather  high. 


*The  life  colors  of  ^'Lepomis  obacurus"  are  as  follows:- 

Dark  green  above,  the . shoulders  and  front  of  back  with  distinct  greenish-black 
spots;  sides  with  Avide  dark-green  bars;  chest  bright  coppery-red,  spotted  with  l)!iU'k- 
ish  and  orange ;  sides  of  belly  with  blackish  und  carmine  ;  face,  lower  jaw,  and  lower 
p.irts  of  head  of  a  peculiar  bright  leaden  l)l»e;  cheeks  orange  and  lead-blue,  not 
striped;  opercular  spot  large,  all  black;  vertical  fins  dark  blue-green;  a  black  spot 
ou  last  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal. 

t  Jordan  MSS.  Cope,  Proc.  Amor.  Philos.  Soc.  1877,  66:  typo  Xyatroplitcs  gillii  Jor- 
dan =i?n/t/M«  a/6ii/M8  Grd.     (^vSvpov,  a  scraper — gill-rakor;  OTtXirrfi,  armed.) 


liU-l' 


84.   CENTRARCHID^ — LEPOMIS. 


481 


Pectoral  fins  long.    Olivaceous,  plain  in  spirits;  belly  silvery ;  cheeks 

not  striped;  visually  a  faint,  spot  on  last  rays  of  dorsal,  and  so.netiines 

of  anal  also.    Head  2|;  depth  2.    D.  X,  12;  A.  Ill,  11;  scales  5-30-15. 

Texas;  one  specimen  known;  distinguishable  from  Lepomis  pallidvs  only 

by  the  blunt  teeth. 

(Pomolis  heron  Baird  &,  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1854,  25:  Pomotis  hcrwt 
GTi\-  U-  i^'  Mox.  Bound.  Surv.  Ichtk.  6:  XijatropUtea  heroa  Joruau,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2, 
244.) 

r58.  L.  curyorus  McKay. 

Body  very  robust,  compressed;  form  nearly  oval;  dorsal  witline 
more  convex  than  ventral;  profile  steep,  convex.  Mouth  oblique, 
small;  maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.  Outer  teeth  stronger  than 
others;  teeth  on  front  of  palatines.  Lower  pharyngeals  with  the  rather 
long  posterior  spur  turned  up,  stoutish ;  the  inner  angle  rounded,  some- 
what obtuse.  Teeth  stout,  very  much  blunted,  not  close  set;  the  inner 
considerably  stronger  and  less  blunt  than  the  rest.  Gill  rakers  short, 
stout,  about  eight  in  number,  the  inner  surface  roughened.  Maxillary 
with  a  small  but  perfectly  distinct  supplemental  bone.  Eye  very  small, 
considerably  less  than  length  of  snout.  Scales  on  cheeks  in  6-7  rows. 
Opercular  flap  nearly  as  long  as  snout,  surrounded  by  a  very  broad, 
mler,  membranous  margin;  scales  on  the  opercle  large,  in  5  rows. 
Dorsal  spines  low,  the  longest  as  long  as  from  snout  to  eye;  much 
lower  than  soft  rays.  Caudal  peduncle  and  fin  short  and  broad;  ven- 
trals  and  pectorals  short,  reaching  vent.  Scales  on  breast  larger  than 
those  on  cheeks.  Head  3^;  depth  2|.  D.  X,  11;  A.  Ill,  10;  scales  6- 
43-14.    L.  G§  inches.    Lake  Huron;  one  specimen  known. 

(McKay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1881,  89.) 

73i.  L.  albuliis  (Grd.)  McKay. 

Body  elongate,  rather  deep  mesially.  Caudal  peduncle  rather  elon- 
gate. Snout  projecting,  forming  an  angle  above  eye.  Mouth  wide* 
the  lower  jaw  projecting;  maxillary  reaching  just  past  front  of  pupil. 
Eye  as  long  as  opercular  flap,  4  J  in  head ;  flap  moderate,  broad,  with  a 
very  wide  pale  edge  below  and  behind.  Dorsal  spines  moderate,  as 
long  as  snout  and  half  of  orbit.  Five  rows  of  scales  on  cheek.  Lower 
pharyngeal  teeth  blunt,  almost  paved.  Light  olive,  uniform  in  spirits; 
traces  of  dusky  mottlings  on  last  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal.  Head  2i; 
depth  2.    D.X,  10;  A.  Ill,  0;  scales  0-42-13.    L.  5  inches.    Florida  to. 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  IG 31 


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482     CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTITYOLOGY— iv. 

Texas;  not  coiiiiuoii;  like  the  pieoedinif  Hpeciea,  intermediate  Ix'twcen 

Lrpomin  proper  ami  FjitpomoCtH. 

(I>r;illiis  (ilhiiliin  (Jrd.  I'rtic.  Anul,  Nut.  Sci.  Philii.  1K'>7;  fJininl,  U.  R,  Pn,-.  I{  v 
Snrv.  \,  11>:  llriitliiH  (ilbiihtM  (iiintlwr,  i,  VJ.V.t:  XiiHfroiilitiH  i/ilH  Joulim,  Piill.  II.  s.  Nit 
MiiH.  X,  V.M,  1H77;  MrKiiy,  Prur.  V.  8.  Nat  Miih.  1hh|,  Hl».) 

•"  L<)\v«'r  iiliaryiifri'iilH  Im-oihI  ;  iilinrviijO'nl  U'otli  ]>av«<(l,  Hiilmphrricitl  in  furin,  trnnrnfe 
atidvc.     {luipomoliH  (Jill  A  Jordiin,*) 

T.ia.  JL.  Eiol^rookl  (f*uv.  A  Va\.)  McKay. 

Body  robust,  elevate<l,  tlie  snout  nitlier  produced.     Eye  lnifro  4  j„ 

heiul;  maxillary  reuehiii};  fiont  of  orbit.      Dorsal  tin  liifjrii,  flic  spjnos 

about  as  liij>li  as  the  soft  rays;  peetoral  fins  very  lonjf.     (Mici'ks  wjtli  o 

ro\vs«>f  scales.    (I ill-rakers  rather  lon^,  obtuse,  stron^jly  toothed.    Opcr 

cular  llap  short, broa«l,  with  a  broad  oran/jje  margin  beh)\v  and  hcliiiul. 

No  palatine  teeth;   pharynjjeal  teeth  paved.     Dusky  olive,  silvery  he. 

low;  throat  yellow;  tins  dark,  with  yellowish  rays;  no  black  dorsiii  spot. 

Head  .'Vn';  depth  2.^.    D.  X,  ll>;  A.  HI,  11.     L.  10  inches.     South  Caro 

Una  to  Florida;  abundant. 

(I'omolin  liolhrtMki  Cav.  &■  Vul.  vii,  JfiJ),  tft3l :  Pcmods  apeeionun  Ilolbr.  .Tonm.  Acod. 
Nat.  Sri.  Piiiia.  IHTki,  18:  I'omoth  miirolophiiH  iU\nl\\M;  i,2()4:  1  Xi/HtropliltH  IniiiiimdiiiiH 
(•oju',  Pror  Amcr.  I'liil.  Soe.  Phila.  1877,  G!i:  ICnpomoth  holhntuki  .Ionian,  I'ror.  I',  .s. 
Nut.  iM.m.  ii,  1H71),  '2-^4.) 

Y<SG.  L.  iiotutoa$«  (Aju;a8H.)  McKay. 

Body  robust,  elon{;ate,  the  snout  i)rojectin}T:,  the  profile  sc^ai-cely  {gib- 
bons. JNlouth  ratluu*  wide,  obli<pu',  reach':;j:f  the  front  of  ey<'.  Eye 
rather  large.  Opercular  flap  wide  and  rounded,  shorter  than  in  I,,  gil). 
boHua,  with  a  rather  wide  pale  border  all  around.  Scales  very  lar;,'('; 
4  rows  on  cheek.  Spines  rather  hij?h  and  strong,  the  longest  dorsal 
spine  as  long  as  from  muzzle  past  middle  of  i)upil.  Soft  fins  liijjli. 
(j ill-rakers  short  and  not  very  ytilf.  Tharyngeal  teeth  [)aved.  Color 
j)ale  olive,  mottled;  a  faint  dorsal  spot.  Head  3;  depth  2^;  1).  X,  11; 
A.  IH,  11;  scales  4-35-13.     L.  S  inches.     Illinois  to  Alabama. 

{Pomotiii  iiotatua  Ag.  Amor.  ,T«mrn.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  302:  Eupomotis  pallidus  Jordiiu, 
Bull;,U.  S.  Nut.  Mas.  x,  21,  1877;  not  I'omoth  pallidus  Aga'ss.) 

.   7S7,  li.  lyihtoosBDS  (L.)  McKay. — Common  Sun-finh ;  Bream;  Pumpkin-seed;  Suntui. 

Body  short  and  deep,  compressed,  the  profile  steep,  convex;  usuiillv 

an  angle  above  tVe  eye.     Head  rather  small.     Mouth  small,  oblique, 

the  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  the  front  of  the  eye.     Dorsal  spiues 

rather  high,  as  long  as  eye  and  snout;  the  soft  rays  higher.    Pectorals 


•Gill  &  Jordan,  Fiold  and  Forest,  1877,  ii,  190:  type  Sparue aureus  Wolbaum-Pfrco 
gibbom  h,     (eu,  well;  ffS/i/o:,  oporcle;  ot'?,  ear.) 


84.    CENTRA lirillD.f: — LEPOMI8. 


483 


lone.  Scaloa  largp;  1  rows  on  clM'ck.  IMunytij^cal  toctli  all  tnmciito, 
l);iv('(l.  Color  ^ri'i'tiiHliolivci  ubovc,  hIijuUmI  with  hliiisli,  t ho  hmIoh  spot- 
ted iiiid  blotcJu'il  with  oninjfo;  Ixdiy  oniiifxc-yollow;  choi'ks  oraiifjt', 
with  I>I'>''  wavy  HticakH;  lowor  fins  oraiij;*',  upper  bhuHh  and  orunfjfo- 
Ki)ott»'<l.  Opercular  flap  ratlu^r  Hinall,  the  lower  poHterior  part  always 
bri'dit  searlet,  a  mark  which  (listin|ruislicH  this  species  when  adult  at 
once  IVom  all  our  other  hij^licolored  sun  fislu's.  Head  •i\;  d(4>tli  2.  J). 
X  11;  A.  Ill,  lOj  Ijat.  1.47.  L.  H  imdies.  (Ireat  Lake  rcfjion  to  Maiiu; 
iitul  southward  to  Florida,  east  of  the  Alicj^hanies;  found  only  in  the 
iioi'tliern  ])arts  of  the  MiFsissippi  Valley.  One  of  our  most  abundant 
and  liuniliar  fishes. 

(I'cmi  (jihhoia  li.  S.VHt.  Nut.  ihI.  xi,  2l);i,  17(i0  (after  Pcrcn  flnrfalili»  gihhma,  rrntre 
htlio,  of  VntvHhy):  Spiinm  uurcua  Wall>.,  Aitciii.  I'i.o.  l?!);?,  \IW  (aHU'T  "({oldCiHcIi" 
of  SclHipIl):  I'omoliM  viili/ariH  Ouv.  &  Val.  iii,  !•!,  IH'/.):  Morone  maciilata  Mifchill,  Kf- 
piiH,  ill  piirt,  Finl».  N.  Y.  1H14,  IH:  I'omot'iH  vuhjuriH  Hdlltr.  Ichtli.  H.  (-'ar.  H:  J'oiiwHh 
tiiUmrix  StDi'tT,  Fisli.  MaHH.  12:  VomuliH  uurituH  (HhiiXiw,  i,  2<>1:  Eupomotu  anrvus  ,]ov- 
,1.111,  Mini.  Vort.  a-Jl.) 

r.lS.  L.  llriis  McKay. 

"This  species  resembles  P.  inmnor  {L.  pallidum)  In  the  outline  of  tlio 
body,  the  nature  and  coloration  of  the  scales,  and  in  the  size  and  form 
of  the  fins,  but  it  differs  greatly  from  it  by  its  large  mouth,  the  frc^e 
cxtroinity  of  the  upper  jaws  reaching  the  vertical  line  of  the  middle  of 
tlio  (\ve,  by  the  presence  of  teeth  upon  the  i)alate,  ai'.d  l)y  the  ventral 
fins  being  placed  immediately  uuih^r  the  pectorals.  The  black  oper- 
cular appendage,  which  Is  very  short,  has  a  narrow  orange  border  be- 
hind; there  is  a  black  spot  at  the  base  of  the  posterior  rays  of  the 
dorsal;  both  dorsal  and  anal  are  marked  by  one  or  two  dark  stripes; 
theciuulal  is  crossed  by  several  dotted  vertical  lines;  there  are  eight 
or  nine  dusky  bars  across  the  sides  between  the  head  and  tail.  This 
species  be<- ••  <  the  same  relation  to  PomotiH  that  Pomoxin  bears  to  the 
true  CcntrarchuH  in  the  size  of  the  mouth  and  the  form  of  the  body, 
iind  I  have  no  doubt  it  will  some  day  become  the  type  of  a  distinct 
genus."  (Agassiz.)  Tennessee  lliver,  at  Huntsville,  Ala.  We  are 
informed  by  Professor  Bliss  that  the  types  of  this  species  have  the 
pharyngeals  paved. 

{PomoUs  paUidus  AgasNiz,  Anier.  Jonm,  8ci.  Arts,  1854,  303,  not  Labrus  pallidH$ 
Mitch.;  McKay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1881,  89.) 


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484     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NOUTH   AMERICAN   ICnTHYOLOGY ly. 


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•SI.— IfllCROPTKKrS  Lnc<;pMe. 

Black  Baas. 

(Huro  and  GryateH  Cuvicr  and  Valcuciennes:  CalliuruH,  Dioplitcs,  Lepomu,  etc.  Rafin. 

esiiuo.) 

(Lnfdp^dp,  Hint.  Nat.  Poiss.  iv,  325,  IHO'i:  typo  Microptertm  (Momien  Lac.) 

Body  elongatci-ovate,  compressed,  the  bsuik  not  much  elevat<»d.    ripiul 
oblong-conic.     Mouth  very  hirge,  obli(iue,  the  broad  ma.viUary  roacliin.r 
nearly  to  or  beyon<l  the  posterior  margin  of  the  eye,  its  supplenicntal  bone 
well  developed.    Lower  jaw  prominent.    Teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  pala 
tines;  usually  none  on  the  tongue.     Preoporcle  entire;  operculum  eud 
lug  in  two  liat  points,  without  cartilaginous  flap.    Uranchiostcgals  nor- 
nuilly  ().    Scales  rather  snuill,  weakly  ctenoid.    Lateral  line  continuous. 
Dorsal  flu  divided  by  a  deep  notch,  the  spines  low  and  rather  lii'cblo  10 
in  number;  anal  spines  3;  the  anal  fin  much  smaller  than  the  dorsal- 
caudal  lin  emarginate.    Size  large.    Two  si)ecies,  among  the  most  im 
portant  of  American  "  game-flshes."    {/uxpo^,  small;  nrsfwv^^n',  the  dor- 
sal flu  in  the  typical  specimen  having  been  injured,  its  po.sterior  rays, 
detaclied  and  bitten  oft"  short,  were  taken  by  Lacepedefor  a  separate  fui.) 

a.  Mouth  very  kirge,  tho  maxillary  in  the  adult  extending  beyond  the  orbit;  scales 
rather  large,  65-70  iu  the  lateral  line;  7-8  series  above  lateral  line. 

Y39>  m.  salmoidcs  (Lac.)  Hen.shall. — Large-mouthed  Black  Bass;  Oswego  Bass; 
Green  Bass;  Bayou  Bass. 

Body  ovate-fusiform,  becoming  deeper  with  age,  moderately  com- 
pressed. Head  largo.  Mouth  very  wide,  the  maxillary  in  the  adult 
reaching  beyond  the  eye;  iu  the  young  shorter.  Scales  on  the  cheelc 
iu  about  10  rows;  scales  on  the  trunk  comparatively  large.  Lingual 
teeth  sometimes  present.  Dorsal  fin  very  deeply  notched.  Colora 
tion  of  the  young  dark-green  above;  sides  and  below  greenish-silvery; 
a  blackish  stripe  along  the  sides  from  opercle  to  the  middle  of  the 
caudal  fln;  three  dark  oblique  stripes  across  the  cheeks  and  opercles; 
below  and  above  the  lateral  band  some  dark  spots;  caudal  tin  pale  at 
base,  then  blackish,  whitish  at  tip;  belly  white.  As  the  fish  grows 
older  the  black  lateral  band  breaks  up  and  grows  fainter,  and  the  color 
becomes  more  and  more  of  a  uniform  pale  dull  green,  the  back  being 
darker;  a  dark  opercular  blotch  usually  present.  Head  3^;  depth  3. 
D.  X,  13;  A.  Ill,  11;  scales  8-G8-16.  L.  1-2  feet.  Elvers  of  the 
United  States,  from  the  Great  Lakes  and  Red  River  of  the  Is^orth 
to  Florida  and  Texas;  everywhere  abundant,  preferring  lakes,  bayous, 


■  Mb 


84.    CENTRARCIIID^. MICR0PTERU8. 


m 


and  shiKn'**''  wators.    Tt  prrows  to  a  larger  size  than  tho  next  specioa, 

•umI  i«  it'i>'l'lv  distiufjuiNlMHl  by  its  coloration  and  the  larjjer  mouth  and 

larger  H<aU's.    Both  species  vary  irnieh  with  ditt'erent  waters. 

(Labrun  mlmoidrn  Latdinidi',  lliHt.  Nut.  Pt»iH«.  iv,  71(1,  1H()2:  Lrpomin  pallida  R:if. 
Tclitli.  f'li-  •"*»  I'^J^t';  Jonlun,  Ann.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hint,  xi,  314,  l^"??  :  CichUi  Jtoridana  I,o 
Sueur,  Joiirn.  Acud.  Nut.  Sci,  Philu.  1H22,  SiSO:  //»«ro  nigricam  V.  &.  V.  ii,  1*24:  Z/mio 
ii,-,,^,(.(„i«  (Jiintber,  i,  2.'>5:  MicropleruH  iiiijnvaHH  (Jill,  I'lof.  Auut.  Amm<)<'-.  Ailv.  Sfi.  1H7U, 
70  (iiiiil  of  most  late  writoiM):  DioplitcH  nuvvennin  Ord.  IJ.  iS.  Misx.  Bound.  Ichth.  \\\ 
}jUroptirus  salmoidvs  IleuHbuU,  liouk  of  the  Black  BasH,  IHHl,  11(>, ) 

aa.  MoiKli  smallftr,  the  maxillary  in  the  adult  not  extendin}?  beyond  orbit;  scalns 
Hitialler,  7i2-75  iu  thu  lutural  lint;;  10-12  Hcries  abovu  thu  laiurul  Hue. 

y60.  iW»  dolomieu  Lac. — Small-mouthrd  lilack  Basn. 

Body  ovatefiisiforin,  becoming  deeper  with  age.  Head  large.  Mouth 
large,  but  smaller  than  in  M.  mhnoidcs,  the  maxillary  ending  consider- 
ably iu  front  of  the  hinder  njiirgin  of  the  orbit.  Scales  on  the  cheek 
minute,  in  about  17  rows;  scales  on  the  trunk  comparatively  small. 
Dorsal  lin  deeply  notched,  but  less  so  than  in  M.  salmoidcH,  the  ninth 
Hpiue  being  about  half  as  long  as  the  longest,  and  not  much  shorter  tlian 
tlie  tenth.  Coloration  quite  variable,  the  young  dull  golden  green,  with 
bronze  lustre;  darker  spots  along  the  .sides,  which  tend  to  form  short 
vertical  bars,  but  riever  a  dark  lateral  band;  3  bronze  bauds  radiating 
fi-oni  eye  across  cheeks  and  opercles;  a  dusky  spot  on  ])oiut  of  opercu- 
lum; belly  white;  caudal  fin  yellowish  at  base,  then  black,  with  white 
tips;  dor.sal  with  bronze  spots,  its  edge  dusky.  In  some  waters  the  tin- 
markings  are  obsolete,  but  usually  they  are  very  conspicuous  in  tho 
young.  Southern  8i)ecimens  usually  have  the  scales  of  the  lower  part 
of  tbe  sides  with  faint  dark  streaks;  adult  specimens  have  all  these 
marks  more  or  less  wholly  obliterated,  and  become  ultimately  of  a  uni- 
form dead  green,  without  silvery  lustre.  Head  3J;  dei)th  3^.  D.  X,  13; 
A.  Ill,  10  or  11;  scales  11-74-17.  Elvers  of  the  United  States,  from 
the  Great  Lake  region  to  South  Carolina  and  Arkansas;  abundant, 
frequenting  running  streams,  and  preferring  clear  and  cool  waters;  its 
southern  limit  is  bounded  by  the  presence  of  such  waters.  As  a  game 
fish  this  species  is  usually  more  highly  valued  than  its  congener.* 

(Lacdpfedc,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss,  iv,  325,  1802;  Henshall,  Book  ot  the  Black  Bass,  1081, 
H:  Bodianiis  achigan  Rat".  Aiuer.  Monthly  Mag.  &  Crit.  Rev.  ii,  120,  1817:  Gryxtai 
lalmoides  C.  &  V.  iii,  54:  Gryates  aabnonoidts  Giinther,  1,  252:  Miciopterua  aalmoide^ 
Gill,  Proc.  Auier.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  1873,  G7,  and  of  many  American  writers:  Callinrna 
pmictulatua  lint.  Ichth.  Oh.  2G:  Gryaiea  faaciatua  Giinther,  i,  :;i58:  Centrarchua  ohacurua 
GUnther,  i,  258.) 


•Both  this  species  and  the  preceding  are  popularly  known  in  the  Southern  States 
by  the  grossly  erroneous  name  of  "  Trout." 


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486     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — jy. 


:.C'. . 


1:' 


■        Family  LXXXV.—PERCID^. 

{The  Perches.)   ■      "   -       s     .    • 

Bo^ly  more  or  less  elongate,  terete  or  compressed,  covered  more  or  less 
completely  with  rather  small,  ctenoid,  adherent  scales.  Lateral  line 
nsnally  present,  not  extendin.*?  on  the  caudal  fin.  Mouth  terminal  or 
inferior,  small  or  large,  the  premaxillaries  protractile  or  not ;  maxilUiries 
large  or  small,  without  distinct  supplemental  bone.  Jaws,  vomer,  and 
palatines  with  bands  of  teeth,  which  are  usually  villiform,  but  some- 
times mixed  with  ctiuines;  occasionally  the  teeth  on  the  vomer  or  pala 
tines  are  absent.  Head  naked,  or  more  or  less  scaly ;  preopercle  entire 
or  serrate  ;  opercles  usually  ending  in  a  flat  8j)ine.  Branchiostcgals  (i 
or  7.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth  ;  gill-membranes  free  or  connected, 
not  joined  to  the  isthmus ;  gill-rakers  slender,  toothed ;  pseudobrancliiie 
i^'mall,  or  glandular  and  concealed,  or  altogether  wanting ;  lower  jdiaryii 
geals  separate,  with  sharp  teeth.  Fins  geherallj^  large ;  two  dorsals, 
the  first  of  G  o  15  spines ;  anal  fin  with  one  or  two  spines  (three  in 
Perelcliihys,  a  fieuh-water  genus  from  Chili).  Ventrals  thoracic,  I,  5; 
pectorals  often  very  large ;  caudal  lunate,  truncate  or  rounded.  Anal 
papilla  often  present.  Air  bladder  small  and  adherent,  often  entirely 
wanting.  Pyloric  cteca  few.  Vertebra?,  30  to  45. 
.  Genera  about  22;  species,  90  to  100;  inhabitants  of  the  fresh  waters 
of  cool  regions,  most  of  them  being  American  and  nearly  all  belonging 
to  the  fauna  of  the  United  States.  The  great  mnjority  of  the  speeies 
belong  to  the  subfamily  of  Ethcostomatina;  the  Darters,  all  the  species 
of  V  li'.ch  group  are  American.  They  are  among  the  most  singular  und 
interesting  of  our  fishes.  They  differ  from  the  typical  Pcrehuv  in  their 
svnil)  size,  briglit  colors,  and  large  fins,  and  uk  re  technically  in  the 
rudimentary  condition  of  the  pseudobranchiie  and  the  air  bladder,  both 
of  which  organs  are  usually  inappreciable.  The  preopercle  is  unarmed, 
and  the  numl)er  of  branchiostegals  i.^  six.  An  anal  papilla  is  likewise 
develoi)ed,  as  in  the  (lohiida',  to  which  group  the  Darters  beara(!<msid- 
erable  superficial  resemblance,  which,  however,  indicates  no  real  aflinity. 
The  relations  of  the  Darters  to  the  Perches  have  been  aptly  expressed 
by  Professor  8.  A.  Forbes: 

"Given  a  supply  of  certaih  kinds  of  food  nearly  inaccessible  to  tne 
oulinary  fish,  it  is  to  bo  expected  that  some  fishes  would  becouje 
especially  fitted  for  its  utilization.    Thus  the  Ftheostomatimx  as  a  group 


85.    PERCIDiE. 


487 


are  explained  in  a  word  by  the  hypothesis  of  the  progressive  adapta- 
tion of  the  young  of  certain  Percida  to  a  peculiar  place  of  refuge  and  a 
peculiarly  situated  food  supply.  Perhaps  we  may  without  violence  call 
tliese  the  mountaineers  among  fishes.  Forced  from  the  populous  and 
fertile  valleys  of  the  river  beds  and  lake  bottoms,  they  have  taken 
refii'^e  from  their  enemies  in  the  rocky  highl  mds,  where  the  free  waters 
play  in  ceaseless  torrents,  and  there  they  have  wrested  from  stubborn 
nature  a  meager  living.  Although  diminished  in  size  by  their  constant 
struggle  with  the  elements,  they  have  developed  an  activity  and  hardi- 
hood, a  vigor  of  life  and  a  glow  of  high  color  almost  unknown  among 
the  easier  livers  of  the  lower  lands.  *  *  *  Notwithstanding  their 
trivial  size,  they  do  not  seem  to  be  dwarfed  so  much  as  concentrated 
fishes.'    (Am.  Nat.  1£80,  October,  pp.  69'    ':'02.) 

The  colors  of  the  EtheoHtomotitKC  are  usually  very  brilliant,  species  of 
PoeciliohthyH,  NothonotuH,  and  Biplenum  being  among  the  most  brilliantly 
colored  fishes  known;  the  sexual  differences  are  often  great,  the  females 
being  as  a  rule  dull  in  color  and  more  speckled  or  barred  than  the  males. 
Most  of  them  prefer  clear  running  water,  where  they  lie  on  the  bottom 
concealed  under  stones,  darting,  when  frightened  or  hnngry,  with  great 
velocity,  for  a  short  distance,  by  a  powerful  movement  of  the  fan-shaped 
pectorals,  then  stopping  as  suddenly.  They  rarely  use  the  caudal  fin 
in  swinnning,  and  they  are  seldom  seen  moving  or  tloating  freely  in  the 
water  like  most  fishes.  When  at  rest,  they  support  themselves  on  their 
expanded  veutrals  and  anal  fin.  All  of  them  can  turn  the  head  from 
side  to  side,  and  they  frequently  lie  with  the  head  in  a  curved  position 
or  partly  on  oni?  side  of  the  body.  The  si)ecies  of  AmmocryphK  and 
perhaps  some  of  the  others  i)refer  a  sandy  bottom,  where,  by  a  sudden 
plunge,  the  fish  buries  itself  in  the  sand  and  remains  quiescent  lor 
hours  at  a  time,  with  only  its  eyes  and  snout  visible.  The  others  lurk 
in  stony  places,  under  rocks  and  weeds.  Although  more  than  usually 
tenacious  of  vitality,  the  Darters,  from  their  bottom  lile,  are  the  iirsc 
to  be  disturbed  by  impurities  in  the  water.  All  the  Darters  are  car- 
nivorous, feeding  chiefly  on  the  larviB  of  Blptcra,  and  in  their  way  vora- 
cious. All  are  of  small  size;  the  largest  (Pcrcina)  reaches  a  length  of  8 
inches,  while  the  smallest  {Micropcrea)  is  i)iobably  the  smallest  si)iny- 
rayed  fish  known,  barely  attaining  the  length  of  an  inch  and  a  half. 
Tliey  are  of  too  small  size  to  be  used  for  food,  although,  according  tt> 
Raiinesque,  "they  are  good  to  eat,  fried." 

The  Peroina;  iive  represented  hi  America  by  two  genera,  and  in  Euro;>e 
hy  the  same  two  and  three  others — Acerinaj  Percarina,  and  A8£ro — tho 


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488     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

latter  boaiing  a  strong  external  resemblance  to  the  EtlicostomatUm  and 
serving  as  a  connecting  lijik  between  tbeni  and  the  more  typical  forms 
{I'vrchlw  part.GlintluT,  i,  58-78;  Keneru  I'erca,  Luviopirca,  I'ikoma,  liohumma  ^'ce. 
rina,  rircarina,  A8j>ro,  Pcrtivhtliya,  ami  PvrviUa.)  .     ->,  , 

•  Aiiiil  HjtiiioH  OHO  or  two. 

a.  I'setuloliraiu'bia- ImiM'ifoct  or  wanlinj?;  preopercloontire;  branchiostegals  0.   [Etbe. 

ontomafiiiw.) 
b.  rrnwaxillarios  protraoUU'. 

c.  Body  oxtrcmoly  clougato,  siibcyliiulrical,  traiisluri'nfr,  tlu-.  belly  at  least  naked- 

lateral  line  c'cniipleto;  j{ill-nieinbran«'8  broadly  united, 
r?.  Anal  Hpiiio  single ;  anal  liu  nearly  as  large  as  secoud  dorsal. 

AMMOCRYI>TA,8rtO, 

dd.  Anal  spines  two;     val  fin  small Jua  253. 

cc,  Boily  less  («longAtfl,  .       que,  cbielly  scaled. 
e.  Anal  spine  obstMire,  normally  .single. 
,/'.  Lateral  line  eomplcte,  or  wanting  on  a  few  scales  only . .  Bolkosoma,  %i, 

ff.  Lateral  lino  incomplete Vaillantu,  255. 

■^c.  Anal  spines  two,  tbe  lirst  conunonly  tlie  longer. 

II .  (.ilill-nn'mbranes  more  or  less  broadly  united;  belly  avUIi  ordinary  scules. 

h.  Maxillary  bone  normal Ulockntiia,  i^A 

hh    Maxillary  adnate  to  tbe  pn'orbital Dii'LKsiuy,  257, 

yy.  .fill-nnnibranes  scarcely  connected. 

i.  Belly  witb  enlai'ged  cadnccms  plates Cottooahtek,  a.W. 

ii.  Belly  w II bout  enlarged  caducous  plates Imostoma,  259, 

lib.  rrouiaxillarics  not  jirotractih". 

j.  Lateral  line-complete. 

k.  Ventral  line  witb  a  series  of  enlarged,  spinous,  caducous  scuIch 
or  (if  tbese  are  lallcn)  a  naked  striji. 

I.  Moutb small,  inferior,  lienealb a  i)ig-likeKnout..rKi(ciNA,200. 

II.  Moutb  larger,  the  snout  not  projecting  beyond  it, 

Alvoudus,  2(il. 
Icli.  Ventral  lino  without  caducous  scales. 

7H.  G  Il-membranes  scarcely  connected. 

n.  Anal  tin  larger  than  second  dorsal    Hadiioi'Tkims,  2ii2. 

nn.  Ana!  liu  smaller  than  second  dorsal.  .Notiionotis,  2G;{. 

>H»»i.  (Jill-membranes  broadly  connected  ..  .Naxostoma,  2li4. 

jj.  Lateral  line  i)resent,  incom])let<'. 

0.  Gill-membranes  broadly  united Etiikostoma,  2(i5. 

00.  Gillniembraues  separate  or  nearly  so. 

IVKciMniTiiYS,  2'in, 

jj).  Lateral  line  olisoleto  . . . : Mkijoimouca,  2(i7. 

«a.  PscUdobrancbia)  well  developed;  iireopercle  serrate ;  brancbiostegalsT.    ('  (rdiKV.) 

p.  Canine  teetb  noiw  ;  body  oblong Pkiua,  2(K 

j)l).  Caniuo  teeth  in  jaws  aud  pahuines;  body  tlongatc. 

SXIZOSTKUIUJI,  269, 

a-ia.-AIfllUOCBYPTrA  Jordan. 
iSand  Darter H. 
(*  rieuroleph  Agas^iz;  not  Plvurolcpis  Egerton,  a  genua  of  extinct  Onnolds.) 
(.Ionian,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  (5,  1877:  type  Jmnmrjipta  ftrani .lordan.) 
Body  slender  and  elongate,  sub-cylindrical ;  pellucid  in  lifo.    Head 

*  Agassiz,  Bull.  Mus.  Coinp.  Zool.  i,  5,  IS&i:  type  Elheosfoma  ju Unddiim  Buird  MSS. 


85.    PERCID^ — AMMOCRYPTA. 


489 


slender.  Month  rather  wide,  terminal,  Ijorizmital,  the  lower  jaw  in- 
cIikUhI;  preinuxillaiioH  very  i)rotractile ;  teeth  on  the  vomer.  Scales 
tiiiii  ctenoid,  little  imbrii^ated,  present  ulonj;-  the  re{;ion  of  the  lateral 
line  ik'id  on  the  tail,  sometimes  wantiny;  on  the  back  or  belly  ;  lateral  line 
complete.  Head  scaly  or  naked;  no  ventral  plates;  the  belly  naked. 
Oill-ineinbranes  considerably  united,  t'ornunj;an  anyle  at  their  junction. 
Dorsal  tins  moderate,  about  e«puil  to  the  anal  tin  and  to  each  other; 
(lorsa!  with  about  ten  spines;  anal  spine  single,  weak.  Vertebrae  22 
^  32  A.  pellueula).  Darters  of  moderate  or  rather  lar^fe  si/e,  inhabi- 
tiu"  tlie  sandy  bottoms  of  clear  streams,  where  they  bury  themselves 
entirely  ex(!epting  the  eyes  ami  snout.  Ctdoration  translucent,  with 
bright reilections.     (M/i/tor,  sand;  xfiu-Ta^,  concealed.) 

a.  Cli('tU«  i>ii<l  oi>«rc.l«'8  nuked;  Itody  imperfeclly  neulu^. 

701  >  A.  benni  Jordan. 

Body  greatly  elongated,  sub-itylindriiial,  transparent.  Head  rather 
large,  heavier  than  in  A.  pdlucida.  Mouth  rather  wide,  nearly  termi- 
nal;  the  upper  jaw  somewhat  th'.;  tong«'r;  outer  teeth  strong,  hooked. 
Opercular  spine  obsolete.  Head  entiiely  naked.  Body  Uiiked,  except 
the  caudal  peduncle,  which  i.s  sparsely  <;overed  with  thin,  imbedd(>d 
scales,  aiul  a  series  of  rather  huge  scales  along  the  sides,  on  wlii<;h  the 
lateral  line  runs.  Dorsal  tins  high,  wide  apart,  about  e(|ual  in  height  to 
the  anal  tin  and  to  each  other;  caudal  tin  emarginate.  (-olor  trans- 
lucent, without  bars  or  spots,  the  lateral  line  shining-golden  in  life. 
Spinous  dorsal  with  a  large  black  spot  on  tlie  membraiu',  anteriorly, 
another  lu'ar  th(i  middle,  and  some  small  ones  behind;  other  tins  with 
their  nienduanes dusted  with  dark  points.  Head  3>^;  depth  7h.  D.  X~ 
10 ;  A.  I,  fl ;  Lat.  1. 05.     L.  2.^  inches.     Louisiana  and  M'ssissip[)i. 

{Ammovrynta  heanii  .Tnrdnti,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  s, .'),  1877  •.,Amv\ocnjpta  gvlida  Tlay, 
Proc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Mua.  IdHO,  41)0 — iipparcntly  the  young;  the  Hize  sinuliur  uud  the  tins 
lower.) 

oa,  CUct'ks  and  oporcles  Hcnly. 

lO'l.  A.  peliucS«la  (Hiiird)  .T.  &  Q.—Snnd  Dartor. 

Translucent;  scales  with  line  black  dots;  a  t^eries  of  sn«a11,  s«piarish 
olive  or  blui.sh  blotches  along  the  back  an«l  another  along  each  side; 
lateral  spots  connected  by  a  gilt  band.  Bod.>  slender;  head  stout. 
(!lieeks,  operdes,  and  temporal  region  scaled  ;  the  scales  imbediled  ind 
more  or  less  cycloid.  Neck  above  thinly  scaled  or  naked  ;  8(;alesof  body 
not  very  rough,  those  ttlong  lateral  line  and  caudal  i»ednncle  most 
closely  imbricated;  belly  entirely  nalud;  opercJe ending  in  a  short,  Hat 


'B^ 


ri' 


,■>.  •        .- 


lii 


it'  \  ■■ 


490      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 

Hpiue.    Maxillary  barely  reacliing  to  opposite  the* large  eye;  eyes  Iiiirii 

up,  separated  by  a  narrow,  grooved  space.    Pectorals  short,  rcadiin.r 

tips  of  ventrals,  half  way  to  vent.    Head  4^;  depth  7.    D.  X-10-  a. 

I,  8;  Lat.  1.  about  75,  about  G  series  of  scales  above  it.     L.  ,'{  incjics. 

Ohio  valley  and  northwestward ;  abounding  in  clear  sandy  streams ;  one 

of  the  most  interesting  of  our  fishes.  * 

{Etheo  foma  pellmMum  Kainl  MSS. :  Pleurolep'w pclliicidiia  Agassi/,,  Bull.  Miis.  Coinp. 
Ztxil.  i,  r>,  18();t:  rhuroh'pix  ptUucidKx  Vaillant.  l{ocli('nhcs  sur  Etlu'o.stom.  in  Nouv. 
Arcliiv.  Mils.  1874,  i;!8:  rieiirolcpix  j)elhi(idun  Jon\au,  Man.  Vert.  i:d.'2,'2VJ:  I'hurokm 
peUuvhlnH  .Ionian  &  Copolaiul,  Aiucr.  Nat.  1877,  8(5.) 

763.  A.  nspi'clla  .Jordan. 

Head  long,  rather  slender.  Eyes  very  large,  high  up  and  \  .>ry  close 
together.  Mouth  not  large,  sub-terminal,  horizontal.  Cheeks  and  oi^t- 
cles  with  i)ectinated  scales.  Opercular  siiine  well  develoi)ed.  Sciiiiuiia- 
tion  nnich  more  complete  than  in  A.  pellucida,  the  scales  small  and 
quite  rough,  largest  posteriorly.  Throat  and  belly  naked,  the  S[»a(;e 
between  the  ventral  tins  scaled.  Back  of  neck  sc^aly.  Fins  large,  the 
dorsals  well  separated;  the  spinous  high,  highest  in  front;  second  dor- 
sal smaller,  smaller  than  anal;  anal  spine  high,  flexible;  caudal  lunate. 
Coloration  clear  (divaceous,  sides  with  8  to  10  dark  squarish  Idotelu's, 
quite  small  and  far  apart;  a  blackish  shade  finward  from  eye,  and  a 
dusky  shade  across  ojiercle.  Said  to  present  in  life  "alniOvSt  all  the 
colors  of  the  rainbow."  Head  4J  ;  depth  8.  I).  I  X-10;  A.  T,  8;  Lat.  1. 
98,  ten  series  above  the  lateral  line.  L.  4  inches.  Illinois  to  Alabama. 
in  sandy  streams;  a  much  larger  and  rougher  speides  than  the  i)rccedin}r. 

{Vlcurolepix  nuprdhm  .Jordan,  Bull.  Ills.  Lub.  Nat.  Hi»t.  2,  ;18,  1878;  Pkiirolqik  oh- 
prcllus  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2,  404. ) 

253.— I«A  .Jordan  &  Brnyton. 

(Jordan  &  Brayton,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,88, 1878:  typo  /Vm7iV/i7/(t/.v  WOths  Topi!, ) 
This  genus  dilVers  from  Aminocrypla  chiefly  in  the  presence  of  twowcll- 
develoi>cd  si»ines  in  the  anal  fm.  The  anal  lin  is  proportionately  smaller, 
and  the  scales  are  larger  and  rougher,  more  fully  covering  the  hody. 
The  sipiamation  of  the  head  is  more  conqdete  than  in  any  other  ginus. 
Spe(!ies  slender,  translucent  in  life,    (n*?,  an  arrow  or  dart.) 

764.  1.  vitrca  (Cope)  J.  &  B. 

Form  of  Ammocrypta.  Dead  slender,  acununate;  mouth  not  very 
Famuli;  tenq)oral  region  scaled;  cheeks  and  opercles  covered  with  larj^e, 
imbricated,  very  roughly  ctenoid  scales,  these  scales  extending  forward 
to  the  maxillary  and  backward  to  edge  of  operclo  and  on  suboijcrclej 


85.   PERCID/E — BOLEOSOMA. 


491 


thefi'<'We  opercular  spine  is  almost  hidden  by  them.  Middle  and  lower 
i)art  of  the  sides  of  Jhe  body  covered  with  hirj^e,  imbricated,  very  rou^h 
scales,  these  less  closely  set  below;  breast  uaked;  behind  the  ventrals 
the  niMhlle  line  of  the  belly  with  some  small  scales,  behind  which  is  a 
nuked  space  bounded  by  small  imbedded  siuiles,  and  extending  as  far 
as  the  vent;  back  from  mi<ldle  of  first  dorsal  forward  naked,  jjosteriorly 
more  or  less  scaly.  Fins  low  and  small,  the  second  dorsal  larger  than 
the  first  or  the  anal;  the  spines  slender;  anal  spines  short;  i)ectoral 
fliis  long  and  narrow.  Translucent,  with  small  dark  spots  on  back  and 
sides,  besides  liner  specklings  ;  fins  (dain.  Head  4.^;  depth  7.  1).  Vlt 
to  IX-11  to  13;  A.  J  I,  0  to  8;  Lat.  1.  GO.  L.  2  inches.  Neuse  Kiver, 
North  Carolina;  locally  abundant. 

(I'lrrHichthya  ritreus  Copo,   Proc.  AiiK^r.   Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  2611;   Jordan  & 
Braytoii,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.  xli,  82,  1878.) 


■  I 


- 1  "     'ti 


994.-BOLX;OSOIVIA  DcKay. 

Tessellated  Barters. 

(Arlina  and  Ealrella  Grd.) 

(DoKay,  Now  York  Fauna  Fish.  1842,  20:  typo  Bohosoma  tessellatum  DcKny  =  EthcoS' 
tovia  olmatedi  StoriT. ) 

Body  moderately  ehnigate,  fusiform,  not  translucent.  Head  small, 
narrowed  forwards,  the  profile  convex.  Mouth  sin  all,  horizontal,  tiie 
lower  Jiiw  included;  T)remaxillaries  lu'otractile.  Maxillary  not  adnato 
to  preorbital.  Vomerine  teeth  present.  Scales  large.  Lateral  lineccn- 
tiuuous  (rarely  wanting  on  two  or  three  scahvs).  IJelly  with  onlinary 
scales.  Gill-membranes  narrowly  connected.  Dorsal  spines  7-10,  slen- 
der; soft  dorsal  much  larger  than  anal;  anal  normally  with  a  single, 
short,  slender  spine,  the  first  soft  r.iy  simple,  but  articulate.  Vertebno 
{B.  nignini)  17  +  20.  Coloration  olivaceous  and  speckled,  the  males 
blackish  in  spring.    Size  small.     {i3(i^t^,  a  dart;  a<btj.a,  body.) 

0.  Dorsal  spiiios  normally  0. 

h.  CJit'cks  H(!,aly ;  Ntuiond  tlornal  with  11^  or  14  rays olmatedi. 

66.  C'IicoUb  ami  breattt  normally  naked  (occasionally  fully  scaled), 
c.  Body  fusiform,  with  Hlcnilor  (Miudal   pcdnnc'lo;    fins  nioil(>rate;  second  dorsal 

with  11  or  12  rays;  lateral  line  usually  not  quite  complete..... nii/rum, 

_'.    cc,  body  robust,  compressed;  tins  very  liigh.  — 

d.  8«'cond  dorsal  with  11$  rays;  lateral  line  with  about  4'  scales effnlgena. 

dd.  Second  dorsal  with  10  rays;  lateral  line  about  !>5 rcxillare, 

aa.  Dorsal  spines  7(f) mojms. 


■:,.    ,. 


in 


,  1  '  • 


^--- 


'% 


L'     ./  A* 


1*    'r 


492      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NOETH    AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

a.  Dorsal  spines  normally  9.  '  •         , 

;,    b.  Chocks  scaly;  second  dorsal  with  13  or  14  rays.  t     . 

"76.5.  B.  oSimstedi  (Storer)  Agassiz.  ';    :.~^   ' 

Body  sleuder,  little  compressed,  with  long  caudal  pedi  tele.  Head 
slender,  rather  jiointed.  Cheeks  and  opercles  scaly;  space  before  dor- 
sal naked;  breast  naked.  Fins  verj'  high,  pectorals  reaching  past  tips 
of  veutrals.  Coloration  olivaceous,  tessellated  above;  sides  with 
blotches  and  zigzag  markings;  fins  speckled  or  somewhat  barred* 
head  not  speckled,  dusky  in  males;  usually  a  black  stripe  forward  from 
the  eye  and  another  downward.  Head  4;  depth  5.J.  D.  IX-14;  A.  I 
9;  Lat.  1.  50.  L.  3.J  inches.  Great  Lakes  to  Georgia  and  Massaclui- 
setts;  the  commonest  eastern  sjiecies.  A  southern  form,  var.  macula- 
ticeps,  has  the  cheeks  scaly  above  only,  and  is  more  speckled;  var.  atro- 
maculatum,  found  eastward,  has  the  breast  closely  scaled. 

{Eiheoatoma  olniHtcdi  Storer,  Bost.  Joiiru.  Nat.  Hist.  1842,61:  Boleosoma  tr.HnvUnUtni 
DeKay,  Now  York  Fauna  Fish.  1842,  'JO;  Agassiz,  Lake  Superior,  291);  Giiuthcr,  1,77; 
Cope,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1HU8, 1213;  Vaillant,  I.e. 79:  Bolconoma  mavnlaliceps 
Cope,  Proc.  Aincr.  Pliilos.  Soc.  1870,  2(.i9:  Estrvlla  atroniavulaia  Girard,  Pioc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18.'S9,  GG.) 

ib.  Cheeks  and  breast  (normally)  naked. 

d.  Body  fusiform,  with  slender  caudal  pcdimcle;   fins  moderate;  second  dorsal 
with  11  or  12  rays;  lateral  lino  usually  not  quite  complete. 

766.  B.  laagTiaBn  (Raf.)  Jor. — Johvn:j  Darter. 

Body  fusiform,  slender.  Head  conical,  moderate,  the  snout  some- 
what decurved.  Mouth  small,  lower  jaw  included.  Cheeks  an<l  breast 
naked  (speciniens  occasionally  found  with  these  regions  closely  scaly); 
opercles  scaly;  space  before  dorsal  mostly  scaled.  Fins  hij^h,  but 
smaller  and  lower  than  in  the  other  species.  Coloration  pale  oliva- 
ceous; back  much  tessellated  with  brown;  sides  with  numerous  small 
W-shaped  l)lotches;  head  speckled  above,  mostly  black  in  the  males; 
a  blick  line  forward  from  eye,  and  sometimes  a  line  downward  also; 
iius  barred;  males  in  the  spring  blackish  anteriorly,  sometimes  almost 
entirely  black.  Tubes  of  the  lateral  line  obsolete  on  the  last  4  or  5 
scales.  Head  4J;  depth  5.  D.  IX-12;  A.  I,  8;  scales  5-51-9.  L.  2J 
inches.  Ohio  Valley,  Great  Lake  region,  and  Upper  Mississippi;  very 
abundant  where  found.  It  perhaps  varies  into  Ji.  olmstedi,  but  may  be 
distinguished,  as  far  as  we  have  seen,  by  the  shorter  dorsal. 

(EthcoHtoma  uiffra  Raf.  IcliMi.  Oli.  1H20,  ',V7\  IMcoaoma  vutnilatum  Agasaiz,  Luke  Su- 
perior, 18.'"»0,  WQ'y.  lioUioaoma  breripiuvc  (Jaitv,  Proc.  Arier.  Philos.  Soc,  1870,208;  Giiu- 
thcr, 1,  77 :  liolconoma  mututum  Vaillant,  1.  c.  88 :  f  PccciUcMhua  wc»(rttn  Cope,  Proc.  Aciid. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18o4,  232:  liqlcotoma  maculatuJi)  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2,  224.) 


%m.:m;^i 


.   if, 


86.    PERCID^ — VAILLANTIA.  493 

dd.  Body  rohnst,  compressed ;  fins  very  high.  y     «> 

e.  SlcoiuI  dorsal  with  13  rays;  lateral  line  about  40.   •. 

767.  B.  effaaUffens  (Grd.)  Cope. 

]5o(ly  rathijr  slender;  caudal  peduncle  not  contracted ;  opercular  spines 

rudimental ;  muzzle  abruptly  decurved.     Eye  3J  in  head.    Fins  very 

hi<Th;  caudal  very  much  rounded;   vaut'^als  reaching  anal;  i)ectoral8 

still  loii};:er.    Color  brown,  with  traces  of  nine  spots  on  the  side;  muzzle, 

cbin,  and  spot  below  the  eye  black ;  fins  black,  the  second  dorsal  and 

caudal  with  white  specks.    Head  4^;  depth  6J.    D.  IX-13;  A.  II,  8j 

scales  5-40-6.    L.  2^  inches.    Maryland  to  North  Carolina.   {Cope.) 

(Arlina  effnlgetiH  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  64;  Cope,  Proc.  Am, 
Pbilos.  Soc.  1870,  289.) 

«•.  Second  dorsal  with  10  rays;  lat.  1.  about  35, 

fOi*  B.  vcxillare  Jordan. 

Body  rather  short  «nd  stout;  caudal  peduncle  not  contracted; 
opercular  si)ine  moderately  developed;  space  in  front  of  dorsal  fin 
naked;  muzzle  moderately  decurved;  eye  moderate.  Second  dorsal 
verj  high,  higher  than  long;  pectorals  and  ventrals  long,  nearly  reach- 
ing anal.  Coloration  olivaceous,  the  sides  with  traces  of  vertical  bars; 
first  dorsal,  ventrals,  and  anal  black ;  second  dorsal  and  caudal  strongly 
barred  with  pale  in  fine  pattern;  head  black  in  the  male;  lateral  line 
complete.  Dead  4;  depth  41.  D.  VIII-10;  A.  I,  7;  scales  4-35-G. 
L.  2|  inches.  Rappahannock  River,  Warrenton,  Va.;  a  single  speci- 
men known. 

(Jordan,  Proc.  (I.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  237.) 
m.  Dorsal  spines  7. 
769.  B.  li?sopMS  Cope. 

Body  stout,  the  back  rather  elevated;  the  caudal  peduncle  somewhat 
contracted;  muzzle  somewhat  decurved;  mouth  termin.al.  Dorsal  fins 
much  elevated.  Color  light  brown,  with  six  small  dark  dorsal  spots, 
ami  ton  similar  small  spots  ahmg  the  dorsal  line;  a  bar  around  muzzle 
a!id  one  below  ej'e.  I).  VII-14;  A.  10;  scales  5-47-8.  L.  2J  inches. 
Loyalsoc  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Allegheny  River.  {Cope.)  One  speci- 
men known,  perhaps  an  accidental  variation. 

(Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  270.) 

'     "^ il59.— VAILL.ANT1A  Jordan. 

(Jordan,  Bull.  U.  8  Nat.  Mns.  xii,  89,  1878;  type  liohomma  mmurum  Forbes.) 

This  genus  agrees  with  BoleoHoma  in  all  respects,  except  that  the 
lateral  line  is  incomplete,  usually  ceasing  near  the  middle  of  the  body. 
(To  Leon  Vaillant,  author  of  an  excellent  monograph  of  these  fishes.) 


If 


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494      CONTRmUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICITTIIYOLOOY — ly. 

7TO.  V.  enniura  (ForbcH)  .Tor. 

Body  sloinlcr,  olonjjiito,  witli  long  candnl  peduncle.  Back  .soincwiuit 
elevated.  Head  small,  rather  slender,  the  Hnout  HlM)rter  tlciii  (.y,> 
8troii;;ly  decurved.  Mouth  inferior,  hori/ontal,  mnall,  the  inaxillaiv 
exten<lin{j  to  the  nii<ldle  of  the  eye.  (Jill  inembraneH  little  connect*'!!. 
Cheeks,  operdes,  and  breast  closely  covered  with  rather  larjje  scales- 
median  lino  of  neck  naked;  open'uhir  si)ine  strong;  scales  moderate- 
lateral  line  quite  short,  nearly  straight,  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the 
spinous  dorsal,  developed  on  20  to  30  st-ales.  Fins  small,  the  dorsals 
well  apart;  first  dorsal  larger  than  the  second,  which  is  larger  tliaii  the 
small  anal.  Coloration  as  in  .Jiolconoma,  olivaceous,  the  back  spottcMl 
and  tessellated;  sides  with  about  ton  irregular  spots;  a  dark  spot  on 
opercles.  Ih'ad  spott;\  above;  a  black  lino  across  the  muzzle;  no  bar 
below  eye  ;  dorsals  and  cautlal  tin  linely  barred.  Head  4.',;  dej)th  a.i 
1).  X-10;  A.  1,  8;  scales  5-;jO-10.  L.  2^  inches.  Jiivers  of  Illinois. 
(liolvoHoma  camura  Forbes,  Dull.  Ills.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  40,  1H7H.) 

771.  V.  cliloroNOina  Hay. 

Body  slender,  cooipn^ssed,  the  dorsal  region  mucli  arched.  Caudal 
peduncle  h)ng  and  slender,  the  body  abruptly  contracted  at  the  vent. 
Head  small,  convex  in  i)rolilo.  Cheeks  and  opercles  scaled,  lireast 
scaled  or  naked.  Dorsals  separated  by  a  distance  equal  to  half  the  head, 
about  equal  to  each  other,  larger  than  the  anal.  Lateral  line  developed 
on  4  to  20  scales.  Creenish  yellow,  with  numy  blotches  and  zigzajf 
markings  of  brown ;  a  row  of  about  10  of  these  blotches  along  each  .«iido, 
nu)st  distinct  on  caudal  peduiude;  about  8  square  brown  dorsal  spots. 
Top  of  head,  opercular  spot,  and  subocular  spot,  black.  A  black  streak 
from  eye  to  snout.  Head  4A;  depth  5|.  D.  IX-11;  A.  I,  7  or  I,  8;  Lat. 
1  50  to  00.  L.  2  inches.  Eastern  Mississippi;  apparently  not  different 
from  the  preceding. 
(Hay,  Proc.  U.  S  Nut.  Mua.  1880,  41)r>.) 


956.— III.OI'EIVTRA  Jordnn. 

(Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  E.  U.  S.  ed.  2,  223,  1878;  type  Arlina  atripinitin  Jor.) 

Body  nu>derately  elongate,  little  compressed.  Head  short,  thick,  with 
tumid  cheeks.  Mouth  small,  horizontal,  tho  lower  jaw  included.  Pre- 
maxillaries  protractile,  little  movable;  maxillary  movable,  not  joined  to 
the  preorbital  except  at  its  root ;  vomerine  t«eth  present,  small.  Gill- 
ra*-mbraiu's  more  or  less'roadly  connected.  Sralea  moderate.  No  ven- 
tral plates.    Lateril  line  complete  or  incomplete.    First  dorsal  with  12 


ST).    PBRCIDiE — ULOCENTRA. 


4r5 


spinps;  anal  smallor  tbtin  Hccond  dorsiil,  with  two  wclldovolopcd  siiiiics, 
the  t\rs*  tliolongor.  Small  Hppcics,  rather  brijihtl.v  colored.  («*u^o^,  com- 
plete; xsvr/x'v,  Hpiiie;  the  development  of  the  anal  spines  diHtinj^uiMhin^; 
it  from /^'it'0«o/Ma.)  v  ♦       "^ 

179.  !'•  phBox  (Copt")  J.  «&  G. 

Vermillion  red,  with  faint  small  brown  dorsal  Hpota;  a  sorfes  of  .similar 
bine  spots  alonj?  tll(^  lateral  line.  SpinouH  dorsal  with  a  dark  bine  bor- 
der; second  dorsal  with  a  dark  shade;  eandal  cross-barred.  IJody  rather 
fitoiit.  Head  compressed.  Month  terminal,  the  premavibaries  freely 
protractile  ;  opercnlar  sj)ine  strong?.  Cheeks  and  opereles  nak<'d.  IJreast 
and  neck  scaleless  or  nearly  so.  Scales  rather  larpje,  the  belly  scaled 
liko  the  sides.  (Jill  inentbranes  not  described.  Lateral  line  strai^dit, 
roacliiiijr  middle  of  second  dors.al.  Anal  tin  small,  other  tins  larjic  J), 
X-lli;  A.  II,  T);  scale8r)-5li-S.  L.  2  inches.  Trinity  River, Texas.  ^Cope.) 
(/J(»/((M(»mrt  j>/if«x  Cope,  Dull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mu8.  xvii,  30,  18H0.) 

TT8.  I',  stitfllliea  Jordan.— <Sp«;fc. 

body  slender,  formed  as  in  Tioleosotna.  TTead  narrow  and  thin,  the 
snout  somewhat  pointi^l,  obli(|nely  trnncate  in  i)rofHe.  Month  narrow, 
horizontal,  snbinf<Mior,  its  cleft  nearly  reaching  eye;  premaxillaries  little 
protractile.  Lateral  lino  extendin;jf  to  opposite  middle  of  seisond  dorsal. 
Scales  rather  larfje.  Opereles,  cheeks,  and  neck  s(!aly;  breast  naked, 
(lill-membranes  not  very  brojidly  joined;  opercular  spine  sharj).  Fins 
rather  large;  eandal  emarginate.  Olivaceous,  tessellated  and  si»e<!kle(l 
above;  sides  with  about  8  W  shapcMl  dark  green  blotches  below  th(» lat- 
eral line  and  various  duller  oni's  above;  upper  parts  in  the  larger  speci- 
men.s  sprinkled  with  wmall  orange  sjxjts,  which  are  more  conspicuous 
after  death,  when  the  green  has  faded.  Fins  mottled;  spinous  dorsal 
with  a  band  of  orange-red  a!)ov;>,  and  one  or  two  narrow  dark  ones  below 
it.  A  dark  stripe  forward  and  another  downward  from  eye.  Head  4J ; 
depth  5.  1).  X-12 ;  A.  II,  7  ;  scales  5-40-7.  L.  2^  inches.  Georgia  to 
Louisiana;  rather  common  in  the  ponds  and  streams  of  the  hill  country, 

(Pohonoma stigmceum  Jordan,  Anu.  Lye.  Nut.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1876,  311.) 

aa.  Lateral  lin«  complete.  _,  ,     . 

YTi.  11.  atripinnis  Jordan.  .  ' 

Body  rather  short,  somewhat  compressed  behind.    Head  extremely 

short  and  deep,  the  snout  very  short  and  abruptly  rounded,  as  in  Dip- 

lesium.    Eye  large.    Mouth  amall,  with  equal  jaws.    Cheeks  and  oper- 


•■  1'  .  \ 


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49G      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— ly, 

cles  acaly ;  the  cheek  scales  small  and  closely  set ;  a  triangular  series 
of  scales  on  temporal  region;  throat  smooth;  neck  above  closely 
scalj' ;  belly  closi-ly  scaled.  Fins  large;  spinous  dorsal  high  the 
second  still  higher,  but  smaller  than  the  first,  its  base  about  equal  to 
the  length  of  the  head;  dorsal  fins  contiguous,  slightly  connected. 
Color  olivjM;eous ;  head  abovj^  entirely  black ;  back  with  8  dark  cross. 
bars;  about  11  bar-like  blotches,  somewhat  indistinct,  arranged  alon'^ 
the  lateral  line ;  fins  chiefly  black;  membranes  of  the  second  dorsal 
and  ventral  fins  entirely  black,  that  of  the  spinous  dorsal  with  a  broad 
black  horizontal  bar  at  base,  above  which  are  numerous  distinct  black 
oblique  streaks ;  anal  with  a  broad  black  bar ;  caudal  and  pectoral  fins 
largely  dusky.  Females  and  young  probably  paler.  Head  4^  ;  depth 
4}.  D.  XI[-10;  A.  11,  7;  Lat.  1.  (not  counted).  L.  2J  inches.  Cum- 
berland River;  but  one  si)ecimen  known.    >- 

(ArUna  alrijjinnia  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  1877,  10;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed. 

2, -22.3.) 

■/■■•••  •      '  t 

77S»  U.  simotera  (Cope)  Jordan.  • 

Body  short  and  rather  deep.  Head  small ;  the  snout  very  obtuse,  as 
blunt  as  in  Diplesium.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and  breast  scaly.  Dorsal  flus 
well  separated.  Back  and  sides  each  with  a  series  of  quadrate  blackish- 
green  blotches ;  belly  saffron-color;  upper  parts  sprinkled  with  red 
spots  ;  first  dorsal  margined  with  orange-red;  a  row  of  oval  red  spots 
across  the  middle  of  the  fin  ;  second  dorsal  with  the  membrane  chiefly 
blood-red;  a  black  spot  on  occiput  and  opercle;  a  dark  stripe  downward 
and  one  forward  from  eye;  caudal  fin  l)rown,  barred.  Head  5;  depth 
4.  D.  X-11 ;  A.  ir,  7  ;  scales  10-52-12.  L.  3  inches.  Headwaters  of 
the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  rivers;  an  elegant  and  peculiar  species, 
carrying  to  an  extreme  the  gobioid  appearance  of  these  fishes. 

{Hijostoma  mnoterum  Cope,  Jonrii.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18(58, 215:  Hjiontomasimotenm 
Vaillaut  Reclierclies,  lUO:  Dijtiemum  aimoterum  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  od.  2,  223.) 


lu;  ■?...:   '^^ 


^  ^^  m  t 


9J7.-DIPI.ESIVJVI  Raflnesqne. 

(Hyostoma  Agassiz.) 

{Diplesion  Raflnesqne,  Ichtli.  Oh.  1^30,  37;  typo  Etheoatoma  blcnnioides  Raf.) 

Body  elongate,  subterete.  Head  very  short  and  blunt,  with  tumid 
cheeks;  the  profile  very  convex.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  horizontal.  Pre- 
maxillaries  protractile,  little  movable,  joined  to  the  forehead  mesially 
by  a  slight  frenuni ;  maxillary  not  protractile,  adnato  for  most  of  its 
length  to  the  fleshy  skin  of  thei)reorbital;  lower  jaw  very  short;  teeth 


85.   PERCID^ — COTTOGASTEH. 


497 


in  jaws  strong ;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  p.ilatines.  Gill-membranes  broadly 
connected.  Scales  moderate,  rough.  Lateral  line  complete ;  no  enlarged 
ventral  plates.  Dorsal  fins  large,  the  spinous  dorsal  longer  and  lower 
than  the  second,  of  about  13  spines ;  anal  smaller  than  second  dorsal 
with  2  strong  spines.  Vertebrae  {D.  blennioides)  19  +22.  Coloration 
largely  green.    ('Jc?,  two ;  rUaiov,  near;  dorsal  fin  nearly  divided  in  two.) 

776.  D.  blcnnioides  (Raf.)  Jor. — Green-aided  Darter. 

Body  stout,  elongate,  little  compressed ;  profile  very  convex.  Eyes 
lar'^e,  high  up  and  close  together;  a  longitudinal  furrow  between  the 
eyes.  Mouth  small,  horizontal,  quite  inferior;  upper  jaw  concealed  in  a 
furrow  under  the  snout.  Scales  moderate;  those  on  the  belly  large,  not 
caducous;  cheeks  with  fine  scales;  opercles  with  large  ones ;  neck  scaly; 
chest  naked.  Anal  pa^pilla  very  large.  Anal  spines  strong ;  caudal  fin 
emarginate ;  lower  rays  of  the  pectorals,  and  the  rays  of  the  ventralsand 
anal  enlarged  and  fleshy  in  the  males.  Color  olive  green,  tessellated 
above;  sides  with  about  eight  double  transverse  bars,  each  pair  form- 
ing a  Y-shaped  figure ;  these  are  sometimes  joined  above,  forming  a  sort 
of  wavy  lateral  band  ;  in  life  these  markings  are  of  a  clear  deep  green; 
sides  sprinkled  with  orange  dots;  head  with  olive  stripes  and  the  usual 
dark  bars;  first  dorsal  dark  orange  brown  at  base,  blue  above,  becoming 
pale  at  tip;  second  dorsal  and  anal  of  a  rich  blue  green,  with  some  red- 
dish; caudal  greenish,  faintly  barred;  young  and  female  specimens  are 
more  or  less  dull,  but  the  pattern  is  peculiar.  Head  4J;  depth  4f.  D. 
XIII-13;  A.  II,  8;  Lat.  1.  65  to  78.  L.  3-5  inches.  Pennsylvania  to 
Kansas,  south  to  Alabama;  one  of  the  handsomest  and  most  abundant  of 
the  Darters. 

{Etheostoma  hlennioides  Raf.  Journ.  de  Physique,  1819,  419:  Pileoma  cymatogramma 
Abbott,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1860,  327:  Hyoatoma  cymatoijrammum  Vaillant, 
1.  c,  102;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  222:  Hyostoma  blennioperca  Cope  (Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.  1868, 214)  is  a  form  larger  than  usual  and  with  rather  smaller  scales :  Hyostoma 
newmani  Agassiz  (Am.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  305)  is  slenderer,  with  rather  larger 
scales  on  the  hody  and  on  the  cheeks.    Both  grade  into  the  common  form. ) 

39§.— COTTOOASTER  Putnam. 

(Rheocrypta  JoT{[an.)  '  ' 

(Putnam,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  1S63,  5 :  type  Boleoaoma  ti^aaellatum,  Thompson,  uot 
ofDeKay.)          ,;..,..:;■-.;:;     ,!:,"■.:  _    A^  ,  J--v-:^i-.v^,^.U-  '-.^.^-----ir^- 

Body  rather  robust,  little  compressed.    Head  moderate,  bluntish. 
Mouth  small,  the  lower  jaw  included;  premaxillaries  protractile;  maxil- 
lary not  adherent  to  the  preorbital.    Teeth  on  vomer.    Gill-membranes 
nearly  separate.    Scales  ctenoid ;  those  of  the  middle  line  of  the  belly 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.16 32 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS8'> 

(716)  873-4303 


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498      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

enlarged  and  spinous,  falling  off  at  times,  leaving  a  naked  strip;  lateral 
line  continuous.  Dorsal  fins  large,  the  second  usually  smaller  than  tbo 
first  and  smaller  than  the  anal.  Anal  spines  two,  strong,  the  first  the 
longer.    Size  moderate. 

(HOTToi,  sculpin;  yadiTT^Pfhelly.)       ^  '  ■     -'-y' 

777,  €.  cop«landi  Jordan. 

Body  rather  slender  and  elongate.  Head  rather  large  and  long, 
somewhat  narrowed,  resembling  that  of  Boleosoma,  Mouth  small,  hori- 
zontal, subinferior.  Eye  large,  3^  in  head.  Cheeks  naked;  opercles 
and  neck  each  with  a  few  scales ;  throat  naked.  Ventral  plates  well 
developed;  scales  moderate,  strongly  ctenoid.  Color  browniJi  oli\e; 
a  series  of  rather  small,  horizoutally-oblong,  black  blotches  along  the 
lateral  line,  forming  an  interrupted  lateral  band;  back  tessellated; 
blackish  streaks  forward  and  downward  from  eye;  ventral  fins  dusky 
in  the  male;  vertical  fins  with  dusky  specks;  a  black  spot  on  anterior 
rays  of  spinous  dorsal.  Head  4J;  depth  5J.  D.  XE-10;  A.  II,  9;  Lat. 
1. 5G.    L.  2^  inches.    White  River,  Indiana ;  abundant  near  Indianapolis. 

(Rhcocrypta  copelandi  Jordan,  Bull  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  X,  9,  1877:  Bheocrijpia  copelandi 
Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  222.)  .  r 

TYS.  C.  putnami  J.  &  G.  (nom.sp.nov.). 

General  form  of  the  preceding.    Mouth  Large,  the  maxillary  reaching 

to  the  pupil.    Snout  convex.    Cheeks  naked;  opercles  closely  scaled j 

chest  naked;  neck  above  scaly;  scales  large.    Tessell&ted  above;  sides 

with  ten  sq  lare  blotches,  which  are  small  and  slightly  connected  by  a 

dusky  baud;  spinous  dorsal  with  a  brown  median  band;  second  dorsal 

and  caudal  barred;  entral  in  the  males  dusky;  a  dusky  stripe  down 

ward  and  one  forward  from  eye.    Head  4 ;  depth  6.    D.  XI-11;  A.  11,8: 

Lat.  1.  44.    L.  3  inches.    Lake  Chan)plain.    (Described  from  No.  1314, 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

{Boleosoma  teasellatum  Thompson,  Appendix  Hist.  Vermont,  1S53,  31;  not  of  Dekay: 
Cottogaater  tvasellatua  Putnam,  Bull.  Mus.  Couip.  Zool.  1863,  5.) 

3;i9.~iniOSTOIIIA  Jordan. 

(Jordan,  Proc.  Acud.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1877,  49:  type  Badropterua  ahvmardi  Grd.) 

Body  robust.  Head  large.  Mouth  comparatively  large,  horizontal, 
the  loweT- jaw  included;  premaxillaries  protractile;  maxillary  not  aduate 
to  preorbital.  Belly  without  caducous  plates.  Fins  as  in  Alvordiim,  the 
anal  larger  than  the  second  dorsal,    {etfxt^  to  move;  o-Tofia,  mouth.) 

TY9.  ff.  sBiumardi  (Grd.)  Jordan. 
Body  stout,  heavy  forward,  compressed  behind.     Head  broad  and 


85.  PEECIDiE — PERCINA. 


499 


thick.  Eye  large,  3  J  in  head.  Mouth  large  and  broad,  the  lower  jaw  wide, 
a  little  shorter  than  ihfi  upper;  maxillary  reaching  to  the  eye.  Cheeks, 
opercles,  and  neck  scaly;  chest  naked;  belly  naked  anteriorly,  scaly  for 
a  distance  in  front  of  the  vent;  scales  rather  large.  Dorsal  fins  large, 
the  first  larger  than  the  second,  which  is  smaller  than  the  anal,  though 
longer;  the  two  dorsal  fins  well  separated;  anal  fin  large,  very  deep,  in 
some  specimens  (males?)  reaching  to  the  caudal;  anal  spines  strong,  the 
tirst  the  larger.  Color  dark,  densely  but  vaguely  blotched  with  darker; 
sides  with  8-10  obscure  blotches,  the  anterior  ones  bar-like;  a  large  black 
spot  on  base  of  spinous  dorsal  behind,  and  a  small  one  in  fiont;  second 
dorsal,  caudal,  and  pectorals  barred ;  a  very  strong  black  suborbital  bar, 
and  a  faint  dark  line  along  muzzle.  Head  3|;  depth  5.  D.  X-15;A.II, 
11;  scales  6-56-11.    L.  3  inches*  Wabash,  Illinois,  and  Arkansas  Rivers. 

(Hadropterm  ahnmardi  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1659,  100;  Jordau,  Proo. 
Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Philn.  1877,  49;  Jordau,  Mau.  Vert.  222.)  ,  ' 

360.— PERCINA  Haldeman. 

'    '  ,vrvV'        Log  Perches. 

{Pileoma  DeKay.) 

(Haldeman,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  viii,  330,  184*:  type  Perca  nelulosa  Hald.  = 
Scicena  caprodes  Raf. ) 

Body  elongate,  slightly  compressed,  covered  with  small  ctenoid 
scales.  Lateral  line  continuous;  ventral  line  with  enlarged  plates, 
which  fall  off,  leaving  a  nake ,i  strip.  Head  depressed,  rather  pointed, 
the  mouth  being  small  and  inferior,  overlapped  by  a  tapering,  sub- 
tnucate,  pig-liko  snout ;  upper  jaw  not  protractile.  Teeth  on  vomer 
and  palatines.  Giil-membranes  scarcely  connected.  Dorsal  fins  well 
separated,  the  first  the  larger,  of  13-15  spines;  the  second  dorsal  rather 
longer  than  the  anal,  which  has  two  spines,  the  first  of  which  is  usually 
the  shorter.  Air-bladder  and  pseud obranchiro  present,  rudimentary. 
VertebroB  (P.  caprodes)  19  +  22.  General  pattern  of  coloration  olivace- 
ous, with  dark  vertical  bands  alternately  long  and  short.  (A  diminu- 
tive of  Perca.) 

'>'§0.  p.  caprodes  (Raf.)  Grd.—Xo/7  Pcrc/i;  liockjiah;  nog-molly;  Hog-fiah. 

Body  elongate,  compressed.  Head  long  and  pointed,  depressed  and 
sloping  above.  Mouth  small,  quite  inferior,  the  maxillary  not  reaofc- 
ing  nearly  to  the  front  of  the  eye.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and  neck  scaly ; 
chest  naked.  Fins  rather  low.  Color  yellowish-green,  with  about  15 
transverse  dark  bands  from  the  back  to  the  belly,  these  usually  alter- 
uating  with  shorter  and  fainter  ones,  which  reach  about  to  the  lateral 


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500      CONURIBUTIONS   TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

line;  a  black  spot  at  the  base  of  the  caudal;   fins  barred.     Heall  4> 

depth  G.    D.  XV-15;  A.  II,  9;  Lat.  1.  92.    L.  6-8  inches.    Great  Lakes 

and  streams  of  the  South  and  West;  the  largest  of  the  darters. 

(Scicena  caprudeg  Rafinesqne,  Amer.  Month.  Mag.  1818,  534:  Pileoma  semifaseialum 
DcKay,  New  York  Fauna  Fish.  1842,  16:  Etheontoma  caprodes,  nebuloaa,  semifmmta 
and  bimaculata  Storer,  Synop.  Fish.  N.  A.  270-272;  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 
1859,  66:  Pileoma  aemifaaciatum  Giinther,  i,  76:  Pileoma  caprodea  Vdllant  1.  c.  4:{' 
Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  220:  Pileoma  carbonaria  Baird  &  Girard,  Proc.  Acad,  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.  1653,  387:  Pileoma  carbonaria  GUnlher,  i,  76:  Pileoma  carbonaria  Girard,  1859 
10:  Percina  carbonaria  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat..  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  67;  the  latter  a 
variety  from  Texas  with  the  fins  mostly  higher. ) 

Var.  manitou  Jordan.   ■  'v-      ;'■>.? 

Space  in  front  of  spinous  dorsal  naked ;  lateral  bars  short,  more  or 
less  confluent,  each  one  not  meeting  its  fellow  of  the  other  side  across 
the  back;  otherwise  essentially  as  in  the  preceding,  with  which  it  inter- 
grades.  Chiefly  northwestward;  abundant  in  Wisconsin.  Examples 
intermediate  between  caprodes  and  manitou  from  Potomac  River  {Bean; 
Jouy)  and  Illinois  {Forbes). 
(Tercina  manitou  Jordan,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1877,  53.) 

961.— AI.VOKDIUS  Girard. 

Blade-aided  Darters. 

(Etheoatoma  Agassiz;  not  of  Rafinesque.) 
(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  68:  type  Alvordiua  maoulatua  Girard.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  little  compressed.  Mouth  rather  wide,  ter- 
minal, the  lower  jaw  included,  the  snout  above  not  protruding  beyond 
the  i)remaxillaries,  which  are  not  protractile.  Teeth  on  vomer,  and 
usually  on  palatines  also.  Gill-membranes  separate.  Scales  small, 
ctenoid,  covering  the  body.  Belly  with  a  median  series  of  enlarged 
spinous  plates,  which  fall  off,  leaving  a  naked  strip;  sides  of  bead 
scaly  or  not.  Lateral  line  complete.  Fins  large,  the  soft  dorsal  smaller 
than  the  spinous  or  the  anal.  Anal  spines  2;  dorsal  spines  10-15. 
Vertebrae  23  -\-  22  {A.  aspro);  17  -j-  22  {A.  evides).  Coloration  bright; 
sides  with  dark  blotches.    The  most  active  and  graceful  of  the  darters. 

(Dedicated  to  Maj.  B.  Alvord,  who  discovered  "Jh'ordiua  maculatua"  at  Fort  Gratiot, 
on  Lake  Huron.) 

a.  Vertebrro  more  than  40;  dorsal  spines  11  to  15;  palatine  teeth  present.    (Alvor- 
diua.) 
h.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and  ante-dorsal  region  entirely  scaleless ;  head  very  long  and 

large;  lat.  1.  75-80 macrocciihahw, 

hb.  Cheeks  covered  with  fine  scales ;  opercles  with  larger  ones. 
c.  Head  very  slender,  with  long  acnminate  niuzizle;  jaws  nearly  equal;  space  be- 
fore dorsal  scaled;  lat.  1.  65-70;  lateral  blotches  small,  quadrate. 

phoxocephahtt. 
00.  Head  stouter,  with  wider  muzzle;  lower  jaw  included a$pro,  neviaemis. 


85.    PEKCID4I ALVORDIUS. 


501 


lal ;  space  be- 


Ui.  Cheeks  naked ;  opercles  scaly  above  only ;  space  before  dorsal  naked ;  muzzle 
blunt. 

(f.  Ventral  shields  moderate ;  colors  dull,  plain crassuH. 

id.  Ventral  shields  very  large,  4  or  5  times  the  size  of  the  ordinary  scales ;  colors 

brilliant variatns. 

aa.  Vertebrae  less  than  40 ;  dorsal  spines  10  or  11;  palatine  teeth  obsolete ;  males  wi^h 
the  lower  fiuo  tuberculate  in  spring.     {Ericosma  Jordan. )....e«t<ie«,/o«datu«. 

a.  VertebrjB  more  than  40 ;  dorsal  spines  11  to  15;  palatine  teeth  present.    {Alvordim.) 

b.  Cheeks  and  opercles  entirely  scaleless ;  head  very  long  and  large  ;  lat.  1. 75  to  80. 

7§1,  A.  macrocephalus  (Cope)  Jor. 

Body  elongate.  Hend  long  aud  large ;  mouth  rather  large,  maxillary 
reaching  to  opposite  anterior  margin  of  orbit.  Eye  shorter  than  snout, 
^  in  head.  Yontral  shields  twice  as  large  as  other  scales.  Head.^  neck, 
aud  chest  without  scales.  Color  light  brown,  with  a  ?,lightly  undula- 
iJDg  whitish  band  from  upper  angle  of  opercle  to  caudal  peduncle ;  back 
with  dark  quadrate  spots ;  sides  with  9  blackish  longitudinal  spots, 
alternating  with  smaller  ones;  streaks  downward  and  forward  from 
eye;  vertical  fins  somewhat  barred;  spinous  dorsal  with  a  median 
blackish  band ;  head  spotted  above.  Head  3J;  depth  7.  D.  XV-13; 
A.  II,  11;  scales  11-77-15.    L.  3  inches.    Ohio  Valley;  not  very  common. 

{Etheosioma  macrocejahalum  Cope,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  1866,  401;  Jordan,  Man. 
Vert.  cd.  2,  220.)  '•.;,:V.      ■v^'ir.v.yv'r   V        ■'       ^  ■  '    -.''      ■         " 

ift.  Cheeks  covered  with  fine  scales;  opercles  with  larger  ones.     ' 

c.  Head  very  slender,  with  long  acuminate  muzzle ;  jaws  nearly  equal;  space  be- 

fore dorsal  scaled;  hit.  1.  65  to  70;  Lateral  blotches  small,  quadrate. 

7§3.  A.  p3lOXOCephaluS  (Nelson)  Cope  <^  Jordan. 

Body  rather  slender,  compressed.  Head  extremely  long,  narrow  and 
tapering,  the  snout  very  acuminate.  Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  reach- 
ing to  the  eye ;  the  lower  jaw  unusually  narrow  and  long,  scarcely  shorter 
than  upper.  Eye  about  equal  to  snout,  4^  in  head.  Cheeks,  opercles, 
and  neck  with  small  scales;  chest  naked.  Color  yellowish  brown,  some- 
what 83  in  A.  anpro,  but  the  lateral  spots  smaller  and  more  numerous, 
quadrate  in  form ;  a  small  blackish  spot  at  each  end  of  the  lateral  line. 
Head  4;  depth  5  J.  D.  XII-13  ;  A.  II,  9;  scales  12-08-14.  L.  4  inches. 
Indiana  to  Kansas ;  not  common. 

{EthcoHtoma  lihoiocephalum  Nelson,  Bull.  Ills.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  1,  35,  1876;  Jordan, 
Man.  Vert.  Ed^.id,  221.) 

cc.  Heatl  stouter,  with  wider  muzzle;  lower  jaw  included. 
7§3.  A.  aspro  Cope  &  Jordan — Black-aidrd  Darter. 

Body  rather  elongate,  fusiform,  compressed  behind.  Head  moderately 
elongate,  less  pointed  than  in  some  of  the  species.  Mouth  moderate, 
the  lower  jaw  included  ;  maxillary  reaching  just  past  the  front  of  the 
eye.    Bye  about  equal  to  snout,  4  in  head.    Gill-membranes  little  con- 


in 


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502      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY iv. 

nected.  Lateral  line  straight,  prolonged  forwards  to  the  eye.  Opercles 
with  rather  large  scales ;  cheeks  covered  with  very  small  cues,  which 
are  sea I'cely  visible;  breast  naked;  neck  naked,  or  more  or  less  scaly 
body  otherwise  entirely  scaly,  the  scales  small  and  rcugh.  Straw-yel- 
low or  greenish,  with  dark  tessellations  and  marblings  above,  and  about  7 
large  dark  blotches  along  the  sides,  which  are  partly  confluent,  thus  form- 
iug  a  moniliforra  band ;  lins  barred.  Ilead  4 ;  depth  G.  D.  XIII  to  XV- 
12 ;  A.  II,  9 ;  scales  9-65-17.  Ohio  River  to  the  Upper  Missouri,  chiefly 
northward;  one  of  the  most  curious  and  elegant  of  the  darters.  Its 
coloration  varies  much  in  intensity  with  differences  in  surroundings. 
Specimens  from  the  Ohio  Valley  slenderer  than  the  typical  form,  with 
narrower  head,  scaly  neck  and  jialer  colors,  form  a  slight  variety  ap- 
proaching xi.  phoxocepJialus. 

{Elheoatomahlcnnioides  Kirtland,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.Hist.  1839,  340— notof  Rafinesque: 
Ethcostoma  blennioidea  Vaillaut.,  1.  c.  7)7 ;  Cope  &  Jordan,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila, 
1877,  51:  Alvordiii8  maculatm  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2,  220,  probably  uot  of  Girard, 

who  describes  the  head  as  scaleless.) 

■,•'■.-■ 

784.  A.  nevisensis  (Cope)  Jor. 

"  This  is  an  elongate  flsh,  with  muzzle  obtuse  in  profile,  as  well  as  wide, 
viewed  from  abov^c.  Cheeks,  operculum,  and  middle  dorsal  line  scaled. 
Ventral  line  without  spinous  scales  ;  one  only  being  present  in  the  sym- 
physis of  the  'coracoids'.  Anal  fln  with  base  a  little  shorter  than  spi- 
nous dorsal;  the  species  may  really  be  a  Pccciliehtkys.  First  dorsal 
moderately  elevated ;  second,  peculiar  in  spinous  ray,  well  separated 
from  the  first  dorsal.  Caudal  fin  slightly  forked.  Ground  color  above 
yellowish,  crossed  by  9  dark  chestnut  quadrsite  spots  on  the  median  line, 
which  are  wider  than  their  interspaces  and  are  connected  at  their  ends 
by  an  undulate  chestnut  band.  Below  the  latter  a  similar  longitudinal 
band  on  the  anterior  half  of  the  body.  Six  quadrate  black  spots  on  the 
sides,  with  a  small  spot  between  each.  A  dark  band  from  end  of  muz- 
zle to  scapula ;  below  it  on  operculum,  a  silver  spot.  A  black  bar  below 
eye.  Belly  white.  Caudal  and  second  dorsal  distinctly,  pectoral  and 
ventral  faintly  black  barred.  A  series  of  black  spots  along  middle  of 
first  dorsal."  Head  4^ ;  depth  4^  D.  XIII-I,  12 ;  A.  II,  8;  scales  8-53- 
11.    L.  34.    (Cope.)    Maryland  to  North  Carolina. 

{Hadropterus  mactilatiia*  Grd,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859;  not  Alv.  maculatus 
Grd.  :  Elheosioma  nvviaenae  Cope,  Proc.  Anier.  Philoa.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  2()1.) 
hbb.  Cheeks  naked ;  ojiercles  scaly  above  only ;  space  before  dorsal  naked ;  muzzle  blunt. 
d.  Ventral  shields  moderate  ;  colors  dull,  plain. 

*Th9  types  of  this  species,  lately  examined  by  us,  seem  to  bo  identical  with  A.  neri- 
senais ;  cheeks  with  rather  large  scales ;  middle  of  breast  with  scales ;  ventral  platea 
large.    Scales  7-56-18.    D.  XIV-12 ;  A.  II,  9.    Maryland. 


85.    PEECID^ ALVORDIUS. 


503 


T§5t  A.  crassus  Jordan  &  Brayton.  •  ,    .  .^  ... 

Body  stouter  and  more  compressed  than  in  A.  aspro.  Head  stout; 
mouth  as  in  A.  aspro,  the  maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye.  Outer  teeth 
slightly  enlarged.  Cheeks  entirely  naked ;  opercles  scaly;  breast  and 
anterior  part  of  neck  scaleless;  ventral  shields  moderate.  Coloration 
essentially  as  in  A.  aspro,  the  blotches  rather  faint  and  band-like,  Dei»th 
5;  heail  4.  D.  XI-12;  A.  II,  8;  scales  7-54-7.  L.  3-4  inches.  Rivers 
of  North  and  South  Carolina. 

{Etheosloma  macnlatiim  var.  Copo,  Proc.  \cad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1870,  2(51  (not  ITadrop- 
(erm  mavulatns  Grd.);  Jordan  &  Brayton,  Bull,  xii  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1878,  12.) 

dd.  Ventral  shields  very  large,  4  or  5  times  the  size  of  the  ordinary  scales;   colors 
brilliant.  .'--■.   ■':;'■■::■'    \."  " -' ■_  ^''-'^v^.v: 

'?§«.  A.  variatus  (Kirt.)  Jor. 

Body  moderately  elongate ;  deeper  than  in  A.  aspro.  Head  rather 
short  and  stout.  M<  nth  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  the  eye;  lower 
jaw  seal  cely  shorter  than  upper ;  outer  teeth  somewhat  enlarged.  Eyes 
moderate,  about  as  long  as  snout,  3^  in  head.  Head  naked,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  scales  on  the  upper  anterior  part  of  the  opercle ; 
neck  and  breast  scaleless.  Vential  shields  larger  than  in  any  of  the 
o^her  species;  four  times  as  large  as  the  other  scales,  G  to  8  in  number, 
with  strong  radiating  points.  Coloration  bright  olive,  the  back  with 
short  brown  cross  bars ;  the  sides  with  broad  brownish  shades;  black 
blotch  on  neck  and  on  opercle ;  blackish  bars  downward  and  forward 
from  eye ;  flns  barred,  the  spinous  dorsal  with  a  black  band.  Accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Kirtland,  the  males  are  further  variegated  with  blue,  green, 
and  orange.  Head  3^;  depth -5.  D.  XII-12;  A.  II,  8;  scales  7-53-9. 
Ohio  and  Pennsylvania.  ,    ,,    ,  :  .^  ...      , 

{Fiheofitoma  variafum  Kirtland,  Bost.  Jonrn.  Nat.  Hist.  1840,  274:  Etlieostoma  pelta- 
um  Staiiffer  MSS.  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilu.  18J4,  p.  'i'.Y.i :  f  Alvonlhis  iiutculatua 
Oirard,  Proc,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  C8:  Ethcostoma  jitUalum  Vaillunt,  1.  c.  61: 
Ahordiua  peltatus  J  oidan,  \.  c. ''■i20.)        -.-.      ,       «  ms         ,, 

aa.  Vortebnu  less  than  40;  dorsal  spines  10  or  11;  palatine  teeth  obsolete;  males  with 
tLo  lower  iins  tuberculate  ill  spring.    {Erkonma''  Jordan.)  , 

ViT.  A>  evides  Jordan  &  Copoland. 

Body  moderate,  somewhat   compressed.     Head  heavy,  the  profile 

rather  convex.    Eye  rather  large,  high,  3i  in  head.    Mouth  moderate^ 

somewhat  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  included  ;  maxillary  reaching  front  of 

eye.   Cheeks,  neck  above,  and  throat  naked ;  Opercles  with  rather  Ifirge 

scales;  ventral  plates  little  enlarged.    Fins  large;  second  dorsal  lower 

' Eritoitma  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  8,  1877  :  typo  AhordiuH  ecUlva  Jordan  &, 
Copolaud;  (/)^j,  spring-time;  Koi/^eoa,  to  adoru.) 


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504      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY Jv, 

than  anal,  but  with  longer  base.  Coloration  extremely  brilliant  •  dark 
olivaceous  above,  tessellated  with  dark  ;  sides  with  about  7  broad  trans- 
verse bars  extending  from  below  the  lateral  line  on  one  side  across  the 
back  and  down  the  other  side ;  these  bars  are  wider  than  the  eye  and 
are  connected  along  the  lateral  line  by  a  faint  black  stripe.  In  the  female 
these  bars  are  black  and  the  intervening  spaces  yellowish.  In  tlie  male 
the  bars  are  of  a  dark  rich  blue-green  with  metallic  lustre ;  the  con- 
necting longitudinal  line  greenish-bronze;  just  above  this  line  is  a 
luminous  yellowish  streak,  and  above  iu  each  of  the  interspaces  between 
the  burs  is  a  bright  blotch  of  bronze-red ;  entire  lower  parts  of  the  body 
of  a  bright  clear  yellow,  which  becomes  on  the  under  side  of  the  head 
throat,  and  branchiostegals  a  bright  orange-red ;  blackish  green  streaks 
downward  and  forward  from  eye ;  cheeks  orange-red,  the  color  of  iron 
rust ;  dorsal  fin  orange-colored,  with  a  bright  bronze  edge,  a  blockish 
spot  on  the  last  rays;  second  dorsal  and  caudal  pale  orange;  two  bright 
yellowish  spots  at  base  of  caudal ;  anal  bronze,  with  a  blue-black  shad- 
ing ;  ventral  fins  dark  blue-black ;  pectorals  faintly  orange.  Males  with 
the  rays  of  the  ventral  and  anal  fins  covered  ;vith  small  corneous  tuber- 
cles, exactly  as  iu  some  Cyprinidcc.  Female  and  alcoholic  specimens 
show  little  of  the  bright  colors,  although  the  same  pattern  is  preserved. 
The  spinous  dorsal  has  u  dusky  spot  on  its  posterior  rays,  and  the  fins 
are  destitute  of  the  dark  bars  found  iu  the  other  species  of  Alvordius, 
Head  4^;  depth  5^.  D.  XI-10;  A.  II,  8;  scales  9-03-9.  L.  2-3  inches. 
White  Eiver,  Indiana  j  locally  abundant ;  one  of  the  most  brilliant  of 

fishes.         ■   '-"r  ^v---:.^'?:-  '.1 /^'•■•-•':^-/- ,•'  ....._,. 

(Alvordius  evidea  Jordan  &  Copelantl,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1877,  51:  Ericoma 
evidea  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  x,  8,  1877.) 


;,»■!'•■ 


Y§§.  A.  fasciatus  (Grd.)  Jor.  < 

"It  has  the  same  blenuioid  aspect  as  its  congener  {Alvorduis  aspro) ; 
the  total  length  of  the  specimens  observed  measuring  about  two  inches 
and  a  quarter,  the  head  entering  in  it  fourtimes  and  a  half.  The  eye  is 
of  medium  size,  subcircular;  the  diameter  being  contained  4  times  in 
the  side  of  the  head.  The  first  dorsal  is  lower  and  longer  than  the 
second,  to  which  it  is  contiguous.  The  anal  is  well  developed,  rather 
deeper  than  the  second  dorsal  but  shorter  upon  its  base.  The  caudal 
fin  is  subtruncated.  The  ventrals  and  the  pectorals  a^e  of  moderate 
development,  their  tips  being  nearly  even.  The  rays  are  D.  X,  12 ;  A. 
I,  8;  the  scales  are  small,  deeper  tliau  long,  posteriorly  rounded  off  and 
minutely  pectinated,  whilst  their  anterior  margin  is  truncal*  d,  exhihit- 
ing  numerous  radiating  ridges  upon  the  latter  section  only.    Their  im- 


51:  Eiicosma 


85.    PERCID^ — HADR0PTERU8. 


505 


brication  takes  place  after  the  fashion  of  the  Sciienoids ;  instead  of 
loDgitudiual  series,  they  constitute  transverse  oblique  series.  As  to  the 
coloration,  it  is  but  imperfectly  preserved.  Transverse  bands  of  deep 
chestnut  alternate  with  white  or  yellowish  ones.  These  bauds  or  fas- 
cia are  better  defined  below  the  lateral  line  than  above  it,  where  tliey 
are  soinetimes  interrupted.  The  head  is  brown,  with  a  vertical  black 
streak  across  the  orbits.  The  fins  are  yellowish,  uuicolor,  except  the 
first  dorsal,  which  is  margined  with  black.  During  life  we  imagine  this 
fish  to  be  one  of  the  i>rettiest  inhabitants  of  the  fresh  waters  of  this 
continent."  ( Girard.)  Chihuahua  River,  Mexico.  The  tyi>es  of  this  spe- 
cies are  lost,  but  it  is  doubtless  closely  allied  to  A.  evides. 
{Di^le»ion faaciatus  Girard,  Proc,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  WZ9,  101.)  <«  ? 

363.— HADItOPTERVS  Agassiz.  :.v'-v^v* 

{Efypohomus  Copo:  Plesioperca  Vaillant.) 

(AgaBsiz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  305:  type  Hadropterus  ni(jrofa»ciatua  Ag.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Alvordiua  only  in  the  absence  of  the  caducous 

ventral  plates,  the  belly  being  covered  with  persistent  scales,  similar  to 

those  on  the  sides.    {uSp6(;,  strong ;  nrepov,  fin.) 

a.  Anal  iiii  large,  not  smaller  tiiau  the  second  dorsal.  '  '  '• 

h.  Scales  small,  more  than  75  in  the  lateral  line;  body  elongate,  little  compressed ; 
D.  XV-15.    (flypoftoniMs*  Cope.)      .      , 

TSO.  M.  aurantiacus  ((!ope)  Jor.  ;   ,  v,/v<:  .      ■    ;       ,; 

Form  elongate ;  caudal  peduncle  slightly  contracted ;  orbit  smaller 
than  length  of  muzzle,  4  in  head,  excluding  the  opercular  spine ;  man- 
dibles shorter  than  muzzle ;  cheeks  and  operculum  covered  with  small 
scales;  scales  very  small,  covering  the  ventral  line;  gular  region 
smooth ;  third  dorsal  ray  longest,  fin  outline  rapidly  descending  poste- 
riorly; first  anal  ray  below  first  of  second  dorsal;  caudal  flu  even. 
Golden-brown  above,  with  a  series  of  small  round  brown  spots  nearer  to 
the  basis  of  the  dorsal  tin  than  the  lateral  line ;  the  latter  traversed  by  a 
broad  black  band,  which  i)asses  on  sides  of  head  arwmd  muzzle ;  below 
bright  citron-yellow  ;  fins  unspotted.  Head  4J;  depth  G.  1).  XV-15; 
A.  n,  11;  Lat.  1.  about  85.  L.  4^  inches.  {Cope.)  Headwaters  of  Ten- 
nessee River. 

{CottopoBte}'  aurantiacvs  Cope,  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1869,  211 :  Uypohomus 
awmtiaiius  Cope,  Pi'oc.  Amer.  Pliilos.  Soc.  1870,  451 :  Hadropterus  auraitliacua  Jor- 
dan, Man.  Vert.  221.) 

bb.  Scales  large,  less  than  CO  in  the  lateral  line ;  body  robnst,  more  or  less  compressed ; 
ilorsal  XII-12.     (Hadropterust) 

"Hypohomua  Cope,  Pfoc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  1870,  451:  type  Cottogaater  auraniiacua 
Cope,    (uffoj,  below  ;  6yUo$,  uniform.) 
t  Pleaioperca,  Vaillant. 


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50  S      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAIT   ICnTnYOLOGY--lv 
790.  II.  nigfrofasciatus  Agassiz. — Crawl-a-hottom. 

Head  and  body  stout  and  heavy,  the  body  ccrapressed.  Mouth  moder- 
ate, the  maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye;  eye  moderate,  4  in  i^a^j 
Scales  rather  large.  Fins  all  large.  Breast  usually  naked,  but  some- 
times closely  scaled;  scales  on  the  median  line  of  the  belly  somewhat  en- 
larged, but  not  caducous  nor  especially  spinous.  Dark  olive  above  with 
blackish  markings;  sides  with  vertical  bars,  somewhat  diamond-shaped 
but  quite  narrow;  these  acute  above  and  below,  more  or  less  confluent 
lilong  the  middle,  about  12  in  number;  the  bands  dark  greenish,  vary- 
ing to  jet  black,  most  distinct  near  the  middle  of  the  body  and  broadest 
bebind;  inner  half  of  each  of  the  vertical  fins  black;  outer  half  more  or 
less  speckled  and  barred;  top  of  head  black,  a  black  band  through  eye 
and  snout,  and  a  dark  vertical  shade  below  tlie  eye;  a  small  black  spot 
between  two  smaller  ones  at  base  of  caudal  fin.  Head  4;  depth  5.  D. 
XIl-12;  A.  II;  10;  scales  7-58-15.  L.  4  inches.  Rivers  of  the  Southern 
States  from  South  Carolina  to  Louisiana;  one  of  the  largest  of  the 
darters. 

(Agassiz,  Amor.  Jonrii.  Sci.  Arts,  xvii,  C05,  18o4;  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  X. 
Y.,  1877,  310:  Plcniopcrca  ancepa  Vaillaut,  1.  c,  37:  Alrordim  apillmani  Hay,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  1880,  491,  from  Cliickasawha  Ilivor,  Mississippi,  specimens  with  the 
eye  larger,  the  snout  more  pointed,  the  iins  higher,  and  the  color  very  dark.) 


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363.— NOTHONOTVS  Agassiz. 

Blue-hreasted  Barters. 


(Agassiz,  Bull,  Mus.  Comp.  Zoiil.  1863,  i,  3:  typo  Etheoatoma  maculatum  Kirtlaud.) 
..  Body  robust,  or  rather  elongate,  compressed.  Mouth  terminal,  mod- 
erate ;  the  lower  jaw  somewhat  included ;  premaxillaries  not  protractile ; 
mp-xillary  movable.  Teeth  strong,  i)resent  on  vomer  and  palatines. 
Gill- membranes  scarcely  connected.  Scales  moderate  or  small,  ctenoid; 
those  of  the  middle  line  of  the  belly  not  enlarged,  i)ersistent.  Lateral 
line  well  developed,  nearly  straight.  Fins  large,  with  strong  spines; 
first  dorsal  longer  and  larger  than  the  second  with  10  to  15  spines ;  anal 
with  two  strong  spines,  the  anterior  usually  the  larger.  Coloration 
often  brilliant.  {voOix;,  prominent;  v&to<;,  back,  in  allusion  to  the  large 
size  of  the  dorsal  fins,  the  name  given  in  opposition  to  Catonotus.) 

a.  Head  short,  the  muzzle  abruptly  decurved;  lat.  1.  52;  dorsal  spines  10  to  12:  fins 
dark-edged. 

vol.  Rf.  camurus  (Cope)  Jor. — Blue-hrcaated  Darter. 

Body  stout;  head  short;  muzzle  abruptly  decurved,  the  mouth  some- 
what inferior;  lower  jaw  included.    Caudal  broad,  truncate.   Males  very 


85.   PERCID^ — N0TH0N0TU8. 


507 


)ng  spmea; 


dark  olive  or  blackish,  with  an  obscure  band  of  a  paler  shade ;  belly 
paler ;  breast  and  throat  deep  rich  blue ;  sides  profusely  sprinkled  with 
crimson  dots;  these  spots  someiiines  arranged  in  short  longitudinal 
series  of  threes  and  fours;  series  of  olivaceous  lines  along  the  rows 
of  scales ;  first  dorsal  with  a  black  spot  at  base  in  front^nd  a  crim- 
son one  on  the  margin  between  the  first  and  second  rays ;  second  dor- 
sal cauilal,  and  anal  crimson,  bordered  with  yellow,  which  again  is 
bordered  with  black  or  dark  blue  on  the  edge  of  the  fin;  the  crimson  is 
deepest  next  the  yellow;  pectoral  and  ventral  fins  with  a  broad  red  mar- 
gin. Famales  less  distinctly'  marked;  olivaceous,  somewhat  barred. 
Head  4;  depth  4^.  1).  XI-13;  A.  II,  8;  scales  7-53-8.  L.  2J  inches. 
Ohio  to  Tennessee  in  clear  streams ;  one  of  the  most  elegant  members 
of  tliis  most  beautiful  genus. 

{Pwcilkhthya  camurua  Copo,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Pliila.  1H70,  2G5:  Kothonotua 
camurus  Jordan,  1.  c.  225.) 

flfl.  Head  rather  long  and  iioiuted;  muzzle  7iot  tlecurved.  '., 

b.  Dorsal  spines  10  to  12.  - 

c.  Scales  small ;  lateral  line  55  to  65 ;  fina  not  dark- edged. 
d.  Body  slender. 

798.  N.  sangiiifluus  (Cope)  .lor.    , 

Body  elongate,  with  dorsal  line  not  elevated,  and  the  caudal  peduncle 
very  deep.  Head  flat,  acuminate,  the  front  descending  very  gradually, 
the  mandible  rising  as  gradually  to  itsextremity;  orbit  rather  large,  equal 
to  suout,  4  in  head;  end  of  maxillary  reaching  front  of  pupil;  teeth 
of  outer  row  larger.  Fins  generallj'.  especially  the  caudal,  short ;  latter 
slightly  rounded;  first  dorsal  much  elongate;  first  anal  spine  very 
large.  Coloration  above  black,  shading  to  dark  olive  below,  and  with 
a  narrow,  wavy,  leather  colored  dorsal  band;  throat  turquoise  blue; 
sides  and  dorsal  region  marked  with  small  circular  spots  of  bright  crim- 
son, irregularly  disposed,  and  in  considerable  number;  first  dorsal 
uncolored,  with  a  black  spot  at  base  anteriorly  and  a  dark  shade  througli 
the  middle;  second  dorsal  blood-red,  without  border;  caudal  with  two 
large  crimson  spots  confluent  on  the  middle  line  of  the  tail  at  its  base, 
without  border ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  not  red-bordered ;  i'emales  dull, 
with  the  fins  black-barred  and  not  crimson.  Head  4 ;  depth  5^.  I).  XII- 
12;  A.  II,  9;  scales  9-58-10.  L.  2  J  inches.  South  Fork  of  Cumber- 
land River,  Tenn.    (Cope.) 

{Pacilichthys  sangiiiflmis  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,264:  Kothonotua 
ianguijluua  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  226.) 


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508      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

dd.  Body  comparatively  deep,  compressed.  "   ?'   "•:','      'itrs.  .     ^ 

703.  IV.  maculatns  (Kirtland)  Ag. 

Body  model ately  elongate,  deep,  and  compressed.  Head  long  and 
rather  pointed.  Mouth  rather  large ;  jaws  equal.  Dorsal  fin  elevated 
the  longest  rays  reaching  caudal.  Olive  green ;  sides  with  rather  large 
spots  of  brilliant  carmine ;  vertical  fins  more  or  less  barred  with  red 
and  white.  Head  4 ;  depth  4f .  D.  XII-13 ;  A.  II,  8 ;  Lat.  1.  GO.  L. 
2J  inches.    Mahoning  Eiver,  Ohio ;  not  yet  recognized  elsewhere. 

(Ethpostovia  niaculata  Kirtland,  Boat.  Joum.  Nat.  Hist.  1840, 276:  E.  maculata  Storer 
Synopsis,  270:  Nothonotus  maculatua  Agassiz,  Bull.  M.  C.  Z.  1863,  3:  Nothonotus  macu- 
Za<M«  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  225.)  ,-        .■- 

cc.  Scales  larger ;  lateral  lino  43  to  47 ;  body  stout.         ' 

794.  N.  rufllineatus  (Cope)  .Jor. 

Stout,  the  dorsal  line  elevated  and  descending  regularly  from  the  base 
of  the  first  dorsal  to  the  end  of  the  muzzle.  Muzzle  short,  regularly 
conic,  about  equal  to  eye,  which  is  smaller  than  usual,  4J  in  head. 
Dorsal  well  developed ;  caudal  peduncle  deep ;  caudal  fin  small,  trun- 
cate. Scales  large.  Color  pale  olive,  with  numerous  narrow  lonj>i- 
tudinal  lines,  each  on  the  adjacent  margins  of  two  rows  of  scales;  these 
lines  include  a  number  of  quadrate  spots  of  a  mahogany  or  brick-red 
color,  which  alternate  with  each  other,  but  are  not  regular  in  position 
or  number;  pectoral  region  bright  turquoise  blue;  belly  bright  reddish 
orange;  head  with  two  longitudinal  mahogany-colored  bands,  and  a  spot 
of  the  same  below  the  eye;  five  red  spots  on  each  side  of  the  head,  one 
on  operculum,  preoperculum,  suboperculum,  and  on  each  lip;  fins  all 
broadly  crimson-bordered,  the  anal  and  caudal  with  narrow  black 
edging ;  two  orange  areas  at  base  of  caudal ;  anal  vermilion,  with  yel- 
low base  and  black  margin  on  posterior  half.  Females  more  olivaceous, 
obscurely  barred  and  with  the  fins  speckled.  Head  4 ;  depth  4^.  D. 
XI-12 ;  A.  11,  8 ;  scales  C-45-7.  L.  3  inches.  French  Broad  lliver. 
Warm  Springs,  N.  0.    (Cope.) 

(Poecilichthys  rufiHiuatua  Coiw,  rroc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  1870,  267.)  'I' 

lb.  Dorsal  spines  14  ;  scales  small;  lat.  1.53;  bock  not  arched,  ' 

791.  IV.  vnlneratus  (Cope)  Jor. 

Body  fusiform,  stout.  Caudal  peduncle  very  deep.  Dorsal  outline 
scarcely  arched :  top  of  head  gently  and  regularly  curved  to  iL  e  end 
of  the  muzzle,  much  as  in  N.  sanguiflmis.  Orbit  four  times  in  length  of 
head,  equal  to  muzzle.  First  dorsal  not  low;  caudal  truncate,  r'^'nded ; 
anal  small ;  scales  small.    Color  light  olive,  with  about  eight  vertical 


85.   PERCIDiE — NANOSTOMA. 


509 


dkar  olive  bars  on  the  sides,  which  are  inteirnpted  above  Ihe  lateral  line  j 
a  few  irregular  crimson  dots  on  the  sides.  Fins  uniform,  transparent, 
except  the  first  dorsal  and  caudal ;  the  former  has  a  median  series  of 
red  spots,  the  latter  is  pale  orange,  with  a  black  margin ;  no  cross-bars 
ou  flus  in  the  .aale ;  second  dorsal  with  a  black  n»ar>jin.  Head  4 ; 
depth  4.^.  D.  XIV-13;  A.  II,  8;  £cales  8^-53-9.  L.  2  inches.  French 
Broad  River.  {Cope.) 
(/'cEcinc/i^/iys  vuinem<««  Uope,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.Phila.  1870,  200.)  ".^ 

•    Species  incompletely  described.  '     .  •, 

The  following  species  have  not  been  recognized  since  their  original 
description.    Thej^  perhaps  belong  to  Nothonotm. 

T96.  N.MesscllatMS  (Storer). 

"Body  oblong.  Head  gibbous,  less  than  one-fourth  the  length  of 
the  body.  Lateral  line  straight.  Top  of  the  head  and  upper  portion 
of  the  sides  of  a  greenish-brown  coior;  8  or  10  transverse  bluish  bands 
on  the  sides ;  the  intervals  between  these  bands  are  yellowish,  and  in 
the  centre  of  each  is  a  bluish  rhomb;  a  black  blotch  at  the  base  of  the 
tail;  the  lips,  opercles,  and  rays  of  the  first  dorsal  gamboge-yellow. 
D.  XlI-13;  P.  13;  V.  I,  5;  A.  II,  10.  L.  3  inches.  Florence,  Ala. 
Caught  in  running  water."    (Storer.) 

(Etheostoma  te«8ellata  Storer,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1845:  E.  teasellata  Storer, 
Synopsis,  273. ) 

TOT.  N.T  cincre  as  (Storer). 

"Body  oblong,  compressed.  Head  gibbous  directly  over  the  eyes. 
The  upper  portion  of  the  sides  is  of  a  light  yellow  color,  crossed  longi- 
tudinally by  3  or  4  cinereous  interrupted  narrow  bands,  one  or  two  of 
which  commence  at  the  snout,  the  others  back  of  the  head,  and  are 
lost  anterior  to  the  tail ;  between  these  bands  is  a  series  of  longitu- 
dinally-arranged oval  blotches,  of  a  similar  color,  and  from  these  bands 
descend  obliquely  backward  and  downward  to  the  abdomen  narrow 
transverse  lines;  lower  portion  of  the  sides  yellowish-white;  first  dor- 
sal margined  with  red;  second  dorsal  and  anal  variegated  with  red 
dots.  D.  XI-13;  P.  15;  V.  I,  5;  A.  II,  8.  L.  3-4  inches.  Florence, 
Ala.    Caught  in  deep,  still  water  when  fishing  for  perch."    (Storer.) 

{Etheostoma  cinerea  Storer,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1845:  E.  cinerea  Storer,  Synop- 

364.— MAMOSTOmA  Putnam. 


sis  273.) 


(Putnam  MSS.  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  7, 1877 :  type  Pcecilichthya  zonalU  Cope. ) 

Body  fusiform,  not  greatly  compressed.     Mouth  small,  subinferior, 


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510      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 

the  preuiaxillariea   not    protractile.     Vomerine  teeth  very  feeble  or 
wanting.     Scales  large.     Gill-membranes  broadly  connected;  no  en- 
larged ventral  plates.     Lateral  line  complete.    Dorsals  well  separated 
the  second  larger  than  anal,  higher  and  shorter  than  spinous  dorjsai- 
dorsal  spines  about  10;  anal  spines  2.    (v'avoc,  small;  ffro/^a,  mouth.) 

a.  Cheeks,  oporcles,  and  throat  closely  scaled. 
IDS.  N.  zontalc  (Cope)  Jor. 

Body  slender,  somewhat  compressed.  Head  small,  rather  short;  the 
month  small,  subinforior.  Snout  decurved,  rather  obtuse,  maxillary 
not  reaching  front  of  eye.  Cheeks,  opercles,  neck,  and  throat  closely 
sealed.  Eye  rather  large.  Teeth  very  feeble,  those  on  the  ^  omer  not 
evident ;  probably  none  on  the  palatines.  First  dorsal  well  developed 
sei>arated  from  the  second,  vvhich  is  higher  and  shorter  than  the  spin- 
ous dorsal,  and  considerably  larger  than  the  anal;  caudal  emafginatc. 
Bright  olivaceous  above,  golden  below;  6  dark-brown  quadrate  dorsal 
spots,  which  connect  by  alternating  spots  with  a  broad  brown  lateral 
band,  from  wliich  8  narrower  dark-bluish  bands  more  or  less  completely 
encircle  the  belly;  iiaired,  anal,  and  caudal  fins  golden,  brown-spotted; 
middle  half  of  the  first  dorsal  crimson;  a  series  of  round  crimson  spots 
near  the  base  of  the  second  dorsal;  occiput,  a  band  on  muzzle  and  one 
below  eye  black ;  a  black  spot  on  operculum  and  one  at  base  of  pec- 
toral; females  duller  and  speckled  with  ventrals  barred  and  laie-al 
bars  feebler.  Head  4^;  depth  5.  D.  XI-12;  A.  II,  7;  scales  11-50-12. 
L.  3  inches.    Mississippi  Valley,  in  clear  streams;  rather  rare. 

(Pcecilichlhun  zoiialis  Cope,  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  16()8,  212;  Jordan,  Man. 
Vert.  JWo:  2^"anoatoma  vincti^ea  Jordan.  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  ii,  236,  1^79;  thel'eiuule.) 

TOO.  IV.  elegans  Hay.  ;.,   , 

Body  stout,  somewhat  compressed.  Head  short  and  deep,  with 
swollen  cheeks.  S?iout  abruptly  decurved.  Mouth  subterminal,  hori- 
zontal, small,  the  /naxillary  not  reaching  the  front  of  the  eye.  Eye  4 
in  head.  Latenal  line  nearly  straight.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and  back  of 
neck  scal,y;  chest  and  region  iust  behind  ventrals  naked.  Spi.ions 
dorsal  half  as  high  as  long,  a  little  longer  than  the  head;  soft  dorsal 
%  as  long  as  head  and  §  as  high  ns  long;  anal  §  length  of  head,  as  high 
as  long;  pectoral  fins  very  large,  reaching  beyon<l  ventrals  to  vent. 
Color  purplish ;  G  large  quadrate  black  blotches  along  back  and  8  broad 
transverse  bars  along  sides  fainter,  these  alternating  with  dark  sjwta; 
many  of  the  scales  above  with  jet-black  spots  forming  longitudinal 
streaku;  two  black  spots  at  base  of  caudal;  a  few  black  spots  behind 


85.    PERCIDiE NANOSTOMA. 


5J1 


eye*  dark  spots  downward  and  forward  f''om  eye:  ventral  and  anal 
fius  indigo-blue;  pectorals  with  Wue;  a  bar  of  deep  orange-red  along 
base  of  boL'u  dorsals.    Head  4;  depth  5.    D.  X-12;  A.  II,  8;  scales  5- 
42-6.    L.  24  inches.    Chickasawha  Eiver,  Mississippi.    (Hay.) 
(Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1880,  493.) 

aa.    Checks,  opercles,  nnvl  breast  entirely  scalelcss. 

800.  N.  thalassinum  Jordan  &  Brayton. 

Body  rather  stout,  compressed  behind,  the  back  somewhat  arched. 
Head  large,  the  snout  rather  blunt  and  convex  in  profile.  Eye  large, 
liigli  up,  longer  than  muzzle,  3 J  in  luad;  interorbital  space  rather  nar- 
row. Mouth  moderate,  slightly  oblique,  the  maxilla  *y  reaching  to  the 
orbit.  Upper  jaw  slightly  longer  than  the  lower.  Head  entirely  naked ; 
throat  naked ;  neck  naked  anteriorly.  Fins  all  large ;  membrane  of  the 
lirst  dorsal  continued  to  the  base  of  the  second;  longest  dorsal  spine 
scarcely  shorter  than  the  soft  rays,  the  base  of  the  spinous  dorsal  a 
little  longer  than  that  of  the  soft  dorsal:  anal  not  much  smaller  than 
the  soft  dorsal,  its  first  spine  the  longer;  caudal  fin  deeply  lunate;  pec- 
torals reaching  nearly  to  vent.  Male,  in  life,  with  the  body  dark  green 
and  blotched  above;  sides  with  9  dark  blue-green  vertical  bars,  the 
five  next  the  last  most  distinct;  spinous  dorsal  reddish  at  base,  then 
a  broad  black  band,  the  uppermost  third  of  a  bright  ferruginous  red; 
second  dorsal  blackish  at  base,  reddi3h  above;  caudal  with  2  orange 
blotches  at  base,  black  mesially,  jitile  oranre  distally;  anal  fin  of  a 
brilliant  blue-green  color  at  base,  pale  at  tip;  ventrals  greenish;  head 
mostly  grass-green ;  the  streaks  forward  and  downward  from  eye  dark 
green;  females  duller  and  more  speckled.  Head  4;  depths.  D.Y- 
11;  A.  n,  8;  scales  5-43-5.  L.  2^  inches.  Salude  Eiver,  South  Caro- 
lina; abundant. 

(Xuthonolaa  thalamtms  Jordan  &  Brayton,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  13, 1878.) 

801.  N.  tessellatiim  Jordan. 
Color  olivaceous,  the  markings  obliterated  in  the  type.  Body  fusi- 
form. Head  broad  and  heavy,  entirely  naked.  Mouth  moderate,  hori- 
zontal, the  lower  jaw  included,  the  maxillary  extending  to  opposite 
front  of  eye.  Anal  higher  than  second  dorsal,  but  not  so  loiig,  its 
spines  strong.  Gill-membranes  broadly  united.  D.  X-12;  A.  II,  8; 
hat.  1.  48.  L.  2J  inches.  Allegheny  River;  only  the  type  (1199,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus)  now  known. 

{Hadropterut  tetiellatua  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  it,  7,  1877.) 


i 


i4  s  '  ni 
'II ; 


512       CONTRIDUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 

§03.  IV^  inscriptum  .Tonlnn  &  Brnyton. 

Body  rather  stout  and  deep,  strongly  compressed.  Caudal  peduncle 
rather  deep.  Head  large,  rather  obtuse,  the  profile  quite  gibbous  a 
considerable  angle  formed  opposite  the  eyes,  which  are  high  up  and  clo8e 
together.  Eye  about  equal  to  snout,  3.}  in  head.  Mouth  moderate 
slightly  oblique,  the  maxillary  resiching  eye,  the  upper  jaw  the  loiifjer. 
Head  entirely  scaleless ;  neck  above  scaly ;  breast  naked ;  belly  cloHcly 
scaled ;  scales  large.  Fins  large;  spinous  dorsal  longer  than  soft  dorsal 
which  is  somewhat  larger  than  the  anal;  the  two  dorsals  conne(!ted  hy 
tnombrane;  dorsal  spines  a  little  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  head* 
pectorals  large.  Color  olive,  with  a  bright  scarlet  spot  on  ea(di  scale 
these  forming  continuous  lines  along  the  rows  of  scales;  3  nark  blotches 
across  the  back ;  one  in  front  of  dorsal,  forming  a  black  spot  on  the  ante- 
rior spines;  one  between  the  two  dorsal  flns,  fornung  a  similar  black  sjjot 
on  the  last  rays  of  the  spinous  dorsal ;  and  one  on  the  caudal  peduncle, 
behind  the  second  dorsal ;  sides  with  about  0  irregular  dark-olive  blotches 
just  below  the  lateral  line;  edge  of  spinous  dorsal  black,  below  thisbrijjfht 
orange-red,  a  dusky  bar  at  the  base;  entire  anal  flu,  cheeks,  oi)ercles,  and 
a  bar  below  the  eye  bright  blue;  fenmles  without  red  spots,  the  sides 
blotched.  Head  4'^;  depth  4^.  I).  XI-12;  A.  IF,  3;  scales  5-40-:).  L. 
2i  inches.  Oconee  lliver,  Georgia;  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the 
group. 
(NothonoUts  {;i«cW^)/i(8  Jordan  «fe  Pmyton,  Bull,  IT.  S.  Nut.  Mus.  xii,  34,  1878.) 

SeS.-ETHEOSTOIVIA  Rafmosqiio. 

(Ca/onotttfl  Agassiz.)  »j 

(Riifiucsquo,  Jonrn.  do  PliyHiqiio,  1819,  419:  typo  FAheostoma  flahdlari»  Raf.) 

Body  elongate,  comi>ressed.  Mouth  terminal,  more  or  less  oblique; 
upper  jaw  not  protractile.  Vomerine  teeth  present;  teeth  in  the  jaws 
st'-ong,  the  outer  series  canine-like.  Opercular  spine  well  developed. 
Gill-membranes  broadly  united.  Scales  rather  large.  Lateral  line 
incomplete;  an  enlarged,  black  humeral  scale.  First  dorsal  fin  low, 
considerably  lower  than  the  second  dorsal,  of  7  to  9  subequal  spines, 
which,  in  the  males,  end  in  little  fleshy  knobs;  anal  flu  smaller  than 
the  secoiul  dorsal,  with  U  spines,  the  first  of  which  is  always  the  larger. 
Vertebrn3  (7^.  Uneolattim)  14 -+-21;  size  small.  Coloration  dark.  The 
species  are  extremely  quick  in  their  movements,  and  their  coloration, 
although  not  gaudy,  is  very  elegant. 

(Th«  word  Ethcoatoma  is  stated  by  Railncsquo  to  mean  "various  mouths,"  tho  species 
known  to  him — i.  e,,  I'ercina  oaprode-s,  Diplesium  blcnnioides,  and  Etkeoetoma  Jlabdlarc— 


^'I'W 


85.   PERCIDiE — ETHEOSTOMA. 


513 


heitiR  H*'  (litTfTt^nt,  in  respect  to  tho  form  ot  »he  mouth,  that  h«  conceived  thftt  they 
luiilbt  beloi'J?  ♦*>  diirercnt  Mubgenura.    T lie  etymology  of  the  word  is  not  evident.) 

Head  entirely  naked;  lateral  lino  short;  lovrcr  jaw  i)roniinent, 
b.  Body  with  longitudinal  dark  HtripcH. 

§J3.  V"  llacolntMm  (Ag.)  ,1  or.— Sir i-pcd  Darter.  • 

l}o(ly  olongatP,  compreaaed,  the  back  scarcely  arched.  Head  long 
and  rather  pointed,  entirely  destitute  of  scales.  Mouth  rather  larj^e, 
tcrmiiial,  oblique,  th(5  lower  jaw  the  longer.  Eye  moderate,  longer  than 
the  siumt,  about  4  in  head.  Opercular  spine  strong.  Fins  all  low,  the- 
first  d«>rsiil  in  the  males  about  half  as  high  as  the  second;  higher  in  the 
females;  caiuial  large,  rounded.  Anal  spines  longer  in  females  than  in 
the  males;  dorsal  and  anal  spines  pointed  in  the  female,  in  the  nuile  with 
tliicken«'d  tieshy  tii)s.  Scales  moderate.  Lateral  line  extending  about 
toend  of  th'st  dorsal.  Neck  and  throat  n",ked ;  scales  on  sides  extending 
up  to  the  base  of  the  dorsal  tin.  Color  dark;  each  scale  with  a  dark 
Rjiot,  those  forming  a  series  of  conspicjuous  longitudinal  lines  along  the 
rows  of  scales;  second  dorsal  and  caudal  conspicuously  cross-barre<l ; 
head  blackish,  with  dark  stripes  radiating  from  eye;  males  further 
marked  with  conspicuous  dark  cross  bars.  Head  4;  depth  5.  D.  VIII- 
12;  A.  1 1, 8 ;  scales  7-53-7.  L.  2^  inches.  Minnesota  to  Indiana ;  abound- 
ing in  clear  or  rocky  streams;  one  of  the  most  singular  and  handsome 
of  the  darters. 

{CatonotuH  linrolatuii  AgaMve,  Amer.  Joum.  Sci.  Arts.  1854,  305:  Catonotus  lineolatus 
Viiillaut,  1.  c.  118.  ) 

W,  Bo;ly  not  striped. 

§04.  E.  flubcllare  Raf. 

Very  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  rather  more  elongate  and  lens 
compressed.  Head  rather  larger.  A  narrow  strip  along  base  of  spinnijs 
dorsal  not  scaled.  Coloration  paler,  there  being  little  or  no  trace  of  the 
longitudinal  stripes,  so  conspicuous  in  E.  Kneolatum;  the  males  with  cioss 
blotches,  the  iemales  nearly  plain  olivaceous;  second  dorsal  and  caudal 
fins  barred ;  black  humoral  spot  conspicuous.  Lateral  line  usually  vei  y 
little  developed  ;  lower  jaw  less  projecting  than  in  U.  lineolatum.  Head 
4;  depth  5.  1).  VIII-12;  A.  11,8;  Lat.  1.  46.  Length  2J  inches.  West- 
ern New  York  to  Ohio  Valley  ai;d  North  Carolina;  very  abundant  iu 
the  tributaries  of  Lake  Ontario. 

(Raflnes^iue,  Journ.  de  Thys.  etc.  PnriR,  1810,419:  Catonotus  flahel1atHi>  VaiUant', 
Rcchorchcs,  1873,  121:  Catonotus  fasdatua  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1851),  (??: 
Oligocfphaliis  humiralis  Oirard,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phila.   183U,  GO:   ICatonotug 

Bull.  Nat.  Mils.  No.  10 33 


4;!  Vi,  !i 


h 


•>7 


.'i-  ■■: 


■  1 


\  t  < ' 


514      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — jy. 

iennicoffi*  Putnam,  Bull.  Mns.  Comp.  Zool.  1B63,  3:  Etlwontoma  linsleyi  Rforor  Pro 
Soc.  Nat.    Hist.   IHol,  37:    Catonotiu  flabellatits  Vnillant  1.  p.  121:  Calonotm  Unul   " 
Vuillant,  Roclierches.  1&/3,  125:  JCtlieostoma  flahellare  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2  227  \ 
flaCliocks,opcrcleH,  neck,  and  throat  closely  scaly ;  jawseqnal;  lateral  line  nearly  com- 
plete. 

§05.  E.  squamiceps  Jordan. 

Body  rather  elougute,  considerably  compressed,  the  caudal  peduncle 
deep.  Head  large;  the  jaws  comparatively  short  and  equal.  Lateral 
line  wauling  only  on  a  few  of  the  posterior  scales,  and  with  occa- 
Hional  tubes  behind  the  continuous  series.  Spinous  dorsal  low  and 
♦short,  the  spines  about  equal,  less  than  half  the  height  of  tho  second 
dorsal ;  bases  of  the  two  dorsals  about  equal,  slightly  connected  bv 
membraiie.  Color  dark,  without  spots,  stripes  or  bands,  in  sjjirit.s- 
male  mottled,  with  about  C  cross-blotches ;  vertical  fins  cross-barred ; 
lower  fins  black  in  the  male,  pale  in  the  female;  a  large  black  humeral 
spot.  Bead  3^ ;  depth  5.  D.  lX-12 ;  A.  II,  7 ;  scales  5-50-G.  L.  2| 
inches.  Ohio  Valley ;  not  common. 
(Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  11,  1877.)  '       ;  ' 

966.-Pa:CIl.ICHTHYS  Agassiz. 

Bainbow  Barters.  •<  ? 

{Oligoceplalua,    Boleichthijs,   Aj)Iesion,    and    Alrarius    Girard:    Antatichthys   Vaillant; 

Hololepit  Agassiz.) 

(Agassiz,  Amer.  Jonrn.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  304:  type  Poecilichthya  ranatus  Aga8si/,=£'(/ieo«- 
ioma  cairulea  Store r. )  •  ■:  ■-: 

Body  variously  robust  or  elongate,  usually  comprot^sed.  Head  rather 
large.  Mouth  moderate,  nearly  horizontal,  terminal  or  nearly  so;  vo- 
mer with  teeth ;  piemaxillaries  not  protiactile.  Gill-membranes  scarcely 
connected.  Scales  rather  large,  those  on  the  belly  similar  to  the  orhers. 
Lateral  line  wanting  posteriorly,  its  tubes  beginning  at  the  orbit.  Dor 
sal  spines  6  to  11,  the  middle  ones  highest  and  more  than  half  the  lieijjlit 
of  the  soft  rays ;  second  dorsal  larger  than  spinous  dorsal  or  anal ;  a;:ai 
with  two  spines,  the  first  usually  the  larger.  Vertebra  in  P.  cwndcvs, 
15  -f  18;  in  P  eos,  15  +  21.  Size  small.  Coloration  usually  brilliant. 
(-outAo?,  variegated ;  r/ffh-:,  fish.) 

*  The  original  types  of  Catonotua  kennicoHi,  now  in  poor  condition,  show  the  follow- 
ing characters: 

Color  plain,  withont  trace  of  lines  or  spots ;  pectorals,  caudal,  and  both  dorsals 
checkered  wit'.i  black.  Black  humeral  spot  large.  Cheeks,  opercles  and  breast  imlud. 
Scales  rather  largo.  I^ateral  line  extending  to  below  inidille  of  second  dorHal.  Gill- 
juenibrancB  Ibrniiug  an  angle  with  each  other.  Pectorals  a  little  shorter  than  iioad. 
Head  3J;  depth  5^.     D.  Vlll,  10;  A.  11,  5;  scales  r)-40  6.     From  Southern  TMiiiois. 


low  the  follow- 


85.    PERCIDiE PCECILICIITHY8. 


515 


a.  Dorsal  spines  8  or  more ;  anal  spines  well  devoloppd. 

b.  Humeral  re<rion  with  an  enlarged  black  scale-liko  process. 

c.  CliP"'i8  and  opereles  naked ;  nape  naked ;  body  striped , rirgatiis. 

cc.  Cheeks  and  nape  naked;  opercles scaly .acxatUia. 

ccc.  Checks,  opercles,  and  nape  more  or  less  scaly punctulatus,  arteaia:. 

hb.  Humeral  scale  obsolete  or  wanting. 

d.  Opercles  and  cheeks  naked;  preopercle  cremilate;  anal  spines  very  long. 

Je^ndus. 
d(h  Opercles  scaly ;  preopercle  strictly  entire. 

e.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight. 

/.  Cheeks  naked;  or  with  only  3  or  4  small  iml)edded  scales  close  behind 

eye cwruleus,  spectabilix. 

//.  Cheeks  evidently  scaly,  at  least  above mprigenia,  jcHHioi, 

ee.  Lateral  line  forming  a  slight  curve  above  the  pectorals ;  dorsals  sub-eqnal. 

Dorsal  spines  9  or  10.    (Boleiohthi/s  Girard.") 

g.  Cheeks  scaly bufhriaiiua,  barratti,  fiisiformifi,  erochroits,  eos, 

gf).  Cheeks  naked exilia,  tcarreni,  graciliit. 

flfl.  Dorsal  spines  G ;  fnal  spines  obsolete?    {Alvarius) lateralis. 

a.  Dorsal  spines  8  or  more ;  anal  spines  well  developed. 

h.  Humeral  region  with  an  enlarged  scale-like  process,  which  is  always  black, 
c.  Opercles,  cheeks,  and  nape  naked ;  body  striped. 

§06.  P.  vircatus  Jordan. 

Body  slender,  siibfuailorm,  compressed,  the  back  somewhat  elevated, 
tbe  caudal  peduncle  rather  deep.  Head  long,  rather  slender  and  pointed, 
little  compressed,  the  snout  but  little  decurved.  Mouth  rather  large, 
somewhat  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  the  pupil,  the  lower  jaw 
scarcely  shorter  than  the  upper ;  teeth  small,  even,  in  several  rows. 
V,}G  rather  large.  Posterior  border  of  preopercle  above,  obtusely  cre- 
uate.  Scales  rather  large;  lateral  line  distinct,  on  about  20  scales;  53  in 
a  lengthwise  series.  Head  naked ;  nape  and  breast  naked.  Color  green- 
ish, each  scale  with  a  small  blackish  spot,  forming  conspicuous  lateral 
stripes,  as  in  Etheostoma  lineolatum  ;  back  and  sides  with  cross-blotches; 
liunieral  scale  largo  and  black;  dorsal  and  caudal  fin  faintly  barred. 
Head  3§ ;  depth  5.  D.  IX-10 ;  A.  11,  8.  Rock  Castle  River,  Kentucky ; 
resembl 'S  the  species  of  Etheostoma. 

(Jordan,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  ii,  236,  1879.) 

cc.  Cheeks  and  napo  naked  ;  opercles  scaly. 

§07.  P.  §axat9lis  Hay. 

Body  rather  slender.  Head  pointed,  the  profile  descending  in  a 
gradual  curve.  Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  extending  to  opposite  front 
of  pupil.  Eye  equal  to  snout,  4  in  head.  Cheeks,  breast,  and  throat 
naked;  opercles  with  a  few  large  scales.  Lateral  line  little  arched,  its 
tubes  on  about  35  scales.  Doisals  well  separated,  the  second  shorter 
and  higher  than  first.    Greenish,  with  darker  tessellations;  a  black 


■\Vi 


y*\\ 


»!■ 


♦  t,'( 


1.1 


'bUi 


.43 


ii 


'HH 


'^-^.i'l 


\v. 


516       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 

humeral  scale,  a  black  streak  downward  and  forward  from  eye;  oporcles 
mostly  black.    Head  4;  depth  5.    D.  XI-10;  A.  II,  7  ;  scales  11-50-5, 
L.  1^  inches.    Chickasawha  Eiver,  Mississippi.    {Hay.) 
(Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  495.) 

000.  Checks,  opercles,  and  uape  more  or  less  scaly. 

S0§.  P.  pnnctalatus  Ag. 

Body,  elongate,  compressed,  the  back  not  elevated.  Head  slender 
rather  long  and  pointed,  compressed.  Mouth  large,  terminal,  oblique  tlie 
jaws  about  equal,  the  maxillary  extending  nearly  to  opposite  middle  of 
eye.  Scales  quite  small;  a  few  imbedded  scales  on  upper  part  of  cheeks 
and  behind  eye;  neck  mostly  covered  with  small  scales;  throat  naked. 
Fins  rather  small,  the  pectorals  short.  Color,  in  life,  not  known;  in 
spirits,  the  sides  of  the  body  clouded  or  reticulated  with  darker;  a  con- 
spicuous black  humeral  spot;  first  dorsal  dark  at  base,  then  pale,  with 
a  narrow  dark  border;  the  other  vertical  fins  similarly  colored,  the  dark 
colors  probably  blue  in  life;  females  with  the  sides  and  Acs  speckled. 
Head  4;  depth  4^.  D.  X-11;  A.  II,  7;  scales  O-CO-20.  L.  2J  inches. 
Missouri  to  Texas. 

(Agassiz,  Amer.  .Jonm.  Soi.  Arts,  1854,  304:  lioleichfhys  jphipplei  GiravA,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  101:  Xothonotua  puuctulatm  Agaasiz,  Bull.  Mus.  Coiup.  Zool.  i.  3, 
18G3.) 

809.  P.  artesise  Hay. 

Body  elongate,  compressed.  Head  large.  Mouth  large,  terminal, 
nearly  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  slightly  included;  maxillary  reaching 
to  opposite  front  of  pupil.  Palatine  teeth  in  a  broad  band.  Eye  equal 
to  snout,  4^  in  head.  Cheeks  entirely  covered  with  small  scales;  oper- 
cles with  large  scales;  scales  along  back  very  small.  Lateral  line  ex- 
tending to  end  of  second  dorsal,  on  about  45  scales.  Dorsals  contig- 
uous; first  dorsal  as  long  as  head,  its  height  less  than  half  its  length; 
solt  dorsal  considerably  higher;  anal  a  little  over  half  length  of  head; 
pectorals  reaching  tips  of  veutrals,  much  smaller  than  in  P.  carukus. 
Yellowish-olive,  with  transverse  oblique  bars  of  darker,  and  sprinkled 
with  small  blotches  of  carmine;  pectorals  and  ventrals  dull  blue;  dor- 
sals with  a  broad  band  of  carmine  along  their  middle,  bordered  on  each 
side  by  orange;  tips  of  dorsals  dull  blue,  as  is  the  base  of  the  soft  dor- 
sal; base  of  spinous  dorsal  with  several  carmine  spots;  anal  mostly 
crimson,  tipped  with  blue;  caudal  blue,  then  orange,  carmine  orange, 
and  tipped  with  blue;  a  black  humoral  scale.    Head  3^;  depth  5.    D. 


'»!  \>r 


85.    PERCIDiE — PCECILICHTflYS. 


617 


XI-13;   A.  II,  7;  scales  8-5G-11.     L.  23  inches.    Torabigbee  River, 
Mississippi.    {Hay.) 
(Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  494.) 

bb.  Humoral  scale  obsolete. 

d.  Operoles  and  clieeks  naked;  preopercle  crenulate;  anal  spines  very  long. 

§10.  *P'  lepidus  (B.  &  G.)  Grd. 

Body  rather  stout,  compressed,  tapering  backwards.  Head  sub- 
couical.  Mouth  moderate,  with  equal  jaws;  maxillary  reaching  front 
of  orbit.  Eyes  large.  First  dorsal  rather  low ;  dorsal  fins  somewhat 
connected.  Head,  as  well  as  throat  and  neck,  entirely  scaleless.  Color 
olivaceous,  with  some  dark  (blue?)  bars;  seal  .s  dusky  at  base;  dorsals 
and  caudal  mottled  or  barred.  Head  4^;  depth  4<|.  D.  IX-11 ;  A.  11, 
G;  scales  in  about  50  series.    L.  2^  inches.    Texas. 

{BoUmoma  lepida  B.  «fc  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  8ci.  Phila.  388,  185;};  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex. 
Bound.  Surv.  Ichth.  1859,  11:  Ol'ujoccphalua  lepUlua  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila. 
li^yl),  G7:  Bolvoaoma  lepidum  GuntUer,  i,  77.) 

dd.  Opercles  scaly;  preopercle  strictly  entire;  anal  spines  moderate. 

e.  Lateral  lino  nearly  straight. 

/,  Cheeks  naked,  or  with  only  3  or  4  small  imbedded  scales  close  behind  eyo. 

§11.  P.  CflEI'USeMS  (Storer)  Agassiz. — Blue  Darter;  Rainbow  Darter;  Soldier-fish. 

Body  robust,  rather  deep  and  compressed,  the  back  somewhat  ele- 
vated. Head  large,  compressed.  Mouth  moderate,  terminal,  oblique, 
the  lower  jaw  somewhat  included,  the  maxillary  reaching  front  of  orbit. 
Palatine  teeth  in  one  row.  Neck  and  breast  usually  naked.  Fins  all 
large;  dorsal  fins  usually  slightly  connected.  Males  olivaceous,  tessel- 
lated above,  the  spots  running  together  into  blotches;  back  without 
black  lengthwise  stripes;  sides  with  about  12  indigo-blue  b.ars  running 
obliquely  downwards  and  backwards,  most  distinct  behind,  separated 
by  bright  orange  interspaces ;  caudal  tin  deep  orange,  edged  with  bright 
blue;  anal  flu  orange,  with  deep  blue  in  front  and  behind;  soft  dorsal 
chiefly  orange,  blue  at  base  and  tip;  spinous  dorsal  crimson  at  base, 
then  orange,  with  blue  edgings;  ventrals  deep  indigo;  cheeks  blue; 
throat  and  breast  orange;  females  much  duller,  with  little  blue  or  red, 
the  vertical  fins  barred  or  checked;  young  variously  marked.  Head 
3:|;  depth  4^.  D.  X-12;  A.  II,  7;  scales  5-45-8,  the  lateral  line  devel- 
oped on  about  30-35  scales.    L.  2^  inches.    Mississippi  Valley;  very 

*Four  more  nominal  species  of  this  typo  are  described  by  Girard  (Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Pliila.  1859,  102)  under  the  names  Apleaion  potsii,  Oligoccphalus  (frahami,  O.  leone^n- 
«i«,  and  0.  pulchcUiis;  the  first  from  Chiliiinluia,  the  next  two  from  Texas,  the  latter 
from  Canndian  River.  A.  potail  has  Y>.  X-I,  11;  O.  grahami  haa  D.  IX-13;  A.  II,  8; 
0.  konvima  D.  IX-10;  A.  II,  7;  O.  pulcluilua  A.  II,  G.  All  are  probably  identical  with 
r.  lepidus. 


•«<. 


.1       -  >  •  ti 

a     1  '  *?»1 


I 


I 


518       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— iv. 

abund.aiit  in  river  channels.  One  of  the  most  gorgeously-colored  darters 
but  less  s:raceful  than  most  or  them. 

{EtlicoHtoma  cwntlea  Storor,  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nut.  Hist.  184r),  47:  PacilichthiiHctrruknt 
Ajiassiz,  BnU.  Mns.  Coinp.  Zool.  i,  3,  IH'iii:  Pmcllichthya  variatua  Jordan,  Man,  Vert 
ed.  2,  226:  Aiitalivhtliij8  pulvluilluii  Yuilluut,  1.  c,  113.) 

813.  F.  spectabilis  AgasHiz. 

Very  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  more  elongate  and  rather  more 
compressed;  the  colors  similar,  but  the  upper  portion  of  tlie  sides  with 
distinct  blackish  stripes  along  the  rows  of  the  scales,  and  tlie  {•round 
color  of  the  back  and  sides  having  a  peculiar  whitish  or  bleached  an 
pearance.  The  two  dorsal  fins  usually  well  separated.  Scales  usuallv 
present  below  and  behind  eye.  Head  4;  depth  4J.  D.  X-12;  A.  II  7- 
scales  5-40-7 ;  Lat.  1.  on  20-25  scales.  L.  2-3  inches.  Mississijtpi  Val- 
ley:  rather  less  abundant  than  the  other,  and  ascending  small  or  even 
muddy  streams.  Probably  merely  a  brook  variety  of  the  preceding, 
from  which  it  is  not  always  to  be  distinguished  with  certainty. 

(Agaasiz,  Amor.  Juurn.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  304;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  od.  2,  227.) 

ec.  Clieelis  evideutlj' scaly,  at  least  above.  ■-  , 


813.  P.  asprisenis  ForboH. 

'  Body  rather  stout,  compressed.  Head  small  and  pointed.  Eye  large, 
longer  than  snout.  Mouth  terminal,  oblique,  the  jaws  even.  Breast 
always  naked;  opercles  scaly;  cheeks  closely  scaled,  the  lower  fourth 
rarely  bare.  Dorsal  fins  usually  separated.  Coloration  mottled  green- 
ish ;  the  spinous  dorsal  dusky  behind,  in  life  with  a  broad  band  of  blue 
and  crimson ;  soft  fins  speckled.  Head  4;  depth  4^.  D.  XI-12;  A.  II, 
8;  Lat.  1.  49,  the  tubes  developed  on  34-41  scales.  L.  2^  inches.  Illi- 
nois Kiver.  ■ 
(Forbes,  Bull.  III.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  41,  1877;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2,  404.) 

814.  P.  Jessise  Jordan  &  Brayton.  "^ 

Body  fusiform,  rather  deep  and  compressed.  Head  rather  large, 
moderately  pointed.  Mouth  rather  large,  terminal,  the  upper  jaw 
slightly  longest.  Cheeks  scaly  above,  the  greater  part  naked;  operelos 
scaly;  throat  naked;  neck  above  scaly.  Lateral  line  extending  nearly 
to  end  of  second  dorsal.  Fins  moderate.  Chestnut  colored  above,  with 
about  9  quadrate  bar-like  blotches  of  a  dark-blue  color  along  the  sides, 
and  about  5  dark  cross- blotches  on  the  back;  fins  mottled  with  chest- 
nut; a  ytdlow  or  orange  band  across  the  dorsal;  second  dorsal  and  anal 
speckled  with  golden.     Head  4j  depth  5.    D.  Xn-12j  A.  11,  9;  scales 


85.    PERCID^ — P(ECILICHTHYS. 


519 


^7-7,  the  tubes  of  tbe  lateral  line  on  about  35  scales.    L.  3  iucbes. 
Chickainauga  Kiver,  Georgia. 

(Jonliin,  Mau.  Vert.  ed.  2, 1878,227;  Jordan  &  Drayton,  Bnll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii^ 

Sy.ltiTH.) 

te.  Lateral  lino  forming  a  alight  cnrvc  above  tbe  pectoralo;  dorsals  subcqnal;  dorsal 
spines  9  or  10.     {IJoleiclUht/a*  Grd.) 
g.  Cheeks  scaly. 

§15.  P.  foMtlerianus  Hay,  (sp.  nov.). 

Bod  J'  elongated,  contracted  behind  ventral  flns;  dorsal  region  ele- 
vated. Mouth  horizontal,  small;  maxillary  extending  to  opposite 
anterior  edge  of  pupil.  Opercles  \rith  2  rows  of  scales  along  lower 
edge;  cheeks  densely  scaled;  lateral  line  running  high,  extending  to 
opposite  end  of  anterior  dorsal,  on  jl3  scales.  Pale  greenish,  yellow 
below;  .above  and  on  sides  much  raottleil  with  brown;  about  10  square 
blotches  along  back;  a  dark  spot  on  opercle,  one  behind  and  one  below 
eye;  a  streak  on  snout  between  eyes;  dorsals  with  dark  markings;  a 
red  streak  along  margin  of  spinous  dorsal;  anal  fin  nearly  wiiite;  cau- 
dal bi'rre.'l.  Head  4  in  length;  depth  5|.  Eye  3^  in  head.  Caudal 
peduncle  '.^  in  body.  D.  IX-11;  A.  II,  0;  scales  3-44-12.  Black 
Eiver,  Mississippi.     {Hay  MSS.) 

816.  P.  barr.-^tti  (Holbr.)  J.  &  G. 

Body  comparatively  short,  chubby  and  compressed.  Head  father 
large.  Mouth  large,  oblique;  the  jaws  equal,  the  teeth  rather  strong. 
Eye  large,  3  in  head.  Scales  large,  varying  in  number.  Lateral  line 
beginning  at  the  eye,  arched  high  over  the  pectorals  and  ceasing  about 
midway  of  the  body,  developed  on  about  20  scales.  Opercular  spine 
strong.  Dorsal  flns  moderate,  about  equal,  separated  by  an  interspace. 
Color  greenish,  with  dark  specks;  fins  mottled;  a  dark  lire  downward 
aud  one  torward  from  eye;  a  series  of  rather  small  greenish  blotches 
along  each  side  and  on  the  back.  Head  3f ;  depth  4^.  D.  X-12;  A. 
n,  7;  lateral  line  45-55.  L.  2  inches.  Maryland  to  Illinois  and  south- 
ward ;  chiefly  in  streams  of  the  lowlands. 

{Doh'osoma  b'arratti  Holbr.  .Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1855,  56:  Hololcpia  barrntii 
Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  IHi'A,  233:  UoMepw  barratti  Vaillant,  1.  c.  127:  Bo- 
Idchthjia  clcfiana  Jordan,  Anicr.  Lye.  Nat.  HiHt.  N.  Y.  1876,  308:  Bolcivhihjis  dedans 
Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  404,  and  i^robably  of  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859, 
104.) 

•JSo/eit7i//u/8  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Hci.  Phila.  1859,  103:  type  Boleichthys  cxiiis 
Grd.    {/Jo\ti,  dart;  ixOvi,i\Hh.) 


I 


i 


520      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 

SIT.  P.  fusfifornais  (Grd.)  J.  <&  O. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  strongly  compressed.  Head  rather  long 
and  uat  row ;  muzzle  short,  decurved,  shorter  than  the  eye.  Mouth  coni- 
jKiratively  large,  terminal;  maxillary  reaching  past  front  ot  eye.  Eyes 
)arge,  4  in  head.  Opercular  spine  strong.  Lateral  line  begiiuiing  at 
the  eye,  on  about  12  to  lo  scales.  Neck  scaly ;  belly  and  thront  scaly. 
Olivaceous,  dotted  with  dusky  points ;  second  dorsal  and  anal  speckled. 
nead  4;  depth  6.  D.  X-9;  A.  II,  7;  Lat.  1.  55.  L.  2  inches.  Masija- 
chusetts  to  New  Jersey. 

(lioUoHoma  fnsiformis  Girard,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  1854,  41:  ITohlepin  fu»[- 
formis  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilu.  1804,  ii:J3 :  Uololvpia  fiusiformis  VaiUunt,  1.  c. 
131;  lioleidtthys  fuoi/ormis  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  2*<i8.) 

§1§.  P.  ca-oclirous  (Cope)  J.  «fe  G. 

Body  elongate,  compressed;  the  dorsal  outline  curved,  the  ventral 

Hearly  straight.    Head  long,  decurved  and  narrowed  in  front.    I\Ioiuh 

siibinferior ;  the  maxillary  reaching  past  front  of  eye.    Eye  4  in  head 

greater  than  length  of  snout.    Opercular  spiue  strong.    Lateral  line 

developed  on  about  16  scales.     General  color  rather  dark;   bhuikisli 

above ;  a  black  streak  on  muzzle  and  one  downward  from  eye ;  a  dark 

band,  irregularly  notched,  along  the  sides,  besides  dark  specks ;  caudal 

barred;  the  sides  along  the  lateral  baud  marked  bj' red  dots  in  life. 

Head  4;  depth  C.    D.  lX-10 ;  A.  II,  7 ;  Lat.  1. 43.    L.  2  inches.    Streams 

tributary  to  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Bays.    {Vaillant.)  ■ 

{Bololcpia  crochrous  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1834,  233:  Hololcpia  nochroui 
Vaillant,  1.  c.  i33:  Boleichthya  crochroua  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  228.) 

819.  P.  COS  Jordan  &  Copeland. 

Body  elongate,  slender,  somewhat  compressed,  especially  behind, 
rather  heavy  forwards,  with  very  long  and  slender  caudal  peduncle. 
Head  long,  rounded  in  front.  Mouth  small,  little  oblique,  the  upper 
jaw  a  very  little  the  long^  r.  Dorsal  fins  high,  about  equal ;  caudal  trun- 
cate, (.'heeks,  opercles,  and  neck  closely  scaled.  Breast  naked,  or  with 
a  median  series  of  small  scales.  L'lteral  line  developed  on  22  to  20 
scales.  Color  dark  olive,  with  darker  markings ;  10  or  12  dark  dorsal 
spots  or  bars,  and  as  many  short  dark-blue  bars  across  the  lateral  line 
nearly  opi»osite  the  dorsal  bars,  but  not  continuous  with  them ;  the  in- 
terspaces between  these  bars,  as  well  as  most  of  the  ventral  region, 
bright  crimson  in  the  males,  nearly  plain  in  the  females ;  lower  parts  of 
the  sides,  cheeks,  etc.,  with  various  sharply  defined  but  irregular  black 
markings  ;  second  dorsal,  caudal,  and  i)cctoral8  strongly  marked  with 


"■W^i 


85.    PERCIDvE PCECILICHTHYS. 


521 


wavy  bands;  first  dorsal  bright  bbie  in  the  males,  with  a  broad  median 
band  of  crimson;  speckled  in  the  females;  top  of  head  dark;  black 
streaks  downward  and  forward  from  eye.  Head  4;  depth  5^.  D.  IX- 
11-  A  U,  7;  Lat.  1.  58.  L.  2^  inches.  Indiana  to  Minnesota;  abun- 
dant in  clear  cold  streams ;  one  of  the  prettiest  of  the  darters. 

(Bokichthiis  V03  Jordan  &,  Copeluud,  Troc.  AcwI.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1877,  46:  liolcichthyt 
(OS  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  22f.) 

gg.  Cheeks  naked ;  opercles  scaly. 

§30.  P.  csllis  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

Uody  compressed,  tapering  towards  the  caudal  peduncle,  which  is 
slightly  cont.  acted.  Eye  large,  subcircular,  3J  in  head ;  maxillary 
reaching  anterior  edge  of  pui>il.  Lateral  line  nearer  the  dorsal  than 
the  abdoniiual  outline;  jjcctorals  extending  further  than  the  ventrals. 
Yellowitsh-brown,  speckled  with  grayish -black,  dorsals  and  caudal 
barred;  a  dark  spot  on  the  occipital  region  and  a  streak  in  advance  of 
as  well  as  beneath  the  orbit.  Head  4^  (with  caudal).  D.  X-10;  A.  IF, 
8.  L.  If  inches.  Little  Muddy  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Upper  Mis- 
souri.   {(Hrird.)    Differs  from  P.  eos  in  the  naked  cheeks. 

{Bokichilnj^  exUis  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  103.) 

§21.  P.  warffCMi  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

"Resemiiles  P.  exilis  more  than  any  of  its  congeners  by  the  shape 
of  the  body  and  the  general  appearance.  It  difi'ers  by  a  more  compact 
body,  a  proi>ortionally  shorter  head,  smaller  scales,  au<l  the  number  of 
fin  rays.  Giound  color  yellowish-brown,  the  middle  of  the  flanks  macu- 
lated with  transverse  spots  of  blackish ;  the  bellj'  exhibiting  a  rather 
orange  hue ;  the  iirst  dorsal  has  a  series  of  vertically  elongated  black 
spots  resembling  a  dark  baud  across  the  middle  of  the  fin ;  the  second 
dorsal  and  caudal  are  transversely  multilineated.  A  black  streak  may 
be  seen  in  advance  of  the  orbit  and  another  beneath  it."  D.  IX-1 1 ;  A. 
11,9.  L.  2  inches.  Cannon  Ball  Eiver.  {Girard.)  Perhaps  identical 
with  the  preceding. 

(Doleichthya  waircni  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18£9,  104.) 

§22.  P.  graciflHS  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

Slender  and  graceful ;  first  dorsal  lower  and  longer  than  the  second ; 
aual ranch  deeper  than  long;  tips  of  the  ventral  fins  extending  a  little 
further  back  than  those  of  the  pectorals.  Olivaceous,  spotted  with 
blackish ;  second  doi:sal  and  caudal  barred ;  a  longitudinal  black  streak 
in  advance  of  the  orbits  and  a  vertical  one  beneath  them.    Head  4J 


m 


It  ',1 


i'3 


I  r* 


r 


<*  tj 


r: 


r 


i: 


-  r 


t,  >  /vi 


' 


522       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICnTIIYOLOOY— iv. 

(with  caudal).     D.  X,  10;  A.  8.     L.  1 J  inches.     Rio  Seco  and  llio  Lcoria 
Texas.    [Girard.)    The  types  of  this  specits, examined  by  um,  have  the 
lateral  line  incomplete  and  the  i>remaxilhiiie8  not  protractile. 
i  UolcoHoma  gracile  (jivatd,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Pbila.  1859,  103.) 

•*  Dorsal  spines  6;  anal  spinoii  obsolete f    (JirariiM*  Girard.) 

§33.  P.  lateralis  (C.rd.)  3.&.G. 

"A  representative  of  the  Etheostomoid  family  was  procured  by  the 
United  States  and  Mexican  Boundary  Commission  at  the  Itio  (iramle 
del  Norte  (Itio  Bravo).  It  constitutes  a  new  generic  type  allied  to 
Catonotm,  and  to  which  we  have  applied  the  name  of  AlvariuH^  rvith  the 
following  characters.  Head  elongated  and  tapering.  Mouth  tenujimi 
large,  not  protractile;  lower  jaw  longer  than  the  upper.  Teeth  very 
minute.  0[)ercular  apparatus,  cheeks,  and  throat  scaly.  Fir.st  dorsal 
nearly  equal  in  height  to  the  second,  from  which  it  is  quite  distinct. 
Anal  fin  nuich  smaller  than  the  second  dorsal ;  caudal  fin  triuicated  • 
live  soft  rays  to  the  ventrals.  Ventral  scales  uniform."  Body  sleuder 
elongate.  Head  subcouical  and  tai)ering  forward.  Eye  equal  to  snout. 
4  in  head.  IMaxillary  reaching  pupil.  First  dorsal  about  equal  to  second 
and  separated  from  it.  Anal  smaller  than  second  dorsal,  the  last  rays 
of  the  two  fins  opposite  each  other.  Scales  very  small.  Lateral  line 
median.  Brownish,  back  si)otted  ;  sides  with  a  narrow  blackish  streak, 
which  extends  around  the  snout;  first  dorsal  with  a  black  spot  on  its 
upper  posterior  edge;  caudal  transversely  barred.  D.  VI,  10;  A.  8.  L. 
1^  inches.    Rio  Grande.   [Girard.) 

{Alvariu8  lateralis  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  101.) 


ml ' 


267.— MICBOPEBC A  Putnam. 

(Putnam,  Bull.  Mus.  Corap.  ZofJl.  I,  18153,  4:  typo  Microperu^  punctulata  Putn.) 

Body  rather  short,  compressed.  Mouth  moderate,  the  jaws  about 
equal.  Premaxillaries  not  protractile.  Vomerine  teeth  present.  Gill- 
membranes  scarcely  connected.  Scales  large.  Lateral  line  obsolete. 
Dorsal  fins  small,  subequal,  well  separated,  the  first  with  six  or  seven 
spines;  anal  fin  much  smaller  than  second  dorsal,  with  two  well-devel- 
oped spines.  Color  greenish,  with  dusky  markings.  Size  very  small, 
probably  the  smallest  of  the  spiny-rayed  fishes.  (/i«/>o?,  small;  -epxr^, 
Ijerch.) 

824.  M.  prcBlnaras  Hay. 
Body  short  and  stout.    Snout  conical,  pointed;  jaws  equal;  month 

*^/mri«s  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1859,  101:  type  Alvariua  lateralis.   (A 
coined  name  without  meaning. ) 


85.    PERCID^ — PERCA. 


62S 


rmall,  «li{?litly  oblhiue,  maxillary  reachiug  front  of  eye.  Eye  small,  4 
iu  head.  CUeeks  and  «p«irele8  with  large  scales.  Opercular  spine  well 
developed.  Scales  large,  the  tubes  of  the  lateral  line  developed  on  two 
of  them;  dorsals  well  separated.  Anal  spines  slender,  high;  pectorals 
aud  ventrals  reaching  about  to  vent.  Olive,  speckled  with  brown;  ten 
browuish  spots  along  the  sides;  black  streaks  downward  and  forward 
fi-om  eye;  dorsal  tins  mottled.  Head  4;  depth  4^.  D.  VIII,  11;  A. 
11,0.  Lat.  1.  36.  L.  l.J  inches.  Alabama  and  Mississippi. 
(Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  1880,  498.) 

925.  Ifl.  ^unctalata  Piitnum. — Least  Darter. 

Body  rather  short  and  deep,  somewhat  compressed,  the  back  arched. 
Caudal  peduncle  rather  long.  Head  moderate.  The  snout  somewhat 
decurved.  The  mouth  moderate,  terminal,  oblique.  Ch'^eks  naked. 
Operclos  somewhat  scaly.  Opercular  spine  very  small.  iNeck  and  chest 
naked,  ^o  trace  of  lateral  line.  The  usual  series  of  tubes  along  the  tem- 
poral region.  Scales  quite  large,  strongly  ctenoid.  Vertical  fins  short. 
Anal  spines  strong,  the  first  usually  the  largest.  Coloration  olivaceous, 
the  sides  closely  speckled  and  with  vague  bars  and  zigzag  markings ;  sec- 
ond dorsal  and  cjiudal  barred ;  dark  streaks  radiating  from  eye ;  a  dark 
humeral  spot.  Head  3|;  depth  ^.  D.  VI- VII,  10;  A.  II,  0;  Lat.  1. 
34.  L.  1  ^  inches.'  Smallest  of  the  darters,  and  one  of  the  smallest  of 
fishes,  aboiinding  in  the  clear  streams  of  the  Northwestern  States. 

(Putnam,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  i,  18G3,  4;  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  229.) 


'A' 

J, 


'1 

1 

rl 
iff  if 

1 

20§.— PERCA  Linnaeus. 

Perch. 

(Arlefli:  LinnsEus,  Systema  Natnrro :  type  Perca  JluviatUia  Jj.) 

Body  oblong,  somewhat  compressed,  the  back  elevated.  Cheeks 
scaly;  opercles  mostly  naked;  the  operculum  armed  with  a  single 
spine.  Preopercle  and  shoulder  girdle  serrated.  Mouth  moderate, 
terminal ;  premaxillaries  protractile ;  teeth  in  villiform  bands  on  jaws, 
vomer,  and  palatines;  no  canine  teeth.  Branchiostegals  7.  Gill-mem- 
branes separate;  pseudobranchiaj  small,  but  perfect;  no  anal  i)ai)illa. 
Scales  rather  small  strongly  ctenoid.  Lateral  line  complete.  Dorsal 
tins  entirely  separate,  the  first  of  12-15  spines;  anal  fin  with  two  slender 
spines;  caudal  emarginate ;  air- bladder  present.  Pyloric  ccecaS;  ver- 
tebrjE  {P.  fluviatiUa)  21-|-20.  Fresh  waterij  of  northern  regions;  three 
species  now  known:  P.  fluviatilis  in  Europe,  P.  schrencM  in  Asia,  and 
P.  americana.    This  genus  has  long  been  considered  the  type  of  the 


I  ■"  • 

1 


n 


It  4 

I         I 


III 


524      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    Ai.EFICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

spitiy-rayod  lishos,  and  in  many  systems  it  has  been  placed  firsl  in  the 
series  of  tishes.    (-^/>«'j,  Pcrca,  the  ancient  name  of  P.Jiuviaiilis^  fVom 

rjfntx;^  dusky.) 

826.  P.  aincricnna  Sohraack.— FcJ/ow  Perfft;  American  Perch;  Itingrd  Pir,h. 

Back  dark  olivaceous ;  sides  golden  yellow ;  belly  pale;  sides  with  6 
or  8  broad  dark  bars,  which  ext<  nd  from  the  back  to  below  the  axis  of 
the  body ;  lower  lins  largely  red  or  orange ;  upper  tins  olivaceous ;  usually 
no  ilistinct  black  spot  on  anterior  or  posterior  part  of  spinous  dorsal. 
Back  highest  at  origin  of  spinous  dorsal,  which  is  more  or  less  behind 
insertion  of  pectoral ;  profile  convex  from  dorsal  to  occiput,  thonoe  con- 
cave anteiiorly,  the  snout  projecting.  Month  somewhat  obliipie,  max- 
illary reaching  opi)Osite  middle  of  orbit.  Cheeks  closely  scaled  tlirouoh- 
out,  the  s.'ales  imbricated ;  opercular  striie  and  rugosities  on  top  of  head 
well  marked.  Pseudobranchiju  quite  snuill.  Gill  mkers  stout,  short- 
ish. IIciMl  3\  in  length;  depth  'M^.  I).  XIII-I,  14;  A.  II,  7;  scaUvso- 
55-17.  Fresh  waters  of  the  Eastern  United  States;  chielly  northward 
and  eastward ;  abundant. 

This  species  has  been  recently  considered  as  a  slight  variety  of  the 
European  Pcrca  Jfuriaiilis.  It  is,  howeve:,  distinguished  by  the  follow- 
ing characters :  The  head  in  P.  amerieana  is  rougher,  the  opercle  more 
strongly  striate,  the  bones  ge.k;»rally  with  finer  and  more  numerous  sernv; 
the  preorbital  is  serrate,  the  scales  on  the  cheeks  are  larger,  imbricated 
and  distinctly  ctenoid ;  the  nuixillary  extends  to  opposite  the  middle  of 
the  pupil.  The  gill-rakers  are  stout,  the  longest  but  thr(»e  times  as  \\v^\\ 
as  broail  The  i)seudobranchia',  are  much  snuiller  than  in  P.JhivintiUji. 
Firist  spine  of  the  dorsal  over  or  behind  the  posterior  edge  of  the  opercio, 
a  series  of  scales  downward  from  it  reaching  about  to  bavse  of  pectoral. 
In  P.Jfuvi,(tilitt  the  dorsal  is  further  forward,  and  the  anterior  spines  are 
considerably  highcv  than  in  P.  amrncava.  The  scales  are  usually  lar}jor 
in  the  American  species,  the  dark  bars  are  more  sharply  defined,  and  the 
black  spot  on  the  membrane  of  the  last  dorsal  spines,  well  dellnetl  in  P, 
JJui'iatiliH,  is  usually  wanting.  The  most  important  characters,  ihe  dif- 
ference in  the  insertion  of  the  dorsal,  and  in  the  gill-rakers  and  pseudo- 
branch  iu",  have  not  been  noticed  by  those  writers  who  havnj  dccidul 
that  our  species  is  identical  with  the  European. 

>««  atncricniia  Schrnnok,  nbont  1790,  fhlo  Gill:  Botlianus  flarcK^ns  Mif<'h.  Trnns. 
^  &•  Phil. Hoc.  N.  Y.  Iril.'),  4'il :  Verca  flarcavcm  HoU  rook,  Iciith.  S.  C.  IHfid,  2:  /Vr(« 
flareawtt8,  aoiita,  and  j;r«<;»7««  (Jiiiithor,  ',  59-60:  Perca  fluviatUis  var.  Steiudachucr, 
Sitzun(jHl>cr.  Wioucr  Akad.  1878.) 


85.   PERCID^-r-STIZOSTEDIUM.  525 

969.— STlZO$«TEDIlTITI  Knluiosqiie. 

Pike  Perches. 
{Lucioptrca  Cuvier:  Cenlropomm  Bicekcr.) 
(gtizostct^ion  Rafinesque,  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,  2'^:  type  Perca  mlmonca  Haf.) 

Boily  slotulcr,  elongate,  fusiibiin.  Head  subconit'al,  'ong.  Cheeks 
and  opontles  more  or  less  scaly ;  top  of  the  head  with  some  scales. 
Mouth  lar<je,  the  jaws  about  equal;  preniaxillaries  protractile,  little 
lUOvaWe.  Teeth  iu  villilbnu  bands,  the  Jaws  aud  ])alatiiies  with  louj?, 
sharp  caninevS.  Gill  rakers  slender,  strou}?;  f?ill -mciubranes  separate, 
rrcopcrcle  serrated ;  onercle  with  one  or  more  spines,  ternnuations  of 
riuliatiii,iX  striin.  Dorsal  tins  separate,  the  first  with  12  to  15  spines; 
anal  s|)iiies  2,  slender;  ventral  tins  not  close  tojrether.  Scales  small, 
stronjily  ctenoid ;  lateral  line  continuous.  Pseudobranchia'!  well  devel- 
oi)ed.  Pyloric  co'ca  3  to  7.  Large  carnivorous  fishes  of  the  fresh  waters 
oi  Xorth  America  an<l  I'iUrope;  two  stronjjly  inarked  species  on  vavh 
continent.  (rt-rtCio,  to  prick;  r^rs^tov,  a  little  breast  j  "the  name  means 
pungent  throat,"  according  to  Raflnesque.) 

a.  Pyloric  croca  3,  suboqnal,  all  about  as  long  as  tho  stomach.    (Stizoateilhim.) 

§8T.  S.  vitrouin  (Mitch.) 'Toi'lniiA  Copolautl. —  Wall-eyed  Pike;  Dory;  Olrt»s-eye; 
Yellow  Pike;  liliie  Pike;  Jack  Salmon. 

Dark  olive,  finely  mottled  with  brassy,  the  latter  color  forming  indis- 
tinct obli(iue  lines  ;  sides  of  head  more  or  less  vermiculated  ;  lower  jaw 
fiosli  colored ;  belly  and  lower  fins  pinkish;  spinous  dorsal  with  a  large 
jet  black  blotch  on  the  membrane  of  the  last  two  or  three  spines,  other- 
wise nearly  plait. ;  second  dorsal  and  caudal  nu)ttled  olive  and  yellow- 
ish; base  of  pectorals  dusky  without  distinct  black  blotch.  Body  slen- 
der, heconiiug  compressed  with  age,  theba(;k  more  arched  than  in  S.cn- 
mdcnsr.  Dorsal  spines  high,  nuu'e  than  half  length  of  head;  soft  dorsal 
nearly  as  long  as  si)inous  dorsal.  Head  ;V^  ;  depth  about  4A.  Eye  shorter 
than  snout,  4A~.")ni  head.  D.  XIII-I,  21 ;  A.  11,  12;  Lat.  I  00.  Pyhnio 
Circa  '\  rather  long.  Cireat  Lake  region,  Upper  ]Mississii)pi,  and  some 
Atlantic  stre.iujs,  north  to  the  fur  countries;  an  abun«lant  and  valued 
food  tlsli,  reaching  a  length  of  nearly  3  feet  and  a  weight  of  10  to  20 
pounds. 

(Ten-a  rilren  Mitch.  Sup.  Aincr.  Month.  Mag.  ii,  247,  181fi:  Luriopcrm  amerieana 
Cuv.  tSj  Viil.  ii,  liii]  Lncioperea  americntta  Giiiithcr,  i,74;  .Ionian,  Hull.  11.  8.  Nat.  Muh, 
x,  411:  I'aca  saliHouea  IJaf   Amur.  Mouth.  Mag.  v,  ;r)4,  l8ltJ:  Stizoale  hinm  sahnontHm 


1 

m 

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1 

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Ah 


ym'imtma  »ii«*,«ft 


ij 


jii 


526       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH  JlMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 

Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  x,  47:  Sfhosfethium  vitreum  var.  salmoneum  Jordan  Man 
Vert,  ii,  2:50,  the  "Blue  Pike,"  a  local  variety  iu Ohio  and  southward ;  bluer,  with  tbo 
body  shorter  and  deeper,  the  size  Hmaller.) 

aa.  Pyloric  cceca  small,  unequal,  4  to  7  iu  number.     (Ciinopcrca  Gill  &  Jordan.*) 
8a§.  S.  canadensef  (Smith)  Jot.— Sanger;  Sand-pike;  Gray-j)i1ce;   Ilorn-Jlsh. 

Olive  gray  above,  sides  brassy  or  pale  orange,  with  much  dark  mot- 
tling ;  young  pale  orange  with  large  dark  lateral  shades ;  spinous  dor.sal 
with  2  or  3  rows  of  round  black  spots;  no  distinct  black  blotch  on 
the  i)osterior  part  of  the  fln  ;  a  large  black  blotch  at  base  of  pectorals  • 
second  dorsal  with  r^bout  3  rows  of  irregular  dark  spots ;  cpudal  dusky 
and  yellowish.  Body  elongate,  more  terete  than  in  the  preceding.  Head 
quite  i)ointed,  depressed,  about  3J  in  length ;  depth  4^-5.  Eye  small, 
5  in  head.  Opercular  spines  varying  in  number  and  size.  D.  XIII-1 
18;  A.  II,  12;  Lat.  1.  95.  Pyloric  coeca  4-7,  smaller  than  in  8.  vitreum, 
L.  15  inches.    Great  Lake  region,  Upper  Mississippi  and  Ohio  Rivers. 

(Luciopcrca  canadensis  C.  H.  Smith,  MSS.  in  Griffith's  edition  Cuvier's  Animal  King- 
dom, X,  27,'),  183U:  Lucioperca  canadensis  Gilnther,  i,  75:  Luciopcrca  grisca  DcKay,  N. 
Y.  Fauna,  Fishes,  1842,  19;  Luciopcrca  grisca  Giinther,  i,  7(>;  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  X,  48 :  Luciojyerca  boi'ea  Grd.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1857.) 


t : 


Family  LXXXVI.-SERRANID45.  ,: 

{The  8ea  Bass.) 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  more  or  less  compressed,  covered  with  adher- 
ent, ctenoid  (rarely  smooth)  scales  of  moderate  or  small  size.  Month 
horizontal  or  little  oblique,  usually  large.  Premaxillary  protractile. 
Maxillary  broad,  with  or  without  a  supplemental  bone,  its  i)osterior  part 
not  slipping  under  the  edge  of  the  preorbital.  Jaws  with  bands  of  toeth, 
some  of  the  teeth  sometimes  enlarged  and  canine  like ;  no  incisors  uor 
molar  teeth;  vomer  and  palatines  with  bauds  of  villiform  teeth;  tongue 
sometimes  with  teeth ;  pterygoids  toothless.  Gill-rakers  usually  stiff  and 
rather  long,  armed  with  teeth.  Gills  4,  a  long  slit  behind  the  fourth. 
Pseudobranchia)  large.    Lower  pharyngeals  separate,  rather  narrow, 

** Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x,  48 :  type  Lucioperea  canadensis  Smith,    xvov,  dog; 
TtFp-HTj,  perch. 

t Three  varieties  of  tliis  species  may  usaally  bo  recognized: 

a.  Var.  canadcnse,  of  the  St.  Lawrence  region,  with  the  opereles  and  bones  of  the  heai! 

considerably  rougher,  the  number  of  opercular  spines,  which  are  merely  the  free 

ends  of  the  slriie,  increased  ;  the  head  is  also  more  closely  and  extensivelysc.ily; 

0.  Var.  griseum  (Delvay ),  the  common  form  of  the  Great  Lake  region,  described  above; 

and 
c.  Var.  borcum  Grd.  from  the  Upper  Missouri  region,  with  the  head  slenderer. 
These  forms  interg^radc  and  are  doubtless  varieties  of  the  same  species. 


■  ^l'* 


86.    SERRANID.E. 


527 


^itli  pointed  teeth.  Gill-membranes  separate,  free  from  the  IstLnius. 
Bran<;liiostegal8  7  or  6.  Cheeks  and  opercles  scaly;  preopeicle  with 
its  posterior  margin  usually  more  or  less  serrate;  opercles  usually  ending 
in  one  or  two  flat  points  or  ejins.  !Nc8trils  double.  Lateral  line  con- 
tiniions,  single,  not  running  upon  the  caudal  fin  (except  in  Ccntropomns). 
Skull  without  cranial  spines,  not  cavernous.  No  suborbital  stay.  Dorsal 
fin  variously  developed,  continuous  or  divided,  the  spines  generally  stitf. 
Anal  fin  rather  short,  with  3  spines,  which  are  rarely  reduced  in  number 
or  obsolete.  Ventrals  separate,  throacic,  1, 5.  Pectorals  well  developed. 
Caudal  fin  truncate,  rounded,  or  moderately  forked,  its  peduncle  stout 
and  not  keeled.  Vertebra;  about  25.  Air-bladder  present,  usually  rather 
small,  and  adherent  to  the  walls  of  the  abdomen.  Intestinal  canal 
short,  with  several  or  many  pyloric  appendages ;  the  stomach  ccecal. 

Genera  40;  species  about  300.  Carnivorous  fishes,  chiefly  marine, 
and  found  in  all  warm  seas ;  a  few  in  fresh  waters. 

As  here  understood,  the  Serranidcc  comprises  the  most  of  the  family 

of  Pcrcid(V  as  understood  by  Giinther  and  others,  exclusive  of  those  with 

imperfect  pseudobranchi{e,  those  with  one  or  two  anal  spines  and  with 

the  number  of  vertebrae  increased,  those  in  which  the  whole  length  of 

the  maxillary  slips  under  the  preorbital,  and  the  forms  related  to 

Priacanthns.    Even  after  these  eliminations  the  family  is  considerably 

varied.    The  definition  of  genera  in  this  group  oflers  many  difiiculties. 

(Pcrridw,  grouiis  Perdna,  Scrranlna,  exclusive  of  certain  species,  GUnther,  i,  Gl-2'20: 
Scrranidw,  Labracidw,  Centropomidw,  Gill.) 

*Anal  spiucH  strong;  dorsal  spines  several. 
tUranchiostogals  seven. 
a.  Teeth  all  villiforin,  without  canines. 
b.  Candal  fin  deeply  forked ;  dorsal  divided, 
c.  Tongue  toothless ;  supplemental  niaxillarj' present.     (Ceniropominw.) 

d.  Second  anal  spine  strong Ckntropomcs,  270. 

ce.  Toiiguo  with  tec  ♦^^h;  supplemental  maxillary  wanting.     {Labracina;.) 

c.  First  dorsal  with  9  8j)ine8 Roc  ';n8,  271. 

hb.  Caudal  fin  not  forked. 

e.  Tougue  toothless ;  head  scarcely  armed. 

/.  First  dorsal  of  10  spines,  depressiblo  in  a  groove.. Steueolepis,  272. 
ee.  Tongue  with  teeth ;  head  well  armed. 

g.  Dorsal  continuous ;  a  rough  ridge  on  the  opercnlum. 

POLYPUION,  273. 
aa.  Teeth  not  all  villiforra,  some  of  them  mom  or  less  enlarged  and  canine  like. 

(Scrraninw.) 
h.  Maxillary  without  distinct  supplemental  bone ;  lateral  canines 

usually  stronger  than  those  in  front Sehranus,  274. 

hh.  Maxillary  with  a  distinct  snpplemental  bono  ;  anterior  canines 
strongest ;  inner  series  of  teeth  depressiblo. 
i.  Cranium  above  with  three  parallel  raised  crests ;  anal  rays 
about  III,  11 TIJI80TU0PI8,  275. 


<'.        •■ 


^•.:m 


m^ 


528      CONTUIUUTIONS   TO    NOUTIF    AMKKUWN    K  IITHY()1,(U)Y 


-IV. 


ft 


«• 


i.  Crnnintii  wUli  only  tho  in*>iliiin  vrvnt,  dovrlopod ;    miul 

nhoiil  HI,  !l Kpinki 

hhh.  Maxilliiry  iiiikiKtwii;  "  pyloric  cd'cn  iniiiiiiin'iiMi'. 

rilOMicnopM  .J77 

ft  nnnirhioN<i>jfnlN  ('•;  «li>r«al  Hpinos  10,  tlut  tliiril  lllatiimitotm ""lim/jth 

•*  Auul  Hpim's  olmulcto  or  rodncod  to  a;  hchIch  very  miiall,  mnootli.     {Itliniiliiinn,) 

j.  OorNnl  HpinoN  *i  or  Uonly Khyi'tk  tH,a7|). 

»»0.— rERITltOI»OI?HJN  LiMi^podo. 
{Oryhthroj-  HlocUcr. ) 
(Lno^^pi'^dc,  MiH«.N«t.  Poijw.  iv,21H,  180'^:  typt>  Mount  iiinlMmrtlh  Mlocli.) 

Hody  oloMpito,  oovoi^hI  with  rntluM*  Hinnll,  ctoiuiid  hcuU's.  \\viu[ 
oblonff  conical,  tlc|)rcss(Hl,  lower  jiiw  projcctinff  ;  teotli  on  jaws,  \ oino- 
an«l  palatines,  all  villiforni,  wiihout  canines;  tonfjnc  Hniootli.  IMiixillarv 
with  a  strong  snpplcincntal  bone.  Prcopcrclc  .serrated;  t wo  si rorijjvr 
spines  at  its  angle;  <»perele  wiihont  tnie  spines;  pronbital  and  supra- 
HcapnliU'  nsnally  serrated.  Dorsal  Ibis  entirely  sepsiraied;  the  first  witii 
8  spines;  the  Ibst  and  second  spines  nsnally  innch  shorter  than  tlio 
thinl.  Anal  tin  short,  with  ,'1  spines,  the  second  of  which  is  lonj>;  ami 
stronja:.  Can«lal  tbrke<l.  Lat<Mal  line  eonspicno  is,  extending  on  the 
cundal  tin.  Hranehiostegals  7.  Species  nninerons,  inhabiting  tropical 
seas.  According  to  Proi'es.sor  ( I  ill  the  skeleton  of  ( 'ni  t  rofiom  t(  s  {WlWrs 
so  widely  tVoni  that  ol*  the  other  Scrrnnoiih  that  it  shoidd  constitute  a 
separate  tainily.     (xfvr/u»v,  si)ino;  rrto/ia,  opercnbiin.) 

a,  I.at,  I.  about  70;  Imdy  «<lon,u!it«\ 

liTO.  r.  uiGd«><«iinnli!4  JMoch.)  Cuv.  v"l-  Vn\.~lioh<ilo. 

Silvery,  greenish  above;  lateral  line  bh  «'k,  very  distinct;  dorsal  and 

cundal  dusky;  other  tins  yellowish;  ventrals  without  <lnsky  area.    Pic 

orbital  nearly  entire.     Thiitl  dorsal  spine  longer  than  the  tbnrth;  second 

anal  spiiu*  coinparatively  short,  about  as  long  as  third.      Air  bladder 

anteriorly  with  two  long,  slend«'r,  backward  directed  horns.     Head,'!; 

depth  4.\.    1).  VIl-I,  J);  A.  Ill,  (J;  Lat.  1.  70.    A  large  foodtlsh,  abundant 

in  the  West  Indies;   ranging  northwanl  to  liower  Calilbrnia,  Florida, 

and  Texas. 

(I'Jrirt'Hrt  Hmh'i-inuilh  WUwh.  Tolitli.  aO;<;  GUnthcr,  \,  7U;  Valllaiit  &  noooiirt,  MisN.  Sci. 
au  Mex.  iv,  17:  Centropomun  viridk  liookin^ton,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nut.  8ci.  1H77,  10.) 

3l»l.-HOC€lIS  Mitchill. 

(taftraj"  Cuvlrr,  IH17;  prtMiccupiort  tii  CMrida..) 

(Mitchill,  Ropf.  part.,  Fish.  N.  Y.  1814,  )& :  type  Koccut  Btriattm  Mitcli.  ~  Sdo'iia  lith 
eata  Hloch.) 

Body  obloug  or  ovate,  compressed  and  more  or  loss  elevated.    Head 


m.   HVMUAmVtJP. — ROCCtJS. 


520 


poiiicrtl,  Hciily  almvo  and  on  hUXoh.  Mrntli  mtlicr  larjjfo,  nearly  liori/.on* 
tnl ;  tlHVJ'*'^^'* '''n""^>  *^'*  tlio  lower  projcctinK.  PronjaxillariciH  protnuj- 
tile;  iiiiixillarioH  lar(?«s  witliont  HuppliMnontal  botu',  only  the  (m1{(o  of  the 
anterior  part.  slippInK  under  tL«  preorbital.  Teeth  all  vlllironn,  in 
lmn(l»,  on  Jaws,  vomer,  palatin<>H,  and  tonKn(\  Ey<^  larjce,  orbital  rid^i 
IV  little  elevated.  I'reopereh^  serrate  behind  and  below;  the  teeth  of 
jt«  lower  niarjfin  HoinetimeH  enlar^fe*!.  Opensle  with  two  Hat  HpincH. 
Prcorliital  narrow.  Pw^ndobranehia?  lar^e.  Scales  large.  HreaHt 
scftly.  Dorsal  (Ins  separate  or  eoinieeted  at  base,  the  anteri«>r  with  }> 
gtroiiK  Hl>i"««'  Anal  spines  well  developed.  Caudal  th'  Innate.  Pec- 
tomlH  Hinall.  Hpeeios  abont  0,  in  Anieriea  and  Knrope,  inhabiting  both 
fresh  aiH*  salt  waters.     (Ninne  (b'rived  from  the  vernaenlar  "  lioek-flsh. ') 

fl,  8<»rrii'  on  lowor  «Mlf(«  of  pr(M»i)i<rcl(<  Ninnll,  not  dircrtod  forwftnlH. 

6,  Troth  on  ••hho  of  toiigin^;  anal  Hpiii('M)jra«limhMl ;  lowor  Juw  projf^rfinn;  Acnlos 
on  (iliookn  iiliiioHt  cycloid  ;  dorHal  fluH  Hcpariito. 
0.  TccMi  on  biiHo  of  iongnc  in  two  luitchcM ;  body  ulongutci,  little  coinprowied. 
(RoccHH  Mitddll.) 

§30.  K>  llncnlUS  (Dloch)  <><ll-— ''*''>'{/>''rI  HaHii ;  Rook-fioh;  Hock. 

Oiiviiceoussilvery;  aides  and  below  silvery  white  or  brassy;  sides 
marked  with  7  or  <S  longitndinal  dark  bands,  one  of  whieh  rnns  along 
tho  lateral  lino;  the  stripes  ustially  eontintions.  liody  elongatt^,  little 
elevated;  the  young  slender;  axis  of  body  about  in  tho  middle  of  the 
(k^pth  of  the  body.  Mouth  large,  obli«pu';  the  large  maxillary  rea(;hing 
to  bcK  w  the  middle  of  orbit.  ICye  about  half  length  of  snout.  Pec- 
toral Hiiort,  l.^  in  head.  Spines  slemh^rer  than  in  the  ')ther  species;  the 
Hccoiid  iiiial  Hpino  |  length  of  IumuI.  Ileiid  .'{jj  in  length;  depth  .'JjJ.  D. 
IX-1, 1L>;  A.  Ill,  11;  Lat.  1.  05.  L.  3-4  feet.  Atlantic  coast;  entering 
rivers;  one  of  the  largest  and  finest  of  our  game  fishes. 

{Sciwna  linvnta  Hloch.  Ic.lith.  ix,  53 :  Kocxtuh  linrntun  Gill.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Philn. 
IHGO,  (M :  Ltthrax  lineatm  Holbrook,  Icli.  H.  C.  1U60, 24  :  Labrax  HtifatuH  (>lliitlM!r,  i,  ()4.) 

ec.  Tuotli  on  \mm  of  tongno  in  n  singlo  patch  ;  body  oblong,  coinproHHcd.     {Lejnbenia* 
lluf. ) 

831.  R.  nhrysops  (Raf.)  G\\\.— White  lian*. 

Silvery,  tinged  with  golden  below  tho  lateral  lin«>  and  with  reddis!i 
above;  sides  with  blackish  or  dusky  longitudinal  lines,  4  or  5  above 
the  lateral  lino,  one  through  which  the  lateral  Hue  runs,  and  a  variablo 
number  of  more  or  less  distinct  ones  below  it,  tho  latter  sometimes 
more  or  loss  interrupted  or  transposed.    Dorsal  outline  much  curved ; 


'Raftiicsqne,  loh.  Oh.  1820,  i'A:  typo  Perca  ehrytopB.    (\eKii,  scalo;  /it/ija,  Btttli"} 
from  "  tho  scaly  bases  of  the  flns.") 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  10 34 


V 

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III 


530      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOCY— jy. 

second  anal  spine  J  length  of  head.  Axis  of  body  rather  below  the 
middle  of  its  depth.  Head  conical,  slightly  depressed  at  the  nape 
Mouth  small,  nearly  horizontal;  maxillary  reaching  middle  of  punji 
Head  about  3^  in  length;  depth  about  2J.  Eye  large,  its  diameter 
equal  to  the  length  of  the  snout.  D.  IX-I,  14 ;  A.  Ill,  12 ;  Lat.  1. 55. 
L.  15  inches.  Great  Lakes,  Mississippi  Valley,  and  northward.  A  game 
fish  of  some  repute. 

(Perca  chrysopa  Raf.  Ich.  Oh.  1820,  28:  Ldbrax  multiUneatua  Kirtland,  Boat.  Jonr 
Nat.  Hist.  V,  21:  Boccua  chnjJop8  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18G0,  118:  Lahrax 
osculaiii,  muUilineata,  and  notata  Giinther,  i,  65,  67 :  Labrax  albidua  Dekay,  New  York 
Fauna,  Fish,  1842,  13.)  ,  '       _.,     . 

bb.  No  teeth  on  base  of  tongue;  second  anal  spine  enlarged;  jaws  equal;  scales  on 
cheeks  ctenoid;  dorsal  fins  somewhat  conuecied.     (i/orowe*  Gill.) 
d.  Sides  striped  with  black.  ' 

832.  R.  interruptus  (Gill)  J.  &  O.—YeUow  Baaa. 

Brassy,  tinged  with  olivaceous  above ;  sides  with  7  very  distinct  lon- 
gitudinal black  bands,  darker  than  in  the  other  species,  those  below 
the  lateral  line  interrupted  posteriorly,  the  posterior  part  alternating 
with  the  anterior.  Body  oblong-ovate,  with  the  dorsal  outline  much 
arched.  Head  depressed,  somewhat  pointed,  its  profile  concave.  Eyes 
large,  their  diameter  equalling  length  of  snout.  Mouth  somewhat 
oblique,  maxillary  nearly  reaching  middle  of  orbit.  Spines  very  robust; 
second  anal  spine  f  length  of  head.  Dorsal  fins  little  connected.  Head 
3  in  length;  depth  2§.  D.  IX-I,  12;  A.  Ill,  9 ;  Lat.  1.  50.  L.  1  foot. 
Mississippi  Valley,  chiefly  southward;  north  to  Illinois. 

{Labrax  chryaopa  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  1858,  29,  not  Perca  chnjfopt 
Raf. :  Morone  interrupta  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  ?  ',  Phila.  1860,  118.) 

dd.  Sides  not  striped  with  black.  •• 

§33.  K.  amcricanus  (Gmel.)  J.  &  G.— White  Perch.  •'"-       '^    " 

Olivaceous ;  sides  silvery,  with  faint  lighter  streaks.  Body  oblong. 
ovate;  dorsal  outline  much  arched;  the  head  depressed  above  eyes, 
and  rather  pointed.  Mouth  rather  small,  somewhat  oblique,  maxillary 
nearly  reaching  the  vertical  from  the  middle  of  the  orbit.  Eye  mod- 
erate, its  diameter  about  equal  to  length  of  snout.  Si)ines  strong,  the 
secc  nd  anal  spine  nearly  ^  length  of  head.  Dorsal  fins  considerably 
connected.    Head  3  in  length ;  depth  about  3.    D.  IX-I,  12;  A.  Ill,  9; 

•Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Phila.  18G0,  116:  typo  Perca  americana  Gmc\.  Mor»)<e 
Mitch.  Rcpt.  Fifih.  N.  Y.  i'814,  1^.;  is  properly  a  synonym  of  Peroa.  (Meaning,  if  uuy, 
unknown.) 


iii : 

11 


86.    SERRANID^ — STEREOLEPIS. 


531 


Lat.  1.  iJO.    Length  scarcely  a  foot.    Cape  Cod  to  Florida,  abundant, 
ascending  all  streams  coastwise. 

(Perra  amcncana  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.  I,  pars  iii,  1308,  1789:  Labrax  rufua  Storer,  Hist, 
pinh.  Mass.  9:  Morone  americana  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1860,  116:  Perm  mu- 
cronata  Kaf.  Arneip  Month.  Mag.  ii,  205 :  Labrax  mmericanua  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  C.  5 : 
labrax  rufus  and  pallidua  6Unther,_i,  65,  67.) 


1  iii-it 


373.-STEREOL.EPIS  Ayres. 
Jew  Fishes. 

(Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1859,  28:  type  Stereolepia  gigaa  Ayres.) 

Body  oblong,  somewhat  elevated,  little  compressed.  Head  robust, 
the  profile  steeply  elevated,  the  forehead  broad  and  tiattish.  Edges  of 
preopercle  and  interopercle  serrate,  becoming  nearly  entire  with  age. 
Crown,  cheeks,  and  opercles  scaly  ;  snout,  preorbital,  and  jaws  naked. 
Scales  small,  not  strongly  ctenoid,  their  surface  rugose  with  radiating 
strife.  Mouth  large,  wide,  placed  low ;  lower  jaw  prominent.  Maxil- 
lary with  a  well-developed  supplemental  bone,  extending  to  below  the 
eye.  Preorbital  wide,  only  the  anterior  edge  of  the  maxillary  slipping 
nnder  it.  Teeth  all  villiform,  in  broad  bands,  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  pal- 
atines. Branchiostegals  7.  Pseudobranchiae  very  large.  Gill-rakers 
very  strong.  Dorsal  fin  with  11  low,  stcut  spines,  the  last  spines  very 
much  shorter  than  the  middle  ones,  and  all  depressible  in  a  deep  groove. 
Anal  flu  similar  to  soft  dorsal,  with  3  low,  stout  spines ;  caudal  fin 
broad,  nearly  truncate;  pectorals  moderate;  ventrals  long.  Pyloric 
coeca  about  7.  Size  enormous,  among  the  largest  of  Percoid  fishes. 
((TT£|0£«?,  firm ;  As^t?,  scale.) 

§34.  S«  gfigas  Ayres. — Jew-fiah;  Black  Sea  Baaa, 

Brownish  with  large  black  blotches,  becoming  with  age  nearly  uni- 
form greenish  black;  vertical  fins  in  the  young  with  a  conspicuous 
pale  edge ;  ventrjils  black.  Body  and  head  robust ;  region  from  occi- 
put to  dorsal  carinated.  Soft  parts  of  vertical  fins  scaly ;  spinous  part 
naked ;  first  dorsal  spine  prominent,  curved.  Ventrals  reaching  vent, 
one-fourth  longer  than  the  pectorals.  Head  3;  depth  3.  D.  X-1, 10; 
A.  HI,  8;  Lat.  1.  115.  Pyloric  coeca  7,  long.  L.  5  feet.  Coast  of 
California  from  San  Francisco  southward,  not  rare. 

(Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1859,  28:  Stereolepia  oalifoiniciu  Gill,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sti.  Phila.  1863,  330.) 


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*       532      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly, 

9T3.— POLTPRION  Cnvier. 
iSfone  Ba88. 
(Cuvier,  R^gne  Anira.  ii,  1817  :  type  Polyprlon  cemium  Val.) 

Body  robust,  moderately  elevated,  covered  with  small,  firm  scales 
which  extend  on  the  vertical  fins.  Mouth  large,  the  lower  jaw  jjio. 
jecting.  Teeth  in  villiform  bands  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  aud 
tongue.  Preopercle  serrate;  orbital  region  with  spinous  projections- 
a  strong,  rough,  bony  longitudinal  ridge  on  the  opercle.  Dorsal  flu 
continuous,  low,  with  11  strong  spines j  caudal  rounded;  anal  with 
3  spines,  the  third  the  largest;  ventrals  large;  pectorals  short. 
Spines  of  anal  and  ventrals  somewhat  serrate  on  the  anterior  edge. 
Vertebree  13  + 13.  Pyloric  cceca  about  70.  Branchiostegals  7.  (-o/.u,-. 
many;  7:pi(uvj  saw.) 

§3<'S»  P.  oxygrenins  (Schn.)  J.  &G. — S'.oneBass;  Wrcck-fiah;  Cernier.  ' 

Grayish  brown,  the  caudal  edged  with  white;  young  clouded  with 
light  and  dark.  Body  robust,  somewhat  compressed;  the  back  ele- 
vated.   Mouth  rather  large,  the  scaly  maxillary  extending  to  opposite 

V.' 

tlie  posterior  margin  of  the  eye ;  lower  jaw  the  longer.  Supraocuhir 
region,  scapula,  suprascapula,  preopercle,  and  a  ridge  on  opercle  spi 
nigerous.  Anal  spines  short,  serrate  anteriorly,  the  third  much  the 
longest.  Head  3 ;  depth  2 J.  D.  XI,  12;  A.  Hi,  8;  L.  6  feet.  A  very 
large  fish  of  the  coasts  of  Southern  Europe  and  Africa ;  a  single  young 
specimen  lately  obtained  in  deep  water  by  the  United  States  Fish  Com 
mission.    It  resembles  Stereolepis,  but  is  much  rougher. 

(AmplUprion  amei'icanua  Bloch  &  Schneider,  205,  t.  47,  1801;  erroneously  ascriho;.  to 
America  {nomen  ineptum  ? ):  Epinephelua  oxygeneio8  Bloch  &  Schneider,  301 :  PoUiprm 
cernium  Valeucieunea,  M6m.  du  Mus.  xi,  265:  Polyprlon  cernium  Cuv.  «fc  Val.  iii,  21,i)l. 
42 :  Polyprlon  cernium  GUuther,  i,  109 :  Polyprlon  cemium  Day,  Brit.  Fish.  17. ) 

a74.-SERRANUS  Cuvier. 

.     •-.   ■       .  If;- 

Sea  Bass.  - 

(Curier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  ii,  210,  1828:  type  Perca  8criba  L.) 

Body  oblong  or  moderately  elongate,  covered  with  rather  small, 
ctenoid  scales.  Scales  of  the  lateral  line  quadrilateral  or  subtriangu- 
lar,  ctenoid.  Head  oblong.  Mouth  wide,  oblique.  Maxillary  with- 
out supplemental  bone.  Outer  series  of  teeth  more  or  less  enlarged 
and  canine-like,  the  caniiies  sometimes  very  small,  sometimes  large, 
commonly  numerous  and  developed  along  the  sides  of  the  lower  jaw. 


86.    SEREANID^ — SERRANUS. 


533 


as  well  as  along  the  front ;  teetli  mostly  fixed.  Preopercle  serrate  be- 
hind ;  opercle  ending  in  li  flat  spines.  Cheeks  and  opercles  scaly.  Gill- 
rakers  shortish,  stout.  Fins  little  scaly.  Dorsal  fin  continuous  or 
einarg'nate,  with  10  strong  spines  and  11-15  soft  rays.  Anal  spinas 
well  developed.  Caudal  fin  lunate  or  truncate.  Occipital  crests  little 
(1  veloped.  Pyloric  coeca  few.  Vertebraj  10  +  14.  Species  very  nu- 
merous in  warm  seas.  Several  modern  genera  are  here  included,  some 
of  which  may  perhaps  merit  restoration. 

The  typical  species  of  Centropristis  differs  from  Serranus  scriba  and 
its  relatives  in  numerous  respects,  notably  in  the  scarcely  differentiated 
canines,  the  broader  bands  of  teeth,  the  broader  head,  the  stronger 
serrae  on  the  opercle,  the  nidimentary  dorsal  groove  and  nearly  naked 
spinous  dorsal  (in  Serranus  proper,  of  which  we  have  no  typical  species, 
there  is  no  trace  of  a  groove  and  the  dorsal  is  more  scaly),  the  larger 
scales,  and  the  shorter  soft  dorsal.  Ea<;h  of  these  characters  is  al..ired 
with  some  of  the  species  now  referred  to  Serranus,  and  any  line  of  divi- 
sion of  the  two  groups  is  simply  arbitrary,  at  least  until  the  species  are 
better  known. 

[Serran  or  serrano,  a  vernacular  name ;  from  the  Latin  serra,  a  saw.) 

•  Caudal  trilobate  or  trifnrcate. 
t  Dorsal  spines  simple.    (6'e)ifro/jri«tJ8*  Cuvler.) 

§36«  S.  atrarius  (L.)  J.  &  G. — Black  Fish-;  Black  Sea  Bass. 

T^usky  brown  or  black  ;  more  or  less  mottled,  with  traces  of  pale  longi- 
tudinal streaks  along  the  rows  of  scales ;  young  greenish,  often  with  a 
dark  lateral  band,  sometimes  broken  up,  forming  cross-bars ;  dorsal  fin 
with  several  series  of  elongate,  whitish  spots,  forming  interrupted  lines ; 
other  fins  dusky,  mottled.  Body  ovate,  robust,  the  back  somewhat  ele- 
vated; axis  of  body  below  the  middle  of  the  depth.  Head  large,  thick, 
little  compressed,  somewhat  pointed;  top  of  head  naked;  cheeks  and 
opercles  scaly ;  scales  on  cheeks  in  about  11  rows.  Mouth  oblique,  low, 
rather  large,  the  i)remaxillary  below  the  level  of  the  eye ;  lower  jaw 
prominent;  maxillary  broad,  its  upper  edge  anteriorly  slipping  under 
the  edge  of  the  broad  preorbital,  which  is  nearly  as  wide  as  the  eye. 
Eye  large,  wider  than  interorbital  space,  less  than  snout,  4^  in  head. 
Gill-rakers  long.  Canines  very  small,  scarcely  differentiated.  Teeth 
all  fixed,  the  bands  rather  broader  than  usual.    Dorsal  spines  rather 

"Cuvier,  Regno  Anim.  ed.  2,  1HS9:  type  Cenb'opristia  nif/ricatta  Cuv,  =  Perca  airaria 
L.    (^fiVr/aov,  spine;  irpiortfi,  saw.) 


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1 

534      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NOITH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

strong,  not  filamentous,  the  middle  ones  ratber  higher  than  tlio  poste 

rior,  which  are  considerably  lower  than  the  soft  rays,  the  highest  spjue 

as  long  as  from  snout  to  middle  of  eye.    Anal  short  and  In'gh,  its  spin,.,, 

graduated.    Pectoral  very  long,  1|  in  head,  reaching  vent.    Vcntrals 

long,  nearly  reaching  vent,  inserted  below  front  of  base  of  pootorals. 

Caudal  slightly  double  concave ;  fins  little  scaly,  except  at  base ;  a  rudi. 

mentary  groove  at  base  of  spinous  dorsal,  over  which  scales  do  not 

pass.    Head  2'}  ;  depth  2§.    D.  X,  11 ;  A.  Ill,  7 ;  Lat.  1.  50 ;  coeca  4-7. 

L.  12  inches.    Cape  Cod  to  Florida ;  generally  abundant. 

(Perca  airaria  L.  Syst.  Nat. :  Centropristis  nigricans  Cuv.  &  Val.  iii,  37 :  Ccntropristii 
atrariua  Giiutber,  i,  86:  Centropriatis  atrariua  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  Car.  42.) 

tt  Dorsal  spines  produced  in  long  filaments.     {Triloburus*  Gill.)  :  •;, 

§3Y.  S.  trifurcus  (Liun.)  J.  &  G. 

Grayisli,  with  purple  reflections;  sides  with  G  dusky  gray  vertical 
bars  meeting  across  the  back;  silvery  below;  head  bronze,  with  blue 
streaks  in  front  of  eye;  dorsal  shaded  with  olive,  a  large  irregular 
black  spot  near  its  middle ;  dorsal  filaments  red.  Body  slender,  httle 
elevated,  subfusiform.  Mouth  large,  nearly  horizontal,  maxillary  reach- 
ing to  opposite  middle  of  orbit.  Preopercle  finely  and  evenly  sermted. 
Most  of  the  dorsal  spines  and  the  three  lobes  of  the  caudal  produced 
and  filamentous.  Head  3 ;  depth  about  4.  D.  X,  11 ;  A,  HI,  8 ;  Lat.  1. 
about  55.    South  Atlantic  coast ;  not  very  common. 

(Perca  trifurca  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  i,  489:  CentroprUtU  trifurca  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  Car, 
1860,  49:  Anthias  fitrcatua  GUntber,  i,  91.) 

•*  Candal  Innate  or  truncate.  '     ; 

,  ►   -      t  Serrjfi  on  lower  limb  of  preopercle  small,  not  antrorse. 
a.  Canine  teeth  small. 

I 

6.  Dorsal  lin  continuous,  none  of  the  spines  elevated. 
*'  '  c.  Sena?  at  the  angle  of  the  preopercle  forming  one  or  two  grotips  of 

radiating  spines;  soft  dorsal  rcther  short.    (Diplectrum  t  Holbr.) 

§3§.  S.  fasetcularns  Cuv.  &  Val. — Squirm  Fish;  Serrano. 

Brownish  above,  silvery  below,  sides  marked  with  7  or  8  longitudinal 
dark-blue  lines ;  head  marked  with  blotches  and  lines  of  dark  blue; 
three  or  four  distinct  blue  stripes  across  top  of  head ;  two  across  pre- 
orbital,  the  lower  forked ;  fins  barred  with  blue  and  palo  yellow.  Body 
elongate,  not  elevated.  Head  naked  above ;  mouth  rather  large,  maxil 
lary  narrow,  nearly  reaching  posterior  margin  of  orbit.    Dorsal  and 

•  Gill,  Cat.  Fishes  East  Coast  N.  Am.  1831, 30 ;  not  characterized :  type  Perca  trifurca 
L.    (rpc??,  three;  A.oyS6?,  lobe, ;  ovpd,  tail.) 

f Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  C.  ed.  1,  32,  1859:  type  Serranus  faseicularis  C.  &  V.  (fir?, 
two;  TtXfjxrpov,  spur.) 


86.  SERRANID^ — 8ERRANUS. 


535 


ak,  Ich.  S.  Car. 


anal  spines  slender,  rather  low,  the  former  continuous  with  the  soft 
rays;  second  anal  spine  small;  caudal  deeply  cmarginate;  pectoral.s 
shortish,  reaching  tips  of  ventrals.  Serra)  of  preoi^ercle  forming  two 
(liverglii;;  groups  of  long  spines  at  its  angle;  lower  limb  of  preoperclo 
entire.  Head  3;  depth  4.  D.  IX,  12;  A.  II,  7 ;  Lat.  1.  about  05.  West 
Indies,  north  to  South  Carolina;  not  rare. 

(Cuv.  &  Vivl.  ii,  245:  CenlroprUtia  fascicularia  GUntber,  i,  83:  Diplectrum  fasdculare 
Holbrook,  Icth.  S.  C.  18(j0,  :».) 

cc.  Serrii*  of  proopfirclo  simplo,     {UaUperca*  Gill.) 
d.  Soft  dorsal  of  more  thau  13  ray«. 

g39.  S.  Mibllffarliis  (Copo)  J.  &  G. 

Chocolate-brown;  cheeks,  intcropercle,  maxillary,  and  mandible  with 
a  coarse  network  of  white  lines;  yellowish  below;  body  with  5  vertical 
cross-bands,  2  on  the  caudal  peduncle  and  2  above  anal  fin;  pectoral 
and  caudal  with  small  brown  spots;  second  dorsal  and  nnal  brown, 
with  rows  of  small  white  spots.  Form  elongate-oval.  Head  narrow, 
conical;  profile  regular;  mandible  projecting;  opercle  with  three  points; 
maxillary  smooth :  cheeks  and  opercles  scaly,  th(»3e  on  the  latter  ininnte ; 
scales  on  the  vertex  ceasing  behind  posterior  mfirgin  of  pupil.  Median 
dorsal  spines  subequal ;  median  anal  spines  extending  beyond  base  of 
anal  fin;  caudal  truncate.  Teeth  and  armature  of  preopercle  not  de- 
scribed, but  doubtless  much  as  in  8.  atrarius.  D.  X,  14;  A.  Ill,  8; 
scales  5^8-18.    Pensacola,  Fla.     (Cope.) 

(Centrojyriatis  aubligarius  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870, .) 

bb.  Dorsal  fin  emarginatc,  some  of  the  anterior  spines  being  elevated ;  soft  dorsal 
long;  preoperclo  simply  serrate.    {Paralabraxi  Girard.) 

§40.  S.  clatlirntus  (Grd.)  Steiml.—iJoffc  i7a«8;  Cabrilla. 

Grayish  green,  with  obscure,  broad  dusky  streaks  and  bars,  which 
form  reticulations  on  the  sides;  sides  often  mottled  or  shaded  with 
bluish  or  yellowish,  but  usually  without  distinct  spots;  a  broad  dark 
shade  near  axis  of  body,  below  which  the  color  is  nearly  i)lain  silvery 
gray.  Preorbital  narrow,  its  least  width  slightly  more  than  half  the 
diameter  of  the  orbit.  Maxillary  broad,  much  expanded'  at  tip,  its 
greatest  width  two  thirds  diameter  of  eye.  Gill-rakers  rather  long,  22 
below  the  angle.  Pectorals  long,  1^  in  head;  ventrals  If  in  head; 
third,  fourth,  and  fifth  dorsal  spines  about  equal,  the  second  spine 

•Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  186i,  236:  type  Serranus  bivittatm  C.  &  V.  (dX?, 
sea;  ■n'spxtj,  percb.) 

f  Girard,  Proc.  Acad,  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856,  131:  type  Labraxnebul\ferGixA.^=AtraciO' 
perca  and  6o»toperca  Gill,    (jf apd,  near;  Aa^prt|,  iaftrox.) 


^^mmmm 


\V.] 


wi 


t'|r 


EV,, 


536      COXTItlllUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

half  tho  loii^th  cf  the  third,  tho  third  Iohs  than  length  of  Hiioiit  and 
orbit;  second  anal  spine  longest.  Top  of  head  mostly  nake<l;  a  f^^ 
gcaleH  along  the  median  line  behind  the  pnpll.  llead  3;  depth  3^;  eye 
Ifj  in  8nont.  D.  IX,  I,  13;  A.  Ill,  7;  Lat.  1.  73.  L.  18  incheH.  Coiujt 
of  California;   abnndant  southward. 

{Labrax  clathmtuH  (inl.  Troc.  AchiI.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilii.  1854,14:1:  Paralahrar  clalhrattu 
0«l.  U.  8.  rue.  U.  R.  Siirv.  :J4 :  Paralabrax  clathratuH  GUiithur,  i,  Gi :  Atractopirca  dath- 
rata  Gill,  Pioc.  Acml.  Nut.  Scl.  Philu.  1K51,  165.) 

§41.  1^.  inuculofasciatUJS  Htmndachnor.— Cafrri/fa. 

Olive  brown,  everywhere  above  thickly  covered  with  dark  hexagonal 

or  roundish  spots,  which  cover  more  space  than  the  ground  color,  the  latter 

forming  reticulations  around  them ;  spots  on  back  more  or  less  confluent 

most  distinct  and  tinged  with  orange  on  sides  of  head,  branch iostt'jjals 

and  base  of  pectorals;  about  7  oblique  dusky  cross-bars  along  tho  sides 

in  whi(!h  the  spots  are  deeper  in  color  and  more  confluent ;  a  bluisli  stripe 

from  eye  across  cheeks;  lips  plumbeous;  lower  side  of  head  yellow 

epihous  dorsal  dusky,  the  membrane  of  third  spine  black ;  soft  dorsal 

with  bronze  spots;  caudal  with  confluent  dark  spots  at  base  and  brouze 

spots  at  tip;  other  fins  mottled  with  bronze  and  dusky.    Preorbital  very 

wide,  wider  than  eye ;  maxillary  narrow,  reaching  middle  of  pupil,  its 

width  about  half  that  of  eye ;  gill  rakers  short,  14  below  angle  of  arch  • 

pectoral  short,  1^  in  head;  ventrals  1^;  third  and  fourth  dorsal  .spines 

elevated,  the  second  two-fifths  the  height  of  the  third,  which  is  longer 

than  snout  and  orbit;  second  anal  sj  ino  shorter  than  third ;  top  of  head 

scaled  on  the  middle  line  to  opposite  front  of  pupil,  naked  on  sides;  eye 

half  as  long  as  snout.    Head  3;  depth  3.    D.  X,  I,  14;  A.  HI,  7;  Lat. 

1.  9(ii  (72  pores).    L.  12  inches.     Coast  of  California,  abundant  from  San 

Diego  southward. 

(StoiiulachiuT,  IclitUyol.  Notizon  vii,  9G'J,  18G8;  Vaillunt  &  Bocourt,  Miss.  Sci,  au 
Mex.  iv,  72,  1874.) 

§49.  S.  nebulifer  (G.ily  Steind.— Joftnflj^  Verde. 

Greenish  with  irregular  pale  and  dark  mottlings  and  traces  of  dark 
oblique  crossbavs,  the  colors  having  a  washed  or  faded  appearance;  flns 
dull  bluish  black,  mottled ;  lower  side  of  tail  with  wavy  whitish  streaks; 
under  side  of  head  salmo;i  color;  preorbital,  suborbital,  and  cheeks  pro- 
fusely marked  with  round  orange  spots ;  a  dark  streak  downward  and 
backward  from  eye;  caudal  mottled.  Preorbital  very  broad,  its  least 
width  about  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  eye;  maxillary  rather  narrow, 
half  as  broad  as  the  eye,  reaching  middle  of  pupil ;  gill-rakers  shortish, 


88.    SERRANID^. TRISOTROPIg. 


637 


Miss.  Sci.  aa 


about  W  on  lower  part  of  arch;  pectonilrt  rather  short,  about  |  the 
length  of  the  head;  veiitrals  2-2^  in  head;  11  rHt  2  dorsal  npinen  vfry 
8liort,  the  third  very  hi|,'h,  much  hijjher  than  any  of  the  others;  seeontl 
spine  one-third  to  one-fourth  length  of  third,  which  is  lonj?er  than 
snout  and  orbit;  second  anal  spine  as  long  as  third;  tojxif  head  closely 
scaled  to  beyond  front  of  eyes,  llead  2.^ ;  depth  ^ ;  eye  less  thar'.  half 
the  snout.  1>.  X,  I,  14;  A.  Ill,  7;  Lat.  1.  8(>.  L.  18  inchcR.  Coast  of 
Californiii,  from  Monterey  southward ;  abundant. 

( /xi/mix  M'/v/Wi/tr  Oirard.Proc.  Aca<l.  Nut.  Hr\.  Phila.  1K'>4, 142:  Parafabrnx  nthulifcr 
Oiriinl,  II.  S.  Pile.  K.  U.  Kurv.  x,  Ull,  pi.  xii:  I'aralabrax.  iicbuli/vr  GUnthvr,  i,G'2;  Htuin- 
Oy^jhucr,  Ichtbyol.  Beitriij^o,  iii,  1.) 

♦t  Sorrii'oii  lowor  «dg«  of  prooporclo,  largo,  spur-liki;,  dircctod  forward.  ( ricoiropoma" 
Cuvier.) 

843.  S.  ftilorurus  (C.  &  V.)  J.  &  0.— Negrito. 

Coh)r  uniform  blaykish,  strongly  tinged  with  violet;  pectoral  and 
camliil  yellow.  Mouth  rather  large,  the  maxillary  without  supplement.il 
bone,  extending  to  the  front  of  the  pupil;  lower  jaw  jjrojecting;  nine 
rows  of  scales  on  the  cheek ;  preopercle  finely  serrate  above,  its  lower 
inar{,'iu  withseveral  antrorse  teeth.  Body  elevated,  somewhat  com- 
pressed. Pectoral  long,  extending  beyond  ventrals ;  caudal  forked ;  sec- 
ond and  third  spines  of  anal  about  equal.  Head  2ij ;  depth  2^.  I), 
X,  15 ;  A.  Ill,  7;  Lat.  1.  about  05.  West  Indies,  north  to  Garden  Key, 
Florida. 

{Pkctropoma  ohloruritm  Cuv.  &  Viil.  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  ii,  400,  18"28:  /'.  chlorurnm 
Giiiither,  1,  107:  P.  chlorurum  Vuill.  &  Boc.  Miss.  8ci,  Mex.lv,  104:  Plecfropoma  nigri- 
cans Pooy,  Momorias  Cuba,  i,  71,  1851 :  UypoplectruH  nigricans  Pocy,  Synopsis  Pise. 
Cuben8.290.) 

975.— TRISOTROPIS  Gill. 
(Parepinephelus  Bleeker.) 

(Gil!,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1865,  104:  typo  Perca  guttata  Bloch.) 

Characters  of  Epinephelm,  except  that  the  lateral  crests  on  the  cra- 
nium are  well  developed,  like  the  median  one.  "This  genus  is  recog- 
nizable externally  by  its  oblong  form,  the  peculiar  structure  of  the  nos- 
trils, the  form  of  the  fins,  etc.,  but  is  more  especially  distinguished  by 
the  development  of  the  skull,  which  differs  in  a  very  marked  manner 

•Cuvier,  R5gno  Anitn.  ii,  142,  1829:  type  Bodianua  maculattts  Bloch.  This  group 
has  been  separated  fi'om  Serranus  on  account  of  the  strong  antrorse  teeth  <•{  the  lower 
edge  of  the  preopercle.  It  has  been  divided  by  Professor  Gill  into  several  genera, 
which  have  been  adopted  and  defined  by  Professor  Poey,  but  their  nec(!88ity  is  not 
evident.  It  is  at  best  an  artificial  group,  and  some  of  the  current  species  (P.  afrum, 
etc.)  belong  to  Epinephelus.    {itXrix^pov,  spur;  na>,ua  operculum.) 


I 


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538      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

from  that  of  Epineplielus.  •  •  •  The  sknll  diflfers  from  that  of  Fm. 
nephelushy  the  wider  interorbital  area,  rhe  parallelism  and  coutiimation 
of  the  lateral  crests  forward  to  the  middle  of  the  orbits  inclosing  an  elon- 
gated parallelogram,  the  surface  of  which,  especially  between  the  orbits 
is  more  uniform ;  the  absence  of  a  frontal  crest,  the  simple  curvature  or 
straightness  of  the  naso- vomerine  ridge  and  absence  of  the  angle  at  tbe 
suture  between  the  nasals  and  vomer."  {Oill.)  The  species  of  this 
group  have  the  anal  III,  11,  er  III,  12.  They  reach  a  very  large  size 
and  are  abundant  in  the  tropical  seas.  (t/>££t,  thrice ;  T/jwn?,  a  koel  in 
allusion  to  the  presence  of  the  three  parallel  elevated  keels  on  the  top 
of  the  cranium,  Avhich  distinguishes  this  genus  from  JEpinepheliis.) 

§44.  T.  brunneus  Poey. — Black  Grouper ;  Abadejo. 

Clear  brown,  covered  with  spots  of  darker  brown,  irregular  in  size 
and  form;  pectorals  reddish;  ventrals  bluish;  other  fins  dusky;  max- 
illary with  a  supplemental  bone ;  preopercle  sinuous ;  third  dorsal  spine 
not  a  third  as  high  as  the  body;  soft  dorsal  highest  nt  its  niidclle. 
Head  3J  iu  total  length  ;  depth  about  4.  Eye  7^  in  head.  D.  XI,  IG; 
A.  Ill,  11;  Lat.  1.  about  110;  coeca  15.  [Poei/.)  West  Indies,  nortli  to 
Virginia. 

(Serranus  brunneus  Pooy,  Memorias  Cuba,  il,  131,  1858 ;  Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mu8.  1879,  143.) 

945.  T.  falcutUS  roay.— Scamp. 

Brown,  with  irregular  darker  spots,  none  on  the  heaa  or  belly ;  pe(!- 
torals  edged  with  blackish  and  oraiige.  Body  moderately  comi)rosswl. 
Maxillary  reaching  vertical  from  posterior  margin  of  eye;  lower  jaw 
much  projecting  beyond  the  upper;  upper  jaw  with  teeth  in  a  single 
series,  with  a  short  band  in  front;  4  oanines;  lower  jaw  with  teeth  iu 
two  series,  and  with  sevenil  canines  at  the  symphysis ;  teeth  on  vomer, 
in  an  angular  patch ;  palatine  teetii  In  a  single  series.  Sixth  i\orbA\ 
spine  longest ;  caudal  deeply  forked,  the  external  rays  nearly  twice  the 
length  of  the  middle  ones.  Head  2J ;  depth  about  3.  D.  XI,  17 ;  A. 
111,11';  L.  lat.  130;  L.  transv.  f  ^.  {Qoode  &  Bean.)  West  Indies,  north 
to  Pensacola. 

(Poey,  Momorias,  ii,  i;)8;  Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  ii,  140,  1879.) 

^46.  T.  inicrolcpiK  Goode  &  Bean. 

Maxillary  reaching  perpendicular  from  posterior  margin  of  o.l't; 
each  jaw  with  two  canines:  upper  jaw  with  an  inner  series  of  villiforw 
and  an  outer  series  of  largo  slender  conical  teeth  curved  inward ;  lower 


86.    SERRANID^ EPINEPHELUS. 


539 


I 


jaw  with  two  series  of  conical  teeth,  the  inner  the  hirgest  and  movable ; 
vomer  and  palatines  with  very  small  villiform  teeth.  Preopercle  with 
fine  (lenticulations  on  its  posterior  mar;;iu  and  some  coarser  ones  at  the 
aiifjle.  Third  and  fourth  dorsal  spines  highest,  the  first  slightly  higher 
than  tiie  second.  Color  not  described.  Head  2^-2§;  depth  S^.  l>. 
XI,  18;  A.  Ill,  10;  L.  lat.  145;  L.  trausv.  |^.  {Ooode  &  Bean.) 
Western  coast  of  Florida. 
(Goode  &  Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  ii,  1879,  141.) 

976.— EPINCPIIELIJS  Bloch. 
Groupers*}  Merous. 

(Bloch,  Tiliih.  1793 ;  Bloch  &  8chiii>i«ler,  Syst.  Iclitu.  1601,  ^99 :  tj'pe  Epincphclua  ruber 
Bloch.) 

Body  stout,  compressed,  covered  with  small  ctenoid  scales,  which  are 
often  somewhat  embedded  in  the  skin  ;  75-140  in  the  course  of  the  lat- 
eral line ;  scpU-s  of  the  lateral  line  triangular,  cycloid ;  soft  parts  of  the 
vertical  tins  generally  more  or  less  scalj.  Top  of  cranium  narrow,  with 
the  median  crest  only  developed,  the  lateral  keels  being  obsolete.  Pre- 
opercle moderately  senate  behind,  its  lower  limb  nearly  or  quite  entire, 
rarely  with  an  antrorse  spine;  opercle  with  two  strong  spines.  Mouth 
large;  umxillary  with  a  well-developed  supplemental  bone.  Canine 
teeth  few,  large,  in  the  front  of  the  jaws;  enlarged  teeth  of  the  inner 
series  of  each  jaw  depressible.  Gill-rakers  short.  Dorsal  spines  usually 
Oorll,  not  filamentous,  the  last  ones  somewhat  shorter  than  the  middle 
ones.  Anal  spines  3,  the  second  usually  the  larger;  the  number  of  soft 
rays  7-9.  Caudal  fin  rounded.  Pyloric  cceca  usually  few  (usually  1(V- 
20).  Species  very  numerous,  most  of  them  of  large  size,  aboundint; 
in  all  the  tropical  seas,  where  they  are  aniong  the  most  valuable  food- 
fishes,  (irztveipekoe:^  cloudcd ;  In  allusion  to  a  supposed  adipose  mem- 
brane covering  the  eye.) 


*  Dorsal  spines  11. 

a.  Pyloric  cwca  less  than  35. 


(Ep'mephelua.) 


§4».  E.  cnpreolns  (Pocy)  .1.  &,  G.—Cabrilla. 

Brown,  everywhei*e  covered  with  round  dark  spots  regularly  placed, 
largest  bclov,  smallest  near  the  dorsal  fin,  those  below  about  as  large 
as  the  pupil;  two  larger  black  spots  at  base  of  spinc.us  dorsal,  partly  on 
the  fin;  a  few  roundish  palo  spots  on  the  body;  fins  all  spotted;  pec- 

•  A  coiTuptiou  of  the  Portuguese  uaine,  OarrujMt. 


'  I-"  'it-  * 


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iifl 

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,'i 

il 

,  /  - 

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1 


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'1; 


540 


CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTE    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 


torals  and  ventrals  finely  mottled,  the  pectorals  with  a  narrow  pale 
edge.  Body  ovate,  rather  slender,  the  head  long  and  pointed.  Lower 
jaw  slightly  projecting  j  maxillary  extending  nearly  to  the  posterior 
border  of  the  orbit;  four  small  canines  in  front  of  lower  jaw.  Pre- 
opercle  slightly  emarginate,  its  edge  finely  serrate.  Scales  small,  those 
on  cheeks,  breast,  and  top  of  head  very  small.  Caudal  rounded;  pec. 
toral  fin  extending  beyond  tips  of  ventrals,  to  vent;  second  anal  spine 
rather  strong.  Head  2§ :  depth  3,  Yi.  XI,  IG ;  A.  Ill,  7 ;  Lat.  1.  about  80. 
Florida  to  the  Caribbean  Sea;  abundant  in  the  West  Indies;  an  excel- 
lent food-fish.  The  synonymy  of  this  species  is  much  confused,  and  the 
.  name  to  be  adopted  is  uncertain. 

(fPerca  maculata  Blocli,  Ichth.  181,  taf.  343,  1797;  not  Holocentrua  maculatna  Bloch 
Ichth.  taf.  242,  which  is  also  apparently  an  Epinephelus:  1  Sparua  atlaniicua  Lacdn. 
Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iv,  158, 1802  (based  on  Bloch.):  ISeiranm  impetiginosua  Miiller  A',Tro- 
schel,  Schomburgk,  Excurs.  Barbadoet",  665:  ?  Serranus  maculatus  and  inqyetifiinoiui 
Giiuther,  i,  130,  142 :  Serranua  capreolua  Poey,  Memorias,  li,  145 :  Serranus  capreolm 
Vaillant,  Miss.  Sol.  au  Mox.  iv,  87.) 

8'i§.  E.  drummond'hayi  Goode  &  Bean. — Hind;  John  Pu^v.. 

Color  umber  brown,  everywhere  densely  covered  witi^  ^.i.M  stellate 
spots  except  on  the  lips  and  belly;  about  40  of  these  between  gill-open- 
ings and  base  of  caudal;  along  the  sides  the  spots  often  coalesce.  Pre- 
opercle  evenly  serrate.  Eye  6^  in  head.  Caudal  truncate  or  slightly 
emarginate.  Head  2§;  depth  2§.  D.  XI,  16;  A.  Til,  9 ;  scales  32-125- 
57.    Gulf  coast  of  United  States.    {Ooode  &  Bean.)  . 

(Goode  &  Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  i,  174,  1878.) 

849.  E.  morio  (Cut.)  Gill.— ifeoE  Grouper. 

Brownish,  marbled  with  ash ;  salmon  color  below ;  soft  parts  of  the 

vertical  fins  margined  with  blue.    Body  oval,  compressed  above;  r 

file  oblique,  gently  curved;  mouth  terminal,  large,  somewhat  oblu 

maxillary  reaching  beyond  eye.     Eye  about  as  long  as  snout,    iltox. 

2 J ;  depth  3.    D.  XI,  17 ;  A.  Ill,  9 ;  Lat.  1.  lOG ;  cceca  28.     Atlantic  coast, 

chiefly  southward. 

{Serranus  morio  C\\y.  &,\a\.  ii,285:  /Serranua morio  GUutker,  i,  142:  Serranus  erythro- 
gaater  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  C.  1860,  34.) 

890.  E.  nig[ritU8  (Holbrook)  QiH.— Black  Grouper;  Jew-fiah. 

Bluish  black  above,  lighter  below;  no  red;  no  traces  of  markiifson 
body  or  lius.  Body  oblong,  thick,  tapering  backward.  Mouth  '!»/Q;e, 
very  oblique,  lower  jaw  projecting.  A  spine  on  the  lower  limb  oi  the 
proopercle  in  front  of  the  angle.    Head  2§ ;  depth  about  2^.    H.  X,  15; 


86.   SERRANID^ — PROMICEOPS. 


641 


A.  Ill,  9;  scales  24-115-52.    Gulf  of  Mexico,  north  to  South  Carolina j 
reaches  a  weight  of  300  pounds. 

(Serraniis  nigritus  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  C.  1860,  177:  Serranus  nigritus  Gunther,  i,  134; 
Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1878,  182.) 

aa.  Pyloric  coeca  numerous  (50-70).    (Hyporthodua*  Gill.) 

§51.  E.  niveatMS  (Cuv.  &  Val.)  Poey. 

Brownish  olive ;  sides  with  many  large,  light  blue  spots,  which  are 
arranged  in  about  5  transverse  rows ;  a  large  quadrangular  black  spot 
crossing  caudal  peduncle  above  and  running  down  on  sides  to  below 
the  lateral  line.  Body  oblong,  compressed,  highest  forwards ;  mouth 
large,  oblique,  maxillary  reaching  beyond  middle  of  orbit ;  lower  jaw 
slightly  tbe  longest;  membranes  of  vertical  fins  scaled  half  way  up; 
second  anal  spine  about  as  long  as  third  and  much  stronger ;  top  of 
head  entirely  scaled,  except  in  front  of  nostrils.  Eye  large,  as  long  as 
snout.  Head  2^;  depth  2§.  D.  XI,  14;  A.  Ill,  9;  Lat.  1.  about  .85. 
West  Indies  to  Florida ;  accidental  northward. 

(Serranu8  niveatua  Cuv.  &  Val.  ii,  380 :  Serranua  niveatua  GUnther,  i,  130 :  Eyporthodus 
fiavicauda  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Set.  Pbila.  1861,  98,  from  Newport,  R.  I.) 

♦•Dorsal  spines  9.    (Bodtanua \  Bloch.) 

853.  E.  piinctatUS  (L.)  J.  &  G. — Buttev-fish ;  Nigger-flah;  Coney. 

Olivaceous  yellow  or  red,  ^.-overed  with  small,  round,  dark-edged 
spots  of  blue ;  one  or  two  black  spots  on  the  tip  of  the  chin  and  one 
ou  the  caudal  peduncle ;  colors  brilliant  and  variable.  Maxillary  not 
reaching  posterior  margin  of  eye ;  eye  6J  in  head ;  preopercle  finely 
serrate;  its  lower  limb  entire;  caudal  truncate;  skull  channelled  be- 
tween the  eyes,  its  upper  surface  smooth.  Head  2^.  D.  IX,  15;  A. 
111,9;  Lat.  1.  85.  Pyloric  cceca  8.  Vertebrse  10  +  14.  {Gunther.) 
Size  siriall ;  flesh  soft.    West  Indies,  north  to  Florida  Keys ;  abundant. 

(Perca  punctata  L.  Syst.  Nat.  x,  291,  1758  :  Serranwj  ouatalibi  Cuv.  &  Val.  ii,  381, 
1829  (red  variety) ;  Serranus  ouatalibi  Gliutlier,  i,  120 :  Serranua  guativere  Cuv.  «fe  Val. 
ii,  383:  Serranua  carauno  Cuv.  &  Val.  ii,  383:  Enneacentrua  punctatua  Poey,  Rep.  Fis.- 
Nat.  Cuba,  1868,  288:  Enneacentrua punctatua  Goode,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  v,  59.) 

9YY.-PROIIIICROP8  Gill. 

(Gill,  MSS. ;  Poey,  Synopsis  Piscium  Cubensiuni,  1868, 287  :  type  Serranua  guaaa  Poey.) 

"This  genus  has  the  characters  of  Epinephelu8j  except  the  cranium, 
which  resembles  that  of  Truotropis  by  the  great  interorbital  width. 

*Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1H61,  98:  typo  Jlyporthodua  fiavicauda  Gill  =  <Str- 
raiiu«nitieait(«jnv.    (vn-o,  below ;  opOo?,  straight;  o5ov?,  tooth.) 

tBloch  Ichthyol;  Blooh  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichth.  1801,330:  ty \ta  Bodianua  gut latua 
Dloch.    (From  Bodiano,  a  Portuguese  uauio  of  various  similar  ilshes.) 


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54U      rONTUIIU'TIONH   TO    NOKTII    AMinJlCAN    U'HTIIYoi.^HJY— |v. 

ANV  lunv  iu»<i«'o  tho  c\vo  woll  juIvhiummI.  It  ftiiiluM'  tlilUMM  In  IIkmIch. 
titioii  and  Ity  tlic  <<\(nMiio  tlivittion  (if  itN  p.vlorU^  upiMMula^i'M.  'I'lio  I1.4.11, 
lutein  a  lai'K«*  IxmkI,  a  littlo  tiiirro\V(>r  in  tlio  lowor  Jaw  ;  tli<<  <>\t(.niii| 
margin  hI<o\vm  a  row  iiC  tiM^Mi  a  liitto  Hti'onw:^',  ONpMall.y  llir  IwoilrNi 
Itnl  (Ikmv  aivnodilVoivntiatoilmninoN;  (lio  cxironir  inn(M'  N«M'i<>H  in  Ikih, 
l\aM  .<<oino  .Hti'ttn^r^'t'  (rolli.  Tlio  palatint^  an«l  vonicrino  IrtMli  air  in  iiiu>r 
hauils.  TiMM'OH'a  antllhoir  divJHlonH  ait^  innuniorahlo."  (/'"n/.)  I'',1h(« 
wluMxMlio  oianlnni  Im  UoMorlbod  an  hIioH,  bmad,  and  iiai,  tli(«  (mmIimIdI 
»mst  vor.v  low.  Hi/,o  (MiorntonM,  m  In  tlio  ^jonuH  ISUrciflvinH.  'riiin  Kcmm 
and  7V<«<>/n»/»i.<»  nIiouUI  pi-ohably  bo  ronHitloitMl  aH  wnMlonM  of  l\itiui'i)h 
fm,  (!T/»»»,  bofoiv;  ,'«M/»f»<,  Nnndl ;  cuv,  oyo  ;  in  alhiHion  (o  llio  HliorltirKNot 
(ho  antoiiov  part  ol'  (lio  oraniunt,  duo  (o  Mio  advanconiont  of  \\u\  orliit,; 

MAS.  !•.  itiiawn  Poov.— f.'Krtwi. 

Vollowish  olivaooouH,  with  nnniorouH  hrowti  Mpot«.  Ilody  nioni  nmi 
pivssoti  aln>vo  tlian  bolow.  INbjulli  largo,  nnixillary  iiMurliing  Ixwoiul 
Iho  orbit  ;  pivopcrolo  iVobly  8orra((»d ;  (»p(MvU^  wKli  ."Ulai  poiniN;  tins 
all  vory  low,  oaudal  roundod.  Moad  .'l,\ ;  dopMi  -1.  I>.  XI,  Irt;  A.  Ill, 
8.  {IW}).)  \\o8t  lndio«,  nt)rth  Ur  I'lorida;  roaohoH  a  woiglil.  »»r  lOOm 
niH>  lUMindvS. 
(Si'n\tnM«  tjHaM  Tocy,  Mom.  ii,  141,  1W\H.) 

JltH.-imiiHSfuvloi'. 

(Ouvior.  H.V»».>  Anitu.  od.  Vd.  il.  IHVH:  t.v|M>  />M/f'i»  .ni »•<./<»  (1.  *•  V.) 

lUxly  oblong,  ovato,  oonipnvssod  and  olovalod,  oovorod  with  nillicr 
largt*  8oalos.  Mouth  largo,  tho  lowor  Jaw  projooting;  tho  iniixillarv 
ixnu'hing  to  opposito  tho  niiddio  ol'  tho  oyo.  Tooth  nuulorato,  llai  ante 
rior  in  tho  uppor  Jaw  oulargod,  wIdoNot,  but.  hanlly  I'orndng  caiiiiios, 
rwH>iMMvlo  sharply  vsorrato ;  oporolo  with  U  Htixtug  Hpinos.  Dorsul 
with  10  spinos,  anal  with  ,'i;  tho  thini  dctr^al  spino  tllanHMit()U.s,  tho 
8tHH>iul  anal  spino  Uuigi'at.  HranohiostogalH  0.  I'InIioh  of  tho  warm 
seas,  soujotinuvs  ontoring  rivora.  (tJi»(")-*(s",  a  slavoj  tho  llsh  b  ing  under 
the  lash  of  tho  long  doraal  spino.) 

931.  I>.  nuriirn  Ouv.  vV  VaI.— ('M«(H<i/c(r;  Conohman. 

YoUowish  gray,  with  two  or  thivo  darker  en)ss-bau«lH  and  faint  dark 
Untgitndinal  stn>aks.  Operele  with  two  or  Ihive  strong  s])ineH,  tho  upper 
ouo  the  largest ;  iH'otoral  and  ventral  Una  largo ;  third  dorsal  spine  flliv 
mentous,  ivaehing  the  middle  of  the  caudal ;  caudal  truncate.  I).  X, 
13 ;  A.  HI,  7 ;  Lat.  1.  40.  Vert.  10  +  14.  Tropical  parts  of  the  Atlantic; 
saitl  to  have  been  taken  on  our  cotvst. 

;Cuv.  Jk  Tal.  iii,  US;  QUuthor,  i,  SOU.) 


8n.   Hr.UUANII»/K — HIIVI'TICIJH.  543 

ay«.~itiivi*TN!iiN  aiivi«r. 

Noaff-JhlicM, 

!ChvI<'I*.  •tf'K"*' ^"''"'  "'  ^^^*^  ly\»^  'inthtiix  mifintttinuif  UUuh  A  Hclnmldnr. ) 

Hull V  ohhHiK  ,<'«>m)»irMH<'(l,  rovorni  with  Hiiitill, hiiiooMi  «iiril;<nl(lr(l  MmWn, 
MiMilli  ol»ll<|«i«%  nillici-  \Mm\  \\w  IowimJiiw  pioitiiiicht,  fJio  inaxillnry 
witli  II  Huppl<'iii<^tiliil  lioiHi,  n'ii«-liiti(;  (oor  boyoixt  ||m^  I'ltpil ;  prcorbitat 
rivMiot-  iiimow;  no  cniiiiicH;  broinl  btiiHlM  of  villirorin  IvHh  on  JawM, 
V(itii<>r,  mill  piiJiilhu^H.  I'rroprrcJo  ci'cmMMit  Hliapcd,  without,  iinulu  or 
H(*rriiliii'<*H,  V,H  iiiiu-^lii  Willi  HpinoiiH  («'4'tli  iiliovc.  OptMcJo  witli  HpincH. 
DoiNiil  ilii  with  two  or  thr«'«0»JW  Htoiit,  HpliM'H,  «oiiM'tiiiM'M  M^prii(it<Ml  hy 
iuuil«h  t'roin  tho  hoI'I  rn..v«;  iitiiil  Ihi  without.  HpiiH^,  or  with  Jiii  omlHuhh-d 
rit(li<ii<'iit.;  (taiiiliil  tin  roiiiMlcd  iM^hiiid.  V<Mitra.lHHniall.  IV^r^toraJH  Hhorf, 
1111(1  roi!!uhMl.    Troph'al   McaM.     {fUirtrtxiii;,  waHliinj^;    from  tho  ''Hoiifiy" 

HJiitl-) 

,1,  poiHiil  ditliioN  y,  morn  or  I«>m  ooiiimk'IciI  wIMi  Mm  wifl,  rnyn,    {I'romlrropUtnu"  (iiil,) 

N,1A.  II.  innriiliitiiM  llolhr. 

Ollvo  brown  abov«i,  with  Hcatt«M<Ml  whitiHh  miioIh;  Im-Iow  pnhi  Mlato 
color.  iliK'k  n>;;iiliirly  liirhcd  i'loiii  Hiioiit.  to  (^(iiKbil  fin.  Month  larf^c, 
iniixilliiry  cxtrndlng  beyond  orbit;  lower  Jaw  lonj^er  than  npfier,  and 
])i'oji><^tiiiK  niiK'.h  beyond  it  in  eloHcd  month.  I'reope.reh^  with  2  Htoiit 
N|»i!i('H;  opereh^  with  W.  IN-etornlM  rather  hirjje.  Vert  leal  Hum  hlfjii. 
Doi'Hiil  NpineH  H]i^lllty  eonnected  with  the  Hoft.  rayH.  Head  'i^^;  d«f)ith  '<\. 
1).  II,  25;  A.  IT).    North  ('iirolina  to  the  WeHt  IndhtH. 

(llolhrook,  loll.  H.  C.  iHllU,  U\  tllliillicr,  1,  17.'».) 

NAO.  II.  tIfYCorntllN  (0111)  .J.  &  0. 

IlrowiiiKli,  irre^^nlarly  inaenliiied  with  li^lit  npotN  about  ah  lar^^e  nf| 
the  pupil,  MieHO  f(<Mierally  with  a  bla<;kiHh  (centre;  the  Hpot.H  are,  Hoimv 
tiiiu'H  eoiiiliicint  and  are  nioHt  niinusrouH  on  the  HJdeH,  Kye  e(pnd  Hnoiit, 
5^  ill  length  of  head.  Head  .'J;  d(ri>ih  .'4.  I).  II,  i^O;  A.  10.  Tropicul 
Hoiw;  iu'.cidi^ntal  at  Newjmrt,  K.  I.    {(Hill.) 

{I'rumUropkruH  dcvoralua  UiU,  I'loc.  Acad.  Nut.  Uci.  I'hilu,  lH(i:i,  U\i. 

897.  R.  pltnltOKIIfl  Gooili)  fi-.'.  DnitTi. 

V(»ry  lifflit  brown,  with  nuinerouH  Hmall  brown  HpotH;  the  diameter  of 
tbo  larjfCHt,  ono-tliinl  that  of  eye;  these  abHent  on  abdomen  and  throat; 
traces  of  light  niarginH  to  the  vertical  flnft.    Upper  jaw  nearly  rea<ihing 


*aill,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.   Sol.  Phlla.   1661,   63:    type  Bhyptiout  maculatiu  Holbr. 
(jf p6,  before;  ^txfjbi,  itmall;  itrepbv,  fin.) 


X¥y'^n 


i 


644      C0NTUIDUTI0N8   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICIITHYOLOOY — ly. 

tho  vorticnl  from  imstorior  margin  of  orbit.  Ono  continnoun  dorsal- 
(lorHnl  and  anal  tins  higlior  posteriorly,  tho  longest  rays  roacliiiijr  i>jij,p 
of  candal.  Eyo  twice  the  length  of  siiont.  Head  more  than  on(^  tliinl 
length  of  body;  depth  M^.  1).  IF,  27;  A.  15;  Lat.  1.  00;  L.  tran.sv.  4 
{Gtxuh  <{'  Ikan.)  Key  West,  Fla. 
(Qoodo  &  IkMHi,  rroo.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mu8.  il,  311,  1879.) 

Family  LXXXVII.— PRIACANTIIIDiE. 

{The  Big  Eyes.) 

Body  oblong  or  ovate,  compressed,  covered  with  small,  firm,  rough 
scales;  all  parts  of  the  bo<ly  and  head,  oven  tho  snout  and  maxilluries, 
being  densely  scaly.  Head  deep.  Month  large,  very  obli'jne,  the  lower 
jaw  pronnnent.  Villiform  tooth  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines,  notio  on 
the  tongue.  Prennixillaries  protractile.  Maxillary  broad,  without  siip. 
plemontal  bono,  not  slipping  under  tho  very  narrow  preorbital.  Eye 
very  large,  forming  about  half  tho  length  of  the  side  of  the  \mu\, 
Posterior  nostril  long,  slit-like.  Preoperclo  more  or  less  seriated,  t)n«or 
more  stnmg  spines  at  its  angle;  operculum  very  short,  ending  in  two  or 
thi*ee  points  behind.  (■  ill-membranes  separate,  free  from  the  istlumis. 
Pseudobranchiiu  large.  Clills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Gill-rakcrs 
long.  Branchiostegals  C.  Lateral  line  continuous.  Dorsal  iln  (jontimi- 
ous,  with  about  10  spines,  which  are  deprossiolo  in  a  groove;  anal  spines 
3,  the  soft-  part  long,  similar  to  tho  soft  dorsal;  vontrals  large,  thonicic, 
1,  5;  pectorals  snuUl,  rounded;  caudal  flu  truncate  or  luiuito.  Spines 
of  fins  generally  rough  with  snuiU  sorrjo.  Air-bladder  large.  Pyloric 
cceca  few.  Sanill  carnivorous  ilshes  of  the  tropical  seas;  mostly  rose- 
colored  in  life.    Genus  1;  species  about  JJO. 

{Porcidai,  group  Priacan Ihina  QHnthor,  I,  215-221.) 

980.— PRIACANTHVS  Cniver.  H    -**  • 

Big  Eyes.  •     ,^^-  ' 

(Cuvior,  R^Rno  Anini.  ii,  1817:  type  Pnaoanthus  macrojththalmua  Cuvior.) 

Characters  of  tho  genus  included  above,  {npttuv^  saw;  HxavOa,  spiue; 
ft«m  the  sermture  of  tho  spines.) 

a.  Body  more  thau  twice  as  long  as  deep;  scales  small.    (Priaoanthm.) 

89§.  P.  mnrropfithnlnins  Cnv.  &  Yal.—Big  Eye. 

Uniform  red,  fins  edged  with  dusky.  Body  oblong,  compressed,  but 
little  elevated.    Gape  of  mouth  subvertical,  maxillary  passing  front  of 


88.    SVMIWM. 


545 


pve.    TTt'iul  coinplotdy  scaled.    Eyo  ul)onfc  onolialf  loii^tli  of  IhnwI,  iiioro 

tliiin  <>  titiH'H  wiilth  of  prooibital.     Vont rain  lonj;,  nmrliiii^  front  of  anal ; 

|H'(!t(»riilH  small,  not  longer  tliun  oyo.    liateral  lino  followinj;  tlio  <;nrvcof 

rl„,l,iKk.     Iload  .Tj;  iUiptli  L'j}.    1).  X,  14;  A.  Ill,  15;  Lat.  1.  85.     Wo8t 

liiilies;  occiisional  on  onr  coast. 
(Cuv.  iV  Val.  iii,  m;  (JilnUior,  i,  215.) 

(Id.  H^'b  ni>t  twico  118  long  iiH  (loop;  hciiIch  larn;n.    (Purndoprfncnnthnii  IMcoltur.) 

I«,)9.  P.  HitllN  (iill. 

Kciirly  nnifortn  orango-rod  in  life;  vertical  fins  dotted  with  black; 
vcntrals  black.  l^)dy  oblong,  (ioinpn^HWMl  and  elevat^'d.  Prollle  very 
ohliqnc;  snout  extremely  short;  gape  of  month  very  obi i<pie,  maxillary 
rt'iiching  to  below  orbit.  Eye  about  one-half  length  of  head.  Hpines 
.,tontor  th"n  in  P.  macrophthalmuH.  Hcales  mu(!h  larger  and  rougher. 
LiitoriU  line  running  obli(|uely  upwards  in  front,  then  abruptly  tnrnitig 
(lowiiwanls.  Ventrals  large,  extending  beyond  origin  of  anal.  I're- 
oporele  and  operde  coarsi^Iy  serrate  at  anghi  and  on  lower  limb;  angle 
ol'pn'opercle  with  2  8i)ineN,  upper  limb  simjdy  roughened.  (Jaudal  (In 
khuuUmI.  Jlead2i;  depth  1^.  D.  X,  11;  A.  111,9;  Lat.  1.  45.  Coast 
of  New  Kngland ;  not  <;ommon. 

(Vriacanlhua  alius  Uill,  Troc.  AcimI.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.  ISOiJ,  135J.) 

Family  LXXXVIIL— SPAKU)^.* 

{The  Sparoid  Fishes.) 

Body  oblong,  more  or  h  ss  elevated,  covered  with  rnoderatcsized  ad- 
luTciifc  scales,  which  are  generally  more  or  leas  strongly  ctenoid,  some- 
times almost  cycloid  (''sparoid").  Head  large,  the  skull  often  with 
traces  of  the  cavernous  structure  seen  in  Souemdw.  No  suborbital  stay. 
Moutli  moderate  or  large,  terminal,  low,  nearly  horizontal.  Premaxil- 
liirios  protractile;  maxillary  without  supplementjil  bone,  for  its  whole 
length,  slipping  into  a  sheath  formed  by  the  edge  of  the  broad  preorbital ; 
teeth  villiform,  cardiformj  incisor  like  or  molar;  canines  sometimes  pres- 
ent; vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue  with  or  without  teeth ;  gills  4,  a  large 
slit  behind  the  fourth;  pseud obranch ice  large;  gill-rakers  moderate; 
branchiostegals  4-7 ;  gill-membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus. 
Edfje  of  preoporcle  serrated  or  entire ;  operde  usually  without  spines ; 
sides  of  head  generally  scaly.    Dorsal  flu  continuons  or  deeply  notched, 

•  Including  87  rristipomatldce,  and  88  Sparidas  of  the  artificial  key  to  familie?,  on 

page  77, 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 35 


.1 
II 


>jl 


r  i 


:  '  i 


546      CONTRIIUJTIONS   TO   NORT.I   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV.  "^ 

the  spines  strong,  usually  dopressible  into  a  groove.    Anal  fin  similar  to 

soft  dorsal,  with  3  si)incs.    Veutmls  thoracic;,  I,  5,  conunonly  with  un  ac 

ccssory  scale-liko  appendage.    Caudal  iin  rounded  or  forlic^l.     LaU;ial 

lino  continuous,  not  extending  upon  the  caudal  tin.    Pyloric  co'ca  lew  or 

many.    Air- l)lad«ler  present,  usually  simple.    Genera  55;  sjuuncs  ubom 

450,  abounding  in  the  seas  of  temperate  and  troi)ical  regions.    Those 

with  incisor  teeth  only  are  chiefly  herbivorous,  the  others  carnivorous 

The  three  principal  subdivisions  giveu  below  have  been  often  tukcu  as 

separate  families. 

(Sparidw,  Priiitipomatidw  and  Percidw  pts.  Gliuthor,  i,  17r>-211,  27a-3iVJ,  aud  'U2-4i)9 
exchisivo  of  certain  goncra.) 

a.  Teeth  all  conical  aud  pointed;  no  incisors  nor  molars,  preoperclo  senat*!;  pyloric 

cwcu  few;  carnivorous. 
b.  Vomer  with  teeth. 
V.  Dorsal  Iin  deeply  omarginato ;  teeth  all  villiform,  in  narrow  bands.    (AVniV/i. 

•      ihiiinw) Xknumith Ys,  281. 

cc.  Dorsal  fin  contiinious;  canines  more  or  less  developed.     (Lutjmihia:) 

LUTJANL'8,  282, 

bb.  Vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue  toothless. 
d,  Doroal  fin  continuous. 
e.  Caudal  (in  lunate  or  forked ;  profile  convex.     (Priatipoma:  nw.) 
f.  Mouth  small ;  dorsal  and  anal  fins  naked  or  scaly  at  base  only. 

POMADASYS,  2S3. 
//.  Mouth  large;  soft  parts  of  dorsal  and  anal  densely  scaly  tlmniffliout. 

DlAUAsis,  284. 
ee.  Caudal  fin  convex ;  profile  concave.     (Lohofina:)  • 

h.  Jaws  with  bands  of  villiform  teeth,  in  front  of  which  are  a  series  of 
larjger  ones ;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  pal&tim>s. 

Lor.oTKS,  285. 
aa.  Teeth  on  the  sides  of  the  jaws  molar ;  x»rooporclo  entire ;  pyloric  cceca  few ;  no  (('cth 

on  vomer,  x^alatines,  or  tongue;  carnivorons.    (Nyx/n/Ki.) 

j.  Front  teeth  conical,  not  at  all  compressed Spaiuis,  28(1. 

jf/.  Front  teeth  compressed,  iucisor-like Diploduh,  287. 

aaa.  Teeth  in  front  inci.sor-like ;  nonudars;  pyloric  cceca  many ;  herbivorous. 
m.  Vomer  toothless ;  fins  mostly  scaleless.     {GireUina.) 
n.  Incisors  tritid;    cheekti  scaly;    operclos  naked;    doixal 

spines  14  or  15 Girklla,  288. 

mm.  Vomer  with  teeth;  soft  fins  densely  scaly ;  incisors  lanceo- 
late.    (Pimehpterinw) 
0.  Incisors  with  horizontal  backward-projecting  roots,  tlie 
band  of  small  teeth  behind  them  narrow. 

PiMELEPTKlUIS,  289. 

00.  Incisors  without  evident  roots,  the  band  of  small  tci'th 
broad;  soft  doreal  and  anal  many-rayed,  much  loiii;er 
than  spiuous  doi-sal Scoui'is,  2UU. 

981.— XENI€HTH¥S  Gill. 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1863,  82:  type  Xcniohthya  xanti  Gill,  from  Lower 
California.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  subfusiform,  compressed ;  head  conic,  little 
compressed;  eyes  large,  anterior;  preorbital  rather  narrow,  oblique; 


88.    SPARID^ LUTJANU8. 


547 


nreopcrcniiini  pectinate  behind ;  mouth  rather  small,  very  oblique ;  chin 
miK'li  projecting,  a  pjore  on  each  side  of  it  at  the  symphysis ;  teeth  very 
small,  recurved,  in  narrow  bands  in  each  jaw;  vomer  with  a  rhomboid 
patch  of  very  minute  teeth ;  palatines  nearly  toothless ;  tongue  slightly 
rough;  branchiostegals  7;  pseudobranchim  present;  scales  small,  Arm, 
ctenoid ;  lateral  lino  continuous ;  dorsal  fins  separate  or  connected  by 
a  low  membrane;  the  first  received  into  a  groove,  and  composed  of 
about  10  slender  but  rigid  spines ;  second  dorsal  low;  anal  fins  with  .'i 
jjawluatcd  spines  and  10  to  20  rays ;  caudal  flu  emarginate,  with  rounded 
lobes;  ventrals  with  a  pointed  axillary  scale.  Pacific  Ocean.  {^sv<t<;, 
strange ;  izOh-:,  fish.) 
«,  Aiml  fin  not  elongate. 

§60.  X<  californicnsis  Stoindachucr. 

Silvery,  with  continuous  dusky  stripes  along  the^rows  of  scales  on  the 
upper  half  of  the  body,  3  above  the  lateral  line,  4  or  5  below.  Body 
oblong,  not  elevated  nor  much  compressed;  mouth  moderate,  terminal, 
very  obli(pie,  the  lower  jaw  strongly  protruding ;  premaxillary  in  front 
above  the  middle  of  the  large  eye;  maxillary  not  very  broad,  reaching 
opposite  front  of  pupil ;  eye  3J  in  head,  longer  than  snout.  Teeth  in 
jaws  villiform,  in  a  very  narrow  band ;  on  the  vomer  scarcely  appreciabh; ; 
I'dfje  of  preopercle  finely  serrate ;  no  opercular  spine ;  ventrals  with  a 
large  accessory  scale ;  gill-rakers  very  long  and  slender;  pseudobranchiic 
large;  scales  small,  firm,  quite  rough,  covering  the  top  of  the  head, 
cheeks,  and  most  of  the  preorbital,  which  is  rather  narrow ;  soft  parts 
of  vertical  fins  well  scaled;  spinous  dorsal  depressible  in  a  groove,  the 
spines  stiff;  the  two  dorsals  almost  separate;  second  spine  highest,  the 
others  regularly  shorter ;  soft  dorsal  low;  caudal  forked;  second  and 
third  an«al  spines  high.  Pectoral  falcate,  3  length  of  head,  reaching  be- 
yond the  tips  of  the  rather  short  ventrals.  Head  3  J ;  depth  3  J.  I).  IX- 
1, 12 ;  A.  HI,  10 ;  Lat.  I.  52.  Pacific  coast,  from  San  Diego  southward. 
Here  described  from  specimens  collected  by  Dr.  Streets  at  Cerros  Island. 

(Steindivchner,  Ichth.  Beitriige,  iii,  3,  1875;  Streets,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  vii,  49.) 

3§3.— LVTJANV8  Bloch  &  Schneider. 

Snappers. 

(Mesoprion  CnvioT :  ZWacope  Cuvier :  Oenyoroge  Cantor.) 

(Bloch  &  Schneider,  Systema  Icht'jyol.  1801,  324:  type  Lutjanua  lutjanna  Bl.  «fcSchn.) 

Bojly  oblong,  compressed,  the  back  somewhat  elevated;  head  long; 

mouth  large,  the  jaws  with  bands  of  villiform  teeth,  besides  which  are 


r   'S 

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548      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

nsually  an  outer  series  of  larger  teeth  in  eacli  jaw,  and  2-  stronger  teeth 
or  canines  in  the  front  of  the  upper  law;  vomer  witli.villiform  teeth ;  villi. 
form  teeth  on  the  palatines  and  in  one  or  more  patches  on  the  tongue  • 
I^reopercle  sometimes  with  a  notch  posteriorly,  into  which  a  knob  on  the 
interopercle  fits  ( Diacope) ;  posterior  limb  of  preopercle  finely  seirate • 
gill-rakers  moderate,  strong ;  branchiostegals  7 ;  vertical  fins  not  niiuh 
scaly;  dorsal  spines  10-12;  caudal  lunate  or  forked.  Vertebra}  10  4. 14 
Species  very  numerous,  in  all  warm  seas.  {Luljang,  the  Japanese  or 
Malayan  name  of  some  of  the  species.) 

a.  Caudal  fin  deeply  forked,  the  lobes  attenuate.     (Ocyurua*  Gill.) 
§61.  L..  niclanurr'5  (L.)  J.  &  G. 

Olivaceous,  with  obhque  streaks  above  the  lateral  line,  and  some 
shining  golden  longitudinal  bands  on  the  side;  no  axillary  spot  nor 
lateral  blotch ;  flus  chiefly  yellow,  the  caudal  not  black.  Body  elongate 
compressed ;  head  pointed ;  lower  jaw  prominent ;  uijper  canines  well 
developed ;  preopercle  without  distinct  notch ;  maxillary  reaching  to 
front  of  pupil ;  eye  large,  nearly  as  long  as  snout,  3J  in  head ;  top  of 
head  with  a  Mharp  keel ;  spines  rather  slender ;  pectorals  reaching  past 
tips  of  ventrals;  anal  spines  graduated,  short;  caudal  deeply  forked, 
the  inner  rays  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  outer.  Head  3 ;  depth 
3.    D.  X,  13 ;  A.  Ill,  9 ;  Lat.  1.  51.    West  Indies,  north  to  Florida. 

( Perca  melamira  L.  Syst.  Nat.  (after  Catesby ) :  Sparus  chrysurus  Bloch,  Iclitb.  taf.  2C"J : 
Mcioprion  chrt/attrua  Cnv.  &  Val.  ii,  459:  Meaoprion  chryaurua  GiiutheT,  i,  186:  Ocyum 
melanurua  Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1871),  114.) 

CM.  Caudal  fin  lunate. 

h.  Vomerine  teetb  forming  a  cross-shaped  or  anchor-shaped  patch ;  canines  well 
developed.    {Luijanm.) 

862.  Ii.  caxis  (Bloch  &  Schn.)  Poey. — Telling;  Gray  Snapper. 

Greenish  olive,  each  scale  with  a  brown  spotj  these  sometimes  con- 
fluent, forming  narrow  bands  extending  likewise  across  the  vertical 
tins;  usually  a  narrow  blue  stripe  on  preorbital  and  cheeks;  joxmg 
sometimes  barred  and  with  the  flus  dark-edged ;  no  lateral  blotch.  Snout 
long  and  sharp ;  mouth  moderate,  maxillary  reaching  front  of  pupil ;  eye 
large,  shorter  than  snout,  3J  in  head.  Cheeks  with  about  6  rows  of 
scales ;  preopercle  with  a  slight  notch  at  the  tip  of  the  interopercle ; 
teeth  strong;  canines  in  upper  jaw  well  developed ;  tongue  with  a  sin- 


*  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1862,  236 :  type  Sparxia  chryaurua  Bloch.    {aoxvi, 
swift;  ovpdf  tail.) 


88.   SPARID^ LUTJANU8. 


549 


cle patch  of  teetU;  nostrils  oblong;  gill-rakers  shortish;  spines  strong; 

gecond  Jiual  spine  little  enlarged.     Head  3 ;  depth  2^.    D.  X,  14 ;  A. 

jll  8 ;  Lat.  1.  48.    New  York  to  South  America ;  common  southward. 

(Sparuti  caxia  Bloch  &  Schneider,  1801,  284:  Meaoprion  griseus  Cnv.  &  Val.  ii,  409: 
Ugfobrion  griseus  GUnther,  i,  194:  NeonKSiiis  emarginalua  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  liouud. 
Surv.  Iclitli.  18;  Poey,  Kept.  Fis.-Nat.  Cuba,  1867,  269.) 

§63«  I"  blackfordi  Goodo  &  Bean. — Bed  Snapper. 

Uniform  rose-color;  lighter  below  and  on  centres  of  scales;  belly  sil- 
very; axil  of  pectoral  dark.  Body  much  compressed,  lower  profile  mu<;h 
less  Jirched  than  the  upper.  Preopercle  finely  serrated,  the  (lenticula- 
tious  coarser  at  the  angle;  a  slight  emargination  above  the  angle,  in 
which  is  received  a  slight  elevation  on  the  interopercular  bone.  Maxil- 
lary reaching  the  orbit.  Lingual  teeth  in  two  patches,  the  anterior 
cordate;  canines  strong,  two  in  front  of  upper  jaw  larger  than  others. 
Anterior  nostril  round,  posterior  oblong.  Pectorals  elongate,  reaching 
piist  the  long  ventrals  nearly  to  anal.  Third  anal  spine  slenderer  and 
slightly  longer  than  the  second.  Caudal  fin  forked,  the  middle  rays  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  the  external  ones.  Eye  about  7  in  head,  two-thirds 
width  of  preorbital.  Head  2f ;  depth  2f.  D.  X,  14;  A.  Ill,  9;  L.  lat. 
50;  L.  transv.  -^-.  Coast  of  Florida;  a  large  and  beautiful  species,  be- 
coming importc^nt  as  a  food-fish. 

(Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.Nat.  Mas.  i,  176,  1878.)  ■ 

864.  L.  stearnsi  Goode  &  Bean. 

Scarlet  below,  shading  into  reddish  or  purplish  brown  above;  plum 
color  on  sides  and  top  of  head;  below  lateral  line  the  i)08terior  half  of 
the  exposed  portion  of  the  scales  white  tinted  wiili  scarlet;  the  basal 
portion  reddish  and  much  darker;  lower  side  of  head  light  scarlet;  ver- 
tical fins  darker  than  body ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  white-roseate.  Head 
3  in  length;  depth  3.  D.  X,  14;  A.  HI,  8;  L.  lat.  45;  L.  transv.  -jSf. 
[Goode  &  Bean.)    Pensacola,  Fla. 

(Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mue.  i,  179,  1878.) 

U.  Vomerine  teeth  in  a  diamond-shaped  patch;  canines  feeble.    {Ehomhoplitea*  Gill.) 

865.  L»   aurorubens    (Cnv.    &.  Val.)  Vaillant. — Mangrove   Snapper;    Baatari) 

Snapper. 

Yermilion-red  above,  rosy  below;  sitles  with  oblong  irregular  yellow 
spots;  dorsal  and  pectoral  tins  red ;  ventrals  and  anal  lighter.     Body 

*6ill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  237:  type  Centroprisiis  aurorvlens  C.  &  V. 
[fionftoi,  rhomb ;  bTcXiTrj<i,  armed ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  patch  of  teeth  on  the 
vomer.) 


■'  ^^'  Mil 


1^  F?  -tf 


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I  l 


if 


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Hi 


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1^ 


Mj: 


550      CONTKllll  TIONS    TO    NOKTII    AMlUtlCAN    ICllTllYOLOaY— ly. 

ohloii);  elliptical,  !n<Ml«M'nh»ly  (*oinpr«»Hso«l,  not  clrvjitod.  Monfli 
crate,  witlioiit  distinct  caiiiiicH.  Toiikiiu  \vitii  a  larj^c  ovnl  paicji  ,|| 
l«'ctli,  besides  which  are  5  or  (I  smaller  patchcH.  Nostrils  roiiiiil,  i„,.„, 
to;{eth«'r.  l'n»op<»rcle  lliiely  serrate,  its  notch  obsolete,  dill  lakcis 
vor\  lon^°  and  slender.  Dorsal  spint^s  rather  slender;  s(M*ond  aiialsiiin,. 
a  little  lonj^er  than  the  third;  candal  tin  hiinite,  its  lobes  not  alt<>niiati> 
Head  M;  depth  .{.  I).  XII,  11;  vV.  Ill,  S;  Lut.  I.  M.  L.  I  loot.  \v,.«t 
Indies,  north  to  Month  (varolina  and  Florida. 

(Cfntt'oprhlfH  ntirornhvHK  Cnv.  A  Viil.  iil,  45:  McHoprion  ainonilunH  (iihilliir,  i/.Mi;. 
CttihopriiilvM  itiironihrim  8lnn>r,  Mom.  Am.  Acuil.  Ails  A  Sri.  iHKi,  ^rtH:  HhombotiUt,;, 
aucoi'M/KHM  (tO(Hlt>  «&  Moiui,  Vun\  U.  8.  Nut.  Mum.  1H71>,  IM.) 

una.— FOm ADAM VM   l.u<Y<iM<«le. 
{Priftiitoma  Cnvier.) 
(Lttc<<|)<'ilo,  TTlHt.  Nut.  PoiHR.  Iv,  Rir),  180*2:  typo  Sciwna  argrnim  ForHk.) 

Body  oblong  or  ovate,  somewhat  compressed,  the  back  ehnalcd  or 
not;  month  snmll,  terminal,  low;  the  nmxillary  nsnally  not  extendliijr 
to  oppo.site  the  eye,  its  tip  not  reachinj;  the  p(»sterior  edj^c)  <»t'  the  hioad 
preorbital ;  pivinaxillaries  very  protra«'tile;  teeth  on  jaws  oidy,  in  villi 
form  bands,  the  onter  series  usnally  more  or  less  enlarged;  a  cciifral 
jjroove  behind  the  symphysis  of  the  lower  Jaw;  Iv  Mchioste^'iils  7; 
cheeks  and  open^les  scaly;  preoporclo  ratlun*  thudy  a  only  serrato; 

scales  moderate,  few,  if  any,  on  the  dorsal  and  anal  (ins;  dor.sal  spines 
nuistly  12,  stronj;;  jjillrakers  feeble ;  candal  forked.  Species  nnnicroiis 
in  all  warm  seas;  the  ranjfe  of  variation  in  form  is  very  great  iu  this 
^enns.     (rfi/ia,  opercnlnm;  cTairw?,  ronj^h.) 

a.  (1ut«>r  tooth  couMidorably  oiilar^jod,  caiiino.tiko.     (roiiorfon*  C.  &  V.) 

86.1.  P.  aioblllH  (b.)  J.  &  a. 

Body  with  8  yellowish  brown  cross  bands;  dorsal  spines  silvery. 
Form  rather  slender;  the  head  conic,  somewhat  |)ointed,  the  lower  jaw 
l>rojecting;  month  moderate,  low,  oblique;  a  series  of  short,  stont  caniiios 
ontside  the  nsiuil  band  of  villiform  teeth ;  preoperclo  strongly  sc  '^ 
with  two  spinous  teeth  at  the  angle,  the  teeth  behind  directc  .i>\vard; 
chin  with  a  central  groove;  pectorals  narrow,  not  reac'  .^  as  far  as  tips 
of  ventrals,  about  to  vent ;  second  anal  spin*^  -.  *  j  long  and  stroii},', 
higher  than  the  soft  rays;  caudal  almost  t-     .uate.    Air-bladder  with 

*  CnviorA  Valoncionnos,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  v.  '      .  type  Conodon  antlUanus  C.  &  V.= 


-TT-MTEK^jrvr-x  T^'T j:,rr.  .w#?r  ■ 


88.    RPARII).f:--rOMAI)AHVH. 


>561 


two  hIh»i<  •'•>''"*''" '•'""'•      I>.  XH,l.'l;  A.  Ill,  7;  hcuIch  0-54-13.     West 

jiidioH,  north  to  'h^xan. 

il'ina  iiKhilin  L.  HvHt.  Nut.:  Srlirmt  ithimirri  Illor-li,  FcIiUj.  vI,  (Wl,  till'.  IMMi:  C»nudon 
i)(i(iBi<n 'illntlior,  i,  ;MM;  (Unioilon  antUlunun  (Jnv.  iV  Vul.  v,  UA\.) 

aa,  OuttTttM'Mi  iiHMlcriitoly  oiiIihhimI,  iicft  nuiiiio-likK. 
b,  i\\\u\  H\thwn  nrtu\\\ni,f^i\.     (OrtUoiirlHliH''  (iimnl.) 

N6T-  •*•  fHlvomiM'UlnlHW  (MHchill)  J.  A  (i.—ftaUor'ii  Cholrtt;  lloijfiiih. 

\\^\\\  lnowii,  Hllvcry  bdlow;  mUn  wHli  iniincroiiH  onniffi' rolun'd  and 
vi>ll()vv  .  ;M)tM;  tlioH()  >ibov(^  tlio  liitonil  liiui  in  obliijiK^  scricH,  \\\o>^v  Im>Io\v 
in  liori/.iintiil  rown;  vt^rlical  tliiH  with  NJuiilar  KpntH;  lirtid  )>IuiHli,  uilli 
V(>II()w  spotH;  un^l(M)f  nioiiMi  niid  ^iH  "x^iobniiK's  wiMi  onin);«>.  Hody 
obloii;;,  ('()inpi'<>ss(>(l,  not  nuudt  (^levat/od.  Ifiuitl  lon^;.  Hnoiit  conic. 
jMoittli  low  iind  Hniall,  tlio  inuxiilary  banOy  niai'liin^;  to  tlut  nostrils. 
Outer  tiM^tli  sh'ndcr  and  ratlirr  niiort.  Ey«  In^b,  4.j  in  head,  niiarly 
midway  in  its  Icn^rth,  its  <iiani(^tor  D  di^ptli  of  tlui  broad  pn-orbital. 
j)orsid  and  anal  (Mitiriily  naked,  with  aHhcalii  ofMcalfs  at  basi^;  anterior 
N|)incH  of  dorsal  liiKlxM-  than  the  ])(>sterior,  whieli  are  lowt^r  than  lluiHoft 
rays;  anal  H|>ineM  short,  ^radnated  f  pc-etoral  inodcMate,  niaehin^  past 
tips  of  ventrals;  (;audal  forke<i,  tlumppcu'  lobe  th(^  lon^iT.  Ih^ad  •'{/(; 
depth  .'{.  1).  XN,  \i\',  A.  Ill,  lli;  '  it.  1.  75;  pyloric  e(eea  0.  L,  1  foot. 
Atlantic  coast,  from  l«Iew  York  HouLhwurdj  a  ibod-llsh  of  some  import- 
ance. 

(habniH  fiihumitcntatun  Mitcli.  TniiiH.  liit.  A,  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  ».,  40(5,  IHl.^c  llmimUm 
fiilnmariildliiin  DnKay,  Ntnv  York  Fauna,  KIhIi.  H4:  I'riHiipomfi  Jul romaeuta turn  (iilii- 
tbor,  i,  'Ml:  I'riiiUpoma  fulnomavalalum  IloU)r()ok,  Ich.  H.  Car.  If)?.) 

§6§.  P.  riiMciittuN  (C'uv.  &  Vul.)  J.  &  a. 

Sides  with  irregnlar  dark  cross-bars;  a  dark  streak  on  the  npper  half 
of  the  opercidnm,  extendinpf  on  the  sides;  dorsal  fin  with  two  or  three 
Keri«\soi'ronnd(ul  brown  spo's.  Eye  5  in  head.  Dorsal  fin  msarlyeven, 
its  spines  rather  slender;  candal  (^marj^inate;  third  anal  s]>ine  thinner 
and  lonjjer  than  the  second.  Head  3;  depth  3.  D.  XII,  10;  A.  Ill, 
l.>;  Lat.  1.  75;  cwca  0.     (Inlf  of  Mexico,  north  to  Lonisiaiui.    [Wdnthar.) 

{Pmtlpoma  fasdatum  Cuv.  &  Vul.  v,  'ifctT):  J'rislipoma  famiatum  GiiuMicr,  i,  301.) 

Ih.  Second  anul  spino  larger  Mian  third.     {I'omadasrjs.) 

§G9.  P.  dnvidsoni  (St«nndachner)  J.  &  G.—Sargo. 

Grsiyish  silvery,  dark  above,  with  many  dark  points;  a  very  distinct 
black  cro8S-ban<l  on  back  and  Hides,  from  between  the  lifth  and  seventh 

*  Girard,  IT.  8.  Mox.  Bound.  Surv.  lohth.  1859,  Vy :  typo  Orthopriatis  duplex  Grd.  = 
Labrus  fulvomaculatua  iiitoh.    {o/jOoi,  ovoct;  Tr/jidrti,  aaw.)  ' 


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552      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 

dorsal  spines  to  opposite  the  lower  edge  of  the  pectoral ;  edge  of  opercle 
and  base  of  pectoral  black ;  fins  otherwise  dull  yellowish.  Body  ovate 
compressed,  luucli  elevated;  a  regular  and  steep  curve  froiii  snont  to 
dorsal.  Mouth  small,  terminal;  maxillary  not  reaching  front  of  eve. 
Preorbital  about  as  wide  ar,  eye,  which  is  4  in  head.  Outer  leetb  dis- 
tant,  little  enlarged.  Gill-raliers  moderate.  Membranes  of  dorsal  and 
anai  somewhat  scaly;  dorsal  flu  deeplj^  emarginate ;  second  anal  spine 
longer  and  stronger  than  third;  pectoral  long,  reaching  vent-,  caudal 
forked,  the  upper  lobe  the  longer.  Head  3f;  depth  2.J.  I).  Xli,  14- 
A.  Ill,  10;  scales  10-r;G-22.  L.  12  inches.  Pacific  coast,  from  Santa 
Barbara  Islands  southward. 

{Pristipoma  davidsoni  Stoiiulachner,  Ichthyol.  Beitriige,  iii,  6,  1875.) 

870.  P.  virginicus  (Linn.)  J.  &  G. 

Golden  olive  above,  silvery  below,  a  dusky  oblique  bar  running  from 

nape  forward  through  eye,  and  another  running  vertically  downwards 

from  beginning  of  dorsal;  behind  this  are  several  narrow  longitiuliial 

stripes  of  bright  light  blue  ( dj'^ed  above  and  below  with  black.    Body 

ovoid,  compressed,  and  much  elevated.    Profile  very  steep.     ■Mouth 

small,  oblique ;  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  front  of  orbit;  outer  teeth 

rather  strong.     Eyes  rather  large.     Second  anal  si»ine  very  stronjj, 

longer  than  soft  rays;  pectoral  long,  reaching  anal.    Head  l\\;  depth  L*|. 

D.  XII,  17;  A.  Ill,  9.    South  Atlantic  coast  of  United  States  to  Lower 

California. 

(Spams  riniiniciis  Liun.  Syst.  Nat,  :  Prisiipoma  rirginicuin  Giluiner,  i,  288:  Anmtrc- 
mils  rirghiicKS  Gill,  I'rocr.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.  18U1,  10(5:  AnhotrcvmH  tamiaiuii  ii'iW, 
Pioc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  IHlil,  107.) 

§71.  P.  toilinentu8(C.&.  V.)  J.&G. 

Body  rather  deep ;  snuut  obtuse,  shorter  than  eye,  which  is  one-third 
length  of  head;  mouth  narrow,  the  maxillary  reaching  front  of  eye; 
preopercle  serrulate,  the  teeth  at  the  angle  stronger;  dorsal  spines 
strong,  the  third  spine  longest,  half  length  of  head;  second  anal  spine 
extremely  strong,  nuich  longer  than  dorsal  spines ;  vertical  tins  scaly 
half  their  height;  caudal  emarginate.  Two  parallel  browi)  bauds ou 
each  side,  one  above  th^  lateral  line,  the  other  from  the  eye  to  a  brown 
spot  at  the  root  of  the  caudal;  adults  becoming  uniform  in  color;  tins 
blackish.  Ile*id3§  (in  total,  with  caudal) ;  depth  2§.  D.  XII,  17;  A. 
111,8;  scales  9-50-14.  {Qiinthcr.)  Tropical  ..^  uerica,  on  both  coasts, 
north  to  San  Diego. 

(Priifiiiioma  hiUncatum  niitl  melatwpferHm  Cuv.  &,  Val.  v,  271,271?;  Prisfipowo  wrkn- 
eptiTum  GUutliui-,  i,  i2ti7:  rri»t:poma  mclanopterum  Stciud.  Icbth.  Boitr.  viii,  r>,  1879.) 


88.    SPARID^ — DIABASIS. 


553 


3§4.— DIABASIS  Desmarest. 

Red  Mouths. 

(IIwniuloH  Cnvier.) 

(Desninrest,  Preniifero  Decatlo  Iclith.  (1818):  typo  Diahaaia  parrwDe&m.) 

Body  oblong,  usually  more  or  less  elevated;  mouth  wide,  the  maxillary 
very  long,  reaching  usually  to  below  the  eye,  its  tip  extending  to  the 
posterior  end  of  the  preorbital ;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines ;  teeth 
of  the  jaws  conical,  the  outer  series  stronger,  curved;  lips  and  inside  of 
the  mouth  commonly  bright  red  in  life ;  soft  parts  of  the  vertical  tins 
completely  covered  with  scales  ;  a  marked  angle  formed  at  the  junc^^ion 
of  the  spinous  and  soft  parts  of  the  dorsal ;  second  anal  spine  enlarged, 
irouerally  larger  and  longer  than  the  third;  caudal  forked.  Species 
very  numerous.  (.5{«/3a«r£?,  a  crossing;  the  allusion  not  evident.) 
•Sides of  the  heart  with  blue  striios. 
§74.  D.  forinosHS  (L.)  J.  &  G.—Btack  Grutita. 

Brownish  above,  sides  lighter;  top  and  sides  of  head  with  very  many 
(12  or  more)  narrow  wavy  longitudinal  lines  of  dark  blue,  which  do  not 
oxteiul  on  the  trunk  ;  G  or  !uore  of  them  on  preorbital ;  fins  dusky,  with 
a  more  or  less  apparent  bluish  tint;  a  red  blotch  at  angle  of  njouth,  ex- 
tending forward  on  lower  lip.  Body  oblong,  compressed  and  elevated, 
highest  at  origin  of  dorsal  fin ;  protile  very  convex  to  front  of  eye, 
where  the  long,  compressed  snout  forms  an  angle  with  it.  Eye  posterior 
and  high  up;  2  in  snout,  4  in  head.  Mouth  large;  nnvxillary  reaching 
trout  of  orbit.  Snout  with  a  few  scattered  scales.  Second  anal  spine 
much  enlarged.  Head  22;  depth  2^.  D.  XII,  17 ;  A.  Ill,  9;  Lat.  1.  55. 
South  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States  and  southward. 

{PfrcafonnoBa  hinu.  Sysi.  Nat.:  Jlwmuloii  fonnomm  CAU\t\wr  i,  UO.'i:  Ilamiilon  arcU' 
atum  Cuv.  &  Val.  ix,  481:  Jlamiuhn  arcutUum  llolbrook,  Ich.  S.  C.  Id(i0,  I'M.) 

"  Sides  of  head  without  blue  stripes. 
«.  Body  uot  striped. 

§*8.  I>.  chrysoptcrns  (Linn.)  J.  «fe  G. 

Light  brown  above ;  sitles  brilliantly  silvery ;  mouth  red  posteriori}', 

white  in  front.   Body  with  general  form  of  preceding,  but  the  back  less 

elevated,  the  profile  being  nearly  straight.  Scales  of  the  i)(>ctoral  region 

m)t  larger  than  the  others.    Head  2;^;  depth  2i^.  D.  XIII,  14;  A.  Ill, 

10;  Lat.  1.  about  55.    {Uoibrool:)   West  Indies,  north  to  South  Carolina. 

(I'i'irn  ihrjisoptem  Liun.  8yst.  Nat. :  Ilamulon  vhryaopterum  Qiluther,  i,  313:  Hwmulon 
chnjsoph'nm  llolbrook,  Ich.  S.-C.  1860,121.) 

aa.  Body  striped  or  baudod. 


'    (.1  :; 


,1 

Ik 
i 


554      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — iy. 


! 
1,1 
i 


I 


ii 


m 


SI '" 


§74.  D.  fremebundus  (Goode  &  Bean)  J.  &  G. 

Pale,  with  a  pair  of  bands  as  broad  as  the  pupil  extending  from  the 
snout,  where  they  unite,  following  the  dorsal  line  at  a  distance  about 
equal  to  their  own  width,  and  connecting  with  the  same  at  the  end  of 
the  base  of  the  second  dorsal,  where  they  reunite ;  a  second  broad  pair 
of  bands  extending  from  the  snout  through  the  middle  of  the  eye,  in  a 
straight  line  below  the  lateral  line  to  the  base  of  the  caudal ;  traces  on 
the  head  of  a  pair  of  narrower  bands  between  the  two  other  pairs-  a 
single  stripe  on  the  mesial  line  of  the  body,  from  a  point  in  advance  of 
the  eyes  to  the  region  of  the  dorsal ;  a  very  prominent  blotch  at  base  of 
caudal  fin ;  maxillary  extending  bejond  front  of  orbit ;  dorsal  fin  mod- 
erately notched,  the  fourth  spine  the  longest;  second  anal  spine  very 
strong  and  longer  than  the  fourth  dorsal  spine,  also  longer  than  the 
third  anal  spine;  scales  very  large,  irregularlj'^  arranged.  Head  3- 
depth  3.  D.  XI,  I,  15;  A.  Ill,  8;  L.  lat.  50;  L.  transv.  -/j,.  [Goode 
(t  Bean.)  Clear  Water  Ilarbor,  Florida. 
(Hwmulon  fremehunduni  Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  ii,  340,  1879.) 

§75.  D.  trivittatus  (Block  &  Scbn.)  J.  &  G.— White  Grunt.  •  -    ■ 

Greenish  olive,  sides  with  about  4  distinct  brownish  or  yellowish 
longitudinal  streaks  running  up  on  sides  of  head ;  the  two  middle  ones 
broader  and  golden,  running  from  the  eye  and  muzzle  below  the  lateral 
line;  lips  and  mouth  brilliant  red;  dorsal  and  caudal  fins  grayish  brown. 
Body  rather  elongate,  fusiform,  compressed  and  but  little  elevated;  snout 
sharp;  mouth  moderate,  somewhat  oblique,  the  narrow  maxillary  reach- 
ing beyond  front  of  orbit ;  eye  as  long  as  snout ;  second  and  third  anal 
spines  of  nearly  equal  length,  the  second  the  stronger.  Head  3.J ;  depth 
3i.  D.  XI 11, 14 ;  A.  Ill,  8 ;  Lat.  1.  70.  South  Atlantic  coast  of  United 
States  and  southward;  well  distinguished  from  the  other  American 
species  by  its  slender  form. 

(Grammistcs  trivittatus  Blocli  &,  Schneider,  1801,  188:  Scrmnns capeunalihtM.  Rnrl.Ab- 
Laiidl.  18-^0,  288:  Haimnlon  quadrilineatam  Giluther,  i,  3IG  :  Ilaimylum  capeuna  GooUe, 
Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  v,  53.) 


N'' 


9§.'(.— liOBOTES  Cnvier. 

(Cuvior,  R^pno  Anim.  ed,  2,  ii,  1829:    type  Lobotcs  erate  Cuvier  =  i7o?oc<'n/cM«  smiv 
nameriHia  Bloch.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed  and  elevated,  covered  with  moderate-sized, 
weakly  ctenoid  scales;  profile  of  head  concave,  the  snout  prominent; 
mouth  moderate,  oblique,  with  thick  lips ;  upper  jaw  very  protractile, 
the  lower  the  longer;  jaws  with  narrow  bands  of  villiform  teeth,  iu 


88.    SPARIDiE — SPAEUS. 


555 


oeentrus  sun- 


front  of  which  is  a  row  of  larger  conical  teeth  directed  backward ;  uo 
teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  preorbital  narrower  than  eye;  preopercle 
strongly  serrate.  Branchiostegals  6.  Dorsal  fin  continuous,  with  12 
spines  which  may  be  depressed  in  a  shallow  groove ;  soft  rays  of  dor- 
sal and  anal  fins  elevated;  anal  spines  graduated;  bases  of  soft  dorsal 
and  anal  thickened  and  scaly;  caudal  ^ounded.  Air-bladder  present. 
Pyloric  coBca  3;  vertebrae  13 -f  11.  (Ao/3w-£?,  lobed;  the  soft  parts  of 
dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  said  to  resemble  one  three-lobed  fin.) 

876.  I"  siirinamonsis  (Bloch)  Cnvier.— Flasher. 

Blackish  above,  becoming  silvery-gray  on  the  sides;  often  blotched 
and  tinged  with  yellow;  fins  dusky  gray,  sometimes  with  yellow. 
Head  small.  Profile  from  dorsal  to  occiput  strongly  convex,  from  occi- 
put to  snout  concave;  maxillary  reaching  beyond  middle  of  orbit. 
Scales  around  eye  very  small,  those  on  opercle  large.  Eye  small, 
much  shorter  than  snout.  Pectorals  shorter  than  ventrals,  which  do 
not  reach  vent;  soft  dorsal  higher  than  the  spinous  portion.  Head  3; 
depth  2^.  D.  XII,  16;  A.  Ill,  11;  L.  lat.  47.  A  large  fish,  reaching  a 
length  of  from  2  to  3  feet,  and  found  in  all  warm  seas;  north  on  our 
coast  to  Cape  Cod. 

{Holoccntnis  sitrinamensis  Bloch  &  Schneider,  1801,  31G:  Lobotea  auctorum  Giiuther, 
i,338;  liolbrook,  Ich.  S.  C.  1860,  169.) 

2§6.— SPABUS  Linna?u8. 
{Pagellus,  Chnjaophrya  and  Paijrua  Cuvier;  Calamus  Swaiiison.) 
(Linn.Tiis,  Syst.  Nat. :  type  Sparua  auratua  L.) 

Body  oblong  or  ovate,  compro  ed,  covered  with  moderate-sized 
scales.  Head  moderate.  Opercles  not  armed.  Cheeks  scaly.  Mouth 
rather  small,  terminal,  low.  Anterior  teeth  in  the  jaws  cardiform,  the 
outer  series  of  teeth  generally  enlarged,  sometimes  canine-like,  not  com- 
pressed. Both  jaws  with  two  or  more  series  of  rounded  molar  teeth, 
w'liieb  are  sometimes  irregularly  mixed  with  slender  teeth ;  no  teeth  on 
vomer  or  palatines.  Dorsal  rather  low,  the  spines,  11-13  in  number, 
depressible  in  a  groove;  anal  spines  moderate,  the  second  not  greatly 
developed.  Caudal  fin  forked.  Air-bladder  simple.  Gill-rakers  short. 
Branchiostegals  G.  Intestinal  canal  short.  Pyloric  can^a  few.  Carniv- 
orous fishes,  mostly  of  the  Atlantic,  {a-dpo^^  Sparus,  the  ancient  name; 
from  ffzaipw,  to  struggle.) 

a,  Anterior  toeth  not  canine-like.    (Pagellua"  C.  «fe  V.) 


;' '  ^  m 


'Ciivier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  vi,  169,  1830:  typo  Sparus  erythrinua  h. 
{I'tompagcl,  a  Freuch  name  of  Sparua  erylhrinua.) 


"''*T, 


s.  I 


'i 


r  i 


-I 


t 


''^ 


n't 


it 


556       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ivi 

877.  S.  milneri  (Goode  &  Bean)  J.  &  G. 

Dull  silvery  with  brown  cross-bands.  Form  of  Diplodus  argyrops. 
Diameter  of  eye  equalling  length  of  opercle;  eye  about  4  iu  head,  less 
than  IJ  in  snout.  Preorbital  nearly  as  high  as  long,  with  the  edge  nearly 
straight.  Fi\  e  series  of  scales  between  the  preorbital  and  angle  of  pre- 
opercle.  Three  series  of  molars  in  the  upper  jaw,  two  in  the  lower* 
front  teeth  not  described.    Head  3J;  depth  2 J.    D.  XII,  12;  A.  Ill,  lo- 


L.  lat.  48;  L.  transv. 


14' 


{Goode  &  Bean.)    Charlotte  Harbor,  Fla. 


{Pagelliis  milneri  Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  ii,  134,  1879.)  . 

aa.  Anterior  teeth  canine-like.  ' 

6.  Molar  teeth  above  iu  two  series.     ( Paj/rus  *  Cuvier.)  , 

ti7S,  S.  pag^rns  L. 

Silvery;  back  rose-colored.  Upper  profile  of  the  head  parabolic;  an 
obtuse  prominence  before  the  upper  anterior  angle  of  the  eye;  preor- 
bital a  third  higher  than  long,  with  an  incision  in  front.  Ko  procum- 
bent dorsal  spine.  Dorsal  spines  not  elongate;  second  anal  sjinie 
stronger  but  not  longer  than  the  third,  one-fourth  the  length  of  ilie 
head;  pectoral  elongate,  reaching  the  fourth  soft  ray  of  the  anal.  Eye 
IJ  in  interorbital  space;  1§  in  snout.  Head  3;  depth  2§.  D.  XII,  10; 
A.  Ill,  8;  scales  6-56-10.  Mediterranean  Sea  and  neighboring  waters; 
occasional  on  our  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts. 

(L.  Syst.  Nat.:   Spurua  argenteua  Bloch  &  Schneider,   1801,  271:   Pafirm  nilgam 
GUnther,  1,  466:  Pagrua  argenteua  Goode  &  Beau,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  133.) 

87l>.  S.  chrysops  li.—Pdrgee. 

Color  nearly  plain  dull  silvery;  axil  dusky;  ventrals  dark.  Back 
elevated;  head  large  and  heavy;  eye  large,  placed  high;  preorbital 
very  large,  its  diameter  half  greater  than  that  of  eye;  interorbital  area 
very  convex.  Six  strong  conical  teeth  in  front  of  upper  jaw,  and  8  iu 
lower;  about  2  rows  of  molars,  the  inner  series  larger.  Five  rows  of 
scales  on  the  widest  part  of  the  cheek,  4  on  the  interopercle;  breast 
scales  large.  A  procumbent  spine  before  the  dorsal;  dorsal  spines 
rather  high;  second  and  third  anal  spines  about  equal;  caudal  forked; 
l)ectoral  long  and  falcate,  reaching  the  last  anal  spine;  ventrals  moder- 
ate. Head  3;  depth  2i  D.  XIII,  12;  A.  Ill,  11;  Lat.  1.  52.  South 
Atlantic  coast;  abundant;  long  overlooked  by  naturalists,  lately  re- 
discovered by  Mr.  E.  E.  Earll. 
(Sparua  chryaopa  L.  Syst.  Nat.;  Goode  M8S.) 

*Cuvier,  Rfegue  Anim.  ed.  2,  1817:  type  Spartia  pagrua  L.    {ndypoi,  the  ancient 
name  of  the  typical  species.) 


88,    SPAr.:D^ — DIPLODUS. 


557 


g§0.  §•  acnieatus  (C.  &.  Y.)  GUI. 

Silvery;  reddish  on  the  sides,  with  golden  longitudinal  streaks;  dor- 
sal and  anal  fins  reddish,  ventrals  red.  Pectoral  elongate.  Limb  of 
preopercle  scaly.  Molar  teeth  small,  in  two*  series  in  the  upper  jaw. 
Bodv  rather  elongate.  A  procumbent  spine  before  the  dorsal.  D.  XII, 
12*  A.  Ill,  12.  {Cuvier  &  Valenciennes.)  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United 
States,  chiefly  southward;  rare;  a  doubtful  species,  perhaps  the  same 
as  the  preceding  or  the  next. 

(Cliryxophrya  aculeata  Cuv.  &  Val.  vi,  137:  Chrymphrys  aouleatus  Giiuther,  i,  496.) 

387.— DIPliODIJS  Bafinesque. 
(Sargm  Cuvier,  1817 ;  preoccupied  iu  Entomology.) 
(tEafinesqne,  Indice  Ittiologia  Siciliana,  1810,  54:  type  Sparua  annularis  L.) 

Body  oblong  or  ovate,  more  or  less  compressed,  the  back  often  ele- 
vated. Mouth  rather  small,  terminal,  low.  Incisors  broad  or  narrow, 
truncate,  entire  or  more  or  less  emarginate,  sometimes  serrate  in  the 
young;  a  series  of  smaller  teeth  behind  them.  Molar  teeth  mostly  in  2 
or  3  rows.  Ko  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines.  Scales  moderate.  Dorsal 
spines  mostly  12,  strong,  depressible  in  a  groove.  Procumbent  dorsal 
spine  present  or  absent ;  anal  spines  rather  strong.  Caudal  fin  forked. 
Gill  rakers  short  and  slender.  Branchiostegals  6.  Intestinal  canal  short. 
Pyloric  cceca  few.  Carnivorous  species ;  abundant  in  the  Atlantic,  many 
oftliem  highly  valued  as  food.  (<J{-A«o?,  double ;  odob^,  tooth;  the  teeth 
of  two  sorts.)  * 

a.  lucisor  teeth  very  narrow  entire.     (Stenotomust  Gill.) 

8§1.  D.  argyrops  (L.)  J.  &  G.—Scup;  Scuppaug;  Porgee. 

Brownish,  somewhat  silvery  below,  everywhere  with  brigh  reflec- 
tions, but  without  distinct  markings  in  the  adult;  soft  parts  of  ver- 
tical flus  somewhat  mottled  with  dark ;  young  faintly  barred ;  axil 
dusky.  Body  ovate,  compressed,  the  back  elevated,  the  axis  of  the 
body  near  the  middle  of  its  depth.  Head  deep.  Eye  narrower  than 
the  preorbital.  Mouth  small,  terminal,  the  maxillary  extending  to 
opposite  the  posterior  nostrils.    Incisor  teeth  very  narrow,  almost  con- 

*In  three  series  according  to  C.  &  V.  The  original  type  is  now  lost,  but  a  niemo- 
randum  by  Aug.  Dum6ril,  preserved  in  the  Museum  at  Paris,  states  that  the  specimen 
was  a  "Pagrua"  (with  two  rows  of  molars),  and  not  a  "  Chryaophrya"  (with  three), 

t"  VI,  Gon,  Diplodua,  Una  sola  ala  dorsalei>rincipnndo  vicino  nl  capo,  un  apendice 
8(|iianio8ft  vicino  ad  ogni  ala  toracina,  Oaaerv.  Coutieue  11  S^arua  annularia  di  Liuneo, 
ed  <Sj|),  varkgatua  di  Lacdpftdo."    (Eafineaque.) 

tOill,  Canadian  Naturalist,  August,  1865:  type  Sparua  argyropali.  (drev6i,  nar- 
row; Tonoi,  cutting.) 


.5-   .«-.■,.■  i'-'-'SH^  p*t| 


'    '-•■'!  eft; 


>•  rt\ 


-  *.' 


■Ha 


f  '  '  f 

\<i  if 
If    ( 


vl  ■''*?' 


it 


:  ^• 


558       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

ical ;  molars  in  two  rows  above.  Cheeks  short  and  deep  with  4  rows 
of  scales.  A  procumbent  spine  in  front  of  the  dorsal.  Third  dorsal 
spine  elevated,  often  somewhat  filamentous.  Pectorals  moderate,  reach- 
ing front  of  anal,  ventrals  a  little  further ;  second  anal  spine  a  little  the 
longest.  Head  3 J ;  depth  2.  D,  Xlf,  12 ;  A.  Ill,  11.  Scales  8-49-l(j  • 
L.  12  inches'.    Cape  Cod  to  Florida ;  abundant ;  a  valuable  food  fish. 

{Sparita  argyropa  L.  Syst.  Nat. :  Pagru»  argyrops  Cuv.  &  Vul.  vi,  164 :  Pagrm  arqiir. 
ops  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  Car.  174:  Fagrua  argyropa  Giiuther,  i,  472:  Sargua  amfraseiwGUu- 
ther,  i,  449:  Stenotomua  argyropa  Gill,  and  of  luost  late  Amcricau  writens.) 

aa.  Incisor  teeth  broad. 


6.  Incisor  teeth  emarginato ;  procumbent  dorsal  spine  present, 
brook.) 


(Lagodon*  Hoi. 


882.  D.  rlioinboidcs  (L.)  J.  &  G.—Pin-fiah;  Bream. 

Brownish,  white  below ;  sides  of  head  and  body  with  horizontal  stripes 
of  light  blue  and  golden ;  6  or  7  very  faint  darker  vertical  bands 
disappearing  with  age;  vertical  fins  yellowish,  with  bluish  stripes;  a 
dark  axillary  spot.  Body  ovate,  elliptical,  compressed,  and  somewhat 
elevated,  the  axis  of  the  body  near  the  middle  of  its  depth ;  snout  about 
in  the  axis.  Head  rather  sharp.  Mouth  small,  the  upper  jaw  more 
freely  protractile  than  usual.  Molars  in  two  series ;  anterior  incisors 
each  deeply  notched.  Cheeks  with  5  or  G  rows  of  scales ;  scales  on 
breast  little  reduced  in  size.  A  procumbent  spine  before  the  dorsal  flu ; 
dorsal  spines  high,  much  higher  than  the  soft  rays,  the  fourth  highest; 
second  anal  spine  little  larger  or  longer  than  the  third ;  pectorals  as 
long  as  head;  ventrals  moderate.  Head  3J;  depth  2^.  D.  XII,  11; 
A.  Ill,  11 ;  scales  8-66-18.  L.  1-  inches.  New  Jersey  to  Texas ;  abun- 
dant southward. 

(Sparita  rhomboidea  Linn.  Syst.  Nat. :  Sargua  rhomioidea  Cnv.  &  Val.  vi,  68:  Sargus 
rhomhoidea  Giintbcr,  i,  447:  Lagodon  rhomboidea  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  Car.  Ib(i0,  59.) 

aa.  Incisors  entire  in  the  adult ;  einargiuate  or  serrate  in  the  young. 
b.  A  procumbent  8i)ine  before  the  dorsal  tin.     (Archoaarguai  Gill.) 

883.  D.  probatocephalns  (Walb.)  J.  &  G.—Sheepahead. 

Grayish,  with  about  8  vertical  black  bands,  which  are  about  as 
broad  as  the  interspaces;  dorsal  dusky;  ventral  and  anal  1  ack; 
base  of  pectoral  dusky.  Body  robust,  becoming  very  deep  with  age, 
the  back  compressed  and  elevated;  axis  of  the  body  below  the  middle 
of  the  depth;  snout  entirely  below  axis  of  body;  jn'oflle  very  steep; 

*  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  Car.  ed.  i,  56,  1859:  typo  Sparua  rhomboidea  h.  (Xaya":.  hare; 
cod  coy,  tooth.) 

tGill,  Canadian  Naturalist,  August,  1865:  type  Sparua  probatocephalua  Wulb. 
(apxov,  ruler;  6dpyo?,  Sargua,  from  its  preeminence  in  size  and  value.) 


88.    SPARIDiE DIPLODUS. 


559 


ibout  as 
I  dck; 
ith  age, 
e  middle 
y  steep; 

■&-<:.  bare; 
lu8  Walb. 


preorbital  broad.  Month  low,  horizontal ;  incisors  broad,  serrated  in 
the  young,  then  becoming  emarginate  and  finally  entire.  Cheeks  with 
C  rows  of  scales ;  scales  on  breast  very  small,  crowded.  Dorsal  spines 
very  strong,  higher  than  the  soft  rays,  the  last  considerably  shortened, 
so  that  the  outline  of  the  flu  is  emarginate ;  second  anal  spine  very 
strong,  nearly  as  long  as  the  snout  and  eye ;  pectoral  very  long,  reacli- 
in<T  past  the  front  of  the  anal;  ventrals  reaching  vent.  Head  '^^',  depth 
1|.  D.  Xir,  12;  A.  Ill,  10;  scales  7-4ij-lG.  L.  30  Inches.  Cape  Cod 
to  Texas ;  abundant ;  the  largest  member  of  the  genus,  and  one  of  our 
most  valued  food-fishes. 

{Spams  2}robatocephalua  Walbanm,  Artedi,  Pise.  1792,  29.^:  Sargiia  oris  Mitchill, 
Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  392,  1814:  Sargm  ovw  Cuv.  &.  Viil.  vi,  .'>;{:  Sargm  ovia 
Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  Car.  18G0,  54;  GUuthor,  i,  447:  Archomrgua  prohaiocephalus  Gill,  aud 
of  most  late  American  writers. )  ' 

lb.  No  procurabent  spino  before  the  dorsal  fin.    (Diplodua.) 

§81.  D.  holbrookl  (Bean)  J.  &  G.— Bream. 

Dull  silvery,  without  cross-bands ;  dorsal,  caudal,  anal,  ventrals, 
axil,  aud  edge  of  opercle  dusky;  a  black  blotch  on  caudal  peduncle 
above.  Body  ovate,  not  elevated,  compressed,  the  axis  of  the  body 
below  the  middle  of  its  depth.  Eight  incisors  in  each  jaw;  tbree  rows 
of  molars  above,  two  below.  Pectoral  3  in  length  ;  second  anal  spine 
longest.  Head  3*;  depth  2J.  D.  XII,  14;  A.  Ill,  13;  scales  8-Gl-lO. 
L.  12  inches.    Charleston,  S.  C.     {Bean.)     (Possibly  the  adult  form  of 

the  next.) 

{Sargiis  holhrooM  Bean,  Forest  and  Stream,  June  13,  1878,  iand  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mils.  1878,  198.) 

§§5.  D.  caildiniacula  (Poey)  J.  &  G.— Spot-tailed  Pin-fiah. 

Silvery,  with  bright  reflections;  about  8  very  narrow  dark  vertical 
bands;  a  very  distinct  black  bar  on  back  and  sides  of  caudal  peduncle; 
shining  streaks  and  dark  punctulations  along  the  rows  of  scales ;  ven- 
trals and  anal  mottled  with  dusky;  edge  of  opercle  dusky;  axil  dark. 
Body  ovate,  compressed,  very  deep.  Dorsal  and  ventral  outlines  both 
strongly  arched,  the  axis  of  the  body  at  about  the  middle  of  the  depth, 
the  back  steeply  elevated  behind  the  nape.  Maxillary  not  reaching 
the  eye,  which  is  3  in  head.  Candal  peduncle  short  and  slender,  about 
as  deep  as  long.  Cheeks  with  3  rows  of  scales;  interoper<;le  broad, 
with  3  distinct  rows  of  scales;  scales  on  breast  not  much  reduced. 
Mouth  very  small,  terminal.  Incisors  broad,  entire.  Spines  moderate, 
those  of  the  dorsal  higher  than  the  soft  rays;  second  anal  spine  longest; 
pectorals  long,  reaching  to  anal;  ventrals  reaching  to  vent.    Head  3^; 


[: 


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560      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AM^iRICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 

depth  2.    D.  XII,  14;  A.  Ill,  13;  scales  6-63-14.    L.  5  inches.    >;orth 

Carolina  to  Cuba;  abundant  at  Beaufort,  N.  C. 

{Sargm  caudimaeula  Pocy,  Memorias,  ii,  198,  1858:  Sargua  holbrooki  Jordan  &  Gil- 
l)ert,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1878,  379  ;  not  of  Bean.) 

9§§.— GIREIiliA  Gray. 

(Camarina  Ayres.) 
(Gray,  Illustr.  lud.  Zool.  1838:  type  Girella  imnctata  Gray.) 

Body  oblong-ovate,  compressed,  covered  with  rather  large  scales. 
Mouth  small,  with  a  series  of  flat,  tricuspid,  movable  incisors,  bebiml 
which  is  a  broad  band  of  similar  smaller  ones;  no  molar  teetb;  no 
teeth  on  vomer  or  tongue.  Cheeks  with  very  small  scales;  opercles 
and  top  of  head  chiefly  naked.  Dorsal  fin  rather  low,  with  about  14 
spines,  on  the  bases  of  which  the  scales  extend,  forming  an  imperfect 
sheath;  no  groove  at  base  of  dorsal;  no  procumbent  dorsal  spine;  anal 
spines  small,  graduated ;  caudal  lunate.  Air-bladder  divided  into  two 
posterior  horns.  Pyloric  cceca.  numerous;  intestinal  canal  elongate* 
peritoneum  black.  Herbivorous.  Pacific  Ocean.  (A  latinization  of  the 
French  ^^Girelle^^=Julis.) 

8§6.  «.  iiigrricans  (Ayres)  Gill.— Blue-fish. 

Dusky  green,  paler  below;  young  with  a  large  yellowish  spot  on 

each  side  of  the  dorsal  fin.    Body  oval,  compressed,  with  very  deep 

caudal  peduncle;    snout  thick,    its    profile  evenly  rounded;    nioutli 

small,  subinferior,  low,  nearly  horizontal;  maxillary  reaching  nearly  to 

front  of  orbit;  a  minute  patch  of  palatine  teeth;  preopercle  minutely 

serrulate  at  its  angle ;  preorbital  as  broad  as  eye.    G  ill-rakers  numerous, 

rather  long.    Scales  firm,  weakly  ctenoid,  those  on  thorax  and  front  of 

back  smaller.    Dorsal  spines  lower  than  the  soft  rays;  anal  higher  than 

soft  dorsal,  similar  to  it;  caudal  emarginate;  pectorals  short  and  broad, 

not  reaching  vent;  ventrals  short.    Head  4;  depth  2^.    D.  XIV,  14;  A. 

Ill,  12;  Lat.  1.  50.    L.  12  inches.    Coast  of  California,  from  Monterey 

southward,  abundant  in  rocky  places,  feeding  on  sea-weed. 

(Camarina  nipricca  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1860,  81:  Girella  dommnacuk 
Gill,  Proc.  Acacl.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18G2,  244.) 

9§9.— I'lMELEPTERirS  Lac^pcide. 
(Lac<5pfede,  Hist.  Nat.  Poisf.  iv,  429,  1802:  type  Pimelepterua  boaci,  Lac6pbde.) 

Body  regularly  ovate,  moderately  compressed ;  '  ead  short,  with 
blunt  snout;  eye  liirge;  mouth  small,  horizontal;  maxillary  barely 
reaching  front  of  e.^e;  both  jaws  with  a  single  series  of  rather  narrow 


88.    SPARID^ — PIMELEPTERUS. 


561 


obtusely  lanceolate  incisors,  implanted  with  compressed  usually  conspic- 
nous  roots  posteriorly;  behind  these  a  narrow  band  of  villiform  teeth :  fine 
teeth  on  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue.  Brauchiostegals  7  ;  gill-rakers 
long.  Preopercle  obsoletely  serrate;  preorbital  narrow,  covering  but 
little  of  the  maxillary.  Squaraation  very  complete,  the  space  between 
and  about  the  eyes  being  the  only  naked  part ;  scales  smallish,  thick, 
ctenoid,  60-70  in  the  lateral  line,  which  is  continuous;  similar  scales 
entirely  covering  the  soft  parts  of  the  vertical  flns,  and  extending  up 
outhe  paired  flns.  Dorsal  fin  low,  with  about  11  spines,  which  are  depres- 
gible  in  a  groove  of  scales;  the  fin  continuous,  but  the  last  spines 
low,  80  that  a  depression  occurs  between  the  two  parts  of  the  fin ;  the 
bases  of  the  spinous  and  soft  parts  about  equal;  anal  similar  to  soft 
dorsal,  with  3  spines;  caudal  fin  forked;  jjectoral  flns  small ;  ventrals 
well  behind  them.  Intestinal  canal  long.  Pyloric  cceca  usually  very 
numerous.  Species  numerous,  in  all  warm  seas.  Herbivorous.  {ntfjLeXijqj 
fat;  irrepov,  fin.) 

0.  Soft  dorsal  and  anal  not  elevated,  the  latter  rather  short.    ( Pimelept^us. ) 

§§7.  P.  bOSCi  Lac. 

Dusky,  with  series  of  light  stripes,  about  25  in  number,  following  the 
rows  of  scales;  the  middle  part  of  each  scale  pale,  the  edge  dusky; 
the  stripes  along  middle  of  body  much  broader  than  the  others,  the 
scales  along  the  back  and  belly  being  much  smaller;  a  silvery  streak 
along  the  preorbital.  Body  ovate,  somewhat  compressed.  Longest  dor- 
sal spine  one-fifth  the  height  of  the  body,  rather  higher  than  the  soft 
dorsal  and  nearly  equal  to  the  longest  ray  of  the  anal.  Horizontal  pro- 
cess of  the  teeth  not  much  longer  than  the  vertical.  Interorbital  space 
2J  in  head ;  top  and  sides  of  head  finely  scaled ;  interorbital  region 
gibbous,  below  which  point  the  snout  is  truncate ;  preopercle  weakly 
serrulate ;  p-ill-rakers  long.  Soft  dorsal  and  anal  very  low ;  median  dorsal 
spines  hv/^est;  second  anal  spine  highest :  caudal  well  forked,  the  lower 
lobe  longest.  Head  4^;  depth  2^.  D.  XII,  12;  A.  Ill,  11;  scales  10- 
66-20;  vertebreeO  4- 16.  Massachusetts  to  Panama;  common  southward. 

(?  Perca  sectatrix  L.  Syst.  Nat. :  Pinielepterua  hosci  Lacdpfede,  Hist,  Nat.  Poiss.  iv,  429, 
1802:  P.  bom  Cuv.  &  Val.  vii,  258:  P.  ftosci  GUnther^  i^  497 :  Pimelepieru:  Jfavolineatua. 
Poey,  Repert.  i,  319;  Poey,  Synopsis  Pise.  Cubens.  324,  1868.) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mas.  No.  1(1 36 


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662      CONTRIBUCIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 


(iif 


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J 


990.— SCORPI8  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes. 

(Cuvier  &  Valoncieunes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  viii,  503, 1831 :  type  Scorpisgeorgianu/i  Guv  & 
Val.) 

Body  ovate  or  suborbicular,  covered  with  small,  firm,  ctenoid  scales 
which  also  cover  the  membranes  of  the  soft  parts  of  the  vertical  fins  • 
mouth  small,  terminal,  horizontal ;  the  maxillary  narrow,  slipping  under 
the  edge  of  the  rather  narrow  preorbital;  sides,  top  of  head  and 
jaws  closely  scaled ;  preopercle  entire  or  minutely  crenulate ;  jaws  with 
broad  bands  of  slender  teeth ;  those  in  the  outer  series  incisor-like  • 
compressed,  narrow  and  lanceolate  in  form,  the  outer  surface  transversely 
convex,  the  inner  concave ;  the  other  teeth  of  the  jaws  are  similar,  but 
grow  progressively  smaller  backward  toward  the  inside  of  the  mouth- 
incisors  without  conspicuous  roots  behind ;  all  the  teeth  are  somewhat 
movable,  as  in  Girella;  no  molar  teeth  ;  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue 
with  patches  of  minute  villiform  teetb  ;  gill-rakers  slender,  rather  long- 
dorsal  spines  low,  in  a  slight  groove,  about  10  in  number ;  soft  i>art  of  the 
fin  elongate,  much  longer  than  the  spinous  part,  sometimes  falcate- 
anal  spines  small,  graduated,  the  soft  rays  numerous;  caudal  lunate - 
scales  thinnish,  adherent,  with  smaller  ones  intermixed ;  pyloric  cceca 
extremely  numerous ;  air-bladder  small ;  branchiostegals  7.  Warm  seas. 
{ffxop7:t<;y  name  of  some  sea-fish;  from  axopntoc;,  scorpion.) 

a.  Body  ovate;  fins  not  falcate.     (Cceaioaoma  K&n-p  i) 
.888.  8.  californiensis  Steindachner.— JfecJtaZuna. 

Blackish  above,  tinged  with  b'.uish ;  steel-blue  or  grayish  below,  some- 
what mottled ;  sides  with  faint  oblique  vertical  lines  of  spots ;  flns  black- 
ish. Body  elliptic-ovate,  its  outlines  regular;  head  bluntish,  rounded, 
strongly  convex ;  maxillary  not  reaching  front  of  eye ;  eye  small,  1^  in 
snout,  5  in  head ;  middle  spines  of  dorsal  highest,  their  height  scarcely 
greater  than  the  diameter  of  the  eye ;  soft  dorsal  low,  not  elevated  in 
front,  iittle  higher  than  the  spines;  anal" low;  caudal  lunate,  the  upper 
lobe  idightly  longer ;  pectorals  short  and  narrow;  ventrals  rather  small. 
Head  3|;  depth  2^.  D.  IX,  I,  22;  A.  Ill,  19;  scales  9-5^-19.  L.12 
ineihea.  Coast  of  California,  from  Point  Concepcion  southward ;  a  hand- 
some ;fish,  of  considerable  value  as  food. 

(SttdadachQer,  IcUtliyol.  Baitriige,  iii,  19,  1875.) 

"inSeorpia  ffeorgianna,  tlie  type  of  tlie  genns,  the  outer  teeth  are  said  to  be  conic. 
This  lis  probably  erroneoos,  otherwise  our  species  does  not  belong  to  the  genus. 
tKaup^  iBl<jeJk:er„.Sj:stema  Percarum  ii,  11,  1875:  type  <Sctfrpt«  tequipinnta  Hich. 


89.    APOGONID.E — APOGON. 


563 


Family  LXXXIX.— APOGONID^. 


id  to  be  conic 


Body  oblong,  elevated,-  covered  with  usually  large,  loose,  deciduous 
scales,  which  are  striated  and  ctenoid  or  soruetinies  cycloid;  cheeks 
g^^ly;  lateral  line  continuous;  cleft  of  mouth  wide,  oblique;  villi- 
form  tPeth  on  jaws  and  vomer ;  canines  sometimes  present ;  preopercle 
commonly  with  a  double  ridge,  its  edge  entire  or  slightly  serrated; 
lower  pharyngeals  separate,  with  sharp  teeth ;  pseudobranchiae  present ; 
branchiostegals  6  or  7.  Dorsal  fins  well  separated,  the  first  with  6  or  7 
rather  strong  spines ;  anal  fin  short,  usually  with  2  spines ;  ventral  fins 
thoracic,  I,  5.  Fishes  mostly  of  the  Eastern  seas,  some  of  them  in  fresh 
waters.    Genera  about  10;  species  about  120. 

(Perci(J« part:  group  Apogonina  GUnther,  i,  222-250.) 

a.  Branchiostegals  7 ;  no  canines ;  no  recumbent  dorsal  spine ;  palatine  teeth  present ; 
anal  spines  2.    {Apogonin(e.) 
I,  Lateral  line  commencing  at  the  head ;  preopercle  with  a  double  ridge ;  teeth  on 
the  palatines Apogon,  291. 

991.— APOGON  Lac^pMe. 

King  of  the  Mullets. 

{Amia  Grouow,  not  of  Linnaeus.) 

(Lac^pfetle,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iii,  411, 1802 :  type  Apogon  ruber  I^ac.  =  Mullua  imberbia  L.  = 
Apogonrex-mullorum  C.&Y.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  very  large  ctenoid  scales. 
Lateral  line  continuous.  Head  large ;  mouth  wide,  oblique,  the  max- 
illary extending  to  below  the  middle  of  the  large  eye ;  vilUform  teeth 
on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines ;  no  canine  teeth ;  preopercle  with  a 
double  ridge,  entire  or  somewhat  serrate ;  opercle  with  a  spine  behind. 
Gill-rakers  rather  long.  Dorsal  spines  6  or  7,  strong ;  second  dorsal 
remote,  short ;  anal  with  2  spines,  the  second  much  the  longer,  the 
soft  part  similar  to  the  soft  dorsal ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  moderate. 
[amyuiv^  without  beard ;  thus  distinguished  from  the  bearded  mullet, 
Mullm.) 
a.  Edges  of  preopercle  serrulate ;  scales  very  large.    (Apogon.) 

^^\  A.  amerlcanus  Castelnau. 

\  iolaceous,  scales  all  with  dark  points ;  a  dark  spot  on  opercle.  Body 
comparatively  elongate,  little  elevated ;  jaws  equal ;  muzzle  short ;  eye 
large,  3^  in  head ;  preopercle  very  finely  denticulated.  Second  dorsal 
spine  stoutest,  as  high  as  the  third ;  pectorals  nearly  reaching  anal. 


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564      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 

Depth  3  in  total.     Head  3J.     D.  VI-I,  9 ;  A.  II,  8 ;  scales  3-25>9. 

(  Vaillant  «fc  Bocourt.)    West  Indies ;  accidental  at  Newport. 

(Costelnau,  Anim.  Nouv.  Rares  Am6r.  du  Sud,  Poiss.  3;  Vaillant  &  Bocourt,  MisH.  Sti 
an  Hex.  41 :  Apogonichthya  americanua  Giinther,  i,  247.) 

aa.  Edge  of  preopercle  entire ;  scales  comparatively  small.    (Glossamia"  Gill.) 
§90.  A.  pandionis  Goode  &  Bean. 

Color  nearly  plain  reddish,  the  body  and  fins  everywhere  speckled 
with  fine  dots.  Body  oblong,  not  elevated  nor  greatly  compressed. 
Eye  very  large,  forming  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head 
much  greater  than  the  interorbital  space ;  maxillary  extending  to  oppo- 
site  pupil ;  preopercle  entire.  Gill-rakers  very  long  and  slender.  Moiitli 
oblique,  but  not  nearly  vertical,  the  lower  jaw  i^rojecting.  Fins  low 
caudal  well  forked.  Head  4 ;  depth  4.  D.  VII-I,  9 ;  A.  II,  9 ;  scales 
small,  cycloid,  3-45-8.  Deep  water,  off  Chesapeake  Bay. 
(Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1881,  ICO.) 

Family  XC.-MULLID^. 

{The  Surmullets.) 

Body  elongate,  slightlj'  compressed,  covered  with  large  ctenoid  scales* 
lateral  line  continuous ;  large  scales  on  the  head ;  upper  protile  of  the 
head  more  or  less  parabolic.  Mouth  small ;  teeth  present  in  one  jaw  at 
least,  and  sometimes  in  both,  or  on  the  vomer  or  palatines.  Premaxil- 
laries  protractile;  maxillaries  without  supplemental  bone,  partly  hidden 
by  the  broad  preorbital.  Eye  moderate,  placed  high ;  branchiostegals 
4;  2  long  barbels  at  the  throat,  attached  just  behind  the  symphysis 
of  the  lower  jaw.  Dorsal  fins  2,  remote  from  each  other,  the  first  of  sev- 
eral high  spines,  which  are  depressible  in  a  groove ;  anal  similar  to  the 
soft  dorsal,  with  1  or  2  small  spines ;  ventials  thoracic,  I,  5.  Genera  5; 
species  35,  in  all  tropical  seas,  some  species  straying  northward. 

(MulUdcB  Guuther,  i,  397-411.) 

*  Teeth  in  lower  jaw,  and  on  vomer  and  palatines ;  none  in  the  upper  jaw .  Mullus,  292. 
**  Teeth  in  both  jaws;  none  on  vomer  or  palatines Upeneus,293. 

999.— ]?IIJL.L.IJS  Linuseus. 

Surmullets. 

(Linnsens,  Syst.  Naturae:  type  JfuKus  6arfoat?i8  L.) 

Teeth  in  the  lower  jaw  and  on  the  vomer  and  palatines;  none  in  the 
upper  jaw;  dorsal  spines  7;  anal  spines  very  small.    Otherwise  as  in 

*  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1863,  82 :  typo  Apogon  aprion  Rich.     {yXiioaa, 
tongue;  ajuia,  Atnia,  a  name  applied  by  Gronow  to  Apogon.) 


90.   MULLID^ UPEXEUS. 


565 


I'peneus,  tbe  head  lather  shorter.    One  8j)ecie8  known.    (Latin,  mullus^ 
the  ancient  name  of  Mullus  harbatus,  from  /^y^^o?,  lipj  hence  "mullet,'' 
a  fish  with  thick  lips.) 
§91.  HI*  barbalus  L..— Surmullet. 

Ked,  with  three  yellow  longitudinal  stripes.  Body  oblong,  moderati^ly 
compressed ;  snout  blunt,  its  profile  very  obliquely  decurved ;  mouth 
horizontal,  small;  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  front  of  orbit;  diam- 
ter  of  eyes  about  equalling  the  slightly  concave  interorbital  space. 
Head  3^ ;  depth  3§.  D.  VII-I,  9 ;  A.  II,  6 ;  Lat.  1.  36,  its  mucous  tubes 
branching  into  a  network  on  each  scale.  European ;  this  or  some  simi- 
lar species  said  to  have  been  once  taken  at  New  York  (Gill).  One  of 
the  choicest  food-fishes  of  the  Mediterrjinean. 

(Linn.  Syst.  Nat. :  MuUus  barbatiia  anAaurmuletu8  0ilintheT,i,AOl:  MullugyBp.incoff, 
Gill,  Rept.'u.  S.  FiHb  Com.  1872-:i,  804.) 

393.— UPENEIJS  Cuvier. 
Ooat  Fishes. 
(Cuvier,  Rbgnc  Anim.  cd.  2,  ii,  1H29:  type  Mullua  barberinua  Lac.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed;  mouth  moderate,  nearly  horizontal,  low, 
the  jaws  siibequal;  eye  large,  high,  i)osterior;  opercle  short,  deep,  with 
a  posterior  spine ;  jaws  with  rather  strong  teeth,  in  one  series,  or  in  a 
narrow  baud ;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines ;  lips  well  developed ; 
barbels  nearly  as  long  as  head;  scales' very  large,  somewhat  ctenoid; 
hiteral  line  continuous,  its  tubes  ramifying  on  each  scale;  head  covered 
with  large  scales;  first  dorsal  with  about  7  spines;  anal  with  2,  the  first 
very  short ;  caudal  flu  forked.  Species  numerous  in  the  tropical  seas. 
(An  old  name  of  some  fish ;  from  Sriyvij,  upper  lip.) 
a.  Teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  in  move  than  one  series.     {Paeudupeneu^*  Bleeker.) 

§92.  IT.  maculatUS  (Bloch)  Cuv.  &  Val.  —Ooat  Fish. 

Eed;  sides  of  head  with  bluish  longitudinal  lines;  three  black  blotches 
along  the  lateral  line ;  each  scale  with  a  blue  spot  at  its  base ;  body 
oblong,  moderately  compressed,  tai)ering  backwards  from  occiput;  ven- 
tral outline  nearly  straight ;  snout  long  and  rather  sharp ;  mouth  ter- 
I  miual,  small ;  maxillary  not  reaching  orbit ;  eyes  situated  backwards  and 
[high up;  head  3J;  depth  4.    D.  VII-I,  8;  A.  II,  C;  Lat.  1.  30,  high  up 
and  following  the  curve  of  the  back.    V.  10  + 14.    West  Indies;  occa- 
;  sional  on  our  coast. 

(Mullm  mactilatua  Bloch, Ichtbyol,  1797,  <af.  348;  Giinther,  i,  408;  Mullhypeneua  macu- 
!  laiu»  Poey,  Synopsis,  18G8,  307 :  Hypcneua  maculatua  GoOde,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  v,  49. ) 

*PmAufcneHa  Bleeker,  Poiss.  COte  Gnin^e,  1862,  56:  type  Upeneua  prayenaia  Cuv.  & 
fVai.   {fevdoi,  false;  Upeneua)=Mullhypeneua  Poey;  1868. 


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566      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NOETH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY iv. 


Family  XCI.— SCI^NID^. 

{The  Croakers.) 

Body  compressed,  more  or  less  elongate,  covered  with  rather  thin 
ctenoid  scales.    Lateral  line  continuous,  extending  on  the  caudal fii 
Head  prominent,  covered  with  scales.    Bones  of  the  skull  cav^ruou. 
the  muciferous  system  highly  developed,  the  surface  of  the  skull  when 
the  flesh  is  removed,  very  uneven.    Chin  usually  with  pores,  sonietim 
with  barbels.    Mouth  small  or  large,  the  teeth  in  one  or  more  series  tuc 
outer  of  which  are  sometimes  enlarged ;  canines  often  present.    Ko  in- 
cisor  nor  molar  teeth ;  no  teeth  on  "^omer,  palatines,  pterygoids  nor 
tongue.    Maxillary  without  supplemental  bone,  slipping  under  the  free 
edge  of  the  preorbital.    I'remaxillaries  protractile,  but  not  very  freely 
movable.    Nostrils  double.    Pseudobranchice  usually  large,  present  in 
all  our  genera.    Gills  4,  a  slit  behmd  the  fourth.    Gill-rakers  present. 
Branchiostegals  Y.    Gill-membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus. 
Lower  pharyngeals  separate  or  united.     Preopercle  serrate  or  not. 
Opercle  usually  ending  in  two  flat  points.    Dorsal  flu  deeply  notched 
or  divided  into  two  fins,  the  soft  dorsal  being  the  longer,  the  spines 
depressible  into  a  more  or  less  perfect  groove.     Anal  fin  with  1  or 
2  spines.    Ventral  flns  thoracic,  I,  a.     Pectoral  fins  normal.    Caudal 
fin  usually  not  forked.    Ear-bones  very  large.    Pyloric  cceca  usually 
rather  few.    Air-bladder  usually  large  and  complicated  (wanting  la  Mew- 
ticirrus).    Most  of  the  species  make  a  pecaliar  noise,  called  variously 
croaking,  grunting,  drumming,  and  snoring.    This  sound  is  supposed 
to  be  caused  by  forcing  the  air  from  the  air-bladder  into  one  of  the  lat 
eral  horns.    Carnivorous.    An  important  family  of  about  25  genera  and 
126  species,  found  ia  all  warm  seas,  one  species  being  confined  t) fresk 
waters.    Many  of  them  reach  a  "'arge  size,  and  nearly  all  are  valued  for 
food. 

(-Sciffinirfffi  GUnther,  ii,  26b-3ie.)  •  /.  ;    ,.  , 

•  Dorsals  contiguous,  tho  83Cond  (lorsiil  Utucli  larger  tbau  the  anal.     '^ '* 
t  Vertobnu  about  10 -f  14.    {Sciamince.)  ,.     ,  ^ 

I  Lower  .jaw  included.  '*      ." 

$  Lower  pbaryngoals  full  j"  united,  with  paved  teeth ;  second  anal  spino  vcrvlargc 
"■  *  -      a.  Lower  jaw  \;itbout  l-arbels.    (Fresh- watot  species).  ILvrLomoxoTUS,  !!;M. 
art.  Lower  jaw  with  several  sniftll  bavbels.    (Marino  species). Pouonias,  i'JJ. 
}$  liower  pharyngeal  boaes  distinct. 

h.  Lower  jaw  without  barbels;  anal  spines  2. 
c.  Toe*'-  well  dev  jlupud,  persistent  in  both  jaws Sclena,  296. 


91.   SCI^NID^ — HAPLOIDONOTUS.  567 

00.  Teeth  feeble,  peruianent  in  upper  jaw  only;  anal  spines  small. 

LiosTOMCS,  297. 
bb.  Lower  jaw  with  several  minute  barbels. 

d.  Preoi)ercle  with  its  membranaceous  margin  crenulate. 

Genyonemus,  298. 

dd.  Preopercle  with  its  bony  margin  serrate Micuopogon,  299. 

bbb.  Lower  jaw  with  a  single  thickish  barbel. 

e.  Air-bladder  present ;  anal  spines  2 Umbuina,  300. 

ee.  Air-bladder  none ;  anal  spine  single Menticirkl'8,  301. 

tt  Lower  jaw  projecting  beyond  upper. 

/.  Snout  short,  blunt ;  no  canines;  anal  fin  verysmal ;  soft  part  of 

dorsal  much  longer  than  spinous  part Larimus,  302. 

tt.  Vertebra}  about  14 -f  10  ;  body  elongate ;  lower  jaw  projecting.    (Otolithinw.) 

h.  Cauine  teeth  none Atractoscion,  303. 

hh.  Canines  two  (or  one)  in  upper  jaw  only Cynoscion,  304. 

•*  Dorsals  remote;  the  second  about  as  large  as  the  anal.   {laopisthina:.) 

{.  Lower  jaw    projecting ;   anal  spines  feeble ;   teeth  small, 
sharp,  in  narrow  bands Seripuus,  305. 

994.— HAPLOIDONOTUS  Rafinesque. 

Freshwater  Drums. 

{Amblodon  Rafincsque.) 

[Ajilodinotus  Rafinesque,  Journ.  do  Phys.  i819, 418:  type  Aplodinotiia  grunniena  Raf.) 

Body  oblong,  the  snout  blunt,  the  back  elevated  and  compressed. 
Month  rather  small,  low,  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  included.  Teeth 
iu  villiform  bands,  thcf  outer  scarcely  enlarged.  No  barbels.  Pseudo- 
branchiai  rather  small;  gill-rakers  short  and  blunt.  Lower  pharyn- 
;,'eal8  very  large,  fully  united,  with  coarse,  blunt,  i)aved  teeth.  Preop- 
ercle slightly  serrate.  Dorsal  spines  strong  and  high,  with  a  close  fit- 
ting scaly  sheath  at  base,  the  two  dorsals  somewhat  connected.  Second 
anal  spine  very  strong.  Caudal  double-truncate.  Fresh  waters  of  the 
United  States,  {drrhn-:,  a  cloak;  vtDro?^  back;  according  to  Gill,  from 
the  scaly  base  of  the  dorsal  flu.) 


§93.  H.  ffriinnicKS  Raf. 
Croaker. 


-Sheepshcad;   Thunder-pumper;   Drum;    White  Perch; 


Grayish  silvery,  dusky  above,  sometimes  quite  dark,  the  back  some- 
times with  oblique  dusky  streaks  along  the  rows  of  scales.  Scales  rather 
thin,  adherent,  smaller  on  the  back  and  belly.  Second  anal  spine  more 
than  half  tl'^  length  of  the  head.  Snout  very  blunt,  oveiapping  the 
mouth.  Eye  large.  Head  ^ ;  depth  nearly  3.  D.  IX-I,  30 ;  A.  IT,  7; 
Lat.  I.  55.    Great  Lakes  to  Texas,  abundant,  reaching  a  weight  of  50  to 


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CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY jy. 


60  pounds.    Its  flesh  is  not  of  high  quality,  and  is  often  tough  and  ill- 
flavored,  especially  in  the  lakes. 

(Aplodinotua  grvnniens  Raf.  Joum.  de  Phys.  1819,  88 :  Corvina  oaeula  Giinther,  ii  297  • 
Scieena  grisea  Le  Sueur,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1822, 254  :  Amhlodon  concinnm  and 
Uneatus  Agassiz,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1855,  307  :  f  Corvina  richardsonV  Cuv.  &  Val.  v 
100:  ^Mt6?o(Zo»  we*; Pectus  Grd.Mex.  Bound.  Surv.Ichth.  1851),  12.)  ' 

395.— POOONIAS  Lac6pMe. 

Drums. 

(Lac^pfede,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iii,  138,  1802:   type  Pogonias  faaciatua  Lac.  =  Lahru) 
cromia  L.) 

Body  short  and  deep,  the  dorsal  outline  much  elevated,  the  ventral 
nearly  straight.  Mouth  moderate,  the  upper  jaw  longest;  teeth  small 
in  villiform  bands,  the  outer  not  enlarged;  lower  pharyngeal  bones 
large,  fully  united,  armed  with  strong  paved  teeth;  lower  jaw  with 
numerous  barbels,  each  about  half  as  long  as  the  eye;  preoperciilum 
entire,  vith  a  membranaceous  edge.  Dorsal  fins  slightly  connected,  the 
spines  high  and  strong;  caudal  fin  subtruncate;  first  anal  spine  short, 
the  second  exceedingly  large,  nearly  as  long  as  the  soft  re  's;  pectorals 
and  ventrals  long;  gill-rakers  short  and  bluntish.  Pseudobranchite 
large.  Marine  species  reaching  a  very  large  size;  among  the  largest 
of  the  Scitenidse.    (niuyaivtai;,  bearded.) 

§94.  P.  chrnmis  (Linn.)  C.  &  V.—Drum. 

Grayish  silvery,  with  4  or  5  broad  dark  vertical  bars,  which 
disappear  with  age;  fins  dusky.     Body  oblong,  much  compressed; 

*  If  correctly  described,  this  species  is  the  typo  of  a  distinct  genus  wliich  has  been 
provisionally  termed  Hutj/chelithua.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  type  was  a 
deformed  individual  of  H,  grunniena. 

The  following  are  the  alleged  charactei-s,  generic  and  specific :  ■  f  • 

'  EUTYCHELITHUS  Jordan.  \  :. 

(Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  E.  U.  S.  ed.  1,  242, 1876:  type  Corvina  richardaoiii  C.  &  V.) 

Diil'ors  from  Haploidonotua  in  the  much  deeper  body,  steep  i)roflle,  the  nearly  equal 
jaws,  the  single  rather  short  aual  spine,  and  in  the  smaller  size  of  most  of  the  iiiis. 
{iVTvxrii,  Ineky;  /t^of,  stone;  in  allusiou  to  the  large  ear-bones  of  Seitenoid  fishes.  The 
ear-bones  of  Haploidonotua  are  quite  large  and  are  marked  with  a  nnle  impress  of  tlie 
letter  L,  and  are  hence  known  to  Wisconsin  boys  as  "lucky-stones.")        .  , 

E.  richardaoni  (C.  &  V.)  Jortlan. — Maltahaganay, 

Grayish  olive,  with  darker  bands  across  the  back ;  body  much  elevated,  highest  iu 
front  of  dorsal  fin  ;  profile  very  abruptly  decurvcd.  Preopercle  finely  serravo.  Eye 
half  length  of  snout.  Pectorals  pointed,  considerably  longer  than  ventrals.  Ileiirl 
3i  in  total  length,  including  caudal  fin;  depth  2^.  D.  IX,  29;  A.  I,  7;  Lat.  1.54, 
(C.  &  V.)    Lake  Huron. 

{Corvina  richardaonii  Cuv.  &' Val.  v,  100:  Corvina  richaMaonii  Richardsou,  Fauua 
Bor.-Amer.  183C,  64:  Corvina  richardaonii  GUuther,  ii,  298.) 


91.   SCI^NIDiE — SCI^NA. 


669 


jac.  =  Lahrm 


proPle  very  steep,  its  curve  uneven;  ventral  outline  little  curved. 
Mouth  moderate,  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  middle  of  orbit.  Scales 
large,  those  on  breast  much  smaller.  Fins  large,  pectorals  reaching 
beyond  tips  of  ventrals,  nearly  to  vent;  second  anal  spine  more  than 
half  leugth  of  head.  Head  above  scaly,  except  a  triangular  space  on 
snout.  Head  3 J  in  length;  depth  2 J.  D.  X,  I,  20;  A.  11,  6;  Lat.  1.  50. 
Cape  Cod  to  West  Indies;  abundant  southward. 

{Labrus  cromia  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.;  GUnther,  ii,  270;  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  Car.  1860,  114: 
Pogmias  fasciatua  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  Car.  1860, 119 :  I'ogonias  faaciatna  GUuther,  ii,  270.) 

396.— SCI^!¥A  Linnteus. 
(Johnim  Bloch:  Corvina  C.  &  V. :  Paeudoaciwna  Blceker.) 
(Artedi ;  Liunteus,  Syst.  Nat. :  type  Smasna  umhra  L. ) 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  not  much  elevated.  Head  rather  long. 
Mouth  moderate  or  rather  large,  the  lower  jaw  included.  Teeth  in  both 
jaws  mostly  in  villiform  bands,  the  outer  row  often  enlarged;  lower 
pharyngeals  separate,  their  teeth  conic  or  paved.  Chin  with  pores;  no 
barbels.  Preopercle  with  its  bony  posterior  edge  serrated,  or  else  with 
a  membranaceous  margin.  Scales  moderate,  in  oblique  series.  Dorsal 
fins  connected,  the  spines  rather  strong.  Anal  spines  2,  the  second 
varying  in  size.  In  this  genus  and  most  of  the  other  SciccninoB  the 
muzzle  above  the  premaxillaries  is  provided  with  a  number  of  pores,  and 
near  the  base  of  the  premaxillary  2  or  4  small  dermal  flaps  are  present; 
hi  all  these  species  the  preorbital  is  very  wide,  and  often  gibbous. 
Species  numerous,  in  all  warm  seas.  Many  attempts  have  been  made 
to  subdivide  this  genus,  but  none  of  the  current  genera  form  definable 
natural  groups,  when  foreign  species  are  taken  into  accoant.  {ffxiaiva, 
Sciaeua,  from  ffxtd,  shade,  the  classical  name  of  Sciccna  aquila.) 

0.  Teetli  in  both  jaws  in  einj^lo  series  or  very  narrow  bands.  *  '' ' 

h.  Heail  depressed,  very  broad  between  the  eyes.     {Stdliferm*  Stark.) 

§95.  S.  stck  ifera  (Bloch)  J.  &  G. 

Pale  abov<  with  purplish  reflections,  almost  translucent ;  below  sil- 
very; everywhere  finely  punctulate ;  fins  yellowish,  the  tips  of  dorsal 
and  pectoral  blackish.  Body  oblong,  not  much  elevated,  little  com- 
pressed; the  tail  slender;  head  short;  snout  blunt;  eye  very  small, 
5  in  head;  profile  depressed  above  the  eyes;  the  iuterorbital  space  tlat- 
tish,  extremely  broad ;  a  slight  ridge  above  each  orbit,  these  meeting 

•  Stark,  Elemehtfl  Nat.  ni»t.  1,  459,  1828:  type  BodlanUv  atelUfcr  Bloch. 


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570      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 

above  the  snout.  Mouth  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  scarcely  shorter  than 
the  upper;  the  maxillary  extending  to  below  the  middle  of  the  small 
eye.  Teeth  as  in  8.  punctata,  but  with  series  of  larger  teeth  less  devel- 
oped and  the  villiform  baud  broader.  Preorbital  full,  cavernous;  pre- 
opercle  cavernous,  its  mu^rgin  with  a  few  strong  teeth.  Pseudobranchite 
well  developed.  Gill-rakers  long  and  slender.  Dorsal  spines  slender- 
caudal  strongly  convex;  second  anal  spine  rather  long,  slender,  nearly 
as  long  as  soft  rays.  Ventr.al  outline  nearly  straight.  Vent  a  little 
nearer  preopercular  margin  than  base  of  caudal.  Pectorals  short,  not 
reaching  tips  of  ventrals.  Head  3^  in  length;  depth  3.  D.  XI,  I,  22* 
A.  II,  9;  Lat.  1.  50.  West  Indies,  north  to  Virginia.  Here  described 
from  a  specimen  from  Pensacola. 

(liodianus  atelli/cr  Blocli,  Iclith.  taf.  231:  Cheilodipterua  acotipa  Lac6p?!do,  iii,  546; 
C'orviiia  IriHpinomt  Cuv.  &,  Val.  v,  109:  UomopHon  lanceolatus  Holb.  Icb.  S,  Car.  1860 
1(17:  Sciwiia  hmcrolata  Gilnthor,  ii,  289:  StcUi/ents  lanceolatus  Gill,  Report  U.  S.  Fi.sh 
Coiiini.  1872-7;i,  805 :  ?  Corrina  HteWfira  Glinther, ii,  299=  Corvina  micropa  Stelnd.  Iclith. 
Notiz.  i,  G,  18G4,  said  to  b«  liistinguiHliud  from  <S.  alellifcra  by  the  Hiualler  oyo  (G  in  lu-ad), 
narrower  inttTorbital  Hpaec  {'Z\  in  head)  and  weaker  serru)  on  tho  preoperclc.  Per- 
haps more  than  one  spt'cies  i.s  hero  inclnded.) 

t.  Head  normal,  uarrow  between  the  eyo8.    {Bainllella*  0\\\.)  ' 

896.  S.  piinctntn  (Linn.)  J.  &  G.—SilKcr  Perch  ;  Yellouf-tail ;  MademoiseUe. 

Greenish  above,  silvery  below,  each  scale  with  a  series  of  dark  piinc- 
tulations  through  the  centre,  usually  very  conspicuous,  sometimes  ob- 
scure, these  forming  narrow  somewhat  irregular  streaks  along  the  sides; 
fins  plain,  the  caudal  yellowish.  Body  oblong,  compressed,  rather  robust. 
Head  compressed,  conical,  not  specially  depressed,  nor  broadened;  ])re- 
operculum  scarcely  cavernous,  strongly  serrated  or  spinous  at  its  an<jle; 
interorbital  region  depressed,  transversely  convex,  narrower  than  eye. 
Mouth  rather  large,  somewhat  oblique,  maxillary  reaching  about  to 
middle  of  orbit;  jaws  sutequal ;  both  jaws  with  stout  recurved  teetli, 
behind  which  in  the  upper  jaw  are  a  few  series  of  smaller  teeth;  teeth 
in  the  lower  jaw  mostly  in  one  series,  outside  of  which  arc  a  few  smaller 
teeth.  Dorsal  spines  moderate;  anal  fin  small,  placed  unusually  far 
back,  coterminous  with  the  second  dorsal  Second  anal  opine  stionjf, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  soft  rays.  Scales  in  less  oblique  series  than  usual. 
Gill-rakers  long  and  slender.  Soft  dorsal  and  anal  fins  considerably 
scaly;  pectoral  fin  quite  short,  not  reaching  half  way  to  anal ;  caudal  fln 
double  truncate.     Lower  pharyngeals  small,  with  sharp  teeth.    Eye 

'  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18G1, 83:  type  Bodianua a.gyroleiims  Mitch.  (Dcdi- 
oaled  to  Spencer  F.  Baird.) 


ii 


9i.    SCIiENID^ — SCI^NA. 


571 


rather  large,  equal  to  snout,  4  in  head.  Preorbital  narrow.  Head  3^ ; 
depth  about  3.  I).  XI-l,  2-';  A.  II,  9;  Lat.  1.  £0.  Cape  Cod  to  Florida  j 
abundant  southward. 

(Pcrca punctata  Liun.  Syat.  Nat.  (two  apocies  of  the  saino  name):  Bodianua  argyrole- 
tiri/* Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  417,  pi.  (>,  tig.  '\:  Corcina  argyroleuca  GUu- 
thor,  ii,  299:  Ilomoprion  xanthurus  HolbroOlc,  Ich.  S.  Car.  1830,  164.) 

aa.  Teeth  in  hoth  Jaws  in  broa<l  banda. 

c.  I'rcopercle  with  its  bony  nnir^in  serrate. 

d.  Outer  teeth  in  upper  jaw  considerably  enlarged.     {SciwnopH*  G\\\.) 

§I)T.  S.  Jacob!  (Steind.)  J.  &  G. 

Body  moderately  elevated;  mouth  moderate,  rather  inferior;  maxil- 
lary reaching  middle  of  eye ;  outer  row  of  teeth  in  each  jaw  slender, 
somewhat  enlarged,  those  in  upper  jaw  much  larger  than  in  lower;  pre- 
opercle  finely  serrate.  Dorsal  spines  very  slender,  the  fourth  half  length 
of  head,  higher  than  the  soft  rays ;  second  anal  spine  more  than  twice 
as  strong  as  dorsal  spines,  as  long  as  from  middle  of  eye  to  edge  of 
opercle,  lower  than  the  soft  rays.  Caudal  truncate  or  slightly  concave ; 
pectoral  shorter  than  ventrals,  the  first  ray  of  the  latter  being  filamen- 
tous. Scales  on  body  and  head  ctenoid.  Silvery  gray,  darker  above ; 
three  dark  brown  longitudinal  stripes  along  sides,  the  lower  broadest, 
extending  from  eye  to  middle  of  caudal,  the  middle  one  running  to  upper 
edge  of  tail,  the  upper  to  soft  dorsal;  below  these  stripes  are  some 
times  feebler  ones,  besides  brownish  lines  following  the  rows  of  scales ; 
tins  plain,  more  or  less  punctulate;  markings  probably  less  distinct  in 
the  adult.  Head  3;  d  >pth  3.  D.  X-I,  27;  A.  H,  8;  scales  11-56-10. 
Sail  Diego,  California.    {Steindachner.) 

{Corrina  (Johniun)  jacobi  Stcind.  lehth.  Beitriige,  vlii,  3,  1879. 

§9§.  S.  occllata  (L.)  Gihr.—Chaniel  Bmn;  lied  Horse;  lied  Bani. 

Grayish  silvery,  iridiescent ;  scales  with  dark  spots  forming  faint  ir- 
regular undulating  stiipes;  upper  i)art  of  base  of  caudal  with  an  oval 
black  spot  as  large  as  the  eye,  bordered  by  white  or  orange,  this  spot 
often  duplicated.  Body  rather  elongate,  not  much  elevated,  compressed 
behind,  an  almost  even  curve  from  snout  to  base  of  dorsal ;  preopercle 
distinctly  serrate;  eye  large,  1.^  in  snout,  5^  in  head;  gill-rakers  short 
aiul  thick ;  mouth  large,  maxillary  nearly  reaching  the  ])osterior  mar- 
gin of  the  orbit.  Caudal  truncate  ;  second  anal  spine  rather  strong,  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  first  ray;  pectoral  fins  very  short,  not  reaching  half 
way  to  anal.    Lower  pharyngeals  narrow,  with  conical  teeth.    Head  3^ ; 


t' 


t   :.:£i 


•  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1863,  30:  type  Perca  ocullata  L.   {(SKiaiva,  sciosua; 
w0,  appearance.) 


i' j*ii 


'  ii 


!•■      ,i<l 


572      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

depth  3 J.    D.  X-I,  25;  A.  II,  8;  Lat.  1.  50.    Cape  Cod  to  Mexico; 

commoii  southward;  kuowu  at  sight  by  the  peculiar  caudal  spot. 

{Perca  ocellata  L.  Syst.  Nat.:  Corvina  ocellata  Cuv.  &  Yal.  v,  134:  Corvina  oceUata 
Holbrook,  Ich.  8.  C.  1860,  150;  GUuther,  ii,  289.) 

did.  Outer  teeth  in  upper  jaw  scarcely  larger  than  others ;  lower  pharyngeals  enlarged, 
their  teeth  paved.    (Boncador*  J.  &  G.) 

§90.  S.  Stearnsi  rSteindachner)  Jor.  &  Gilb. — lioncador. 

Grayish  silvery,  with  bluish  lustre,  some  streaks  of  dark  points  along 

the  rows  of  scales ;  breast  and  belly  with  two  dusky  lengthwise  streaks; 

a  very  conspicuous,  large,  jet  black  spot  at  base  of  pectoral,  including 

the  axil  and  the  base  of  the  fin ;  fins  grayish,  with  dusky  shades;  inside 

of  mouth,  branchiostegals,  and  peritoneum  mostly  black.    Body  oblong, 

heavy  forward,  the  shoulders  elevated  and  the  profile  steep;  month 

rather  large,  maxillary  reaching  beyond  middle  of  eye.    Teeth  in  both 

jaws  in  a  broad  viHiform  band,  the  outer  row  scarcely  enlarged;  no 

canines ;  preopercle  strongly  dentate ;  gill-rakers  slender,  rather  short ; 

lower  pharyngeals  broad,  the  teeth  mostly  paved ;  eye  large.    Spinous 

dorsal  not  much  elevated ;  second  anal  spine  shortish,  about  h.alf  the 

height  of  the  soft  rays,  very  stout;  i)ectoral  elongate,  reaching  mnch 

past  the  tips  of  the  long  ventrals;  caudal  fin  lunate,  the  upper  lobe 

the  longer.    Head  3§ ;  depth  3.    D.  X-I,  24 ;  A.  II,  8;  Lat.  1. 60.    L.  30 

inches.    Coast  of  California,  north  to  Point  Concepciou ;  a  large  and 

valued  food-fish,  singularly  distinguished  by  its  black  pectoral  spot. 

(Corvina  atearnsi  Steindachuer,  Ichthyol.  Beitriige,  iii,  1875,22:  Boncador  steanm 
Jor.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  28.) 

cc.  Preopercle  with  an  entire,  membranaceous  border. 
d.  Dorsal  with  less  than  30  soft  rays.     (Sei(Bna\.) 

900.  8.  saturna  (Grd.)  J.  &  G.—Rcd  Boncador. 

Blackish,  with  coppery  lustre;  each  scale  with  a  cluster  of  dark 
points;  a  dark  opercular  patch;  fins  rather  dark;  belly  silvery,  but 
dusted  with  dark  specks.  Body  oblong,  with  the  antedorsal  region 
convex  and  the  profile  nearly  straight.  Maxillaries  not  reaching  to 
posterior  border  of  eye.  Teeth  in  lower  jaw  in  a  broad  villiforra  band; 
upper  jaw  with  a  similar  band,  in  front  of  which  is  a  single  row  of  large 
teeth;  lower  pharyngeals  narrow,  with  conical  ieeth.    Gill-rakers  short 

'Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  28:  type  Corvina  stearnsi  Steindacli- 
ner.  (Spanish  roneador,  grunter.)  This  is  perhaps  a  valid  genus,  distinguished  from 
Sciaina  by  its  large,  paved  pharyngeals,  resembling  those  of  Pogonias,  but  not  united. 

t  =  CormHa' Cuvier,  R^gne  Anim.  ed.  2,  ii,  173,  1829:  typo  Sciama  nigra  BIo(>li= 
Sciwna  umbra  L.  None  of  the  species  of  the  group  called  Sdmia  by  Cuvier  were  knowu 
to  Liuuteus. 


91.   SCI^NID^ — LIOSTOMUS. 


573 


inside 


stcarnsi 


region 

ing  to 

band ; 

)f  large 

'8  short 

eindacb- 
led  from 
Itiuiited. 
Blo(h= 
known 


and  thick.  Scales  on  bead  ctenoid.  Second  anal  spine  very  stout, 
nearly  as  high  as  the  soft  rays;  caudal  tin  slightly  luuate.  Head  3^; 
depth  2§.  D.  X-I,  23;  A.  11,  7;  Lat.  1.  55.  Pacific  coast,  north  to 
Point  Concepcion. 

(Amhlodon  aaturnua  Grd,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Snrv.  Fish.  93:  Rhinoscion  satumus  Gill, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1B61,  85:  Corvina  Haturna  Giinthor,  ii,  298.) 

id.  Dorsal  witli  more  than  30  soft  rays.    {Pareqitea*  Gill.) 
901.  S.  acuminata  (Bloch  &  Schneider)  J.  &  G. 

Everywhere  blackish,  with  traces  of  about  10  narrow  horizontal 
streaks  along  the  sides;  spinous  dorsal  quite  black.  [Young  specimens 
yellowish,  with  7  or  8  straight  longitudinal  dark  bands  about  as  wide  as 
the  interspaces ;  dorsal  fin  similarly  banded.J  Form  of  8.  Haturna,  the 
back  somewhat  elevated,  the  profile  steep  and  nearly  straight  from  the 
tip  of  the  conical  ajd  rather  pointed  snout  to  the  base  of  the  dorsal. 
Mouth  not  large,  the  maxillary  extending  to  below  the  middle  of  the 
eye.  Lower  jaw  included;  both  jaws  with  broad  bands  of  villiform 
teeth,  the  anterior  series  in  the  upper  jaw  considerably  enlarged.  Scales 
on  the  head  scarcely  ctenoid  above,  cycloid  on  the  clteeks.  Gill-rakers 
short,  rather  stout.  Pectorals  very  short,  not  reaching  half  way  to  the 
tips  of  the  ventrals,  and  but  half  way  to  the  anal ;  as  long  as  from  the 
snout  to  the  edge  of  the  preopercle;  anal  fin  small,  its  tip  not  reaching 
to  the  last  ray  of  the  second  dorsal,  its  spine  robust,  nearly  as  high  as 
tbe  fin,  half  the  length  of  the  head ;  first  dorsal  small,  with  slender 
spines;  second  dorsal  very  long,  its  tip  nearly  reaching  caudal.  Eye 
rather  large.  Head  ^•,  depth  3.  D.  IX,  I,  30;  A.  II,  7;  Lat.  1.  53. 
West  Indies  to  Florida.  Here  described  from  a  specimen  lately  taken 
by  Mr.  Silas  Stearns  at  Pensacola,  Fla. 

'    {G^ramrtmte-a  acuminatus  Bloch  &  Schn.  1801,  184:  Eques  acuminatus  GUnther,  ii,  280: 
PareqM  aouminatua  Gill,  1.  c.) 

S97.-LIOSTO]?EUS  LacdpMe. 

.  Spots. 

[Lmfomus  Lac^pi^dc,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iv,  439,  1802:  type  Lioatomua  xanthurua  Lac.) 

Body  oblong,  ovate,  the  back  compressed.  Head  obtuse.  Mouth 
small,  horizontal,  the  upper  jaw  with  a  band  of  feeble  teeth,  the  lower 
nearly  or  quite  toothless;  lower  pharyngeals  separate,  the  teeth  paved. 
Preopercle  with  a  membranaceous  border.  Dorsal  spines  10,  slender, 
rather  high,  the  last  connected  with  the  soft  rays ;  anal  spines  2,  the 

"Gill,  in  Goode,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1870,  v,  50:  type  Orammiatea  acuminatua  Bloch 
&  Schneider,    {aapa,  neat  i  Equea.) 


h    f 


f 


vr;to:Jl 


'.A 

I'-         s    H 


«v/ 


i   ■ 


i^E 


■■^i.-'iF  .7-; 


V    1 


.  *    J-  ■ 

!  •  j  r 


»  : 


ir; 


I 

is 


574      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

second  not  large;  caudal  fin  emarginate.  Gill-membranes  slightly  con. 
nected;  gill-rakers  slender.  (AsTr*?,  smooth;  <rrw/xa,  mouth — the  mouth 
having  been  originally  described  as  toothless.) 

903«  If  xanthiirus  Lac. — Spot;  Goody;  Oldwifc;  La  Fayette. 

Bluish  above,  grayish  silvery  below;  sides  with  about  15  dark  bands 

extending  from  the  dorsal  obliquely  forward  to  below  the  lateral  line* 

a  distinct  round  dark  humeral  spot ;  fins  plain  olivaceous ;  caudal  not 

yellow.    Profile  steep ;  snout  blunt  and  gibbous ;  iuterorbital  region 

narrow.     Fins  small,  the  spines  weak;  second  anal  spine  about  half 

as  long  as  the  longest  soft  ray;  upper  lobe  of  caudal  longest.    Head 

3^ ;  depth  3.    D.  X,  I,  32 ;   A.  II,  12 ;  Lat.  1.  60.    L.  12  inches.    Capa 

Cod  to  Florida ;  a  valuable  food-fish  southward. 

(Lac<5p6(le,  iv,  439;  Gill,  Pr'oc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Plilla.  1863,  32:  Homoprion  xanthurua 
Holbrook,  Icli.  8.  C.  1860,  164:  Scicena  xanthurus  GUnther,  ii,  288:  Mugil  obliquus 
Mitchill,  Trans.  Lit.  aud  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  405:  Lioatomus  ohliquua  Holbrook,  Ich. 
S.  C.  1860,  160:  Soiama  obliqua  GUnther,  ii,  288:  Leiostomus  humeralia  and  xanthurus 
C.  &,  V.  141,  142.  The  alleged  8i)ecie8  '^obliquua"  and  "xanthurita"  differ  in  color 
'^xantliwrua"  being  plain  golden,  without  spots  or  bars;  tail  yellow;  probably  based 
ou  faded  lunseum  specimens. )  . 

99§.-OENYONi:]?IIJS  Gill.  -'^^^ 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1831,  87:  type  Lioitomua  lineatua  Ayres.) 

Body  elongate,  moderately  compressed,  the  back  little  elevated. 
Head  oblong,  the  snout  abruptly  decurved.  Eyes  moderate,  anterior. 
Preopercle  with  a  crenulated  membranaceous  edge.  Mouth  rather 
large,  subterminal,  somewhat  oblique.  Lower  jaw  with  several  very 
small  barbels  and  with  a  few  large  pores.  Teeth  equal,  in  villiform 
bands,  the  anterior  series  scarcely  enlarged.  First  dorsal  with  about 
13  spines;  anal  with  2  spines,  the  second  short  and  feeble;  caudal 
emarginate.  Pharyngeal  bones  and  teeth  as  in  Micropogon.  Air-bladder 
simple.  Gill-rakers  slender,  rather  long.  Size  small,  (^evo?,  lower 
jaw;  vrj/JLUf  barbel.) 

903.  G.  lineaCus  (Ayre.'^)  Gill. — Little  Roncador.  jk^' '''"''•: 

Silvery  with  brassy  lustre  and  black  punctulatlons,  these  forming 
faint  oblique  dark  lines  along  the  rows  of  scales ;  fins  yellowish ;  axil 
black.  Head  conic,  rather  blunt;  maxillary  reaching  silghtly  beyond 
middle  of  pupil.  Barbels  5-8,  minute,  on  the  inner  edge  of  each  dentary 
bone.  Anal  spines  very  small,  the  second  not  half  the  height  of  the 
soft  rays;  pectorals  and  ventrals  moderate,  not  reaching  vent;  caudal 
concave.     Head  3J;  depth  3^.     D.  XIII,  I,  22;  A.  II,  11;  Lat.  I.  55. 


91.    SCIiENID^ — UMBBINA. 


575 


Ij.  10  inches.     Pyloric  cceca  8 ;   air-bladder  simple.     Coast  of  Califor- 
nia; very  common. 

iLiostomus  lineatm  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  25,  l'^55;  Girard,  U.  8.  Pac. 
B.  B.  Surv.  Fish.  91):  Svicena  hneata  GUuther,  ii,  288.) 

999.— miCROPOGON  Cuvier  &  Valoncienncs. 

Croaliers. 

(Cuv.  &  Val.  nist.  Nat.  Poiss.  v,  213,  1830:  type  Micropogon  Hneatua  C.  «fe  V.  =  Perca 
undiilata  L.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  compressed,  somewhat  elevated.  Pre- 
opercle  strongly  dentate.  Teeth  in  villifonn  bands,  the  outer  row  in  the 
upper  jaw  enlarged  ;  lower  jaw  with  a  row  of  minute  barbels  on  each 
side.  Second  anal  spine  moderate.  Caudal  fin  double  truncate.  Lower 
pharyngeals  narrow,  distinct,  with  conical  teeth.  Gill-rakers  moderate, 
rather  slender.  Air-bladder  with  long  horns,  (mw/x)?,  small ;  ntoywv^ 
beard.) 

901.  M.  uadulatas  (L.)  C.  &  Y.— Croaker. 

Color  grayish-silvery,  with  bright  reflections ;  sides  and  back  with 
narrow,  irregular,  undulating  lines  of  dots;  dorsal  flns  with  three  lines 
of  dots  along  base.  Body  ratJier  elongate,  slightly  elevated,  the  back 
somewhat  compressed.  Head  long,  the  snout  prominent,  not  strongly 
convex.  Mouth  rather  large,  nearly  horizontal,  the  maxillary  reaching 
to  I'ront  of  eye.  Eye  2  in  snout.  Preopercle  strongly  serrate ;  the 
spines  near  angle  diverging.  Dorsals  nearly  separate,  the  first  high; 
pectorals  moderate,  nearly  reaching  tips  of  ventrals ;  ventral  filament- 
ous ;  anal  inserted  nearly  under  middle  of  second  dorsal ;  the  second 
spine  rather  weak,  shorter  than  snout,  one-third  length  of  head.  D.  X, 
1, 27 ;  A.  II,  8;  Lat.  1.  GO;  coeca  8.  Head  3 J ;  depth  3^ ;  eye  5  in  head, 
rather  less  than  interorbital  width.  L.  12  inches.  New  Ytirk  to  West. 
Indies;  common  southward. 

{Perca  nndulata  L.  Syst.  Nat. ;  Cuv.  «fc  Val.  v,  219 ;  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  Car.  1860, 146; 
Gunther,  ii,  271 :  Micropogon  Uneatua  Cuv.  &  Val.  v,  215.) 

800.— VmBRINA  Cuvier. 

(Cuvier,  Rtigne  Anim.  ed.  1,  297,  1817:  type  Sciwna  cirrhoaa  L.) 

Body  moderately  elongate;  back  somewhat  arched.  Head  oblong, 
with  the  snout  thick  and  protuberant.  Mouth  almost  horizontal,  of 
moderate  size.  Preoperculum  with  its  bony  margin  finely  serrate. 
Lower  jaw  with  a  single  thickish  barbel.  Teeth  in  villiform  bands, 
the  outermost  in  the  upper  jaw  somewhat  enlarged.    Anterior  dorsal 


I  5  If '  > 


■■■\F 


•  i'- 


■m 


*>.  '■ 


r 


■\1S 

t  It*.* 


r 
'■'i\ 


'K^ 


i4 


II 


57G      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


i; 


jli 


with  about  10  spines;  anal  fin  with  2  spines,  the  second  not  very  small. 
Caudal  lunate  cr  truncate.  Gill-rakers  normal,  but  short.  Air-bladder 
present.  In  most  warm  seas.  (Latin,  wiMftra,  shade;  the  nume  wwftra 
was  used  for  the  typical  species  by  early  writers.) 

a.  S'des  without  vertical  bars. 

90il«  U*  roncador  Jor.  &.  Gilb. — Tellow-Jlnned  Roncador. 

Bright  silvery,  bluish  above,  with  brassy  reflections ;  sides  with  nar- 
roT,  distinct,  undulating  streaks  of  deep  olive,  running  from  the  head 
and  pectoral  region  upward  and  backward,  with  some  abrupt  curvatures 
to  the  base  of  the  dorsal  fin,  sometimes  alternating  with  line's  of  spots* 
no  vertical  bars;  cheeks  pure  white;  flns  mostly  yellow;  peritoneum 
black.  Body  elliptical-elongate,  the  back  somewhat  elevated,  the  curve 
from  snout  to  dorsal  regular.  Head  conical,  bluntish.  Mouth  horizon- 
tal, the  maxillary  extending  to  beyond  front  of  pupil ;  eye  moderate,  1 J 
in  snout,  5J  in  head,  1^  in  interorbital  width.  Caudal  lunato,  the  upper 
lobe  the  longer.  Second  anal  spine  strong,  2J  in  head,  a  little  shorter 
than  third  dorsal  spine.  Pectoral  short  and  small,  not  reaching  tips  of 
ventrals,  and  not  half  way  to  vent;  its  length  IJ  in  head.  Head  3|; 
depth  3J.  D.  X-1, 27 ;  A.  II,  7 ;  Lat.  1.  58.  L.  15  inches.  Point  Concep. 
cion  to  Panama  abundant ;  ono  of  the  handsomest  of  the  Scisenoids. 

(Jor.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu.  S81:  Vmbrina  undulata  Steintlachner,  Ichlhyol. 
Beitriige,  iii,  21,  1675;  not  of  Girard.)  '  .         , 

aa.  Sides  with  vertical  bara.  '  .         ^ 

900.  IJ.  brotissoneti  Cuv.  &  Vol. 

Body  with  about  9  dark  cross-bands,  besides  undulating  streaks 
along  the  rows  of  scales ;  spinous  dorsal  blackish.  Body  rather  stout, 
the  back  somewhat  elevated;  maxillary  extending  to  pupil;  preopercle 
finely  denticulate  on  its  bony  edge ;  barbel  short ;  pectoral  fins  short 
and  small,  not  reaching  to  tips  of  ventrals  nor  half  way  to  veot; 
caudal  truncate;  second  anal  spine  thick,  f  the  length  of  the  head. 
Eye  3§  in  head.  Head  3^ ;  depth  3!  D.  X-1, 28 ;  A.  II,  7 ;  scales  5-48- 
10.    West  Indies,  north  to  East  Florida. 

(Cuv.  &  Val.  V,  187 ;  Gilnther  ii,  277 ;  Jordau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  17 :  Urn- 
brina  coroidea  Cuv.  &  Val.  v,  187.) 

803.— IQEKTICIRRVS  GiU. 

King-Jish.  ,  ~ 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1961,  86:  type  Perca  albumua  L.) 

Body  comparatively  elongate,  little  compressed ;  head  long,  subcoDic, 
the  bluntish  snout  considerably  projecting  beyond  the  mouth ;  moutti 


91.    SCIiENID^ — MENTICIRRU8. 


577 


giaiill.  horizontal,  both  jaws  with  bands  of  villiform  teeth,  the  outer 
teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  more  or  less  enlarged ;  chin  with  a  ^ngle  stoiit- 
ish  barbel;  preopercle  with  its  membranaceous  edge  serrulate;  gill- 
rakers  short,  tubercular;  dorsal  spines  high,  slender;  second  dorsal 
long  and  low;  caudal  fin  with  the  lower  angle  rounded,  the  upper 
shan^;  anal  fin  with  a  single  weak  spine;  no  air-bladder.  Lower  pha- 
ryngeals separate,  small,  with  sharp  teeth.  Species  nutnerous  in  Amer- 
ican waters.  (Latin,  mentum,  chin;  cirrttSj  barbel.) 
a,  OutiT  row  of  teeth  in  upper  jaw  not  greatly  enlarged. 

907.  I?I.  ncbulOSUS  (Mitchill)  Gill. —  Whilinr] ;  Kuxj-fiiih ;  Barb. 

Bright  grayish  silvery,  with  irregular  dark  bars,  those  in  front  run- 
ning obliquely  backward  and  downward,  those  behind  obliquely  forward 
and  downward  ;  fins  all  dusky.  Body  elongate,  terete,  but  little  com- 
pressed; snout  very  blunt;  profile  evenly  curved;  eyes  very  small, 
about  2  in  snout ;  outer  teeth  not  much  enlarged ;  pectoral  fins  short 
and  broad,  scarcely  reaching  tips  of  ventrals,  Ij^  in  head  ;  ventrals  IJ  in 
head;  dorsal  fins  scarcely  connected;  spinous  dorsal  high,  its  height 
threefonrths  length  of  head;  anal  spine  very  weak,  less  than  half  the 
height  of  fin.  Head  3f  in  length  ;  depth  4^.  D.  X-T,  20 ;  A.  I,  8 ;  Lat. 
1.  about  08.  Cape  Cod  to  Cape  Hatteras ;  common  northward ;  an  im- 
portant food-fish. 

{Scimia  mhulosa  Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  and  Philos.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  403,  1815:  Umhrina  neb- 
ulom  Giiuther,  ii,  275.) 

90§.  M.  litloralis  (Holbroolc)  Gill.— 5jir/  Whiting. 

This  si)ecies  is  said  to  be  distinguished  from  M.  alhurmis  by  the  plain 
silvery  color  and  the  absence  or  reduction  of  the  outer  series  of  larger 
teeth.  Form  entirely  similar  to  that  of  M.  alburn  us.  B.  X-I,  27 ;  A.  T,  0. 
Coast  of  South  Carolina.    (Holbroolc.) 

( Uvibrina  littoralia  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  Car.  1H60, 144 :  Umhrina  littoralin  GUnther,  ii,  276. ) 
aa.  Outer  row  of  teeth  in  upper  jaw  much  enlarged. 

^09.  in.  alburnus  (Linn.)  GiU.— Whiting. 

Silvery,  faintly  clouded  along  the  back  and  sides,  these  marks  form- 
ing dusky  bars,  running  obliquelj'^  forward  and  downward  to  below 
the  lateral  line,  sometimes  obsolete.  Body  elongate,  rather  slenderer 
thau  in  nebulosus;  back  slightly  arched;  belly  nearly  straight.  Snout 
broad,  depressed,  and  bluntish,  i)rotruding  beyond  the  mouth.  Outer 
teeth  of  upper  jaw  very  strong.  Maxillary  reaching  to  below  middle  of 
the  small  eye.  Third  dorsal  spine  highest,  less  than  half  the  length  of 
the  soft  dorsal,  and  two-thirds  the  length  of  head ;  pectorals  broad, 
BiUl.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 37 


•V 


Jt    ;••    •  .'1 

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578      CONTRIDUTIOXS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

rather  long,  their  tips  reaching  beyond  ventrals,  their  length  1^  in  liead- 

ventrals  2  in  head.    Ilead  3^  in  length;  depth  about  4.    D.  X-I,  jr*;  a. 

I,  7 ;  Lat.  1.  05.     South  Atlantic  coast  of  United  States. 

( Perca  alburnus  Linn.  Syst.  Nat. :  Umbrina  alburnuit  Oilntber,  ii,  275:  Umhrina  alhnr- 
nun  Ht>lb.  Icb.  S.  C  ItiuO,  137 :  Urnhnna  phalwna  Giruid,  Mux.  Uouud.  8urv.  Ivbth 
le)&9,  13.) 

OlO.  in.  lintllllatus  (Grd.)  Gill.— fia^ara;  ".9ttoi«r". 

Sooty  grayish,  with  bright  reflections,  the  back,  all  the  flna,  and  under 
side  ofthehead  dusky  with  dark  points;  undulating  lines  along  sides  rnn- 
ning  upward  and  backward ; .  back  often  with  very  faint  dark  cross-bars. 
Body  elongate,  the  back  not  elevated.  Uead  bluntisb.  Eye  small,  2i 
in  Ruont,  7  in  head,  the  maxillary  scarcely  extending  to  its  front.  Ante- 
rior teeth  of  ui)per  jaw  strong.  First  dorsal  high,  its  longest  spine 
reaching  past  front  of  second  dorsal;  anal  small,  nearly  under  tlie 
middle  of  second  dorsal,  1 J  in  head ;  pectoral  fins  reaching  i>ast  tips 
of  ventrals  nearly  to  vent,  their  length  1^  in  head^  Head  4 ;  depth  4. 
D.  X-I,  20;  A.  I,  8;  Lat.  1.  00.  L.  18  inches.  Pacific  coast,  from  Pan- 
ama north  to  Point  Goucepcion;  abundant. 

( Umhrina  undnlata  Gimril,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  148,  and  iu  U.  S.  Pac. 
R.  R.  Surv.  Fisli.  101  (the  type,  a  very  young  specimen,  examined  by  us):  Umbrina 
«7oH(/a<rt  Giinther,  Proc.  Zoul.  Soc.  London,  18G4,  148.) 


f  > 


iil  V.  !   i 


303 liARIIflUS  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes.  '  ' 

'(Cnvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  v,  145, 1830:  type  Larimns  breviceps  C.  &  V,) 

Body  oblong,  compressed ;  snout  very  short  and  blunt ;  mouth  very 

oblique,  large,  the  lower  jaw  projecting ;  teeth  small,  in  villiforni  bands; 

no  barbels ;  preopercle  finely  serrated ;  i)seudobranchiaB  present ;  air- 

4 

bladder  simple;  vertebra)  as  usual;  lov^er  pharyngeals  distinct,  with 
pointed  teeUi;  dorsal  fins  connected,  the  first  moderate,  the  second  long; 
Mial  fin  very  small,  plac^  well  back,  provided  with  2  spines ;  caudal 
tin  conv-ex.  (An  ancient  UMXte  of  some  fish,  from  kapu;,  pleasant,  dainty.) 

911.  Li.  fasciaias  Hoibrook. 

Silvery  gray,  clouded  above;  sides  marked  with  about  7  nearly  ver 
tical  dusky  ban^Jauining  from  the  back  to  below  the  lateral  line.  Body 
otolon^g,  compneaigJ,  Tentral  outline  nearly  straight,  dorsal  outline  consid- 
erably arched }  moat  very  short,  much  less  than  the  diameter  of  the 
large  eye ;  mouth  large,  very  oblique,  maxillary  nearly  reaching  iws- 
t^rjor  margin  of  orbit;  tip  of  mandible  on  level  of  lower  part  of  pupil; 


Ilijfv.-'S.., 

i    it       ~    V 


91.   SCI^NID^  —  OYNOSCION. 


579 


fiecond  anal  spine  small;   iKMitonil  fin  short  and  caudal  ^nbtruncate. 
Head  3 J ;  depth  abont  3.    1).  X-1, 24 ;  A.  II,  0;  Lat.  1.  ab<»ut  02.    {Hul- 
Jfrook.)    South  Atlantic  coast  and  southward  ;.  rare. 
(Ilolbrook,  Ich.  8.  C.  1860,  154;  GUnther,  ii,  269.) 

803.— ATBACTOSCIOIV  Gill. 

(Gill,  Pron.  Acad.  Nat.  Scl.  Pbila.  18;52,  18:  type  OtoUthm  cBqnidenir  Cnv.  &,  Val.) 

This  genus  diflfers  from  Cynoseion  otily  in  the  dentition,  the  bands  of 
teeth  being  somewhat  broader  and  some  of  the  teeth  near  the  middle  of 
the  ni>i>er  jaw  enlarged,  but  not  forming  canines.  The  species  are 
among  the  largest  of  the  Scimnidce,  and  as  food-fishes  they  are  among 
the  best.    (ar/>axT«-:,  a  spindle ;  irxtov,  Scitena.) 

919.  A.  noblle  (Ayres)  Gill. —  White  Sea  Bass;  Sea  Trout;  Corvina. 

Dull  silvery,  bluish  above;  everywhere  punctulate;  young  with  obscure, 
dusky  cross-bars;  axil  and  fins  dusky.  Body  elongate-elliptical,  not 
uiucli  compressed;  head  slender,  conical,  the  snout  rather  pointed;  mouth 
terminal,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  the  longer;  maxillary  reaching  to  be- 
yond pupil;  premaxillarj' in  front  on  the  level  of  the  orbit;  teeth  in 
lower  jaw  enlarged  and  in  a  single  row  laterally,  anteriorly  smaller,  in 
abroad  patch,  the  inner  series  in  both  jaws  reflexed  and  movable ;  upper 
jaw  with  about  two  series  on  sides  forming  a  broad  cardiform  patch  in 
front;  a  few  of  the  teeth  near  the  middle  of  the  jaw  enlarged  but  not 
canine  like ;  gill-rakers  moderate,  very  strong ;  scales  very  thin,  weakly 
ctenoid ;  anal  spines  2,  weak,  the  first  sometimes  obsolete ;  fins  low, 
pectoral  not  reaching  half  way  to  vent ;  caudal  lunate,  the  upper  lobe 
generally  longest.  Head  3^ ;  depth  4.  D.  X-I,  21 ;  A.  II,  9 ;  Lat.  1. 
88  (tubes);  more  than  100  series  of  scales.  Pacific  coast  north  to  JSau 
Francisco;  one  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  of  our  Scitenoid  fishes, 
reaching  a  weight  of  60  to  70  pounds.    The  flesh  is  firm  and  rich. 

(Jolmius  nobilia  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci,  1860,  78 ;  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Pliila.  1862,  18:  OtoKthua  californenaia  Steinduchner,  Ichth.  Beitriige,  iii,  31,  187.5,  the 
young  or  "  Sea  Trout.") 

304r— CTNOSCIOIV  Gill. 

Weahjishea. 

(Ceatrem  Gronow ;  notof  C.  &V.) 
(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1861, 49 :  type  Johnim  regalia,  Bloch.) 

Body  elongate,  little  coinpressed;  the  back  not  elevated.  Head 
corneal,  rather  pointetl.  Mouth  larger  than  in  our  other  Scisenoids;  the 
lower  jaw  projecting.    Maxillary  very  broad.    Teeth  sharp,  not  closely 


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680      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 

set,  ill  rather  narrow  bands;  the  lower  jaw  without  canines;  upper 
jaw  with  two  long  canines, one  of  which  is  sometimes  obsolete;  lateral 
teeth  of  lower  jaw  larger  than  anterior.  Preopercle  with  its  mem- 
branaceous edge  serrulate,  the  bone  entire.  Lower  pharyngeal  bones 
sei)arate,  their  teeth  all  pointed.  Gill-rakers  strong,  rather  long.  Yer. 
tebrae  about  14+10  (instead  of  10+14  as  in  ScUcnoids  generally). 
Pseudobranchis^  well  developed.  Dorsal  spines  slender ;  anal  spines  1 
or 2,  very  feeble;  second  dorsal  long  and  low;  caudal  tin  subtruncateor 
lunate.  Large  lishes  chiefly  of  the  waters  of  America,  closely  related  to 
the  Old  World  genus  Otolitlms,  from  which  they  are  distinguished  by  tlie 
absence  of  canines  in  the  lower  jaw.  All  of  them  rank  high  as  food- 
fishes ;  the  flesh  is  rich,  but  tender  and  easily  torn  ;  hence  the  popular 
name  of  Weak  fishes,  {xutov,  dog;  axwvy  Sciaena;  the  modern  Greek 
name  of  Umbrina  cirrhosa.) 

a.  Anal  spines  2. 

9t3.  C.  purvipiBine  Ayres. — Blue-fish;  Corvina. 

Clear  steel-blue  above,  without  stripes  or  spots,  silvery  below;  a 

narrow  dusky  shade  along  the  sides  below  the  lateral  line  ;  axil  dusky; 

lower  fins  yellowish  with  dusky  shading ;  upper  fins  dark  ;  the  second 

dorsi  !  ua'ic-edged.    Body  elongate,  compressed,  little  elevated.    Head 

conic,  rather  pointed.    Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  extending  to  beyond 

the  pupil.    Eye  large,  a  little  shorter  than  snout,  6  in  head.    Teeth 

moderate,  in  a  rather  bioad  band;  canines  very  long  and  strong,  usually 

but  one  preseiit.    Fins  rather  low ;  caudal  lunate ;  pectoral  short,  not 

reaching  to  the  tips  of  the  ventrals.    Gill-rakers  strong,  rather  lorg. 

Head  3^;   depth  4J.    D.  IX-I,  23;  A.  II,  10;  the  first  anal  spine  ex 

tremely  small.    Lat  1.  with  75  tubes;  the  number  of  scales  about  %. 

L.  30  inches.    Pyloric  cceca  3.    Air-bladder  long,  with  two  appendages. 

Coast  of  California  and  Mexico,  chiefly  south  of  Santa  Barbara.    Au 

excellent  food  fish. 

(Ayivs,  Froc.  Cal.  Acail.  Nat.  Sci.  1861, 150:  Otolithua  magdalenw,  Stoindaclinor,  Icblli, 
Beitriigo,  iii,  1875.) 

ca.  Annl  spino  single. 

«!.  ISack  tinifoi'ju  silvery  white,  without  dark  spots  or  blotches. 

914.  C.  nofhuin  Un\h.--WHte  Trout;  Sea  Trout 

Uniform  bright  silvery,  bluish  above.  Body  elongate,  little  coniiuess- 
ed.  Back  more  arched  than  in  the  other  species.  Mouth  moderate, 
oblique;  lower  jaw  longest;  maxillary  reaching  opposite  middle  of  eye. 
Jlye  large,  about  ca  ioug  aa  snout.    Head  3^}  depth  3^.    D.  X~1, 28  (X- 


# 


■  •■■■"*1^ 


91.    SCIiENID^. — CYNOSCION. 


581 


■f-svS 


I,  25,  Giinlher) ;  A.  I,  10  ;  Lat.  1.  about  68.  {Eolbrooh)  Coast  of  South 
Ciuolina  and  southward. 

(OloUthua  nothm  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  C.  1830.  134:  OioHthm  volhiis  Glinther,  ii,  IIOS.) 
cc.  Hack  irregularly  speckled  and  blotched,  the  spcits  forming  undulating  streaks. 

915.  C.  rejfale  (Block  &  Schneider)  Gill. —  Weak-fish;  Squetcafjue;  Gray  Trout. 

Silverj',  darkiT  above  and  marked  witli  many  small,  irregular  dark 
blotches,  some  of  which  form  undulating  linea  running  downward  and 
iorward;  back  and  head  with  bright  reflections;  dorsal  aiul  caudal 
fills  dusky;  ventrals^  anal,  and  lower  edge  of  caudal  yellowish,  some- 
times speckled.  Maxillary  reaching  to  beyond  pupil ;  teeth  sharp,  in  nar- 
row I  mds.  Pectorals  short,  scarcely  rea(!hing  tips  of  ventrals,  a  little 
more  than  half  length  of  head ;  longest  dorsal  spine  as  long  as  maxillary, 
not  half  length  of  head.  Head  3J  in  length  ;  depth  4J.  Eye  about  1^ 
in  snout.  D.  X-I,  20;  A.  I  13;  Lat.  1.  78.  Cape  Cod  to  South  Amer- 
ica; very  abundant,  and  highly  valued  as  a  food -fish. 

(.lohniusreqaUd  Bl.  &  Schn.  1801,  75:  OMithua  regalia  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  C.  1860, 129: 
OtoUfhiia  regalia  GUnther,  ii,  307.) 

9 '6.  C.  thala^sinnin  (Holb.)  Gill. 

Silvery,  darker  above,  and  marked  with  many  interrupted  narrow 
(lark  lines,  directed  from  back  obliquely  forwards;  belly  yellow,  the 
color  running  up  on  the  sides.  Body  longer  and  less  elevated  than  in 
the  preceding,  and  with  a  sharper  snout.  Head  3^  in  length ;  depth 
about  4^.  D.  X-T,  26 ;  A.  I,  9.  South  Atlantic  coast  of  United  States. 
A  doubtful  species,  distinguished  from  C.  regale  by  the  fewer  lin  rays. 

{OtoUthua  thalaaainuH  Holbrook,  Ich.  S.  C.  I860,  133;  not  Otoliihua  tlialaaainua  Glin- 
ther, ii,  308.) 
hhh.  Back  and  upper  fins  with  many  conspicuous  round  black  spots. 

91?.  C.  mnirulatuin  (Mitchill)  GiW.—Spoikd  Sea  Trout. 

.  Bright  silvery,  darker  above;  back  posteriorly  with  numerous  round 
black  spots  as  largo  as  the  pupil ;  both  dorsal  ami  caudal  flns  marked 
with  similar,  somewhat  smaller  spots,  much  as  in  a  trout ;  anal  dusky. 
Maxillary  reaching  to  posterior  edge  of  eye ;  canines  moderate.  Long- 
est dorsal  spine  not  (piite  half  the  length  of  the  head ;  pectorals  short, 
not  reaching  tips  of  ventrals,  not  half  length  of  head ;  (!audal  lunate. 
Head  3J  ;  depth  5.  Eye  largo,  about  6  in  head.  D.  X-I,  25;  A.  1, 10; 
Lat.  1.  about  90.    Virginia  to  Mexico;  very  abundant  southward. 

(LtthruH  aqueteay tie  \ar.  jna«<?«<«8  Mitchill,  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  ',  390,  181.'):  Oio- 
Uthm  rcroUnenata  Cxiv.  &  Val.  ix,47.'):  OtoUthua  varoUnenai»  Holl)rook,  Ich.  S.  C.  18G0, 
"I'i:  Otoliihua  carolincnaia  ClhithGi',  ii,  30(5:  OloUthua  drummondi  Ghiivil,  U  S.  Mex. 
Bound  Surv.  Icbth.  1859, 13;  not  of  Richardson  f .) 


■^■*licy!»/^ 


I'  ■ ' 
I*    * 


% 


582       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

J- "'v'-   '-■^'        '      '■;''•  '   '  ■    •      .    ■     -        •,.i^.;.V;:v■^■K  ::f*',y:?^    ■•   . 

305.— SERIPHUSAyres. /......„,.,....,  , 

•       _'  /  Queen-fishes.  V,*  - 

(AjTes,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  pt.  ii,  80,  ISfil :  typo  Seriphua  poliUis  Aytea.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  rather  large,  deciduous,  ctenoid 
scjiies.  Head  deep,  compressed,  cariuated  bebiuJ,  depressed  above  the 
eye.  Snout  bluntish,  lower  jaw  projecting.  Mouth  large,  oblique.  TectU 
small,  shari),  separated,  in  narrov?  bands.  Gill-rakers  long.  Pseiido- 
brancbiai  x^resent.  Preopercle  with  its  membranaceous  edge  denticulated. 
Fins  fragile,  the  soft  parts  scaly;  dorsal  fins  well  apart,  the  second  un- 
usually small,  scarcely  larger  than  the  anal,  which  is  unusually  lar;^e  • 
anal  spines '  jeble ;  caudal  flu  lunate.  Vertebrae  14  +  10,  as  in  Otolith- 
ince.  Size  small,  {^iri/n^o^,  a  small  winged  insect;  also  a  kind  of  worm- 
wood; the  allusion  not  evident.) 

91§.  S.  |»olltMS  Ayres.— (?Mee}i-/«ft;  Eing-fish. 

Bluish  above,  sides  and  below  bright  silvery,  finely  punctate ;  ver- 
ti'  d  fins  all  pale  yellow;  base  of  pec^torals  blackish.  Body  oblong,  coni- 
l>ressed.  Depth  of  head  %  its  length.  Mouth  very  large,  oblique,  tlie 
tip  of  the  mandible  on  the  level  of  the  pupil,  the  broad  maxillary  reacli- 
iug  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  pupil.  Teeth  small,  shar]>,  separated, 
in  about  two  series  in  front  and  one  behii;d.  Gill  rakers  §  dijuneter  of 
eye.  Scales  ctenoid,  very  deciduous.  Si)iues  very  slender.  Soft  i)aits 
of  vertical  fins  largely  covered  Avith  small  deciduous  scales.  Dorsals 
Avell  separated,  the  second  inserted  in  advance  of  the  anal,  which  ex 
tends  much  further  back;  caudal  concave;  pectorals  snu^ll,  barely 
reaching  tips  of  the  small  ventrals.  Flesh  very  tender.  Ileatl  '.\\\ 
depth  32.  D.  VIII-I,  20 ;  A.  II,  21 ;  Lat.  1.  about  00.  L.  12-14  inches. 
Coast  of  California ;  very  abundant  southward ;  north  to  San  Francisco, 

(Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  ii,  80, 1831 ;  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1863, 
277.) 

Family  XCIL— GERRID.E. 

[The  Qerroids.) 

Body  oblong  or  elevated,  compressed,  covered  with  sparoid  scales; 
lateral  line  continuous ;  mouth  moderate,  extremely  protractile,  descend 
ing  wnen  protruded,  the  spines  of  the  premaxillary  extending  to  above 
the  eye,  closing  a  deep  groove  in  the  top  of  the  head ;  maxillary  with- 
out supplemental  bone,  not  slipping  under  the  very  narrow  preor'.iital; 
its  surface  silvery,  like  the  rest  of  the  head ;  base  of  mandible  scaly, 


92.    GERRID^ — GERRES. 


583 


a  slit  between  it  and  the  preorbital  to  permit  Its  free  motion ;  both  jaws 
w  ith  slender,  villiform  teeth ;  no  incisors,  canines,  nor  molars ;  no  teeth 
on  vomer  or  palatines ;  preopercle  entire  or  serrate ;  sides  of  head 
scaly;  nostrils  double,  round;  pseudobranchiae  concealed;  gill  lakers 
sborr,  broad;  gill-membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus;  dorsal 
flu  siiij^le,  continuous  or  deeply  notched,  the  spinous  and  soft  portions 
about  e(iually  desveloped,  with  a  scaly  sheath  along  the  base,  as  in  Em- 
hiotocidce;  dorsal  spines  usually  9  or  10 ;  anal  usually  with  3  spines ;  the 
soft  portion  of  the  fin  similar  to  the  soft  dorsal,  but  shorter ;  ventral 
tins  thoracic,  I,  5 ;  branchiostegals  G;  lower  pharyngeal  bouos  firmly 
united,  with  a  suture;  air-bladder  i)resent;  pyloric  cceca  rudimentaiy; 
vertebnc  10-14.  Oviparous.  Species  about  30,  inhabiting  the  tropical 
seas.  They  differ  considerably  in  form,  and  in  development  of  spines, 
but  probably  all  may  be  referred  to  a  single  genus. 
(Gcnidw  Giiuther,  iv,  252-264.) 

aoe.-OEKRES  Cnvicr. 

(Cnvier,  Ri'gne  Auim.  od.  2,  ii,  1829;  type  Gerrcs  plumicri  Cuv.  &  Val.) 

Character  of  the  genus  included  above.    (An  ancient  Latin  name  of 
some  similar  fish.) 
a.  Preoporcle  serrate;  secoiul  spines  of  dorsal  and  anal  much  enlarged.     (Gcrrea.) 

919.  G.  pliinlicri  Cuv.  &  Val. 

Brilliant  silvery,  a  blackish  stripe  along  each  row  of  scales,  making 
about  12  streaks,  the  upper  concurrent  with  the  back  and  thus  strongly 
curved ;  flns,  except  the  pectorals,  dusky.  Body  compressed,  the  back 
much  elevated,  tha  profile  steeply  descending  and  somewhat  concave,  the 
suout  rather  pointed ;  lips  full,  mouth  quite  small,  the  maxillary  reaching 
front  of  the  pupil  of  the  large  eye,  which  is  longer  than  snout,  3^  in 
liead;  three  rows  of  scales  on  cheek;  sca'es  large,  smooth,  adherent; 
longest  dorsal  spine  nearly  as  long  us  head,  long«T  than  longest  anal 
spine ;  pectorals  narrow,  pointed,  reaching  past  tips  of  ventirJs  to  anal ; 
caudal  forked;  ventral  v/ith  a  large  accessory  scale.  Lat.  1.  conspicuous, 
its  scales  38.  Head  3^  in  length ;  depth  2.  D.  IX,  12 ;  A.  HI,  9,  the  last 
rays  not  much  higher  than  the  scaly  sheath.  West  Indies,  north  to 
Eastern  Florida. 

(Ciiv.  &  Vul.  vi,  452;  Gtlnther,  iv,  253.) 

aa.  Pr('oprrcli>  entire;   second  spines  of  dorniitanu  anal  little  onlurged.    {rHapkrua* 
Kanzuni.) 


ir    • 


*Dia])lertt8  Ranzanl,  N.  Comiu.  Ac.  8c.  Bol.  1841 :  ~  Eucinoatomua  B.  &  G. 
poi,  liiiving  the  lia  dlvidet- , ) 


(StaTtrs- 


•If  I 

m 


'  I 


!.  ;i 


i  \ 

i 


584      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
920>  G.  argfcnicus  (Baird  &  Girartl)  Giiullior.  a  5  ve  "    .?■ 

Silvery,  without  spots  or  streaks  on  body  or  J3us;  young  sometimes 
barred.  Mouth  very  small,  maxillary  reaching  slightly  beyond  vortical 
from  fiout  of  eye ;  scales  large ;  spinous  part  of  dorsal  as  long  as  soft • 
second  dorsal  spine  scarcely  half  the  length  of  headj  soft  dorsal 
extending  a  little  further  back  than  anal.  Eye  3  in  head  Head  31  • 
depth  3.    D.  IX,  10 ;  A.  Ill,  7  or  8.    New  Jersey  to  North  Caroliua. 

(Eucinoatomua  argenteuB  Baird  «&  Girard,  Ninth  Sniithsonian  Report,  1854,  335.) 

931.  G.  hoinonynius  (Goodo  &  Bean)  J.  &  G. 

Silvery,  brownish  above,  centre  of  scales  with  a  darker  spot ;  a  black 

spot  on  spinous  dorsal ;  young  with  transverse  dark  bars.    Body  oblong, 

compressed,  highest  Jit  front  of  spinous  dorsal ;  profile  steep,  not  arched ; 

mouth  horizontal,  maxillary  reaching  to  below  eye ;  eye  large.    Head  31 

in  length;  depth  2^;  eye 3  in  head.    D.  IX,  10;  A.  Ill,  8.    L.lat.  about 

40.    [Baird  &  Qirard.)    Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States;  abundant 

southward. 

(I)iaj)teru8  homovynnis  Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  ii,  340,  1879:  Eudnostn- 
VIU8  argentcus  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  Ic.htli.  1859,  17,  not  of  B.  &  G. :  Gems 
arj/entews  Giinther,  iv,  256.) 

933.  G.  hareng:ulus  (Goode  &  Beau)  J.  &  G. 

"The  height  01  the  body  is  contained  3  to  3^  times  in  the  total  length 
\vithout  caudal,  the  length  of  the  head  3J  to  3J  times;  the  diameter  of 
the  eye  excels  the  length  of  the  snout  and  is  contained  3  times  in  the 
length  of  the  head  and  equals  the  width  of  the  interorbital  space;  llie 
groove  for  the  ])roces8e8  of  the  iutermaxillaries  is  naked  and  extends  to 
the  vertical  through  the  anterior  third  of  the  eye;  the  free  portion  of 
the  tail  is  longer  than  high ;  the  least  height  of  tail  equals  the  length  of 
the  0th  dorsal  spine ;  the  3rd  dorsal  s[)ine  is  the  longest,  its  length  being 
contained  twice  in  the  height  of  the  body  and  equals  the  length  of  tlie 
head  without  the  postorbital  portion ;  the  last  dorsal  8i)ine  equals  in 
length  the  2d  anal,  and  about  equals  the  length  of  the  snout,  and  is  about 
f  as  long  as  the  3d ;  the  first  dorsal  ray  is  fully  1^  times  as  long  as  tlie 
1  st  dorsal  spine ;  the  2d  anal  spine  is  stnmger  and  shorter  than  the  Srd, 
its  length  being  contained  3|  in  the  length  of  the  head ;  the  3(1  anal 
spine  is  contained  3^  times  in  the  length  of  the  head ;  the  caudal  is 
forked,  its  length  slightly  less  than  the  length  of  the  head,  and  very 
little  greater  than  the  length  of  the  pectoral;  the  pectoral  reaches  to 
the  perpendicular  through  the  origin  of  the  soft  dorsal.  The  ventral  is 
half  as  long  as  the  head ;  the  vent  is  under  the  2d  ray  of  the  soft  dor- 


93.    EMBIOTOCIDiE, 


685 


sal.  D.IXjlO;  A.irr,  7;  P.15;  V.I,5;  C. +  17+.  L.  lat.  44 ;  L.  trans. 
a .  The  back  has  a  slight  tawny  hue,  interrupted  as  it  blends  with  the 
white  of  the  sides  by  five  or  six  indistinct  scollopy  incursions  of  the 
body  color,  giving  the  upper  part  of  the  side  of  the  fish  a  marbled  ap- 
pearance." {Qoode  &  Bean.)  West  coast  of  Florida.  ^  - 
lEucinostomus  harenijulua  Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  1879,  132,  340.) 

!^  Family  XCIIL—EMBIOTOCID^.  ;      ' 

V  :.,       {The  Surf-fishes.)  .  ,., 

Viviparous  Labroids.  Body  ovate  or  oblong,  comi)res8ed,  covered 
with  cycloid  scales  of  moderate  size.  Cheeks,  operculum,  and  interoi)er- 
culimi  scaly.  Lateral  line  continuous,  running  high,  with(mt  abrupt  flex- 
ure; not  extending  on  the  caudal  flu.  Head  rather  short.  Mouth  small, 
terminal.  Jaws  with  conical  or  compressed  teeth  of  moderate  or  small 
size,  in  one  or  two  series.  No  teeth  on  vomer  or  jialatines;  no  catiines; 
lower  pharyngeals  united,  without  suture,  their  teeth  conical  or  paved. 
Upper  jaw  freely  protractile.  Lips  full,  the  lower  either  forming  a  free 
border  to  the  jaw  or  else  attached  by  a  frenum  at  the  symphysis.  Max- 
illary short,  without  supplemental  bone,  slipping  for  most  or  all  of  its 
\w^\\\  under  the  preorbital.  Opercular  bones  entire.  Branchiostegals 
0  (or  5).  Gill-rakers  usually  slender;  gill-openings  wide,  the  membranes 
free  fr>)m  the  isthmus  or  very  slightly  connected;  i)seudobranchia) 
present;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  th*^  fourth.  Nostrils  round,  li  on  each 
side.  Dorsal  fin  single,  long,  with  8-18  usually  slender  spines,  which 
are  depressible  in  a  groove.  A  sheath  of  scales  along  the  base  of  the  an- 
terior ])art  of  soft  dorsal  and  posterior  part  of  spinous  dorsal ;  this  sheath 
separated  by  a  furrow  from  the  scales  of  the  body.  Anal  (in  elongate, 
with  3  moderate  or  small  spines  and  15-35  slender  soft  rays,  its  form 
and  structure  difiering  in  the  two  sexes.>  Ventral  fins  thoraci<;,  I,  5. 
Pectorals  moderate.  Caudal  forked.  Oviduct  opening  behind  the  vent, 
the  two  apertures  always  distinctly  separated.  Air-bladder  large,  sim- 
ple.   No  ijyloric  co'ca.     Vertebra;  1.3-19  +  10-23. 

Viviparous.  The  young  are  hatched  within  the  body,  where  they 
remain  closely  packed  in  a  sac-like  enlargement  of  thc!  oviduct  anah)- 
gous  to  the  uterus,  until  born.  These  ftetal  fishes  bear  at  first  little 
reseinbiance  to  the  parent,  being  closely  comi)ressed  and  having  the 
vertical  fins  exceedingly  elevated.  At  birt  i  they  are  from  1^  to  2^ 
inches  in  length,  and  similar  to  the  adult  in  appearance,  but  more  com- 
pressed, aii'd  red  in  color.    Since  the  aunouncemeut  of  their  viviparous 


» 


ft  ^ 

■  J      i ' 


.i   . 


ii« 


r*- 1 '  -I 


58C       CONTRIBUTIONS  TO"N0RTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

nature  by  Dr.  Gibbons  and  Professor  Agassiz,  in  1853,  these  fishes  liave 
been  the  subject  of  much  interest  to  anatomists. 
'.  Fishes  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America  inhabiting  bays  and 
the  surf  on  sandy  beaches.  One  species  [Hystero  irpu»  trmhi)  inhabits 
fresh  waters,  one  {'■'■DUrema^  violaceum)  is  fouuu  in  Australia,  and 
another  {Ditrema  temmincki)  is  found  in  Japan.  The  species  reach  a 
length  of  from  G  to  18  inches,  and  are  very  abundant  where  f(umd. 
They  are  much  used  for  food,  but  the  flesh  is  i)oor  and  tasteless.  Most 
of  them  feed  on  Crustacea,  but  one  genus  {AheoM)  is  partly  or  wholly 
herbivorous.    Genera  8;  speoies  20.    _  ..^ 

(Embiotocidw  Giiuther,  iv,  244-251.)  ■  „- 

*  Spinous  dorsal  longer  than  tlie  soft  part,  of  16-18  spines;  second  anal  spinn  the 
largest.     {Uijuterocarinnw.) 
a.  Scales  large ;  teeth  moderate,  cuuicul,  in  ouo  series ;  lower  lip  without  ftviiuiii. 

Hystkuocari'cs,  :]07. 
**  Spinous  dorsal  shorter  than  the  soft  part,  of  8-11  spines;  anal  spines  graduated. 
{Embiotocince.) 
h.  Scales  large  (40-50  in  the  lateral  line) ;  soft  dorsal  aud  anul  more  or  less  short- 
ened. 
o»  Teeth  incisor-like,  most  of  tlicui  obtusely  threo-lobed;  lower  lip  witli  a  nar- 
row frenum AuEOXA,  ;iU8. 

CO.  Teeth  conic,  entire Micrometuus,  \Wi. 

lib.  Scales  small  (60-75  in  the  lateral  line). 

d.  Teeth  in  two  series  in  each  jaw Amphistichus,  310. 

dd.  Teeth  in  a  single  series  in  each  jaw. 
e.  Lower  jtharyugeal  bone  normal  (with  the  posterior  margin  concave,  the 
the  lateral  horns  well  developed,  and  the  teeth  all  on  the  same  plniif, 
some  conical,  some  truncate). 
/.  Lower  lip  with  a  frenum,  its  eilgo  entire. 

g.  Abdomen  much  longer  than  the  base  of  the  short  anal  fin. 

Hypsurus,  311. 
gg.  Abdomen  much  shorter  than  the  base  of  the  long  anal  iin. 

DiTKKMA,  312. 
ff.  Lower  lip  without  frenum,  its  free  fold  incised  behind;    lips  very 

large Rhacochiu;>s,  31:{. 

ee.  Lower  pharyngeals  peculiar,  very  largo,  posteriorly  convex,  the  lateral 

horns  little  developed,  the  teeth  on  two  separate  planes  wliicli  meet 

«  at  an  angle,  the  anterior  teeth  hexagonal  and  tessellated,  the  posterior 

ai>pres8ed  forwanls Damai<iciitiiy.s,  314. 

30Y.— HVSTEKtOCARPVS  Gibbons. 

(Gibbons,  Daily  Placer  Times  and  TrnnNcript,  May  18,  1854,  and  in  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.  1854,  124:  type  Hy»teiomrpu8  tranki  Gibbons.) 

Body  ovate,  the  back  strongly  elevated  and  convex  ;  head  small,  the 

snout  projecting ;  mouth  small,  with  one  series  of  rather  large,  bluntly 

conical  teeth;  the  jaws  about  equal ;  lips  not  much  enlarged,  the  lower 

forming  a  free  border,  without  frenutn;  gill  rakers  moderate,  widely  set; 

brauchiostegals  5^  scales  laiher  large,  silvery;   spinous  dorsal  very 


«S,   EMDIOTOCIDiE — ABEONA. 


587 


or  less  short- 


long,  of  about  10  spines,  bigliest  at  the  fifth  or  sixth,  thence  gratlually 
iJioiienMl  each  way,  the  last  spines  being  shorter  than  the  soft  rays; 
HDaI  8}Miie8  stronger  than  in  the  other  genera,  cnrved,  the  second 
ijmue  b&Dg  longer  and  stronger  than  the  first  and  third,  which  are 
jteaxiy  equiJj  soft  rays  of  anal  20-23  in  number,  the  anterior  siinijly 
njticalated.  'ftt^sh  waters  of  California.  {oiTT^pn^,  later;  ««/>-»?,  fruit; 
(;j.,  fruit  bofttttt  late;  in  allusion  to  the  prolonged  development  of  the 
embryo.)'''^' 

933.  H.  traski  Gibbons. 

Males,  above  dark  brown,  sides  yellowish  or  olivaceous,  with  fine 
black  dots ;  throat  and  belly  golden  yellow ;  females  olivaceous,  darker 
above,  with  black  blotches  on  skies  in  irregular  transverse  bars.  Body 
oval,  compressed ;  ventral  curve  less  than  that  of  the  back ;  head  sumll, 
profile  from  snout  to  occiput  concave;  mouth  small,  obli(]ue,  maxillary 
not  reaching  orbit ;  lateral  line  following  the  curve  of  the  back ;  dorsal 
spines  rather  high,  the  fourth  to  seventh  highest ;  cheeks  with  3  rows 
of  large  scales.  Head  3  J ;  depth  2.  D.  XVI,  11;  A.  Ill,  22;  Lat.  1.  40. 
Elvers  of  Central  California,  locally  abundant. 

(Gibbous,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1854,  105,  124;  Giluther,  iv,  251.) 

30§.— ABEONA  Girard.    • 

Shiners.  •      , 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acid.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1855,  322:  typo  Abeona  trowbridgii  GvH.  =  Ci/ma- 
iogaster  minimus  (iihhons.)  , 

Body  ovate  or  oblong,  compressed.  Head  moderate.  Mouth  small; 
the  jaws  about  equal ;  lips  rather  thin,  the  lower  with  a  narrow  frenum; 
teeth  iu  one  principal  series,  besides  which  are  often  one  or  two  other 
teeth,  stout,  somewhat  compressed,  and  incisor-like;  all  or  most  of  the 
teeth  three-lobed.  Gill-rakers  very  slender  and  short.  Lower  pharyn- 
geals scarcely  concave  behind  ;  the  teeth  sill  large  and  truncate.  Scales 
large.  Dorsal  fin  short  and  high ;  the  spines  robust ;  the  middle  ones 
highest  and  rather  higher  than  the  soft  rays.  Anal  fin  short  and  deep, 
with  strong  spines.  Vertebrae  (in  A.  minima)  14  +  19.  Species  of  small 
size;  partly  or  wholly  herbivorous,  feeding  on  sea-weeds.  Coloration 
variegated.    (A  coined  name  without  meaning.) 

*991.  A.  minlmia  (Gibbons)  Gill.  > 

Color  greenish  above  with  bluish  reflections,  thickly  dusted  with 
black  dots;  an  irregular  longitudinal  black  band  along  axis  cf  body, 
aud  two  vertical  dark  bars  downward  from  base  of  dorsal  fin  on  wliich 


s'ifi!;■l^•^ 


''-^s-JilS? 


I  '■  .-.;:;-4rliphl:f  J 


ti? 


ti    ■  ■ 


p:'*?. ' ; 


IH' 


ni    r 


-    I 

,1 


'J 

i 


588      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

tlioy  appear  as  blotches;  sides  ofteu  with  much  light  yellow;  axil  of 
pectorals  black.  Body  oval,  compressed,  with  thick  short  caudal  pe- 
duncle and  very  short  head.  Protile  moderately  depressed  alto\«'  the 
eyes.  Spinous  dorsal  rapidly  rising  to  the  fifth  or  sixth  spine,  thence 
gradually  descending;  spinous  dorsal  higher  than  soft  part;  cheeks 
with  scales  in  2^  series.  Head  3^ ;  depth  2.  D.  IX,  14 ;  A.  Ill,  1(5 ;  I,at. 
1.45.  L.  G  inches.  Pacific  coast  of  United  States;  common;  the  small, 
est  of  the  family. 

(Cymatogaafermimmus  Gibbons,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  IS.'i:  Jheoua  trow- 
hridgii  Girard,  U.  S.  Puc.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish,  x,  1H6,  pi.  34,  lig.  6-10 :  Ditrema  minimum 
GUuther,  iv,  249.) 

923.  A.  aurora  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Color  bluish-bla(;k  above,  becoming  lighter  on'  sides  and  silverj-  be- 
low. Opercles  and  lower  half  of  sides  punctate  with  black  dots  and 
shaded  with  light  oninge,  the  latter  more  intense  on  the  centres  of  the 
scaK'S  and  forming  a  diffuse  lateral  baud;  a  broad  grayish  streak  back- 
wards from  i)ectoriils  to  opposite  origin  of  anal,  this  streak  without  orange 
tint  and  with  the  margins  of  the  scales  dark  by  aggregation  of  black 
points ;  young  specimens  with  the  bright  lateral  shiide  more  distinct, 
and  rosy  instead  of  orange;  fins  marked  with  more  or  less  blackisli,  the 
anal  with  some  yellowish ;  a  conspicuous  black  triangular  blotch  in  the 
axil  of  the  pectoral.  liody  elongate,  with  a  very  long  and  rather  thick 
caudal  peduncle.  Head  transversely  very  convex  above,  and  with  a 
blunt  snout.  Mouth  small,  oblique;  maxillary  reaching  but  two-thirds 
the  distance  to  front  of  orbit.  Spinous  dorsal  with  the  lifth  to  the  ninth 
spines  highest,  and  about  equal  to  the  longest  soft  ray.  Caudal  forked 
for  nearly  half  its  length.  Scales  on  cheeks  in  3  distinct  series.  Head 
4 ;  depth  2^.  D.  IX,  17  ;  A.  Ill,  20 ;  Lat.  1.  45.  L.  7  inches.  Monterey 
Bay.  California ;  abundant  in  rock-pools. 
(JordaJi  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1880,  299.) 

Sltf.-iniCROniETRVS  Gibbous. 
Sparadas. 

(Ctpnatogasicr  and  BrachyiiitiPH  Gill:  Metrogaster  Agaasiz.) 

(Gibbons,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  in  Duil.v  Placer  Times  and  Transcript,  May  30, 
18o4:  type  CymatogaDter  aggregatua  Gibbous.) 

Body  elliptical,  oblong,  compressed.     Head  conic.     Mouth  small, 

oblique,  the  lower  jaw  slightly  shorter;  lii)s  thin,  the  lower  with  narrow 

frenum  or  none;  teeth  small,  conical,  rather  numerous,  in  one  series. 

Gill  rakers   moderate,  slender.     Scales  comparatively  large.    Dorsal 


!  I  ••-  'T  sr 


93.    EMBIOTOCID^— MICROMETRUS. 


589 


gpiues  rather  high,  some  of  the  middle  ones  highest,  the  ])osteri<)r  not 
go  liifjfh  as  the  soft  rays;  the  soft  dorsal  shortened.  Anal  moderate, 
with  weak  spines.  Caudal  forked.  Pharyngeals  normal,  the  teeth  uU 
conic-  Vertebrie  (in  M.  aggrcgatus)  15  4-20;  in  M.  frenatuH  13 -|- 21. 
Species  of  small  size  and  bright  eoloratiou.  ''•uxpu-^  small;  /ier/x/?, 
measure, «.«.,  small  size.)  -     .         •  . 

rt.  Lower  lip  with  a  freimm.     {Brachyistius*  Gill.) 

926.  IW.  freiiaCus  (Gill)  J.  &  G.  ..    ,  .    . 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  regularly  elliptical,  with  a  slender  pointed 
head  and  a  long  caudal  peduncle;  i)rotile  much  depressed  over  the  eyes, 
the  suout  projecting.  Mouth  very  small,  obliqui',  maxillary  not  reach- 
iug  orbit.  Cheeks  with  two  rows  of  scales.  Dorsal  spines  very  long 
and  rather  strong,  the  sixth  and  seventh  the  longest  and  a  little  longer 
tlau  the  soft  rays.  Caudal  rather  deeply  forked.  Gill-rakers  slender, 
rather  long.  Color  dark  olive  brown  above,  each  scah  with  a  dark 
spot  at  base,  followed  by  a  light  mark;  below  bright  light  coppery- 
red;  each  scale  with  a  blue  spot  and  dark  punctulatious;  head  colored 
like  the  body;  fins  all  light  reddish.  Head  3i|;  depth  3.  D.  VllI,  1.5; 
A.  Ill,  22;  Lat.  1.  40.  L.  8  inches.  Entire  Pacific  coast  of  United 
States ;  locally  very  abundant. 

[BrachyiHtius  frenatua  Gill,  Proc.  Aca<l.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18o2,  275:  Brachijli^tim  fve- 
n(i/M8  Jordau  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  o04:  Z>i/remo  6r<fi'j/nnneGuutlifr,iv, 
248.)  •  • 


921.  rW.  rosaceus  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Body  oblong-ovate,  deepest  at  the  shoulders;  the  profihi  thence  to  the 
oeciputconvex,  the  occipital  and  interorbital  region  considerably  depress- 
ed; body  tapering  backwards  from  the  shoulders  into  a  short  and  slender 
caudal  peduncle.  Head  small,  thick,  the  snout  blunt.  Mouth  compara- 
tively large,  little  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  included;  maxillary  slightly  pass- 
ing the  vertical  from  the  front  of  the  orbit ;  premaxillary  anteiiorly  on  a 
level  with  the  inferior  niargin  of  the  pupil.  Eye  very  large,  its  diameter 
about  onethi:d  the  length  of  the  head;  interorbital  region  very  broad. 
Teeth  large,  conical,  truncate  at  tip,  about  ^i- ;  none  on  the  sides  of  the 
lower  jiiw.  Scales  on  the  cheeks  in  three  series.  Spinous  dorsal  high. 
the  tirst  spine  about  two-fifths  the  length  of  the  highest ;  the  sixth  to  tenth 
of  nearly  equal  height,  and  higher  than  the  soft  rays.  Anal  fin  with  the 
base  oblique,  the  spines  rather  strong,  and  more  or  less  curved.    Caudal 


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*Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.   Phila.   1862,  275:  '  type  Brachyiatius  frenatua  Gill. 

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590      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 

fin  narrow,  forked  for  more  than  half  its  length,  the  lobes  rather  pointed 
Pectoral  fins  small,  Tiot  reaching  to  the  tips  of  the  ventrals.  Color  -^^e- 
red  with  silvery  Instre,  darker  above;  top  of  heiul  orange;  a  very  dis- 
tinct chocolate  colored  spot  above  the  lateral  line  at  the  origin  of  the 
soft  dorsal  fin;  another  smaller  one  just  below  the  end  of  the  soft  dorsal. 
Fins  immaculate,  tin^^ed  with  reddish.  HeadS^;  depth  2J.  D.  X,  is- 
A.  Ill,  20;  scales  0-50-10.  L.  8  inches.  San  Frapcisco,  Cal.,  in  deep 
water  outside  the  Golden  Gate. 

{CymutoganUr  rosaceua  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat,  Mus.  1880,  303.) 
an.  Lower  lip  without  frcnuni.     (Micrometrua.)         ■  '     _ 

938.  m.  aggregatOS  Gihhon^-^parada ;   "  Minnow." 

Silvery,  back  dusky ;  middle  of  sides  anteriorly  with  the  scales  each 

with  a  cluster  of  dark  ijoiuts,  these  forming  a  series  of  longitudinal 

stripes,  which  extend  to  opposite  the  base  of  the  anal;  these  stripes  are 

interrui)t<'d  by  ;]  vertical  light  jellow  bars,  on  which  are  no  black  specks 

in  the  adult.     Adult  males  in   spring  almost  entirely  black.  Body 

elongate  oval,  compressed,  heaviest  at  the  iiont  of  the  dorsal ;  caudal 

peduncle  short  and  slender;  head  short;  teeth  very  small,  conical  12-G; 

dorsal  spines  high  and  rather  fecible,  rising  rapidly  to  the  fifth,  thence 

slowly  descending,  th<',  last  lower  than  the  soft  rays.    Cheeks  with  3 

rows  of  scales.     Head  3^ ;  depth  2§.     D.  IX,  20 ;  A.  Ill,  2;{;  scales  .'}- 

38-11.    L.  0  inches.    Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States,  everywhere 

exceedingly  abundant.     ,■  ;'  .      ■ 

{Cj/matofiasfer  aggrcgatus  Gibbons,  1.  c.  May  18,  1854;  Gibbons  1.  c.  May  30,  1854; 
Gibbons,  Proc.  Acail.Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1854, 125  :  Ci/matoganter  aggregatus  Gibbous,  Proc, 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  lOG :  Holconotus  rhoiioicrm  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  E.  Surv. 
iish.  193 :  JJUrema  aggregafitm  Giiiif  her,  iv,  '^48.) 

310.— AMPI2ISTICHUS  Agassiz. 

Walleyed  Perch. 

(Holcoiotus  Agassiz:    Ennlcldhjs  Girard:   Cfima>oga8ter*  and  Hyperpronopon  CAhhaw, 

nypocritichthys  Gill.) 

(Agassiz,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  Art.s.  1854, 367 :  typo  AmpUstichus  argcnteua  Agassiz.) 

P>ody  ovate  or  oblong,  strongly  compressed.  Mouth  moderate,  oblique 
or  almost  vertical,  with  slender  conical  teeth  in  two  series  in  each  jaw, 
the  onter  series  longer;  lips  thin,  the  lower  with  or  without  frenum. 
Gill-rakers  long  or  short,  slender  Jind  stiff.    Pharyngeals  normal.    Fins 


*  The  genus  Cymatogaslcr  Gibbons,  as  lirat  defined  by  its  author,  is  equivalent  to  tlio 
earlier  Eoleonotm  of  Agassiz.  Prior  to  this,  the  name  C'umafogaster  was  used  by  Gib- 
Jjous,  withont  explanation,  as  the  generic  name  of  the  group  afterwards  called  by  Iiini 
MicromeiruH,  .-  -     ■,    . 


■  Aiitfe 


93.   EMBIOTOCIDiE — AMPHISTICHUS. 


591 


opon  Giltbons: 


not  very  high,  the  spines  slender.  Scales  small,  GO-76  in  the  course  of 

the  liitoral  line.    Species  5,  differing  considerably  in  form  and  appearance, 

but  aj^reeingin  essential  characters.    («m0«,  doable  j  <f^tx**'i  series.) 

.,•■ '   '-  ,,    •  -i 
•  Lower  lip  without  freuum ;  gill-rakers  nnmerons,  loug. 

a.  Profile  depreased  or  concave  over  the  t^yes ;   mouth  very  oblique,  the  lower 
vr .:  jftw  projecting ;  eye  very  large. 

'■.  .       h.  Anal  fin  short,  its  rays  about  III,  23.    (Hypoctitiehthya*  Gill.) 

989.  A.  analis  (A.  Agassiz,)  Jor.  &  Gilb.      .  /_  , 

Silver^' ;  an  inky  blotch  on  the  middle  of  the  anal  fin  and  a  fainter 
blotch  on  the  spinous  dorsal ;  front  of  anal  yellow;  fins  otherwise  plain. 
Axil  black.  Body  comparatively  elongate,  formed  much  as  in  Micro 
metrus  frenatus  ;  upper  anterior  profile  nearlj'  straight,  depressed  above 
the  eyes.  Saout  sharp.  Mouth  largo,  very  oblique,  the  tip  of  the  lower 
jaw  ou  a  line  with  the  upper  profile  of  the  snout ;  maxillary  reach- 
ing front  of  orbit.  Dorsal  spines  high  and  slender,  longer  than  the 
soft  rays,  the  middle  longest.  Anal  spines  small.  Caudal  fin  short, 
not  widely  forked ;  pectorals  short  and  broad,  four-fifths  the  length  of 
head.  Eye,  five  fourths  the  length  of  snout.  Head  3^ ;  depth  2^.  I). 
IX,  22 ;  A.  Ill,  23 ;  Lat.  1.  63.  L.  G  inches.  San  Francisco  to  Point 
Concepcion ;  rather  rare ;  locally  abundant  at  Santa  Cruz. 

(Hjiiierproaopon  atialis  Alex.  Agassiz,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1861, 133:  Hypocrit- 
ichthys  analii  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Njit.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  '276:  Ditrema  anrticGUnther,  iv,250.) 


b.  Anal  fin  long,  its  rays  about  III,  " 
c.  Ventral  fins  posteriorly  black. 


{Hyperpro8opon\  Gibbons.) 


930.  A.  arciiatus  (Gibbons)  J.  &  G. —  Wall-eyed  Perch;  White  Perch. 

Bluish  black  above;  sides  bright  silvery,  sometimes  faintly  barred; 
ventrals  with  a  broad  terminal  bar  of  black;  caudal  and  anal  edged 
with  blackish.  Body  ovate,  strongly  compressed.  Interorbital  space 
rather  wide,  abruptly  depressed  at  the  nape,  the  profile  of  the  snout 
extending  forward  at  a  less  angle  than  that  of  the  back.  Snout  very 
short,  much  shorter  than  the  eye.  Maxillary  scarcely  reaching  front 
of  i)ui)il.  Mouth  extremely  oblique.  Eye  2,^  in  head,  larger  than  in 
any  other  species.  Middle  dorsal  spines  a  little  higher  than  the  last, 
or  than  the  soft  rays;  anal  low.    Head  3J;  depth  2 J.    D.  IX,  27;  A. 


•Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  276:  type  Hyperprosopon  anali8  A.  Ag. 
{hoKpiToi,  deceiver;  IxOvc,  fish;  its  appearance  (Micrometrua)  belying  its  affinities 
(Holconotus). 

tOibbdus,  Daily  Placer  Times  and  Transcript,  May  18,  and  in  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phila.  1854,  105:  tyi)e  HyperproaopoH  argeniem  Gibbons.    {vTtTjp,  above;   itpodoonov, 
face.)         -'-r  ->  .» — -.-      ...  •    -  •    ., 


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592       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

III,  32;  Lat.  1.  72.    L.  10  iucliea.    Coast  of  California,  from  Cape  Men- 
docino southward ;  very  abundant. 

(lIijperproHopon  anjenteum  Gibbons,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18,54,  105:  Hyper, 
prompon  arcuafum  Gibbons,  1.  c.  125:  Hijperproaopon  argcntena  and  armatus  Gill,  Proc 
Acad.  Natl.  Sci.  PJiila.  Irf6i,  27o:  Ditremn  arcuatUm  and  Ditrcma  megalops  Giiuther  iv 
249:  Eiinichthys  inegalopa  Girard,  U.  S.  Pacilic  R.  R.  Surv.  Fisb.  i97.) 

"x.  Ventral  fins  not  black.  '  ' 

931.  A.  agrassizi  (Gill)  J.  &.  G. 

Greenish  olive  above;  sides  bright  silvery;  5or  G  short  blackish  ver- 
tical bars  on  the  sides,  these  sometimes  obsolete ;  a  dusky  patch  above 
anal  and  on  the  front  part  of  anal  fin;  caudal  reddish,  dusky  at  tip- 
ventrals  colorless.  Body  elliptic  ovate,  the  profile  nearly  straight  Aom 
the  snout  to  above  the  occiput,  there  forming  a  slight  angle,  thence 
straightish  to  the  base  of  dorsal ;  ventral  outline  variable,  sometimes 
strongly  arched.  Mouth  small,  vary  oblique,  the  prcmaxillary  on  the 
level  of  the  middle  of  the  pupil,  the  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  front 
of  pupil.  Eye  half  longer  than  the  snout.  Three  rows  of  scales  on 
cheek,  fcjixth  dorsal  spine  highest,  higher  than  the  soft  rays;  pectorals 
falcate.  D.  IX,  25;  A.  Ill,  29;  Lat  1.  60.  L.  8  inches.  Coast  of  Cal- 
ifornia; not  generally  abundant.  '      • 

(Jlupcrprosopon  arcuatus  Alex,  Agassiz,  Proc.  Post.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  ISGl,  125  (not  of 
Gibbons):  Hyperjyrosopon  agaaaizii  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1862,  276.) 

aa,  Prolile  littli^  depressed  above  the  eyes ;  month  less  oblique,  ihe  lower  jaw  not 
I)rojecting;  eye  scarcely  longer  tbau  snout.     {Holconotua.*) 

9!J2.  A.  rhodotcras  (Agassiz)  J.  «fc  G. 

Greeni'^h  abcre;  sides  silvery,  profusely  covered  with  spots  and 
blotches  of  light  orange-brown  or  coppery  red,  these  mostly  in  the  form 
of  interrupted  vertical  bars;  caudal,  anal,  and  ventral  fins  bright  red- 
dish, without  black  spots  or  markings.  Body  deeper,  more  elevated, 
and  Ic!^  compressed  than  in  the  preceding  species.  Profile  neaily 
straight  from  snout  to  dorsal.  Mouth  oblique,  forming  an  angle  of 
about  45  degrees;  premaxillary  on  the  level  of  the  lower  edge  of  pupil; 
maxillary  rea'3hing  Jast  past  front  of  pupil.  Gill-rakers  fev.er  and 
stouter  than  in  the  preceding  species.  Head  3^;  depth  2.  D.  IX  or 
X,  20;  A.  Ill,  29 J  Lat.  1.  65.  L.  1  foot.  Coast  of  California;  not  very 
abundant. 

( ITokoiioina  rhodoterua  L.  Agassiz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1854, 3(58:  HolconotiiH  rhodo- 
icrna  A.  Agassiz,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1861,  132:  Ennichthya  hvcnnantii  Girard, 
II.  S.  Pac   K.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  ."99:  Ditrcma  rhodotenim  Gilnther,  iv,250.) 
aa.  Lower  lip  with  a  Ireuum  ;  gill-raUors  few,  short.     {Amphiatichva.) 

"Agassiz,  Amer.  ,Jour.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  367 :  type  Hokonotua  rhodoterua.    {6Xnoi,  fur- 
row; vSiroi,  back.) 


**.>.?  J 


«*•    93.   EMBIOTOCID^ — HYPSURUS. 


593 


)\ver  jaw  not 


933.  A.  argciiteus  A^'aseiz.— -SjoZ-y?*?).    •    ,   .  -     :  r.  , . ,  -     .    . ,       .  .^ 

Silvery;  sides  with  narrow  vertical  bars  of  a  brassy  olive  color,  alter- 
nating with  vertical  series  of  spots  of  similar  co^or;  flns  plain;  vertical 
fins  sometimes  edged  with  dusky.  Mouth  comparatively  large,  little 
oblique,  the  premaxillary  being  below  the  level  of  the  rather  small 
eve.  Body  ovate,  the  back  elevated;  ventral  outline  straightish. 
Head  l)lunt  and  deep.  Lips  rather  thin,  the  lower  with  a  frenum. 
Gill-rakers  few,  rather  short,  stiff";  lower  pharyngeals  normal.  Caudal 
peduncle  short  and  stout.  Head  3.^;  depth  2^.  D.  X,  24;  A.  Ill  ?6; 
Lat.  1.  65.  Vertebra5  13  +  18.  L.  1  looc.  Coast  of  California;  very 
abundant. 

(L.  Agassiz,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  367;  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Sarv.  Fish. 
201:  Ditrema  argenteum  Giinther,  iv,  251:  Amphistichua  aimiUa  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R. 
Sarv.  Fish.  203.)  •. 

311.— HYPSURUS  A.  Agassiz. 

(Alex.  Agassiz,  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Ni,t.  Hist.  1861,  133  {nomen  nudum):  tyj}Q  Embiotoca 
carji  L.  Agassiz.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  moderately  elevated,  tapering  abruptly  to 
a  very  slender  and  short  caudal  peduncle.  Head  moderate,  rather 
acute,  lower  jaw  included.  Lips  moderate,  the  lower  with  a  frenum. 
Teeth  few,  conical,  blunt,  in  one  series,  those  of  the  upper  jaw  some- 
times partly  in  2  series.  Gill-rakers  slender,  rather  short.  Pharyn- 
geals normal.  Dorsal  fin  rather  low,  the  spines  all  lower  than  the  soft 
rays.  Caudal  broad  and  short,  iVidely  forked.  Anal  fin  extremely  short, 
although  many  rayed,  beginning  far  back,  the  length  of  its  base  being 
less  than  half  the  distance  between  its  first  spine  and  the  root  of  the 
ventrals,  the  abdomen  being  therefore  extremely  long.  Scales  rather 
small.  Vertebrje  17  +  20.  This  genus  is  distinguished  from  Ditrema 
chiefly  hy  the  great  length  of  the  abdominal  region.  Species  of  small 
size  and  brilliant  coloration,     (yi/t,  high;  oy/>a,  tail.) 

934«  II.  caryl  (Lonis  Agassiz)  Alexander  Agassiz. — Bugara.  ••  *  ri  t:  :• .,  v  ,"-{  *i; 
Coloration  extremely  variegated,  olivaceous,  with  stripes  of  orange 
between  the  rows  of  scales;  about  13  dusKy  orange  cross-bars,  irregular 
in  form;  eyes  reddish,  surrounded  by  a  sky-blue  band;  membranes  of 
opercles  chiefly  orange;  opercle  bluish,  spotted  with  orange;  sides  of 
head  with  sky-blue  spots;  lower  jaw  with  orange  and  blue  stripes; 
breast  and  belly  with  longitudinal  stripes  of  bright  orange,  alternating 
with  steel-blue;  abdominal  furrow  orange,  edged  with  blue;  pectoral 
with  an  orange  crescent  at  base  bordered  with  light  blue;  soft  dorsal. 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  13 38 


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594      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

with  a  black  blotch  near  the  front;  caudal  of  a  j)eculiar  rich  orange- 
brown,  with  cross-bars  formed  of  round  grayish  spots;  anal  cbiefly 
orange  tipped  with  blue,  and  with  a  large  blackish  blotch ;  other  fins 
orange-brown,  mottled.  Body  elliptical,  compressed,  the  ventral  outline 
comparatively  straight.  Snout  sharp ;  premaxillaries  on  the  levei  of 
the  lower  margin  of  pupil.  Fourth  to  sixth  dorsal  spinea  highest* 
higher  than  the  soft  rays.  Pectoral  long.  Anal  very  short;  its  rsivs 
slender  and  crowded;  its  origin  opposite  posterior  third  of  dorsal. 
Head  3|;  depth  2h.  D.  X,  23;  A.  Ill,  24;  Lat.  1.  71.  L.  10  inches. 
Coast  of  California;  very  common  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Fran- 
cisco; a  beautiful  fish,  largely  used  for  bait. 

{Embiotoca  cariji  Agassiz,  Amor.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1853,  389,  aud  1854,  366:  Diirena 
ca-A/i  Gunther,  iv,  247.)  .  -  '  -  • 

312.— DITREMA  Schlegel. 

Surf -fishes. 

(Embiotoca  Agv-Sih:  Phanei'odon  GivnTA:  Twniotoca  Alex.  Agasaiz.) 

(Schlegel,  Fauna  Japon.  Poiss.  77, 1850:  type  Ditrema  temmineki  Rleeker,  from  Japan.) 

Body^  oblong,  comi)res8ed,  more  or  less  elevatetl,  with  the  caudal 
peduncle  robust  or  rather  slender.  Head  moderate,  lower  jaw  in- 
cluded. Lips  moderate,  the  lower  with  a  frenum.  Maxillary  short,  its 
whole  length  slipping  under  the  preorbital.  Teeth  few,  conical,  blunt- 
ish,  in  one  series.  Gillrakers  weak,  rather  short  and  slender.  Pharyn- 
geals normal.  Caudal  flu  lunate  or  forked;  anal  fin  rather  long,  much 
longtr  than  abdomen,  its  spines  small.  Scales  small,  about  CO  in  the 
lateral  line.  Species  5,  differing  in  external  appearance,  but  alike  in 
essential  characters.  The  Japanese  type  of  this  genus  is  closely  yq- 
liLteA  to  BUrema  atripes.     (^c/r,  two;  Tjo^//a,  aperture.)  t 

a.  Caudal  peduncle  stout,  the  fin  not  widely  forked.     (Embiotoca*  Agassi/,.) 

935.  D.  laterale  (Agassiz)  Gthr. — Blue  Perch ;  Surf-fish. 

Color  reddiah  olive  above^  becoming  bright  orange  red  below,  every- 
where thickly  dusted  with  black  points;  a  continuous  bright  blue  strealc 
along  the  edges  of  each  row  of  scales;  streaks  of  thoracic  region  formed 
by  isolated  blue  spots  on  the  middle  of  the  scales ;  head  with  several 
series  of  blue  spots  and  streaks;  fins  all  olivaceous  dusky;  veutrals 
with  some  light  orange.  Body  oblong,  compressed,  with  a  short  and 
very  high  caudal  peduncle,  the  body  tapering  backward  less  than  usual. 


'A^asaiz,  Amer.  Jouni.  Sol.  Arts,  1853,  387:  typo  Embiotoca  jackaoni  Ag. 
life  within;  rdHoi,  offspring.) 


{e/j^ioi, 


'jv'df- 


93.    EMBIOTOCID^ DITREMA. 


595 


,  366:  Dilrena 


^loutli  but  little  oblique,  the  maxillary  scarcely  reacliing  orbit.  Teeth 
8troIl^^  Spinous  dorsal  very  low,  the  last  spine  highest,  but  much 
shorter  than  the  wsoft  rays;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  high,  D.  X  or  XI,  23; 
A.  Ill,  31;  Lat.  1.  03;  Vert.  15+  19.  L.  15  inches.  Pacific  coast  of 
the  United  States;  everywhere  very  abundant. 

{Kmh'intoca  lateralis  Agassi z,  Amer.  Jonm.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  36(5:  Tccniotoca  lateralii 
Ak'x.  Agassiz,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1861,  133:  Embiotoca  llneata,  ornata,  aud 
pcnpicaltilis  Girard,  U.  S.Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.;  Giiutber,  iv,  "245.) 

936.  D«  jacksoaii  (Agassiz)  GiiDther.— 5ur/-^8ft;  Croakei' ;  Black  Perch.  -^ 
Brownish,  tinged  with  green,  blue,  red,  or  yellowish;  sides  with  about 

10  faint  vertical  dusky  bars;  belly  usually  yellowish ;  head  witl  blue 
spots;  fins  dusky,  tinged  with  blue  or  red;  anal  in  males  sometimes 
red  with  a  black  patch,  and  the  ventrals  orange.  Colors  extremely 
variable,  the  pattern  of  color  not  €leflnite.  Form  ovate,  rather  thick, 
the  outlines  convex.  Mouth  rather  small.  Dorsal  spines  low,  much 
lower  than  the  soft  rays;  caudal  peduncle  thickish,  the  fin  not  widely 
forked.  Scales  on  cheeks  in  4  series.  Head  3^ ;  depth  2.  D.  IX  or  X, 
20;  A.  Ill,  25;  Lat.  1.  58.  L.  1  foot.  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States; 
the  most  abundant  of  the  larger  species  southward. 

{Embiotoca  jackaoni  Agassiz,  Anier.  Jouiv.  Sci.  Arts,  1853,  387,  and  1854,  366 :  Em- 
biotoca jacksoni  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  168;  Giinther,  iv,  245:  Embiotoca 
cassidiiawil  E.  webbi  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  171,  173.) 

aa.  Caudal  peduncle  slender,  the  fin  widely  forked.     (Phanerodon Giranl*) 

b.  Ventral  fins  blackish  at  tip. 

-    ■♦■  ''■■•■  --.  :  - 

937.  D.  Citripes  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Light  olivaceous  above,  pearly  below ;  scales  above  the  axis  of  body 
each  with  an  orange  spot  at  base,  its  outer  margin  tinged  with  blue, 
these  forming  faint  reddish  streaks  along  the  rows  of  scales;  aiial  with 
a  dusky  spot;  ventrals  broadly  tipped  with  blackish;  caudal  not  dark- 
edged.  Body  elongate,  tapering  into  a  long  and  slender  caudal  pedun- 
cle. Snout  rather  projecting.  Head  small.  Mouth  small,  the  maxil- 
lary not  extending  to  opposite  the  eye.  Teeth  few  and  small.  Eye  as 
long  as  snout,  3J  in  head.  Cheeks  with  3  rows  of  scales.  Gill-rakers 
longer  than  in  related  species,  and  pharyngeals  stronger, with  the  teeth 
more  nearly  paved,  Highest  dorsal  spine  shorter  than  the  soft  rays. 
Pectorals  long,  reaching  tip  of  ventrals.  Caudal  lobes  equal.  Head 
3J;  depth  2 J.  D.  X,  23;  A.  Ill,  29 j  Lat.  1.  70.  L.  10  inches.  Mon- 
terey Bay;  locally  abundant. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1860,  320  )  .    ./       ;      > 

66.  Ventral  fins  colorless. 

•Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  153:   type  Phanerodon  furcatua  Grd. 
(^a^epoS,  viBible;  o8oov,  tooth.) 


A*' 


..Tr 


. '  *  ■       » 


\li   ■., 


«V 


'-  ,.' 

f  \:^ 

.  .l^lMi 

'WlJilWJSWl'' 


i;;Jl 


■i\ 


ft  :.. 


hi 


u.,; 


596      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
93§.  D.  furcatum  (Grd.)  Guuther. 

Light  olivaceous,  silvery  below,  sometimes  yellowish;  scales  with 
bright  reflections,  but  no  red  markings ;  usually  a  round  dusky  spot 
00  the  anal;  ventrals  plain;  caudal  fin  edged  behind  with  dusky;  fins 
usually  yellowish  tinged.  Body  oblong  elliptical,  compressed,  tapering 
backward  into  the  long  and  slender  caudal  peduncle;  mouth  small- 
teeth  rather  large,  conical;  gill-rakors  very  short  and  slender;  lust 
dorsal  spine  highest,  sometimes  higher  than  tlie  soft  rays,  the  tin 
liigher  than  in  D.  atripes;  caudal  fin  strongly  lorked,  the  upper  lobe 
usually  the  longer.  Head  3|;  depth  2^;  D.  X,  24;  A.  HI,  32;  Lat.  1. 
66.  L.  1  foot.  Coast  of  California;  extremely  abundant  from  Cape 
Mendocino  southward, 

(Pltanerodon  furcatua  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  163,  and  iu  U.  S.  Pac. 
R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  184;  GUutber,  iv,  247.) 

313.— RHACOCUILIIS  Agassiz. 

(Agassiz,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts  1854,  367:  typo  Bhacochilus  toxotes  Agassiz.) 

Body  ovate,  compressed,  tapering  abruptly  into  a  long  and  robust 
caudal  peduncle;  mouth  comparatively  large,  the  lower  jaw  included; 
lips  extremely  thick,  the  lower  without  frenum,  its  posterior  free  edge 
coarsely  lobed;  teeth  few,  small,  conical,  in  one  series;  gill-rakers 
rather  long;  pharyngeals  normal;  scales  small;  dorsal  spines  low, 
l)Osteriorly  subequal,  much  shorter  than  the  soft  rays ;  caudal  deeply 
forked ;  anal  basis  elongate,  the  spines  small.  Vertebrae  14  +  22. 
The  genus  difi^ers  from  Bitrema  chiefly  in  the  development  of  the  lips. 
(/Jaxo?,  ragged ;  ;f££A«c,  lip.)  -  u 

f>39.  R.  toxotes  Agassiz. — Alfione.  -'  f       ^ 

Olivaceous,  with  brassy  reflections  and  dusky  points ;  fins  plain ;  body 
ovate,  with  elevated  back  and  long,  thick  caudal  peduncle ;  head  deep, 
with  prominent  snout;  mouth  wide,  oblique;  maxillary  reaching  front 
of  orbit,  slipping  under  the  preorbital ;  lips  extremely  large,  with 
uneven  surface ;  teeth  strong,  wide-set,  those  in  mandible  little  devel- 
oped ;  eye  large.  Soft  dorsal  considerably  elevated,  much  higher  than 
spinous  portion;  pectorals  rnd  ventrals  long;  caudal  short,  deeply 
forked,  the  upper  lobe  the  longer.  Head  3f ;  depth  2|.  D.  X,  23;  A. 
Ill,  30;  Lat.  1.  76.  L.  18  inches.  The  largest  and  least  handsome 
of  the  family,  and  the  one  of  most  value  as  food.  Coast  of  California; 
rather  common. 

(Agassiz,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  367;  Girard,  U.  8.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  188: 
Dilrema  toxotes  Giiuthor,  iv,  247.) 


,M' 


94.    LABEID.E. 


597 


iu  U.  S.  Pac. 


314.— DAIVIALICIITHYS  Girard. 

(Girard,  Proc  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1855,  321 :  type  Damalichthys  racca  Girard.) 

Body  ovate,  compressed,  with  long  caudal  peduncle.  Head  rather 
large.  Mouth  moderate,  the  lower  jaw  included.  Lips  full,  the  lower 
with  a  frenum.  Teeth  very  few,  short,  conical,  bluntish,  in  one  series. 
Gill-rakers  short  and  slender.  Lower  pharyngeal  very  large,  convex 
behind  in  outline,  with  the  latend  horns  very  short  and  thick.  Anterior 
tooth-bearing  area  on  the  plane  of  the  bone;  posterior  area  inclined 
backward,  forming  a  steep  angle  with  the  anterior  part ;  teeth  on  an- 
terior part  low,  truncate,  hexagonal,  tessell  ited ;  on  posterior  part  ovate, 
flattened,  imbricated,  and  turned  forward  so  that  the  posterior  side  forms 
the  grinding  edge.  Scales  rather  small.  Dorsal  spines  low,  much 
shorter  than  the  soft  rays.  Anal  fin  long,  with  small  spines.  Vertebra} 
13  -f  21.  Species  of  large  size,  plainly  colored,  externally  resembling 
Bitrema,  but  singularly  distinguished  from  all  the  other  members  of 
the  family  by  the  peculiar  pharyngeals,    (^a'/ia^t?,  calf;  ixOuq,  fish ;  in 

allusion  to  its  viviparity.) 

-  '  .  ,  ,.  > 

940.  D.  arg^yrosomus  (Girard)  J.  &  G. —  White  Perch  ;  Poryee. 

Color  soiled  white,  with  silvery  lustre;  three  or  four  obscure  dusky 
bars,  most  distinct  iu  the  young;  fins  nearly  plain,  dusky.  Form 
broaill>  elliptical,  the  dorsal  curve  regular;  caudal  peduncle  rather 
slender.  Head  not  blunt;  premaxillary  just  below  the  level  of  the 
pupil,  the  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  front  of  eye.  Lips  thickish,  even. 
Cheeks  with  3  or  4  rows  of  scales.  Gill-rakers  not  \  so  long  as  the 
large  eye,  which  is  longer  than  snout.  Teeth  very  few,  short  and  blunt. 
Dorsal  spines  stoutish,  the  last  one  highest,  half  the  height  of  the  soft 
rays.  Caudal  deeply  iorked,  the  upper  lobe  the  longer.  Pectoral  long. 
Head  3^;  depth  2 J.  D.  X,  23;  A,  III,  29;  Lat.  1.  G3.  L.  15  inches. 
Pacific  coast  of  United  States,  north  to  Vancouver's  Island;  very  abun- 
dant northward.  .        .  ,  "^ 

{Embiotoca  argijronoma  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1855,  130,  and  in  U.  S.  Pac. 
R.  R.  Surv.  Fish,  180:  Damalkhthya  vacca  Gir.ard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1855, 
321,  aud  in  U.  S.  Pac.  E.  E.  Surv.  Fish.  182 :  Ditrema  vacca  Giintlier,  iv,  a46.) 


,»5 


Family  XCIV.— LABRID^. 

{The  Wrasse-fishes.) 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,   covered  with  cycloid  scales;  lateral  line 
coutinuous  or  interrupted,  often  angularly  bent.     Mouth  moderate, 


* « 


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t    , 


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I!.'  I 


598      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

terinmal;  preinaxillaries  protractile;  inaxillaries  without  supplemental 
boue,  slipping  under  the  membranaceous  edge  of  preorbital;  the  anterior 
teeth  in  the  jaws  usually  very  strong ;  teeth  of  the  jaws  separate  or 
more  or  less  soldered  together,  sometimes  forming  a  continuous  plate- 
no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines ;  lower  pharyngeals  completely  united 
into  one  bone,  without  median  suture.  Lips  thick,  longitudinally  ])li. 
cate.  Nostrils  round,  with  two  openings  on  each  side.  Dorsal  tin  con- 
tinuous, the  spinous  portion  long ;  anal  similar  to  soft  dorsal,  usually 
with  two  or  three  spines.  Ventrals  thoracic,  I,  5.  Branchiostegals 
5-3.  PseudobranchifB  present.  Gills  3J ;  the  slit  behind  the  last  arch 
small  or  obsolete;  the  gill-membranes  somewhat  connected,  often  joined 
to  the  narrow  isthmus.  Air-bladder  present.  Ko  i)ylor\c  ca3ca.  Genera 
65,  si)ecies  450,  chiefly  of  the  tropical  seas.  Mauy  of  them  are  brilliantly 
colored,  and  some  are  valued  as  food-fish.  Most  of  them  feed  upon  niol- 
lusks,  the  dentition  being  adapted  for  cri;ahing  shells.  The  group  has 
been  much  subdivided,  and  many  of  the  current  genera  are  distinguished 
by  characters  of  little  importance. 

(£abnV7a;  GUnthor,  iv,  65-244.) 
a.  Teeth  iii  jaws  distinct;  pbaryugcal  tet'tlinot  conflaeut;  anal  spines  3. 
b.  Dorsal  fin  with  15-20  spines ;  teeth  all  conical ;  no  posterior  canines ;  lateral  line 
continuous.     (Labrina:) 
e,  Preoperclo  serrate;  cheeks  and  opercles  scaly;  te3th  in  a  band,  the  outer  en- 

•  larged Ctenolabkus,  315. 

cc.  Preopercle  entire ;  cheeks  scaly;  opercles  naked ;  teeth  in  about. two  stiries. 

Tautoga,  316. 
•     ceo.  Preopercle  entire ;  cheeks  and  opercles  scaly  j  teeth  in  a  single  series. 

LACHNOLiEMUS,  317. 

ib.  Dorsal  flu  with  8-13  spines.     {Julidinai.) 

d.  Lateral  line  continuous.  :^  ■  ,  V, 

e.  Cheeks  and  opercles  scaly ;  dorsal  spines  12;  posterior  canines  present. 

Haki'e,  318. 
ee.  Cheeks  and  opercles  naked  or  very  nearly  so;  dorsal  spines  9. 

/.  Posterior  canines  well  developed Platyglossus,  319. 

//.  Posterior  canines  obsolete Pseudojulis.  320. 

dd.  Lateral  line  interrupted;  head  naked,  its  upper  edge  usually  trenchant. 

Xyrichthys,  321. 

aa.  Teeth  in  jaws  confluent;  pharyngeal  teeth  pavement-like ;  anal  spines  2;  scales 

large.     {Scarinw.) 

g.  Teeth  partly  separate,  the  anterior  distinct;  dorsal  spines  flexible. 

;     '■    '  Caixiodon,  322. 

gj/.  Teeth  soldered  together,  forming  a  plate  like  the  jaw  of  Tetrodon; 

each  jaw  divided  on  the  median  line ;  dorsal  spines  flexible ;  scales 

on  cheeks  in  two  or  more  rows Hemistoma,  323. 


, I.  ...  - ... ... 


.■L_i..i4ii^l 


s;  lateral  line 


''j^^i'Xi,. 


94   LABRID^ — TAUTOGA. 


599 


SlSr— CTElYOliABRljS  Cuvier  &,  Valenciennes. 

':'-:;/:■''■  />.-'*     Gunners.  -',•'"    ^        '  "     ;. 

(Cnv.  ct  Val.  Hist.  Nat.  Polsa.  xiii,  223,  1839:  type  Labrtia  rupeatris  L,  of  Europe.) 

Body  oblong,  not  elevated,  comparatively  slender  and  compressed. 
Head  lucderate,  more  or  less  pointed.  Teeth  in  the  jaws  in  several 
series,  the  outermost  very  strong;  the  teeth  unequal,  conical,  and 
pointed;  no  posterior  canines.  Cheeks  with  small  scales;  opercle.s 
witb  large  ones.  Preopercle  with  the  vertical  limb  finely  serrated. 
Branch iostegals  o.  Gill-membranes  considerablj'  united,  free  from  the 
isthmus;  gill-rakers  short.  Scales  moderate,  35-50  in  the  lateral  line; 
lateral  line  continuous,  abruptly  bent  opposite  posterior  part  of  second 
dorsal.  Dorsal  long  and  low,  the  spinous  portion  much  longer  than  the 
soft,  of  10-18  low,  subequal,  rather  strong  spines;  soft  dorsal  slightly 
elevated ;  anal  fin  similar  to  soft  dorsal,  with  three  strong  graduated 
spines ;  caudal  truncate ;  pectorals  short,  the  ventrals  inserted  behind 
their  axils,  (z-st-r,  zrevw-,  a  comb;  LabruSj  c  related  genus,  from  the 
Latin /flftntw,  lip.)       r  •  ^       .  v   ;        •  '\''':  ^i^'^^  "i:-'^ ■'\/, ■■::'■..■■ ''■:.<^').'ry,''^- ' 

a.  Interopercle  naked .     {Tautogolab.  as  GUnthor,*) 
941.  C  adspcrsus  (Walb.)  Goode. — dinner;   Chogaet;  Blue  Perch. 

Brownish  blue,  with  more  or  less  of  a  brassy  lustre;  colors  variable; 
younj;  variegated  and  with  a  black  blotch  on  the  dorsal  fin.  Eye  mode- 
rate, broader  than  preorbital,  4^  in  head.  Head  3 J  in  length;  depth  3. 
D.  XVIII,  10;  A.  Ill,  9;  Lat.  1.  45.  L.  12  inches.  Newfoundland  to 
Cape  Hatteras;  common  northward,  about  rocks. 

(Labrm  adsperans  Walbaum,  Artedi,  Pise.  1792,  254;  Ctenolabrua  burgall  GUutber,  iv, 
90:  Ctenolabrus  cwrulem  Storer,  Hist.  Fish  Mass.  234.)    \    . 


.«^. 


316.— TAlJirOGA  Mitchill. 
Tautogs. 


(Mitchill,  Report  Fish  New  York,  1814,  23:  type  Lah'm  tautoga  Miteliill=rau<o/jia 
niyi a  Mitchill  =  Labnia  onitiaLi.)  ^    ,  ,      .;       ,      ,  £•■  • 

Body  oblong,  not  elevated  nor  greatly  compressed.  Head  large, 
nearly  as  deep  as  long,  with  a  convex  profile.  Mouth  rather  small. 
Teeth  very  strong,  conical,  in  two  series;  the  outer  somewhat  incisor- 
like; the  two  anterior  teeth  in  each  jaw  strong;  the  posterior  teeth 
small,  without  canines.     Eye  small,  high  up.    Cheeks  with  small  scales. 


•GUuflier,  Cat.  Fish.  Brit.  Mus.  iv,  90:  type  Labrua  burgall  Bloch  and  Schneider: 
[Tautoga;  Labrua.] 


<*v 


»   'I 
t 


600 


m 


I 


U-'i 


CONTKIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 


Operclea  naked,  except  above.  Scales  on  body  rather  small,  in  about  no 
transverse  series,  those  on  ventral  region  reduce«l  in  size.  Latvial  lin,. 
continuous,  abruptly  decurved  opposite  the  end  of  the  soft  dorsal 
Dorsal  fin  long,  low,  continuous,  the  si)inous  part  much  tiie  loM.r(.,. 
with  about  IG  low,  strong,  aubequal  spines,  each  with  a  small  cuta 
ueous  appendage  at  tij);  soft  dorsal  higher  tiian  sjjinous;  anal  similar 
to  soft  dorsal,  with  three  stout,  graduated  spines;  i)e(;toials  broad  and 
rather  short;  caudal  short,  truncate,  with  rounded  angles;  the  soft 
parts  of  the  vertical  fins  with  the  membranes  somewhat  scaly;  vcntrals 
conspicuously  behind  pectorals.  IJranchiostegals  5.  Gill-rakers  very 
short  and  feeble;  gill-membranes  somewhat  connecte<l,  free  from  the 
isthmus.  A  single  species  known.  (A  lalinization  of  the  veruacular 
name  "Tautog,"  which  is  of  Indian  origin.) 

9^2.T.onitis(L.)GihT.—Tautog;niack-fi8h;Oyiiter-ft8h. 

Blackish;  young  greenish,  with  about  three  pairs  of  irregular  chain- 
like  bars,  the  sides  sometimes  reticulated;  chin  white.  Pectorals  short 
rounded,  not  reaching  the  tips  of  the  short  ventrals.  Head  li^  in  lcnj,'tli  • 
depth  3,  D.  XVI,  10;  A.  Ill,  8;  Lat.  1.  GO.  Maine  to  South  Carolina; 
a  common  food-fish.  ,    .  ;    . 

(Labnis  onitis  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.;  Gflnthcr,  iv,  88:   Taitloga  amerlcana  Storer,  Hist. 
Fish.  Mass.  27G.) 

SIT.— LACHWOLiEMLUS  Cnvior  «fe  Valenciennes.. 

Hog-JUhes. 

(Cuv.  &  Val.  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  xiii,  274,  1839:   typo  Lachnolamm  aigiila  C.  &  V.= 
Lahrua  faloatua  h.)  ,  ., 

Body  strongly  compressed,  the  back  sharp  and  elevated,  the  profde 
long  and  steep.  Snout  sharp.  Mouth  low,  horizontal,  the  jaws  narrow; 
premaxillary  slipping  under  the  membranaceous  edge  of  the  very  broad 
])reorbital,  which  is  twice  the  depth  of  the  eye.  Teeth  in  front  prom 
inent,  canine-like,  in  a  single  series;  no  posterior  canines.  Cheeks  and 
opercles  with  imbricate  scales.  Scales  of  moderate  size,  thin,  adherent. 
Latenil  line  complete.  Dorsal  with  fourteen  spines,  the  first  three 
strong,  falcate,  produced  in  long  streamers  in  the  adult,  the  mem- 
branes between  these  spines  very  low,  the  filamentous  tips  longer  than 
the  head;  other  spines  all  low,  gradually  shorter  to  the  eleventh;  sec- 
ond dorsal  and  anal  much  produced ;  caudal  lobes  fiilcate;  third  anal 
spine  strong ;  pectorals  and  ventrals  short.  One  species  known,  {f^dptj^ 
velvety;  Xatfibq^  throat,  the  pharyngeal  bones  being  only  partly  provided 
with  teeth,  and  the  rest  of  their  surface  covered  with  a  velvety  mem- 
brane.) 


J». 


94.    LABRIDiE — IIARPE. 


GOl 


ia  Storer,  Hist. 


gida  C.  &  V.= 


943.  L.  falcnius  (L.)  C.  &  X.—Hog-fiali;  Aigrette;  Capitainr. 

Ch'wily  red;  a  jet  black  spot  UHiially  present  at  base  of  soft  dorsal; 
ventrals  dusky;  cheeks  with  4  rows  of  scales.  Ventrals  reachiiijj  be- 
yond lips  of  pectorals.  Head  3;  depth  2^;  scales  8-40-11);  vert.  12-f 
17.  L.  14  inches.  West  Indies,  north  to  Florida;  abundant.  An  ex- 
cellent food-flsh;  varies  much  with  age. 

[LahruH  falcalus  L.  Syst.  Nat,  i,  475:  Lachnohemim  falcatiin,  nUjula,  dux,  »««//««, 
caninuK,  iiiid  ptiittucu»  C.  &  V.  xiii,  277-291;  (JiintluT,  iv,  b7;  Gooilo,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat. 
Mus.  V,  3(),  lt7().) 

31§.— HARPE  Lac<?pMe. 

..?'  Lady-JinhcH,  '  . 

(C088I//''""' Cuv.  &  Vttl.;  preoccnpied  :  2'rocAocop««  Gllnthor:  Pimelometopon  GiW.) 

(LacdjH'^do,  Hist.  Nnf    Poles,  iv,  426,  1802:  type  Uarpe  cariilco-aiireHs  hac.  =^ Labnia 
ri(fuH  L.) 

Body  oblong,  moderately  coini)re8sed,  covered  with  lirm  scales  of  vary- 
ing size,  25  to  GO  in  the  course  of  the  lateral  lin(i,  which  is  continuous. 
Uead  rather  pointed  in  the  young,  becoming  very  deep  and  convex  iu 
the  adult  from  the  development  of  the  adipose  tissue  on  the  top  of  the 
head.  Opercle,  subopercle,  interopercle,  and  cheeks  scaly,  i)reopercle 
naked;  preopercle  minutely  serrulate  or  entire.  Jaws  each  with  four 
strong,  conical,  somewhat  com])ressed  canines  in  front,  the  lateral  teeth 
similar,  but  much  smaller,  coalescent  at  base  with  each  other,  and  with 
small  granular  teeth,  so  that  the  surface  of  tlie  jaws  is  bony;  ui)per 
jaw  with  strong  posterior  canines,  directed  forwards.  Dorsal  fin  with 
about  twelve  low  si>iues,  its  soft  portion  scaly  at  nase  or  naked ;  anal 
with  three  spines,  the  spines  rather  strong ;  lobes  of  soft  dorsal,  anal  and 
caudal  more  or  less  produced  in  the  adult;  ventrals  inserted  directly 
below  pectorals.  Gill-membranes  slightly  (ionnected.  Coarse,  brightly- 
colored  fishes,  inhabiting  tropical  seas.  (a/7;:ij,  scythe;  m  allusion  to  the 
Mcate  tins.)  .  f.      .  »    .  .      .. 

a.  Base  of  dorsal  scaly ;  scales  rather  large;  vertical  fins  with  falcate  lobes.  (Harpe.) 

Mi.  n»rnia.(Ij.)  CAM.— Lady-flah;  Doncella. 

Head  and  upper  half  of  body  anteriorly  rich  chestnut  brown;  re- 
mainder, including  lower  half  of  operculum,  bright  golden  yellow. 
Snout  pointed,  its  length  more  than  one-third  that  of  the  head.  Head 
longer  than  high.  Upper  lip  thick,  with  conspicuous  folds;  preoper- 
culum  denticulate.  Two  outer  ventral  rays  and  lobes  of  soft  dorsal, 
anal  and  caudal  much  produced ;  the  long  rays  of  the  dorsal  and  anal 
extending  to  the  middle  of  the  median  caudal  rays,  the  outer  caudal 


'i. 


G02      COXTRiailTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICIITITYOLOGY — ly. 

rays  twice  as  long  as  the  mcdiuii.     {Oootle.)     D.  XII,  10;  A.  Ill  11  • 

scales  5-32-13.    West  Indies,  nortb  to  Florida  Keys. 

{I.ahru8  riiJ'uH  L.  Syst.  Nat.  i,  284:  CoHnyphun  ru/us  GUnther,  iv,  108;  (iili,  i»r„p 
Aciul,  Nat.  Soi.  Phila.  1H<>:<,  iJlK ;  G«m)«1<«,  IJull.  U.  H.  Na  i,.  Muh.  v,  ;n :  Cmmiphm  iLdianu 
Ctiv.  i&  Val.  xii,  103:  Jiodianua  rufus  I'uey,  Kop.  Via.  Nat.  Cul>a,  ii,  331.) 

au.  Bas<>  of  (Idrsal  not  scaly;  acnles  rather  Hniall;  vortical  iius  littlo  pnnluced.  (I'inif. 
lomelopon"  Gill.) 

915.  II.  pulclira  (Ayro.s)  J.  &  O.—licd-Jiah;  Fat-head. 

Males  with  the  bead,  dorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  fins,  and  the  posterior 

part  of  the  botly,  as  far  as  the  vent,  purplish  black;  middle  part  of  the 

body,  pectoral  fin,  middle  of  caudal,  and  i)osterior  edjje  of  dorsal  rwl 

varying  in  tint  from  clear  crimson  to  blackish,  with  coppery  or  i)iu  plJNli 

lustre;  region  about  shoulder-girdle  reddest;  lower  Jaw  in  both  sexps 

abruptly  and  entirely  white;  females  dusky  rose-colored,  with  the  bhick 

areas  ill. defined  or  obsolete.    Forehead  in  the  iKlult  with  a  very  prom 

inent  fatty  hump.    Gill-rjikers  short,  thickish.    Caudal  fin  truncate,  the 

lobes  in  the  adult  produced  and  i)ointed.     Scales  on  breast  small;  pre- 

opercle  serrulate  in  young.     Head  3J;  depth  3.    I).  XII,  10;  A.  Ill, 

12;    Lat.  1.  02.      L.  30  inches.     Coast  of  California,  from  Point  Con- 

cepcion  southwards;  very  abundant.      Dried  in  immense  numbers  by 

the  Chinese. 

(Lahrua  pulchcr  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Aca<l.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  3,  1854:  SemicosHyphuit  pulcher 
Giiutbor,  iv,  99;  Pimclometopon  pulcher  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Fhilu.  1864,59.) 

319.— PLiATYOLOSSUS  Bleeker. 

I 

Doncellas.  ' 

(^aZic/jores  Riippell,  preoccapied:  Chwrojulia  Gill.) 
(Kleiu;  Bleeker,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.^Lond.  18fil,  411:  typo  Ju?i8  avvularis  C.  «fc  V.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  not  elevated,  covered  with  large  scales, 
there  being  25-30  in  the  course  of  the  lateral  line,  which  is  not  inter- 
rupted, but  abruptly  bent  posteriorly.  Scales  on  breast  rather  smaller. 
Head  naked,  compressed,  conic.  Preopercle  entire.  Teeth  large,  each 
jaw  with  two  to  four  canines  in  front,  none  of  them  bent  backwards;  a 
posterior  canine  tooth  directed  forwards  on  each  sidci  of  the  upper  jaw. 
Dorsal  spines  nine;  anal  spines  three,  graduated;  ventrals  inserted 
under  axil  of  pectoral.  Gill-rakers  short  and  feeble ;  gill-membranes 
slightly  joined  to  a  narrow  isthmus.  Species  numerous,  brilliantly  col- 
ored, abounding  in  kelp  in  the  tropical  seas.  {nXaru^j  broad ;  y^wcffa, 
tongue;  an  old  name  without  evident  application  ) 

*Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  58:  type  Lahrua  pulcher  Ayres.  {n^ieXoi, 
fat;  yueroffo)',  forehead.  )  „ 


W  rli- 


roducotl.  (/'inif. 


)ackwar(ls;  a 


94.    LABRIDiE — PLATYGLOSSUS. 


603 


046.  P«  radlntus  (L.)  J.  &  G.—Blue  Jlnh ;  lUmwUa. 

Adult  brilliiint  iizureblue,  each  hcuIo  ed^ed  witli  brif^ht  jxiurly  green; 
A  lon;;iliidinal  blue  band  on  anal;  margin  of  dorsal  light  bine;  yonng 
^"cijanostujma")  brownish,  a  light-bine  spot  on  the  base  of  each  scale; 
lioiid  with  spots  and  stripes  of  bright  bine;  dorsal  with  4  lines  of  stripes 
iiiid  blotches  and  ri  broad  edge  of  bine;  candal  with  a  broad  wiiitc;  nnir- 
irjn,  the  onter  rays  blue,  the  base  of  the  fin  si)otted  wllh  bine;  anal  with 
lionler  and  two  longitudinal  stripes  of  bhu',  besides  a  blue  spot  at  tho 
bast!  of  each  ray;  i)ectoral  with  first  A  rays  and  a  tranHverse  line  blue. 
Head  1 ;  depth  .'J.  D.  IX,  11;  A.  Ill,  12;  scales  2-28-10.  L.  10  inches. 
West  Indies,  north  to  Key  West. 

iSparim  i'(t(liatii»  liiiiiiiiMiH,  Kynt.  Nut,  xii,  47'2,  17(5f):  JiiUh  cynnoHliiima,  inineipit*,  aiirt 
mtiitiix  Ciiv.  &  Viil.  xiii,  :U)1-:K)H:  J'latiifilomnH  ci/anoHliiimn  riiiiitluM'.  iv,  1(51:  I'laty- 
iflonm  imnciim  ii'\ini\\{iv,  iv,  1G4:  Charojal'iH  radiatuH  iiiwAi'i,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nut.  Muh.  v, 
35.) 

917.  P.  Krandisquaniis  ((iill)  •!■  &  G. 

Color,  in  spirits,  dark  chestnut  or  brownish  red  ;  a  very  dark  vertical 
spot  bordered  by  steel-blue,  behind  the  opercle;  aiial  tin  faintly  barred; 
caudal  marbled,  and  with  a  marginal  dark  batid.  Body  rather  short 
and  stout.  Profile  slightly  convex.  Maxillary  nearly  reaching  front  of 
orbit.  Dorsal  spines  short,  rather  stiff.  (3audal  fin  subtruncated.  Head 
3i;  depth  \^.    D.  IX,  11;  A.  Ill,  12;  Lat.  1.  27.    Beaufort,  N.  C. 

{Charojul'm  tjmndisquamia  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Pbila.  18G3,  206.) 

9I§.  P.  Iiiimeralis  (Poey)  Gthr 

A  black  spot,  edged  with  pearl  color  i)osteriorly,  on  the  extremity  of 

the  operculum ;  a  brown  band  from  the  snout  through  the  eye  and  the 

opercular  spot  across  the  bend  of  the  lateral  line  to  the  base  of  the 

caudal;  a  second  from  below  the  axil  along  the  side  of  the  belly;  a 

bluish  streak,  edged  with  darker,  from  the  eye  obliquely  upward  and 

backward,  meeting  its  fellow  on  the  nape;   base  of  pectoral  whitish, 

without  black  spot ;  caudal  truncate,  with  blue  angles.     A  black  band 

aloDg  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  fin  is  described  by  Dr.  Giinther,  but  is 

wanting  iu  the  specimens  seen  by  us.    Head  3^  ;  depth  3^.    D.  IX,  11; 

A.  Ill,  11;  scales  2-20-10.    Coast  of  Cuba,  north  to  Florida.  >     '  ' 

{JuJk  humeralia  Poey,  Mem,  Cuba,  ii,  212,  IS.'JS;  Giinthor,  iv,  1G5:  ChwrojitliH  hiimeralia 
Goode&Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat,  Mus.  1879,  338.)  .•./.-'         .^. 

919.  P.  scmicinclus  (Ayres)  Giinther.— iTcZ/j-yisft.         '    ■•.'■':.;■■  .r-.  •■^:':' ':-■■-■■ : 

Dark  greenish  brown,  with  bright  reflections;  head  bronze-green 
above;  three  or  four  narrow,  horizontal,  wavy  blue  bauds  below  the 


i  »i  imki§sA 


i    » 


'!  . 


J?'  r»;i 


■i;  ..; 


604      CONTRIBUTIONS   10   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — jy. 

eye,  altornating  witli  bronze.  Just  above  middle  of  body,  close  behind 
the  pectorals,  in  the  males,  is  a  deep  indigo-blue  cross  band,  whicli 
nearly  meets  its  fellow  under  the  belly.  Pectorals  yellow,  upper  ed^e 
of  axil  black;  ventrals  cream-color,  each  reaching  beyond  the  posterior 
edge  of  the  blue  cross-band ;  other  fins  with  horizontal,  wavy,  reddish 
streaks;  female  without  blue  band,  but  with  irregular  ink-like  spots  on 
numerous  scales  on  the  back  and  tail.  Body  oblong,  compressed,  rather 
elevated  at  the  nape.  Lips  thick,  the  lower  with  a  frenum.  Toeth  in 
about  two  series;  three  or  four  of  the  anterior  in  each  jaw,  canine  like. 
Eye  small.  Dorsal  spines  slender,  low,  and  flexible.  Scales  on  breast 
small.  Head  3 J ;  depth  3 J.  D  IX,  12;  A.  Ill,  12;  Lat.  1.28.  Pacific 
coast,  north  to  Point  Concepcion,  not  rare  southward. 

(Julia  aemicinctu8  Ayres,  Proc.  Cnl.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1859,  32;  GUnther,  iv,  ICl;  Stein- 
dacliBcr,  Ichtbyol.  Boitragej  v,  151,  1^7').) 

320.— PSElJDOJrrLIS  Bleeker. 

Senoritas.       ^v 

(Bleeker,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1861,  412 :  type  Julis  girardi  Bleeker.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Platyglossus  only  in  the  lack  of  development 
of  the  posterior  canines,  which  are  either  wanting  altogether  or  reduced 
to  a  slight  rudiment.    (v''ey5«>?,  false;  touXo,<:^  Julis,  an  allied  genus.) 

a.  Dorsal  spiuea  very  sleudor  and  flexible.     (QxyjuUs*  Gill. )     ' 

950.  P.  niodcsius  (Grd.)  Gih\ .—Senorita ;  Peace  Bey, 

Olive-brown,  the  scales  each  with  orange-brown  in  the  centre;  cream- 
color  below;  sides  of  head  v/itli  alternating  horizontal  streaks  of  bluish 
and  brown;  a  dark  blue  spot  at  base  of  pectoral  above;  membrane  of 
base  of  spinous  dorsal  largely  indigo  blue;  a  large  inky  blotch  at  base 
of  caudal,  covering  one-third  the  tn;  fins  otherwise  light  brown.  IjocIv 
elongate,  the  back  not  elevated,  the  head  slender  and  sharp.  A  smill 
posterio'^caniue  sometimes  present  on  onj  side,  usually  entirely  wanting. 
Fins  low;  ventrals  short;  caudal  truncate;  spines  weak  and  slcodw; 
pectorals  reaching  beyond  tips  of  ventrals.  Head  4;  depth  4J.  I). 
IX,  13;  A.  Ill,  13;  Lat.  1.  28.  L.  7  inches.  Pacific  coast;  abundant 
southvvafd.    A  graceful  little  fish, 

(Ju7J8  modestus  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Snrv  Fish.  1858, 16:j;  GUiitlior,  iv,  KW:  Oxj(- 
julis  modestus  Gil],  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1802,  142.) 


'Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  142:  type  Julis  modestus  Ayres. 


94.    LABRID^ — XYRICHTHYS. 


605 


391.— XYRICHTHYS  Cu'-iet  &  Valenciennes. 

Razor-fishes.  ,  „ , . ,  ,. 


''Am 


r,  iv,  161 ;  Stein- 


(Cnv.  &  Val.  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  xiv,  33,  1839:  type  Coryphcena  novacula  L.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  deepest  behind  the  occiput,  thence  tapering 
backward.  Head  very  short  and  deep;  the  profile  almost  vertical;  the 
upper  and  anterior  outlines  compressed  to  an  edge,  at  least  in  typical 
siiecics.  Preorbital  very  deep.  Eyes  high,  near  the  top  of  the  head. 
Mouth  small,  low.  No  posterior  canines.  Cheeks  and  opercles  naked, 
or  with  ouly  a  few  very  sr.iail  scales  below  the  eye.  Scales  large,  with 
inenihranaceous  edges;  less  than  thirty  in  a  longitudinal  aeries;  lateral 
line  interrupted  behind,  commencing  again  lower  down  on  the  caudal 
j)e(lnncle.  Dorsal  fin  continuous,  with  nine  spines.  Colors  brilliant. 
Tropical  seas,    (cw/'ov,  razor;  r/Oui;,  iiah.) 

951.  X.  vcrmlculaf  us  Poey.       .  . 

Head  greenish,  tinged  with  orange  on  the  side;  seven  or  eight  blue 
stripes  a  ion  g  the  cheeks;  three  on  the  opercles;  body  brownish,  paler 
below;  each  scale  with  a  blue  vertical  band  and  sometimes  some  blue 
spots;  toward  the  end  of  the  pectoral  is  a  broad  violet  band  on  the 
sides;  dorsal  and  anal  carmine  red  with  blue  vertical  lines,  paler  on  the 
front  of  the  dorsal;  caudal  blue,  with  vermiliim  bands;  pectorals  white; 
ventrals  rosy.  Head  very  short,  deeper  than  long,  the  front  compressed, 
sharp,  almost  vertical.  Preorbital  very  deep,  its  depth  half  the  length 
of  the  head.  Eye  small,  placed  very  high,  its  distance  from  the  profile 
sarcely  greater  than  its  diameter;  four  small  scales  below  the  eye. 
Two  canines  in  front  of  each  jaw.  Dorsal  spines  low,  flexible ;  ven- 
trals rather  long;  pectorals  short.  Head  4;  depth  3i.  D.  IX,  12;  A. 
lir,  11;  scales  2-27-8.  West  Indies,  north  to  Key  West,  Fla.;  very 
similar  to  the  European  X.  novacula  (L.)  Cuv.  &  Val.,  if  not  identical 
with  it. 

(Poey  Memoriaa  Cuba,  li,  215,  1858.)        ^>  .'/v',:"'^    t.    .ivMr-.)'"  iv'-  ■  ;''";••'.  '    ■_. 

952.  X.  lincatus  Cuv.  &  Val.—Razor-flah.  '    '    . 
Kose  red;  a  large  oblong  blotch  on  each  sitie  of  the  belly,  below  the 

pectorals;  narrow  lines  descend  from  these  blotches,  meeting  on  tae 
belly.    The  two  anterior  dorsal  spines  flexible,  not  produced.    Outer 
ventral  ray  prolonged,  not  reaching  vent.    D.  IX,  12;  A.  Ill,  12;  Lat. 
1.25.    {Oilnther.)    West  Indies;  occasional  on  our  Southern  coasts. 
(Cuvier  &  Valenclenuea,  xiv,  50,  1839:  Novacula  Uneata  GUnther,  iv,  171.) 


i1 


li 


'i: !:  ^ 


I, 


>   .      ' 

',  ■  •  ■  - 

;  ■ 

14''' 

!!■■ 

].' 

f! 

1 

606       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

333.-CALLIODON  Gronow. 

(Gronow;  Bloch  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichth.  1801,  312:  type  Callioilon  Uneatua  Bloch& 
Schneider. ) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  large  scales. 
Lateral  line  complete,  its  branching  tubes  covering  the  surface  of  its 
scales.  Teeth  at  base  coalescent  with  the  bony  jaw,  the  tips  free*  no 
median  division  in  either  jaw;  upper  jaw  with  canine-like  teeth  in  front- 
posterior  canines  present;  lower  pharyngeal  bone  large,  broader  tban 
long;  the  teeth  coalescing,  forming  a  pavement.  One  row  of  lar^e 
scales  on  the  cheek.  Dorsal  spines  flexible:  D.  IX,  9  or  10;  A.  II  8- 
scales  about  2-24-C.    Tropical  seas,     {xakdr;,  beautiful;  Sdw-.^  tootli.) 

953.  C.  nstus  Cuv.  «fe  Val.        ,ii.-'.<::^-:^,::^- 

Eeddish  in  spirits,  nearly  plain,  a  black  spot  behind  the  first  dorsal 
spine.  Body  moderately  elongated,  compressed.  Head  rather  pointed. 
Upper  jaw  with  G  canines  in  front,  free  at  their  tips,  coalescent  below 
no  smaller  teeth  behind  these;  posterior  canine  well  developed,  directed 
outward  and  partly  backward;  between  the  anterior  and  posterior 
canines  a  series  of  small  teeth  behind  the  sharp  edge  of  the  bone. 
Lower  jaw  with  a  series  of  close-set,  even,  bluntish  teeth,  coalescing 
below;  upper  lip  double  for  its  whole  length,  covering  all  of  the  upper 
jaw  except  the  tips  of  the  teeth.  Opercles  with  tw-  rows  of  scales, 
larger  than  those  on  the  cheeks.  Dorsal  spines  moderately  high,  very 
slender;  pectoral  short,  rounded;  caudal  truncate.  D.  iX,  9;  A. II, 8; 
scales  1^-24-6.  West  Indies,  occasional  northward.  Tbis  description 
taken  from  a  specimen  obtained  at  Charleston  by  Mr.  R.  E.  Earll. 

(Cu7.  &  Val.  xiv,  28a,  1839;  Gunther,  iv,  214.) 

8a8.-HEl?IISTO]»IA  Swainson.  - 

'*,  ;  vs,    ^  Psciidoscarua  meeker.         •  *'*  u     :;{;■  f; 

(Swainson.  Class'n.  Auim.  ii,  1839,  2"2G:  type  Scania  pepo  Bennett.)      •!?'»!.;'; 

Body  oblong,  more  or  less  compressed,  covered  with  very  large  scales. 
Lateral  line  continuous.  Lower  jaw  included;  teeth  in  each  jaw  sol- 
dered together,  forming  a  continuous  plate,  divided  by  a  median  suture 
as  in  Tetrodon;  the  separate  teeth  traceable  by  serrations  on  the  edge 
and  by  reticulated  markings  on  the  anterior  surface;  none  of  them 
exserted ;  posterior  canines  small  or  wanting ;  lower  pharyngeal  very 
large,  longer  than  broad,  the  teeth  paved.  Scales  on  the  cheek  in 
more  than  one  series.    Dorsal  spines  flexible ;  dorsal  IX,  10,  or  X,  9; 


93.    CICHLID^. 


607 


anal  II,  8,  or  9.  About  24  scales  ic  the  lateral  line.  Tropical  seas. 
Large  fishes  of  the  tropical  seas,  brilliantly  colored,  little  valued  as  food. 
Many  species  occur  in  the  West  Indies,  anj  of  which  may  be  found  about 
the  Florida  Keys.  The  closely  related  genus  Scams  ForskM,  distin- 
guished chiefly  by  the  still'  spines  of  the  dorsal  fin,  occurs  in  the  same 
waters,  and  several  of  its  species  may  be  looked  for  on  our  coast.  {fj/Uj 
half;  (TTo/ia,  month ;  the  jaws  divided.) 

951.  H.  guncamaia  (Cuv.  &  Val.)  J.  &  G. 

Brownish,  the  jaws  and  naked  parts  of  the  head  green;  fins  dark,  the 
margin  of  the  dorsal,  anal,  and  ventrals  green.  Upper  lip  thick,  cov- 
ering more  than  half  of  the  plate  of  the  jaw;  lower  lip  lull;  no  poste- 
rior canine  teeth.  A  single  scale  on  the  lower  limb  of  the  preopercle, 
besides  the  two  series  o^ scales  on  the  cheek;  opercle  with  two  rows  of 
scales;  top  of  head  scaled  forwards  to  the  eyes.  Eye  small,  about  mid- 
way in  head.  Dorsal  fin  not  emarginate ;  anal  spines  long  and  flexible ; 
caudal  shortish,  double  truncate;  pectorals  short.  Lateral  line  ab- 
ruptly decurved  posteriorly.  Head  3;  depth  3.  D.  X,  9;  A.  II,  9; 
Lat.  1.  23.    West  Indies,  north  to  Key  West,  Fla. 

{Searua  guacamaia  Cuv.  &  Val.  xiv,  178,  1839:  Paeudoeoarns  guacamaia  Giiuther,  iv, 

J  •  "  Family  XCV.— CICHLID^.      ^  -       ^ '^ ' 

{The  Cichlids.) 

Freshwater  Labroids.  Body  elevated,  oblong  or  elongate,  covered 
with  moderate-sized  scales,  which  are  usually  ctenoid.  Lateral  line  in- 
terrupted, usually  ceasing  opposite  the  posterior  part  of  tbe  dorsal,  and 
then  recommencing  lower  down  on  the  caudal  peduncle.  Mouth  vary- 
ing in  size,  terminal,  the  jaws  with  rather  small  teeth,  which  are  usually 
conical,  but  sometimes  lobate  or  incisor-like ;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  pal- 
atines. Nostril  single  on  each  side.  Premaxillaries  freely  protractile; 
maxillary  slipping  under  the  broad  preorbital.  Gill-rakers  vrrious;  gill- 
membranes  often  connected.  Dorsal  fin  single,  with  the  spinous  por- 
tion well  developed,  usually  rather  longer  than  the  soft  portior ;  anal 
fin  with  3  or  more  spines,  the  soft  part  similar  to  the  soft  dorsal; 
ventral  fins  thoracic,  I,  5.  Lower  pharyngeal  bones  united  into  a 
triangular  piece,  with  a  median  suture.  Branchiostegals  5  or  C;  no 
pseudobranchiflB.  Gills  4;  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Air-bladder  pres- 
ent. A  large  family  of  fresh-water  fishes  of  moderate  or  small  size, 
representing,  as  to  form,  size,  appearance,  and  habits,  and  even  as  to 
many  details  of  structure,  in  the  waters  of  South  America,  the  Cm- 


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608      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

trarcliidce  of  the  United  States.    Genera  about  25;  species  about  320 
inhabiting  the  rivers  of  Africa  and  tropical  America;  the  genus  Ueroi 
extending  into  the  limits  of  the  United  States.     Those  with  lobate 
teeth  are  herbivorous,  the  rest  carnivorous. 
{Chromidea  Gunther,  iv,  2(54-316.) 

'.Spinous  part  of  doidal  longer  tliau  the  soft;  gill-rakers  short  and  thick;  teeth  con- 
ical; body  ovate  or  oblong,  covered  with  ctenoid  scales;  anal  spines  5  or 
more;  mouth  rather  small Heros,  327. 

■>'-':,.;;: i;'''^^-;-'-/^  :-•',■  V-,;        394.— HEBOS  Heckel.  -  :^  v 

'     *  ,  (flej'tc^iftys  Baird  &  Girard.) 

(Heckel,  Brazil,  Fluss-fischo,- Ann.  Wien.Mus.  11,362,1840:  type  Heros  aevemsKackcl.) 
Body  oblong,  compressed,  somewhat  elevated,  the  form  Centrarchoid. 
Head  rather  large,  scaly  on  the  cheeks  and  opercles;  preopercle  entire. 
Mouth  rather  small,  terminal,  low,  the  jaws  equal;  maxillary  small ; 
preorbital  deep ;  jaws  with  a  single  series  of  rather  stout  conical  teeth, 
behind  which,  in  front,  is  a  narrow  band  of  \  illiform  teeth.  Gill-mem- 
branes slightly  connected,  free  from  the  isthmus;  gill  rakers  short  and 
thick.  Scales  rather  large,  ctenoid;  the  lateral  line  interrupted  and 
beginning  again  below,  as  usual  in  this  family.  Dorsal  fin  coulinuous, 
the  spinous  part  much  longer  than  the  soft  part,  of  about  17  rather  low 
but  strojig  spines;  soft  rays  much  higher  than  spines;  anal  fin  similar 
to  soft  dorsal  but  shorter,  its  spinous  part  also  longer  than  the  soft,  of 
about  C  spines;  caudal  fin  subtruncate,  with  rounded  angles.  Species 
very  numerous  in  Central  and  South  America,  {i'ifx^^,  hero;  the  appli- 
cation not  evident.) 

955.  H.  cyanoiruttnrns  (B.  &  G.)  Gthr. 

Browni»;h,  body  and  soft  parts  of  vertical  fins  everywhere  with  small 
blue  spots ;  sometimes  a  black  spot  on  middle  of  spinous  dorsal,  with 
another  one  below  it  on  the  back ;  a  black  blotch  at  base  of  caudal. 
Body  oval,  moderately  compressed ;  profile  gently  curved ;  interorbltal 
region  slightly  depressed;  eyes  small,  situated  rather  backward  and 
high  up ;  mouth  small,  maxillary  not  reaching  orbit ;  six  rows  of  scales 
on  cheek ;  fins  high.  Head  3^ ;  depth  2^.  D.  XVII,  10 ;  A.  VI,  8.  Lat.  1. 
25.    Rivers  of  Texas  and  Mexico. 

(Herichthys  cyanoguttatua  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vii,  25, 1854:  GUnther, 
iv,  290.) 


1854:  GUnther, 


96.  POMACENTRID^ — POMACENTRUS.  609 


Family  XCVL— POMACENTRID^E. 
{The  Pomacentroids.) 

Labroid  fishes  with  the  body  short,  deep,  compressed,  covered  with 
ctenoid  scales ;  lateral  Hue  wanting  posteriorly ;  mouth  moderate,  usu- 
ally with  rather  strong  teeth;  vomer  and  palatines  toothless;  nostril 
single  on  each  side,*  nearly  round ;  preopercle  with  its  posterior  edge 
largely  free;  dorsal  fin  single,  with  the  spinous  portion  longer  than  the 
soft,  which  is  similar  to  the  soft  anal;  anal  spines  2;  ventral  fins  tho- 
racic, I,  5,  the  anterior  rays  longest.  Lower  pharyngeals  fully  united ; 
brancliiostegals  5-7;  gills  3^;  slit  behind  the  last  gill  very  small  or  ob- 
solete; no  labyrinthiform  appendage ;  air-bladder  and  pseudobrauchia; 
present;  gill-raenibranes  free  from  the  isthmus.    Vertebne  12+14. 

Fishes  of  the  tropical  seas,  simdar  in  mode  of  life  to  the  Chaitodontida\ 
feeding  on  small  marine  animals  and  plants  in  the  coral  reefs.  Genera 
10 ;  species  about  160. 

(Pomacenfriffa' GUnther,  iv,  2-64.) 

a.  Teeth  incisor-like,  fixed,  in  one  series Pomacentrus,  325. 

flo.  Teeth  conical,  in  2  or  more  series Chkomis,  326. 

83S.— POMACENTRUS  Lacdpede.        ..  -  '     'v     ■ 

Demoiselles.  -S    '  >'  "; 

{Glyphidodon  Lac:  Hi/pnypopa,  Pomataprioriy  and  Eunchiatodua  Gill.)       ;       .,, 

(Lac^p^de,  Hiot.  Nat.  Poiss.  iv,  50S,  1802:  type  Chaitodon  pavo  Bloch.) 

Body  ovate,  deep  and  compressed ;  the  profile  steep.  Head  moderate, 
nearly  as  deep  as  long,  almost  everywhere  scaly.  Mouth  quite  small, 
terminal;  the  jaws  equal;  both  jaws  armed  with  a  single  series  of  com- 
pressed teeth,  notched  or  not,  immovable.  Gill-rakers  long;  preop- 
ercle entire,  or  more  or  less  serrate;  preorbital  serrate  or  entire. 
Scales  large,  strongly  ctenoid,  the  lateral  line  running  parallel  with 
the  back  to  near  the  end  of  the  dorsal  fin,  at  which  point  it  ceases. 
Dorsal  fin  continuous,  with  12  or  13  low  stout  spines;  the  soft  part 
more  or  less  elevated,  its  last  rays  gradually  shortened;  anal  fin  siir- 
ilar  to  soft  dorsal,  with  two  spines,  of  which  the  second  is  much  the 
larger;  dorsal  spines  with  a  sheath  of  large  scales,  the  membrjmes  of 
both  dorsal   and  anal  covered  high  up  with  small  scales;  caudal  flu 

*Ab  in  the  Cichlidw.    All  other  Acanthopto'i  have  two  nasal  openings  on  each  side. 

Bull.  Nat.  Mas.  No.  16 39 


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CIO       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 

deeply  forked.    Brancliiostegals  5  or  0.    Species  numerous  in  the  tron- 
ical  geas.    (-aJ,'/.«,  operculum;  xt'^rpnv,  spine.) 

a.  Pn'opercle  serrate,  at  least  in  tUe  adult.     {Poinacentrue.) 

950.  P.  lcucost!ctus  Miiller  &  Troschel. 

Dark  brownish  above,  yellowish  green  on  the  sides  and  belly,  yellow 
on  the  tail  and  caudal  fln ;  numerous  roundish  bluish-white  spots  on  the 
head,  back,  and  soft  portions  of  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins,  th(^  dots  beini,' 
less  numerous  on  the  side,;  sometimes  nearly  uniform  brown,  almost 
unspotted ;  no  spot  on  the  back  of  the  tail ;  a  white  dot  on  the  base  of 
the  la  t  anal  rays ;  young  with  an  ocellated  dorsal  spot  an<l  eonvcri^ont 
blue  bands  on  the  snout;  upper  profile  of  head  arched;  suborbital  riii" 
minutely  denticulate  posteriorly;  preoperde  serrul.ate;  lower  limb  of 
preopercle  scaly;  ui)per  and  lower  teeth  nearly  equally  broad,  entire; 
caudal  forked,  the  looes  rather  pointed.  Depth  2:|  in  total.  D.  XII, 
1") ;  A.  II,  l.i ;  scales  3-28-1).  {Oimther.)  West  Indies,  north  to  West 
Florida. 

(Miiller  &  Troschel,  Sclioiuluirgk's  Barbud.  674;  GUuther,  iv,  31;  Goode  &  Beau 

Troc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  338.)  '''•;;    -    . 

Ma.  Preopercle  entire.  '      t  V 

h.  Teeth  entire.     {Hypsypops*  Gill.)  ,  - 

»57.  P.  riibicundtis  (Grd.)  J.  &  G.—GarihaUu 

Uniform  deep  scarlet,  unmarked  ;  edges  of  fins  dusky.  Body  short 
and  deep,  elevated,  compressed,  constricted  behind  the  dorsal  and  anal, 
the  caudal  peduncle  short  and  deep ;  head  higher  than  long,  the  preor- 
bital  i.ud  suborbital  regions  being  unusually  deep ;  preopercle  entire ; 
cheeks,  opercles,  and  top  of  head  scaly;  mouth  small;  lips  thick;  teetli 
compressed,  narrow,  blunt  and  entire,  in  a  single  row,  dark  at  tips; 
gill-rakers  short  and  flexible;  preorbital  anteriorly  as  wide  as  the  eye; 
cheeks  with  5  or  G  rows  of  rather  small  scales,  opercles  with  several 
rows  of  larger  ones;  lips  thick,  the  lower  without  frenum;  soft  fins 
rather  high;  pectorals  reaching  nearly  to  vent.  •  Head  '^^ ;  dei)th  If.  I). 
XII,  16;  A.  II,  15;  scales  5-30-13;  Lat.  1.  on  21  scales.  L.  12  inches. 
Coast  of  California,  south  of  Point  Concepcion ;  abundant  about  rocky 
islands. 

{(ihjplusoihm  rnhicnndiia  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Phila.  1854,  148:  Parma  ruhi- 
VHtirin  Giinthcr,  iv,  5H:  Hypaypops  ruhicundia  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Phila.  1803, 
21.H.) 
bb.  Teeth  emarginate.     (Glyphidodon\  Lac<5pftde.) 

*Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1861,  IG.'j:  typo  Gly})hi8odonrnbicundu8 Gn\.  {vH, 
high;  vno,  below;  (btp,  eye;  in  albision  to  the  high  snborbital  region.) 

\  (rhjphisodott  Lac<5pt;de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iv,  542,  1802:  typo  Ghjphiaodon  moucharra 
Ijac.^Chwtodon  saxaUlia  IMoiih.    {yXixpli,  notch ,  odcb j^,  tooth.) 


^liii: 


o;   soft  fins 


96.    POMACENTRID.E— CHR0MI8. 


611 


g5§,  P.  concolor  (Gill)  J.  &  G.  ^   '\  ■'G^t^v  :''-'/■  -.^i  v-     "r- 

Dark  olive,  with  5  or  G  vaguo,  dark  cross-bands;  pectoral  with  a 

tapcriti^",  black  transverse  line  at  base.     Interorbital  space  convex, 

wider  than  orbit;  breadth  of  infraorbital  ring;  two-thirds  the  greatest 

lireadtli  of  the  preorbital.    Teeth  rather  broad,  deeply  notched.    D-'pth 

14.    I).  XII,  12;  A.  II,  9;  scales  3-25-10.     {Oiinther.)    Both  coasts  of 

Central  America,  north  to  Florida  Keys. 

{Eiisvliinlodua  concolor  Gill,  Proc.  A"!-.;l.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.  ISfiO,  145:  Glyphidodon  co;i- 
(.„/,))•  Giiiithcr,  iv,  37:  Glyphidodou  concolor  Goodo  &  Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  J^'at.  Mus.  1871', 

■M) 

959.  P»  saxatilis  (Linn.)  .1- &  G. — Con-pilot;  Mojarra. 

Greenish  olive;  head  and  fins  dark;  body  wilh  5  or  G  black  cross- 
hands,  which  are  rather  narrower  than  the  interspaces;  the  first  from 
the  origin  of  the  dorsal  to  the  pectoral  fin,  the  second  downwards  from 
fourth  and  fifth  dorsal  spines,  the  third  from  the  ninth  and  tenth  dorsal 
spines  toward  the  vent,  the  fourth  from  end  of  spinous  dorsal  to  middle 
of  anal,  the  fifth  l)elow  the  end  of  the  soft  dorsal  and  continued  on  the 
posterior  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal;  a  faint  sixth  bar  at  base  of  caudal. 
Soft  dorsal  and  anal  fins  produced,  the  fourth  and  fifth  rays  of  dorsal, 
and  the  fifth  and  sixth  of  anal,  longest.  Eye  rather  large,  about  as 
long  as  snout.  Head  rather  short,  3 J  in  length;  depth  1^.  D.  XI 11, 
14;  A.  II,  13;  Lat.  1.  27;  pores  on  21  scales.  Tropical  seas  of  Amer- 
ica;  occasional  on  our  South  Atlantic  coast. 

{Chato'lon  saxatil'is  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.:  GlyphUludon  aaxalilia  GiiutUer,  iv,  35:  Ghjphi- 
dodon  saxatilia  Goodo,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  v,  3H.) 

32«.— CHBOMIS  Cuvier.  ... 

(Heliaatea  Cnv.  &Val. :  Furcaria  Voey:  Ayrena  Cooper. 

(Cuvier, Mdmoires dn  Mns.  d'Hist.  Nat.  18ir> :  type  Sparns  chromia L.  —- Chrowia caaiaica 
Risso,  of  the  Mediterranean.) 

Body  rather  deep.  Preopercle  entire.  Mouth  small;  teeth  small, 
conical,  in  two  or  more  series,  the  outer  larger.  Scales  rather  large, 
24-30  in  a  longitudinal  series.  Dorsal  fin  with  12-14  spines.  Branchi- 
ostegals  normally  5.  Pyloric  coeca  2.  Gill-rakers  long  and  slender. 
Tropical  seas;  species  numerous.  {xpo.'A^  the  ancient  name  of  some 
fish,  probably  a  Scitenoid,  from  xpiii-o)^  to  neigh,  from  the  noise  msKle 
by  the  ilsh;  akin  to  our  names  Grunter,  Croaker,  Drum,  Hog-fish.) 

900.  C.  pueictipinoiis  Conpor.— ^^acA-smt/A. 

Dark  slaty  blackish,  with  violet  lustre  above ;  some  of  the  scales 
with  a  greenish  spot  or  edging;  fins  bluish  black;   posterior  part  of 


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612       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — iv 

body  with  simill  rouml  brown  spots,  which  form  more  or  less  regular 
series;   soft  dorsjil  and  caudal  densely  spotted.      Body  obloii;;,  soinc 
what  reyularly  elliptical.     Head  blunt,  short,  and  deep,  the  profile  al> 
iui>tly  descending  to  the  snout.    Lips  thick,  the  lower  without  I'renuin. 
Tecih  moderate,  conical,  in   about  two  series,  the   inner  very  small. 
Cheeks,  opercles,  and  top  of  head  scaly.     Spines  stiff  and  low.    Can 
dal  forked;  pectorals  and  ventrals  long.    Head  4;  depth  2.^.    I). XII 
11;  A.  II,  10;  scales  4-29-10;  18  in  course  of  lateral  line;  L.  9  inches. 
Pacific  coast,  north  to  Point  Concepcion;  not  rare. 

(Ai/rema piin<-ti2)inni»  Cooper,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1833,  73.) 

961.  C.  iiisolatus  (Cuv.  &  Val.)  .J.  &  G.        ' 

Dark  brownish,  with  metallic  reflections ;  each  scale  on  the  head  ami 
anterior  part  of  the  body  with  a  blue  spot ;  young  with  two  blue  lines 
along  the  forehead  convergent  on  the  snout,  and  with  a  black  spot  im 
mediately  behind  the  dorsal  fin.  Caudal  fin  emarginate,  with  rounded 
lobes.  Second  anal  spine  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  head;  dor 
sal  spines  high;  ventrals  long;  pectorals  moderate.  Depth  2;  1).  XI II, 
12;  A.  II,  12 ;  scales  2-28-9  ;  cceca  2.  West  Indies,  north  to  Southeru 
Florida.  '"'■     '■  •'^  ■■■■■'--'''••■•;"  r  •-//'-'::0^->^'>'^i^:<  •■■•-"  '- 

{Heliaiiea  imolatusi  Cuv.  &  Val.  v,  494  :  HeUiMtes  iniiolaius  Giiuthor,  iv,  01.) 

Family  XCVII—EPHIPPID^. 

{The  Angel-fishes.)  .- 

Body  com[)re88ed,  usually  greatly  elevated,  the  anterior  profile  steep. 
Scales  moderate  or  small,  ctenoid,  densely  covering  the  soft  parts  of  the 
vertical  fins ;  lateral  line  present,  following  the  cuive  of  the  back.  Mourii 
small,  terminal,  horizontal;  i)remaxillaries  protractile;  maxillary  sliovt. 
without  supplemental  bone,  partly  slipping  under  the  preorbital ;  jaws 
with  bands  of  slender,  pointed,  movable,  brush -like  teeth;  preo[)erelo 
usually  Very  finely  serrated ;  gill-membranes  broadly  attached  to  the 
isthmus,  the  openings  restricted  to  the  sides;  branchiostegals  6  or  7; 
pyloric  c(Bca  fe  w ;  gill-rakers  very  short ;  pseudobranchia^  present.  Dor 
sal  fins  2,  somewhat  connected ;  the  first  of  8  to  11  spines,  which  are 
depressible  in  a  groove ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  fins  anteriorly  high,  their 
bases  thickened  by  the  scales ;  anal  spines  3  or  4,  short ;  caudal  fin 
truncate  or  nearly  so;  pectorals  short;  ventrals  long,  thoracic,  I,  5: 
air-bladder  large,  commonly  bifurcate  in  front,  and  with  two  slender 
horns  behind.    As  here  understood,  a  group  of  4  genera  and  about  10 


97.    EPHIPPID^ — CH^TODIPTERUS. 


G13 


species,  closely  related  to  the  ChntodonU,  but  said  to  show  important 
(lifftTcnces  in  the  skeleton.  Fishes  niostlj'  of  largo  size,  in  warm  seas, 
suiuetimes  entering  rivers. 

(SiiuitinipinucH  part;  gencru  Scatopha'jua,  Ephippiia,  and  Drcpanc,  GUnt.hcr,  ii,  57-65.) 

a.  Anal  spines  H;  dorsal  spiiios  8  or  S),  the  third  prolonged ;  profile  very  steep ;  scales 
small C'n.EToDii'TKnt'8,  ;W7. 

327.— CIIJGTODIPTERUS  Lacdpede. 
{I'arephippus  Gill.) 

(Lacdpode,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iv,  50 J,  1802:  ty\tii  Ch(etodon  jylumicri  B\och= Chniodon 
fahcr  Brouss.) 

Body  much  elevated  and  corajjressed,  its  outline  nearly  orbicular,  the 
anterior  profile  nearly  vertical.  Scales  suuill,  55-70  in  the  course  of  the 
lateral  Hne.  Jaws  about  equal;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  teeth 
oil  jaws  slender,  somewhat  movable;  preopercle  finely  serrulate.  Bran- 
chiostegals  G.  Dorsal  fins  2,  somewhat  connected,  the  first  of  usually  H 
spines,  the  third  of  which  is  elongate ;  anal  spines  i^,  small,  the  second 
the  longest ;  ventral  with  a  large  accessory  scale.  Pyloric  coeca  4-G. 
American,  distinguished  from  the  Asiatic  genus  Ephippiis  by  the  very 
much  smaller  scales,  {x'^irodwv^  Chaitodou;  Sn;^  two;  izTspo-^^  fin,  the 
dorsal  being  divided.)  v        '.     ':;    i    ^-  ' 

90'i>  C  faber  (B<*<)U8s.)  J.  &  G. — Jngel-fish;  Porgee. 

Grayish ;  a  dusky  band  across  the  eye  to  the  throat ;  a  second  similar 
band,  broader,  beginning  in  front  of  the  dorsal  and  extending  across  the 
base  of  the  pectoral  to  the  belly;  a  third  band,  narrower,  extending  to 
the  middle  of  the  sides,  from  the  base  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  dorsal 
spines ;  a  fourth  broader  band  from  the  last  dorsal  siiine  to  the  anal 
spines,  the  remaining  bands  alternately  short  and  long;  all  of  these 
bands  growing  obscure  and  disappearing  with  age;  ventrals  black. 
Vertical  fins  low  in  the  young,  lalcate  in  the  adult.  Third  dorsal 
spine  nearly  as  long  as  from  eye  to  edge  of  preopercle,  its  niembrane 
blackish;  chin  with  a  row  of  pores;  preorbital  nearly  as  wide  as  eje; 
l)ectoral  considerably  shorter  than  ventral,  the  first  soft  ray  of  the  latter 
lilamentous.  Head  3-3.^;  depth  l^.  D.  VIII-I,  20;  A.  HE,  18;  Lat. 
1.  CO;  coeca  4-6.  L.  2  feet.  Warm  seas;  north  to  San  Diego  and  New 
York;  abundant  on  our  South  Atlantic  coast;  an  excellent  food-fish. 
Very  large  specimens,  which  we  suppose  to  be  old  individuals,  but  which 
may  possibly  be  a  distinct  species  {Ephipptts  gigas  Cuv.),  have  the  occi- 
pital crest  and  anterior  interhajmals developed  in  thick  bony  masses. 

(ChocMon  fabcr  Broussouct,  Ichtb.  Decas.  1,  v,  t.  4, 1782:  Chwtodon  fabcr  Gmel.  Syst. 
Nat.i,  126;j,  1789:  Zeua quadra tusGmGl,  I.e.  1825;  GUuther,  ii,  61:  Epliippu8 gigas Cuyier, 


■■^-5lij'v-'4 


'f,  :"^ "  **-..'»■ 


'^   I 


■  Hit* 


A-, 


i 

m^ 

ItN 


li 

»*  - 

|.!K 


1  fl ; 

'  1  fc- 


'fivi-i; 


iii;  ii 


m'^-'l  i 


'If;  r 


■>)} 


C14      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 

Ri'giio  Aiiim.:  Kplilppun  gigaa  GUnthcr.  li,  01:  Ephippus  {/if/a*  Holbrook,  Idi.  S.  Car 
107:  ICpliippus  faba-  Holbrook,  1.  c.  110:  Ephipj)U8  zonatun  Girard,  U.  S.  i'iic.  ]{.  w 
Surv.  110,  from  San  Diego.)      . 

'   i^AMiLY  XCVIIL— CH^TODONTID^. 

''  .  '  •»  ■  ■  ■ 

{The  Cluvtodonts.) 

Body  strougfly  compressed,  elevated,  suborbicnlar  in  outline,  covered 
■with  moderate-sized  or  small  scales,  which  are  tinely  ciliated  or  nearly 
smooth;  lateral  line  present,  concurrent  with  the  bacli,  notextendin^ron 
the  caudal  fin;  mouth  small,  protractile,  terminal;  maxillary  very  short; 
teeth  slender  or  setiform,  often  extremely  long-,  in  narrow  bands  in  the 
jaws;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  no  canines,  molars,  or  incisor.s- 
eyes  lateral,  of  moderate  size ;  branchiostegals  C  or  7 ;  pseudobrancliiie 
very  large;  air-bladder  present.  Gill-merabranes  more  or  less  attached 
to  the  isthmus;  gill-rakers  very  small.  Dorsal  tin  single,  continuous,  its 
rays  sometimes  filamentous,  its  soft  part  as  well  as  the  soft  part  of  the 
anal  densely  covered  with  small  scales ;  anal  similar  to  the  soft  dorsal 
with  3  or  -4  spines;  ventrals  thoracic,  1, 5.  Carnivorous  fishes  of  the  tropi 
cal  seas,  noted  for  their  singular  forms  and  bright  colors.  Genera  5  or 
more;  species  about  170,  most  of  them  belonging  to  Chcctodon  and  Po- 
macanthus.     {SquamipinneH  part,  Giinther,  ii,  1-57.) 

o.  Preopercnliiin  Avithoiit  spine  at  its  angle C-h.etodox,  3i.'8. 

aa.  Preopcrculiuu  with  a  strong  spine  at  its  angle Pomacaxtuus,  3',>9. 

y    ,.        ■       3a§.— CHiETODON  Linuieus. 

(Sarolhrodus  Gill :  Tctragoiio2)tru8  Bl^)clicr.) 

(Linntcus,  Systema  Natnra?,  x,  1758:  typo  Chwtodon  cajnsiratiis  L.) 

Body  short,  deep,  very  strongly  compressed,  especially  above  and 
behind;  head  small,  compressed,  almost  everywhere  scaly;  mouth  very 
small,  terminal,  the  jaws  provided  with  long,  slender,  flexible,  bristle- 
like teeth ;  preoperculum  entire  or  nearly  so,  without  spine.  Dorsal  tin 
single,  continuous,  not  notched,  the  si>inous  part  longer  than  the  soft 
l)art,  of  about  13  spines ;  last  rays  of  soft  dorsal  usually  rapidly  short 
ened;  caudal  peduncle  short,  the  caudal  fin  fan-shaped;  anal  similar  to 
soft  dorsal,  preceded  by  3  or  4  strong  spines.  Body  covered  with  rather 
large  ctenoid  scales,  somewhat  irregular  in  their  arrangement;  the 
lateral  line  curved,  high,  parallel  with  the  back.  Gill-openings  rather 
narrow,  the  membranes  narrowly  joined  to  the  isthmus;  branchiostcgals 
C.     A  very  large  genus  of  singiilar-looking  fishes,  abounding  in  the 


93.    CILETODONTIDiE — POMACANTHUS. 


Gl.'j 


tropical  seas;  most  of  them  have  tboboily  crossed  bj'  transverse  black 
biirs.    {/"^i'Tr/i  bristle;  6dwvj  tooth.) 

963'  fi".  iiaarulocitictus  (Gill)  J.  «fe  G.  '      •• ;    v 

Olivaceous,  darker  above;  a  dark-brown  band  from  bej^inninj;  of  dor- 
sal (ill  obliiiuely  forwards  through  eye  and  across  the  cheeks;  a  second 
bar  bt';;inninj;  in  a  blotch  on  soft  dorsal,  runs  vertically  across  the  body. 
Uoily  suborbicular,  closely  com[)ressed ;  i)rolile  steei),  concave,  the  short 
snout  projecting;  mouth  \  ery  small,  maxillary  not  reaching  the  verticil 
from  the  anterior  nostril;  caudal  pednnc'e  very  short ;  lateral  line,  begin- 
ning at  upper  angle  of  opercle,  running  obliquely  upwards  to  opposite 
tbc  base  of  soft  dorsal  and  then  decurved,  ending  opposite  extremity 
of  soft  dorsal.  Head  2^  in  length;  depth  1^.  D.  XU,  19;  A.  Ill,  17. 
Atlantic  coast,  rare. 

(Saw'/u'orf"«  nirtCtt/octnciiM  Gill,  Proc.  Acal.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila.  18.il,  1)9.)  , 

3a9.-POOTACARfTHUS  Liic6pode. 
[Chwiodon,  Holacanthua,  and  Acanthochwtodon  Blocker.) 

(Lacc^pede,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iv,  517, 1802:  typo  Chwiodon  arcuatus  L.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Chcctodon  chiefly  in  the  presence  of  a  strong 
spine  at  tJie  angle  of  the  preopercle.  Body  much  compressed  and  ele- 
vated; dorsal  fin  entirely  scaly,  with  8-15  spines;  the  anal  with  3; 
scales  moderate  or  small;  bn.uchiostegals  0 ;  air-bhubler  with  2  poste- 
rior horns ;  pyloric  coeca  numerous.  Species  numerous  in  the  tropical 
seas.  Many  of  them  are  brilliantly  colored.  (rcu//«,  operculum ;  uxrv^Oa, 
spine.) 
fl.  Dorsal  spines  12  to  15.    {Holacanthua*  Lac.)  ' 

964.  P.  ciBiarJS  (Linn.)  J.  &  G.. — Angcl-fmh  ;  InahdUa. 

Brownish  olive,  each  scale  with  a  crescent-shaped  mark  of  lighter ; 
Dape  with  a  dark-brown  spot  ocellated  with  blue ;  chin,  base  of  pectoral, 
borders  and  spines  of  opercle  and  preopercle  bright  cobalt  blue ;  fins 
with  blue  and  yellow.  Body  oblong,  compressed  and  elevated;  mouth 
small;  scales  ciliate;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  with  the  anterior  rays  jn-o- 
diiced  in  long  streamers.  Head  4  in  length ;  depth  about  2.  D.  XIV, 
20;  A.  HI,  20;  scales  8-50-30.  West  Indies,  occasional  on  our  South 
Atlantic  coast. 

iChd'toilon  ciliaria  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.:  Bolavahlhua  ciliarh  Lacdpi^do,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss. 
iv,  527,  1802:  Holacanthua  ciliaris  Guntber,  ii,  4G:  Holacanthua  ciliaria  Goodo,  Bull.  U. 
8.  NaU  Mus.  V,  4;}.) 

*Lac«5ptide,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iv,  525:  type  Chwtodon  tricolor  Bloch.  (oXoi,  comidete; 
axnvQa,  spine.) 


!  •  .    !       H'Ji 


«    i.1 


F 


I     ^'-i'^i 


GIG 


CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 


art.  Dareal  spinoH  H  to  11.     (Pomacanthuf). 

99^.  P.  arcuatus  (L.)  Lao.        '       *    •    •'  V  •,,<.; 

Dark  brown,  anteriorly  plain ;  lower  jaw  pale ;  each  scale  witli  adaik 
spot  and  a  whitish  edge;  young  with  yellowish  vertical  bands,  some- 
times spotted  with  black;  bp-se  of  pectorals  soinetimes  yellow.  Scales 
on  body  small,  Arm;  large  and  small  ones  irregularly  mixed,  llcml  witli 
shagreen,  formed  of  rmiimeutary  scales.  Dorsal  and  anal  extroiuely 
falcate,  the  anterior  soft  rays  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  bo  ly  in  the 
adidt;  dorsal  spines  very  low;  last  anal  spine  long.  Mouth  small- 
gill-rakers  short;  gill-membranes  very  slightly  joined  to  the  isthmus 
mesially.  D.  IX,  30;  A.  Ill,  24;  Lat.  1.  80-100;  ccBca  15;  vert.  10 -f 
14.    Wi'st  Indies,  north  to  Garden  Key,  Florida. 

{Chwtodon  arcuatti/i  L.  Syst.  Nat.:  Pomacaiitliux parii,  ciiiffulatuft,  quinquccinctus  and 
arcuatuH  Cuv.  &  Val.  vii,  202-211:  PomncanthuH  paru  GUnther,  iii,  55.) 


I 


i: 


m 


ill   ; 


l,j->  's 


r 


liim  ■ 


Family  XCIX.-ACANTHURID^.* 

{The  Surgeons.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed  and  usually  elevated,  covered  with  very 
small  scales;  lateral  line  continuous.  Tail  armed  with  one  or  more 
movable  spines  or  bony  plates.  Eye  lateral,  high  up ;  preorbital  very 
narrow  and  deep.  Nostrils  double.  Mouth  small,  low;  each  jaw  with 
a  single  series  of  incisor-like  teeth;  vomer  and  palatines  toothless;  ])rc- 
maxillaries  somewhat  movable,  but  not  protractile;  nmxillary  short; 
gill-rakers  obsolete;  pseudobranchiie  large;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the 
fourth;  gill-membranes  attached  to  the  isthmus,  the  openings  thus  re- 
stricted to  the  sides.  A  single  d  srsstl  fin,  with  strong  spines,  the  spi- 
nous part  of  the  fin  about  as  long  as  the  soft  part;  anal  fin  similar, 
shorter;  ventral  fins  present,  thoracic,  mostly  I,  5  (never  I,  4,  I,  as  in 
Teuthididce).  Pelvic  bone  long,  evident  thi ough  the  skin,  as  in  Balisiida', 
with  which  group  the  Acanthuridw  have  numerous  affinities.  Pyloiie 
ccBca  rather  few.  Air-bladder  large.  Herbivorous  fishes  of  the  tropicai 
seas;  genera  5  or  more;  species  nearly  80,  most  of  them  belonging  to 
Acanthurus. 

(^cro»M»n(f<B  GUnther,  iii,  356.) 

a.  Tail  with  a  movable  lancet-like  spine  on  each  side;  incisors  seiTate. 

ACANTHURt'8,  XiO. 

'Called  Teiithidtdw  in  the  kej'  on  page  78. 


lOa.    TRACIIYPTERIDiE. 


617 


330.— ACAWTHUIIUS  Bloch  &  Schneider.        .         .^   ^, 

*\ i'    '.,  ( Acronurnit  Gthr,;  young.)  "  *        ,         ' 

(ForsUrvl;  niach  &  Sclinoider,  Ichthyol.  IHOl,  211:  type  Chwtodon  chirurgua  Bloch.)  , 
Bcxly  o»ate  o')loijg,  compressed,  covered  with  minute  ctenoid  scales. 
Mouth  rather  small,  with  broad  lohate  or  serrate  incisors,  which  are 
goinetimes  movable.  A  movable  spine  in  a  groove  on  each  side  of  tail. 
One  dorsal  fln,  low  and  long,  with  7-9  (sometimes  fewer)  spines;  usually 
a  pro<!iJmbent  spine  before  the  dorsal ;  anal  with  2  or  3  spines.  Ven- 
tral rays  I,  5.  Caudal  emarginate.  Gill  openingf»  moderate,  oblique, 
separated  by  a  broad  isthmus;  operculum  very  short;  i)reopercle  ob- 
lique, with  entire  edge.  Branchiostegals  a.  Intestinal  canal  elongate. 
Vertebnc  9 -f  13.    {uxa-^Oa,  sphie;  6upd,  tail.) 

966  A.  «-hirurgus  Bl.  &  Sclm.—Snrgeon-fwh ;  Doctor-fiah. 

Brownish;  operclo  with  a  black  margin;  sometimes  a  whitish  band 
across  tail  at  base  of  caudal;  sides  with  dark  transverse  bands;  vertical 
linK  with  oblique,  i)arallel,  dark  streaks.  Body  oblong,  compressed, 
and  not  greatly  elevated ;  profile  little  convex,  somewhat  undulated. 
Vertical  fins  high  ;  caudal  moderately  emarginate.  Head  3 J  in  length; 
depth  2.     D.  IX,  23;  A.  Ill,  23.    West  Indies;  occasional  northward. 

(Bloch  «S:  Schneider,  214;  Giinthcr,  iii,  3;29,  in  part;  Poey,  Anales  Soc.  Hist.  Nat. 
Espngn.  1880,  245.) 

967.  A.  CCerulCMS  Bloch  &,  Schneider. — Blue  Surgeon;  Barhcro. 

Deep  bluish  brown,   with  undulating  pale  blue  longitudinal  lines, 

especially  on  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins,  where  they  become  straight  and 

oblique.    Upper  profile  of  snout  slightly  concave.    Caudal  fin  more  or 

less  det'ply  forked,  the  lobes  bordered  with  pale  in  the  adult;  caudal 

spine  glassy,  amber-colored ;  opercles  striate.    Body  very  deep.    Depth 

1^  in  length.   D.  IX,  2S;  A.  Ill,  25.   West  Indies;  occasional  northw^ard. 

(Bloch  &  Schneider,  1801,214;  Poey,  Anal.  Soc.  Hist.  Nat.  Espagn.  1880,244:  Acan- 
ihirm  nigricans  Goode,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  v,  42  (not  of  L.):  Acanihurtis  cccruleua 
Giinther,  iii,  33G.) 

Family  C— TRACHYPTERID^. 

•  ( TJie  King-of-the-Herrings.) 

Body  elongate,  strongly  compressed,  naked,  the  skin  smooth  or 
prickly.  Lateral  line  present.  Head  short,  the  mouth  rather  small, 
terminal,  with  feeble  teeth;  i>remaxillaries  protractile;  opercles  un- 
armed.   Eye  large,  lateral.    Branchiostegals  G.    Gill-membranes  sepa- 


I II 


•i 


.   i  •!'  ■  t  •*. 


t . 


rf  •  ipi 

r     :±iM 


CIS      COXTKIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

rate,  fioe  from  the  istliinus;  gills  4,  a  slit  bo'iiiid  the  fourth.  Ps;  iido- 
bninchia^  well  developed,  in  a  i)onch  formed  by  a  fold  of  the  iniuous 
luembrane.  Dorsal  flu  siugle,  exteudm}>:  from  the  head  to  the  tail,  it;i 
rays  all  technically  spinous,  being  neither  articulated  nor  branched, 
but  all  very  soft,  flexible,  and  fragile;  anal  fln  wanting;  ])ectoni].s 
short;  ventrals  thoraci'  .ae  rays  elongate,  often  less  than  I,  5  in  nin< 
ber;  caudal  fin  either  rudimentary  or  else  divided  into  Uxo  parts,  the 
upper  and  larger  Tan-shaped,  directed  obliquely  upward  from  the  slen- 
der tip  of  the  tail.  Bones  very  joft,  the  muscles  little  coherent.  Py. 
loric  coeca  very  numerous.  Vertebra}  in  large  nund»er.  Deep-sea  fishes 
often  of  large  size,  found  in  most  warm  seas.  Their  extreme  fragilitv 
renders  them  rare  iu  collections,  and  the  species  are  little  known. 
Genera  3;  species  about  15.  They  have  no  intimate  relation  with  any 
other  of  our  ^milies.  '    ■:  i  ^  -  ^  ^        </  •        ; 

(Trachyptcridiv  GUnthor,  iii,  300-311. )      .     ,  .     ,     .   ,         , 

o.  Ventral  fins  well  developed;  caiulal  present,  not  in  the  line  of  the  axis  of  fijo 
bc'ly Tkachyptkuus,  ;r.il. 

&31.— T£tA€JIk'PT£BfJS  Goiinu. 


:l'  King-of-thelTerHnpn.        i    ^'^^ 

(Gouan,  Hit,;.  Poiss.  1770,  104:  typo  Cepota  trachiptcra  Gniol.) 

This  genus  is  characterized  by  the  well-developed  ventral  fins,  coin 
posed  of  4-0  branched  rays  each,  and  by  the  presence  of  a  long  fan 
shsiped  caudal  fln  extending  oblicpiely  upward  and  backward  from  the 
end  of  the  long  and  slender  tail;  lower  lobe  of  the  fln  little  developed; 
the  anterior  rays  of  the  dorsal  fln  are  usually  elevated,  and  separated 
by  a  notch  from  the  rest  of  the  fln;  the  fln  rays  and  the  lateral  lino 
are  often  armed  with  prickles.  Deep-sea  flshes  of  large  size.  (r/>a;^uj, 
rough;  rre/>«v,  fln.)  "  ,      V- 

9GS.  T.  mitivcUs  Kiu'T.—King-of-thc-Salmon. 

Bright  silvery,  with  three  large  round  black  8i)ors  below  the  dorsal 
fln;  a  fourth  near  the  abdominal  edge,  a  little  below  the  first  of  the 
back.  Anterior  rays  of  the  dorsal  lin  elevated ;  the  longest  rays  of  the 
posterior  part  of  the  dorsal  nearly  as  deep  as  the  body;  dorsrd  ra.vs 
rough,  a  small  spine  at  the  base  of  each  of  Ihein;  caudal  lin  with  the 
erec^  '  ^be  well  developed,  its  outer  rays  longer  and  stronger  than  the 
intermediate  rays;  rays  of  the  lower  lobe  short;  skin  prickly,  the  lat- 
eral line  armed  with  small  bouy  shields,  each  provided  with  a  spine. 


i:)l.    ICOSTEIDiE. 


619 


Head  7;  depth  7.  D.  7,  1(51)  to  190;  C.  0-5;  P.  11;  V.  7.  {Giintlur.) 
Described  troin  Valpuiaiso,  Cliili.  A  yoauj;  specimen  ex''iuiued  by  us 
iVoiu  Sauta  Cruz,  Cal.,  a;j:ivys  in  essautial  respeots,  except  that  the  skiu 
is  entirely  smooth.  Tho  p.iclcles  ar»3  i)erhaps  aoiiuired  with  aj^e,  other- 
wise ours  may  be  a  ditlereut  si)ecios.  Two  specimens  of  Trackifptenis 
liiiv  t>  also  been  taken  in  I'uget  Sound,  but  they  have  not  been  preserv^ed. 

(Kuer.  Wiou.  Sitznugsber,  xxxiv,  4;57   Irijl),  tuf.  1;  Guuther,  iii,  'M'.i.) 

Family  CI.— ICOSTEID.E. 

{The  Ronqnils.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  naked  or  covered  with  small  ctenoid  or 
cycloid  scales.  Heail  moderate,  not  externally  bony,  the  opercles  un- 
armed. Mouth  moderate,  terminal;  preiu'.jxillary  protractile  or  not; 
maxillary  moderate,  without  sui)pleniental  bone.  Teeth  small,  in  binds 
or  ii'  single  series;  vomer  and  palatines  with  or  without  teeth.  No  b;ir- 
bels.  Lower  pharyngeals  separate.  Branchiost..'gals  (J  or  7.  Gill-opi'u 
iii^js  wide,  the  membranes  free  from  the  isthmus;  gills  t,  a  slit  beliind  the 
fourth;  gill-rakers  slender.  Pseudobrauchia^  large.  Pyloric  cie^ia  few. 
Air  bladder  present.  Lateral  line  present.  Dorsal  tin  very  long,  con- 
tinuous, without  distinct  spines;  anal  long,  w\thout  spines;  caudal  lin 
caiivex;  ventral  tins  thoracic  or  subjugular,  separate,  but  very  dose 
together,  I,  4,  or  I,  5;  pectorals  rounded,  sometimes  tleshy  at  base. 
Vent  normal,  without  papilhi.  Skeleton  more  or  less  soft  and  cartila- 
j;iiu)us.  This  group,  as  at  present  constituted,  is  com|)()sed  of  three 
very  diverse  genera,  each  of  a  single  species,  inhabiting  the  deep(>r 
waters  of  the  North  Pacific.  It  is  probably  most  neurly  n'lated  to  the 
Miilacanthida^,  from  which  it  is  ♦listinguished  by  the  i)resence  of  pyloric 
c(eca  and  by  the  non-labroid  dentition. 

(/o&stoido)  Jo i-dau  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mna.  18S0,  300.)  '   ' 

c.  Body  uakod,  latoial  lino  and  iln  rays  beset  with  groups  of  spinules;  skeleton  not 
ossiliud.     (Ivoateinw.) 
b.  Air  bladder  present;  teeth  in  jaws  oi\ly,  in  ningle  series,  very  slenih  r;  ventrals 

thoracie,  1,  4;  caudal  peduncle  sh-uder Icosrias,  'X\2. 

aa.  Body  covered  with  siaall  scales ;  no  spinules ;  air-bladder  waul  iug  or  rudiuieutary ; 
ventrals  1,  5. 
0.  Skeleton  imperfectly  oasHied ;  lateral  line  median,     {fcirhthiihiw.) 
d.  Teeth  in  a  single  series,  minute,  in  jaws  oidy;  ventrals  thoracie;  caudal  pe^ 

dnnele  slender liicMTilvs,  3J3. 

CO.  Skeleton  ossi lied;  lateral  line  near  the  hack.     (^Kuthi/moHtcriiKiu) 

e.  Teeth  in  bauds,  rather  strong,  on  Jaws,  vomer,  ])alatines,  ami  i)hnryugealH; 
vuutruls  subjugular;  caudal  peduncle  not  sluuder. .....BATilv.MAisiuu,  3,(4. 


5{f  i'*^i  .  ;s'H 


L^j'i 


'li 


\'>i% 


r  V 


■ }'  '•  •"J 


620       CONTHIBUTiONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

333.-lCOSTEi;S  LockingtoD. 

(Lockiu^ton,  Proc.  U.  S.  Niit.  Mns.  ii,  63,  1830:  type  Ivosteus  cBiiigmaticua  Lockiiifrton.) 
Body  oblong,  much  coini)res8e(l  throughout,  the  head  thicker  than 
any  part  of  the  body.  Dorsal  outline  rising  rapidly  to  the  origin  of  the 
dorsal  ttn,  thence  more  regularly  curved;  the  region  at  the  base  of  the 
dorsal  and  anal  strongly  compressed;  caudal  peduncle  slender,  ^videncd 
at  the  base  of  tlu  fin.  ]Mouth  large,  horizontal ;  maxillary  narrow 
reaching  to  bejond  mi<ldle  of  eye.  Teeth  in  jaws  in  one  row,  slender 
sharp,  closely  and  regularly  set,  those  in  the  lower  Jaw  largest;  no  teeth 
on  vomer,  palatines,  or  pharyngeals.  Gill-rakers  flexible,  few;  gill  mem- 
branes separate,  fiee  from  the  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  0.  Pseudo- 
branchijB  well  develoi)ed.  Lateral  line  conspicuous,  continuous,  de- 
curved,  groups  of  small  spines  i)resent  along  its  entire  length.  No 
scales  anywhere  on  body  or  lins.  Fins  rough,  with  small  spinules;  a 
series  along  each  ray,  dividing  as  the  ray  branches;  dorsal  fin  com- 
mencing above  the  axil  of  the  pectoral,  composed  of  50-GO  rays,  which 
are  all  soft  and  flexible,  some  of  the  antei'ior  unbranched;  the  fin  low 
in  front,  increasing  in  height  behind;  none  of  the  rays  more  than  oiico 
forked;  anal  shorter  than  the  dorsal,  similar  to  it,  of  35-40  rays;  some 
of  the  anterior  ai^jjarently  undivided;  caudal  fin  elongate,  fan-shaped, 
the  middle  rays  i)roduced;  accessory  rays  numerous,  procurrent;  pec- 
torals with  a  fleshy  base,  fan-shai)ed,  the  middle  rays  longest;  ventrals 
thoracic,  inserted  just  behind  the  pectorals,  narrow,  consisting  of  1 
short  subspinous  ray  and  4  long  soft  rays.  Air-bladder  large.  Ver- 
tebra numerous,  the  vertebr.il  column  extremely  flexible  and  soft. 
Cranial  bones  tolerably  Arm ;  bones  of  the  face  and  opercles  very  flex- 
ible. Deep-sea  fishes,  from  the  Pacific.  (cw«u,  to  yield,  submit;  (xr-eo-^, 
bone — the  "entire  body  being  characterized  by  a  want  of  firmness,  as 
it  (%in  be  doubled  up  as  readily  as  a  piece  of  soft,  thick  rag.") 

OO!).  I.  leaiiiifinaticBis  Lockiii^ton. 

Pellucid  yellowish  or  brownish,  with  purplish  spots  and  blotches  of 
irregular  Ibrm;  the  spots  largest  above,  most  numerous  along  the  lat- 
eral lim»;  fleshy  bases  of  caudal  and  pectorals  spotted;  throat  and  gill- 
membranes  with  dark  punctulations;  iihs  dusky ^  obscurely  blotche<l. 
Longest  ray  of  dorsal  nearly  reaching  base  t)f  middle  caudal  rays.  Eye 
0  in  head,  scarcely  half  the  length  of  the  snout  or  the  width  of  the  iii- 
terorbitcil  space;  diameter  of  caudal  peduncle  about  ii\  in  greatest 
depth.     Head  4;  depth  3.    D.  52-55;  A.  37-40;  V.  1,  4;  Lat.  1.  IJU-JJO 


10!.    ICOSTEID^ — ICICHTHYS. 


621 


(groups  of  spiues).    L.  about  12  inches.    Psiciflc  cotist  of  Uuited  States ; 
three  specimens  known,  from  deep  water. 

(Locldngtou,  Proc.  U,  S.  Nat.  Mus.  ii,  63,  1880.) 

333.~ICICIIX  jIYS  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 
(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  30.'}:  typo  ImchthyH  Inckingtoni  J.  &  G.) 

Body  elongate,  not  elevated,  not  compressed  at  the  bases  of  the  ver- 
tical tins.  Head  moderate.  Eyes  lateral.  Mouth  terminal,  little  ob- 
lique, with  small,  sharp  teeth  in  one  series,  in  the  jaws  only.  Premax- 
illaries  not  protractile.  Gill-membranes  separate,  free  from  isthmus; 
<rill-rakers  long.  Pseudobranchije  present.  Branchiostegals  7.  Body 
covered  Avitli  small  cycloid  scales.  Lateral  line  continuous,  unarmed. 
Bases  of  fins  without  spinules;  dorsal  and  anal  fins  long  and  low,  com- 
posed of  soft  rays  only;  pectoral  ^ns  moderate,  their  bases  fleshy,  as 
ill  Icosteim;  ventral  fl'S  small,  thoracic,  I,  5.  Pyloric  coeca  about  (J, 
large.  Bones  all  very  flexible,  cartilaginous.  Deep-sea  fishes,  (^txw, 
to  yield  or  submit;  ix^oi;^  flsh — in  allusion  to  the  flexible  skeleton.) 

O^O.  I.  lockinfftoni  .Tor.  &  Gilb. 

Plain  brown,  paler  below,  somewhat  punctulatc.  Body  oblong,  some- 
what compressed,  the  caudal  peduncle  rather  slender.  Head  moderate, 
compressed,  with  vertical  cheeks,  rather  broad  and  slightly  convex  above, 
the  snout  abruptly  descending.  Mouth  moderate,  little  oblique,  the  slen- 
der maxillary  scarcely  widened  at  the  tip,  extending  to  beyond  front  of 
pupil;  anterior  edge  of  the  premaxillary  on  the  level  of  lower  rim  of 
eye;  lips  thin;  premtixillary  tapering  backward,  not  forming  tlie  whole 
iiiarfrin  of  the  ui>per  jaw;  maxillary  behind  slipjiing  entirely  under  the 
membranous  edge  of  the  preorbital;  preorbital  rather  wide,  with  one  or 
two  series  of  rather  large,  thin,  cycloid  scales  (other  scales  on  head,  if 
any,  now  lost  on  the  typi^ml  example);  lower  jaw  prominent,  projecting 
in  front,  included  at  the  sides.  Teeth  in  jaws  only,  minute,  f^harp,  c\)sely 
and  evenly  set,  larger  and  less  numerous  than  in  Icostetis  amigmaticus. 
Eyes  large,  lateral,  longer  than  snout,  4  in  head.  Cheeks  rather  wide; 
preopercle  with  a  prominent  crest,  behind  which  are  some  radiating  mu- 
cous cavities;  the  bone  with  a  broad,  prolonged,  flexible,  membranaceous 
edge,  covered  with  radiating  striie,  each  of  which  ends  in  a  flexible  point. 
Operele  and  subopercle  rather  large,  extremely  thin,  and  each  <TC8sed 
by  radiating  striie.  Branchiostegals  7.  Gill-rakers  long,  slender,  sharp, 
close-set,  and  moderately  stiff,  their  length  nearly  three-fourths  the  diam- 
eter of  the  eye.    Scales  very  small,  soft,  and  smooth,  covei  ing  the  body 


m 


t  t"  ft*  Li 


f    ; 


i.l-\ 


I.  i' 


w  • 


(522       CONTRinUTIONS   to    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

evenly,  but  beeominjj  ainaller  below.    Lutornl  line  nearly  strniglit,  an 
purently  <'ontiiiuous.     Dorsal  Un  lonjjf  and  low,  bef^inniiiy-  nearly  mid. 
way  between  the  vent  and  the  base  of  the  ventrals;   all  the  rays  soft 
and  artienlated,  and  all  except  the  first  branched;  first  rays  very  low 
the  tin  ^'radnally  rising  ]»osteriorly,  the  hif^^hest  rays  li  in  head,  .some 
what  scaly;  anal  fin  similar,  sliorter,  bej^inninf^  slijjfhtly  in  front  of  (lio 
niiihlle  of  the  body  and  ending?  Just  in  front  of  the  last  rays  of  the  dor 
sal;  caudal  broad,  fan-shapeu,  on  a  slender  peduncle;   the  accessory 
r;iys  numerous  and  procnrrent;  base  of  jx'ctorals  a  little  below  the  axis 
oi'  the  body,  their  outline  rounded;  the  fin  short  and  small,  shorter  (haii 
head;  ventrals  short  and  small,  tl-oracic,  placed   a  little  behiial  jh'i;- 
torals,  with  1  obsolete  spine  and  5  soft  rays,  one  of  which  is  slijuhtly 
iHameutous;  the  tin  3  in  head;  tin  rays  not  besot  with  spinules.     Vent 
iu)rmal,  immediately  in  front  of  the  anal,  without  papilla.    Air-l)lad(U'r 
wantin^j^.     Bones  sll  soft  and  flexible.    The  skin  not  thick  and  touj^li,  as 
in /crt.s'^t'H,s,  but  thin  and  scaled.     Head  5;  depth  4.     I).  40;  A.  28;  Lat. 
1. 120.    L.  7^  inches.    Deep  water  oil"  San  Francisco,  Cal.;  one  speciuieu 
known. 
(Jorduii  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  ii,  305,  188U.)  • 

'         331.— BATS3Y1TIASTER  Copo. 
(Copo,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc.  1H7;J:  typo  J}ath;im<iHt(r  Higiiatiis  Coyte.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  moderately  compressed,  covered  with  small 
ctenoid  scales.  Head  rather  large,  subconic.  Eyea  large.  IMoutli 
moderate,  neaily  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting;  li])8 
lull;  premaxillary  protractile,  not  extending  to  the  angle  of  the 
mouth;  maxillary  without  supplemental  bone,  not  alip])iiig  under 
the  narrow  preorbital.  Teeth  moderate,  in  a  cardiform  band  in  each 
jaw,  the  outer  somewhat  eidarged ;  bands  of  teetli  on  vomer  and 
palatines.  No  barbels.  Branchiostegals  (>.  Gill-membranes  S(!ai(;e!y 
connected,  free  from  the  isthmus;  gill-rakers  few,  very  short.  Pseudo- 
branchiic  largo.  Cheeks  scaly:  rest  of  head  naked.  0])ercular  bones 
unarmed.  Mucous  pores  nunterous  on  top  and  sides-i  of  head.  Lateral 
line  conspicuous,  placed  high,  not  reaching  the  caudal  tin,  its  scales  a 
little  enlarged.  Dorsal  flu  long,  continuous,  moderately  hi<':h;  two 
or  three  of  the  foremost  rays  inarticulate,  but  no  dStinct  spines;  anal 
fin  long,  si?uilar  to  th<^  dorsal;  caudal  convex;  pectorals  rather  broad, 
their  bases  extending  obliquely  downward  and  backward,  their  rays 
all  branched;  ventrals  slightly  in  front  of  pectorals,  I,  5,  close  together, 


im 


102.  (a)    LATILID.E. 


fi-23 


the  iniior  rayH  long.^st.    Slzoleton  well  ossified.    Pyloric  cceoa  few  (2  or 
3),    No  uiivil  paitilla.     North  J'acillc.     (/Ja«';?,  deep;  /la^rij/;,  a  searcher.) 

971.  B.  waffnaacif*  Cope. — Hompill. 

Olivaceous,  tiiif^ed  witli  brown;  about  8  round,  faint  bbiish  blotches 
iiloii;^  the  sides,  each  surroundetl  'vy  rin^s  of  yellow  spots;  a  yellow 
rili;;  around  the  eye  and  a  yellow  band  nlouf?  tho  cheek;  fins  translu- 
(H'lit,  tlie  anal  with  a  yellowish  stripe  and  a  bluish  edffini?;  dorsal  red- 
(lisii  or  yellow,  with  a  dnskj'  blo((!h  in  front;  ventrals  dusky;  larger 
specimens  nearly  unilorndy  dark.  I'iyc  hirge,  about  as  long  as  snout, 
4  ill  head;  its  diameter  niu<!h  more  than  interocular  spu'^e;  maxillary 
t'xtt'iiding  to  below  front  of  pui)il;  cheeks  closely  scsaly;  rest  of  head 
ciitiu'ly  luked;  a  narrow,  naked  area  in  front  of  dorsal,  bounded  by 
rows  of  iiui(!ous  ])ores;  skull  with  large  mucous  cavities  behind  the 
eyes,  which  are  translucent  in  life;  scales  of  lateral  line  enlarged,  twice 
!i8  fill-  iipart  as  the  others.  Dorsal  lin  inserted  at  a  distance  behind 
the  occii)ut,  less  than  the  diameter  of  tlu^  oye;  pectorals  Jj  the  length 
of  the  head;  fourth  ray  of  ventrals  longest;  vent  much  nearer  snort 
than  root  of  caudal;  caudal  vertebra'  about  33.  Head  4,\;  dei)th  G^. 
1).  11 :  A.  33;  V.  I,  5;  P.  18;  Lat.  1. 1>2  +  0  (tubes);  scales  in  about  200 
transverse  series.  L.  12  inches.  Alaska  to  Puget  Sound,  about  rocks, 
iiMvater  of  moderate  depth. 

(Cope,  Proc.  Amor.  riul.  Soc.  Pliila.  187^.)  '   '  "*>  ^'^  V  '  v  '       '     '    .  ':   •    ' 

-       Family  CII  («)  — LATILID^.*    ^  : 

,  ,:     .  ■,      {The  BlanqiiiUos.)  , 

Tyody  more  or  less  elongate,  fusiform  or  comjiressed.  Head  subcon- 
ical,  tli«  i)rolile  usually  convex;  suborbital  without  bony  stay;  cranial 
bones  not  cavernous;  opercular  l)ones  armed  or  not.  Mouth  mod<>rate, 
toriiiinal,  usually  little  obli<pie;  teeth  rather  strong;  premaxillary  usu- 
ally with  a  posterior  canine;  ])remaxillaries  protractile;  maxillary  wirh- 
ont  supplemental  bone,  not  slii)ping  under  the  edge  of  the  preorbital. 
Gills  4,  a  long  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Pseudobranchiai  well  developed. 
Gill  membranes  separate,  or  more  or  less  united,  often  adherent  to  the 
istlinins.  Lower  pharyngeals  separate.  Scales  small,  ctenoid.  Lateral 
lino  i)rcsent,  (iomplete.  Dorsal  flu  long  and  low,  usually  continuous,  the 
^"l)in<)us  i)ortion  always  much  less  developed  than  the  soft  portion,  but 
never  obsolete;  anal  lin  vvvy  long,  its  spines  usually  feeble  and  few; 


'Called  Trachinidw  in  the  key  on  page  78;  see  also  family  102  (ft),  Trhhodontidai. 


.'«.. 


ill 


'  ■    t  .'.if* 


624      COXTKinUTIONS   to   north    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — 'v 


% 


U,  iM 


IV-* 


M-;f 


candal  fin  forked;  tail  diphycorcal;  ventrals  thoracic  or  sub mu'ar 
I,  5,  usually  close  together;  pectoral  fins  not  very  broad,  the  rays  all 
branched.  Vertebra}  in  increased  number  (35-50).  Pyloric  cneca  few 
or  none.  Fishes  of  the  temperate  and  tropical  seas,  many  of  them 
reaching  a  large  size.  Genera  about  5 ;  species  about  10. 
(TrachinidcB,  groa]}  Pinguqmlina  Giinthor, 'i\,2'A-2o4.) 

a.  Dorsal  fin  continuous;   body  scaly;   upper  jaws  usually  with  ijosterior  canines. 
(Lalilinn:) 
b.  Dorsal  and  anal  wit.li  le&s  than  20  soft  rays  each, 
c.  An  adipose  appendage  at.  the  nape;  a  lleshy  iiroloui^ation  ou  each  side  of  the 
labial  fold,  extending  backward,  behind  angle  of  the  month. 

LoPHOLATiMs,  ;v.{r>. 

hb.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  e.ach  with  more  than  20  soft  rays;  no  adipose  appL'n(hi"i)  at 

the  nape Caulola tills,  3^(5. 

335.— L.OPHOLAT1L.IJS  Goode  &,  Bean. 

(Goode  «fe  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  205:   type  LopholatiUis  chamwlcondceps 
G.  &  B.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Caulolatilus  and  agrees  with  Latilus  in  the 
small  number  of  dorsal  and  anal  rays,  and  is  dlsthiguished  from  both 
by  the  presence  of  a  large  adipose  appendage  on  th<i  Mai)0  and  by  a 
fleshy  prolongation  upon  each  side  of  the  labial  fold,  extending  back- 
ward beyond  the  angle  of  the  mouth.  One  species  known.  (Ar/^'o?, 
crest ;  Latilus.) 
973.  li.  chainaeleontlceps  Goode  «fe  B3an.—r»7e-/«7j. 

Coloration  brilliant;  head  and  body  with  numerous  greenish-yellow 
spots;  upper  portion  of  body  with  a  violaceous  tint;  lower  parts  whitish, 
with  some  areas  of  yellow;  caudal  rays  striped  with  greciMsh-yellow, 
some  of  the  stripes  connected  by  cross-blotJ^es;  anal  and  ventral  fins 
whitish;  pectorals  violet-tinted,  with  some  yellow  on  posterior  surfaces; 
soft  dorsal  with  an  upper  broad  band  of  violaceous  and  a  narrow  basal 
portion  of  whitish;  many  rays  each  with  a  yellow  stripe;  anterio"  part 
of  fin  with  some  yellow  spots.  IMaxillary  reaching  anterior  margin  of 
orbit;  opercle  and  preopercle  scaly,  the  latter  flnely  denticulate;  upper 
Jaw  with  an  outer  series  of  stronger  teeth,  behind  which  is  a  band  of  vil- 
liform  teeth;  lower  jaw  with  a  few  large  canines  and  an  inner  series  of 
small  conical  teeth;  vomer  and  palatines  toothless.  Head  3  in  length; 
depth  3i.  D.  VII,  15;  A.  II,  13;  scales  8-93-30.  {Goode  tt  Bean.) 
Abundant  in  deep  waters  off  the  coast  of  Massachusetts;  a  flue  large 
fish,  which  may  become  important  as  food. 

(Goode  &  Bean,  P.oc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  203, ) 


nor  canines. 


102    (a).    LATILID^E — CAUl.OLATILUS. 


625 


336.-€AlJ£.OI^ATIt.lJS  Gill. 
BlanquUlos. 

(/Mviz/n*  Cooper;  prooccnpicd.) 

(CaiiMalihiH  Oill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1802,  ii-lO;  iionun  nudum,  defiuod  in  Pioc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  l8o5,  66:  typo  Latilus  vUri/HopH  C  «St  V.) 

Body  elongate,  subfusiforin,  not  strongly  compressed,  heavy  forward, 
tapering  to  a  rather  slender  candal  i)edunele.  Piofile  of  head  strongly 
arclii'd.  jNIouth  moderate,  little  obliciiie,  the  jaws  nearly  equal ;  lii)s 
tliick;  maxillary  narrow,  not  slijjping  ujider  ])reorl)ital ;  teeth  in  villi- 
t'oriii  bands,  preceded  by  a  row  of  stronger  acute  teeth;  hindmost  teeth 
iu  each  jaw  canine-like,  directed  forward;  ])osterior  canines  of  upper 
jaw  largest;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  preopcrcle  pectinate,  the 
teeth  nearly  even;  opercle  with  a  blunt,  tlat  spine.  Eyes  large,  lateral, 
(iill-iuembranes  slightly  connected,  forming  a  fold  across  the  isthnnis, 
with  which  they  are  narrowly  joined.  Branch iosi egals  0.  Gill-rakers 
short  and  stout.  iJTostrils  double,  round,  close  together.  Scales  snuill, 
linn,  ctenoid.  Lateral  line  continuous,  concurrent  with  the  back.  Dor- 
sal with  7-9  slender,  pointed,  graduated  spines,  and  22-27  soft  rays; 
anal  similar  to  soft  dorsal,  with  1  or  2  small  spines,  and  niore  than  20 
soft  rays;  caudal  fin  forked;  ventral  fins  iluM-acic;  no  Hdipo.se  append- 
age at  the  nape.  Large  fishes  of  the  warm  seas.  (zauA«?,  stem ;  LaiiluH — 
/.  ('.,  many-rayed  Latilux.) 

973.  C.  pi'niicej)s  (Jenyns)  Gill.— /T7a/e-/:s/(;  YeUow-tail. 

Olivaceous,  with  bluish  rellections;  brownish  above,  greenish  below; 
fins  light  greenish  olive,  tinged  with  bluish  and  orange,  the  colors 
always  pale;  dorsal  and  anal  greenish,  with  a  bluish  band  near  the 
tip;  axil  dusky.  I'lesh  of  the  occiput  becoming  thick  with  age,  as  in 
Ikrpe.  Eye  large,  about  half  the  convex  interorbital  space,  4J  in  head. 
Maxillaries  reaching  front  of  eye.  Teeth  rather  strong.  Preopercle 
finely,  evenly,  and  acutely  serrate  behind,  nearly  entire  below;  pre- 
opercle, interopercle,  and  pveorbital  naked;  cheeks  and  opercles  scaly; 
top  of  head  scaled  on  the  median  line  to  between  the  eyes.  Dorsal 
spines  llexible;  ventrals  slightly  behind  the  pectorals,  the  outer  rays 
lonj^est;  caudal  moderately  forked,  the  ui)per  lobe  the  longer;  caudal 
peduncle  short  and  slender,  abruptly  contracted ;  pectorals  falcate, 
longer  than  caudal,  |  length  of  the  head.    Head  3^;  depth  4.    D.  IX- 


*Deka!ja  Cooper,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc'.  1864,  711:  tyfo  Dikaya  anomala  Cooper; 
not  Dckajiia  Milue-Edwards  &  Ilainie,  IPjI;  a  geuua  of  corals. 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  10 40 


',  n  "i 


1   M^-      I 


u 


■K  >  i     it  ■.'' 


m: 


rP 


M 


tl^mmmmmmmmm 


.•;,!<  r'*-. 


I 


■,,n  J»- 


i' 


r  • 


ti !' 


hi'}' 


ih  !' 


pn 


1 1;  1 .1  . 

mi': 

m 

*1^ 

G2G       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

24 5  A.  II,  2.3;   scales  10-125-40,     L.  40  inches.     Monterey,  southward 

abundant  about  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands;  a  iood-fisb  of  considerable 

importance. 

{1  Lalilus  prhicepg  Jcnyns,  Zool.  Heaglf,  Fislics,  52  (."rom  GalapaRos  Maiuls):  J),.. 
kaya  anomala  Cooper,  Proc.  Cal.  ApikI.  Nat.  Sci.  iii,  71,  18G4:  Ctndolatihi^  (I'lomalu^ 
prinaps,  and  affuiis  Gill,  Proc.  Aca<l.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.  1865,  68:  CaulolaUhm  anomalm 
Streets,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  vii,  48,  1877:  1  Laiilm pnncepa  Gm\i\vAx,  ii,  253.) 

974.  C.  chrysops  (C,  &  V.)  Gill.— 7?/«H7Ht/7o. 

Eeddish,  marked  with  yellow;  a  yellow  band  below  the  eye  and  a 
dark  axillary  blotch.  Body  rather  robust.  Interorbital  width  half 
length  of  snout.  Snout  longer  than  maxillary.  Eye  small,  0  in  lenoth 
of  head  in  adult.  Fins  rather  short;  caudal  slightly  emarginato;  pec- 
toral not  reaching  origin  of  anal,  not  one-fourth  of  total  length.  Head 
^•,  depth  3^  in  length.  D.  ¥11-25;  A.  I,  23;  Lat.  1.  120;  1.  trausv.  48. 
{Gooilc  &  Bean.)    Pensacola,  Fla.,  and  southward. 

(J  fMiUus  chrysops  Cnv.  &  Val.  ix,  49(>,  183:5  (froni  Brazil):  ?  Latilm*  ehrynops  Gilnfhcr, 
ii,  253:  1  Caulolatilus  vyanops  Pocy,  Kept.  Fi«.  Nat.  i,  312,  18(57  (Cuba):  CauloIaNuK 
inicropi  Goodo  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  i,  43,  1878.  The  characters  ascribed  to 
the  latter  species,  beinjf  details  of  form  only,  may  be  duo  to  age,  as  greater  differences 
occur  between  young  and  old  of  C.  princcpa.) 

Family  CII  (&).— TRICHODONTID^. 

"  {The  Saiifl-nshes.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  moderately  compressed,  naked.  Ilead  short, 
flat  on  top,  the  sides  vertical.  Eyes  large,  high  up,  but  not  superior. 
Mouth  large,  almost  vertical;  lower  jaw  projecting,  its  tip  entering  the 
prolile;  lips  fringed;  premaxillaries  protractile ;  maxillary  very  broad, 
without  supplemental  bone,  not  slipping  under  the  very  narrow  ])reor- 
bital.  Teeth  moderate,  slender  and  sharp,  but  not  setiform,  in  bands 
on  jaws  and  vomer;  palatines  toothless;  inner  teeth  of  jaws  depiessible. 
Oill-rakers  very  short;  gill-membranes  narrowly  united,  free  from  the 
isthmus.  Branchiostegals  5.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Preop- 
ercle  with  5  i)rominent  spines,  the  two  upper  directed  strongly  upward, 
the  two  lower  downward,  the  middle  one  downward  and  backward;  no 
barbels;  opercle  small,  strongly  striate,  unarmed ;  i)reorbital  with  spines; 
no  suborbital  stay.  Lateral  line  obsolete.  Dorsal  fins  separate,  the  first 
the  larger,  of  numerous  slender,  low  spines;  anal  fin  elongate,  without 
distinct  spines,  the  rays  of  the  anterior  third  of  the  flu  much  shorter 
than  the  others;  pectorals  with  a  very  broad,  curved,  procurrent  base; 
a  broad  lunate  area  between  pectoral  and  gill-opening,  nearly  covered 
by  the  opercle;  soft  rays  of  dorsal,  anal,  and  pectoral  fins  all  simple; 


103.    URANOSCOPID^.. 


027 


vontrals  close  together,  thoracic,  but  behind  the  pectorals,  I,  5,  the 
mi(WI<3  rays  longest;  caudal  lunate,  with  many  accessory  rays,  on  a 
slender  peduncle.    Two  species  known,  froui  the  Xorth  Pacific. 

(TiucftinWcc,  gonuH  TrJc/iorfoH  Giiutbcr,  ii,  250.) 


■  'a 

■  .1.1 


:?.  337.— TRICIIODON  Stoller. 

(Stellt'i";  Cuvier,  R»'gno  Aniin.  ii,  1^-21):  type  Trnchinun  trichodon  Tilesins.) 
Characters  of  the  genus  included  above.     {Oft^,  hair;  oV7wy,  tooth.) 

975.  T.  stelleri  Cnv.  &  Vfil.—Saml-ftfih. 

Olivaceous  silvery,  the  back  darker,  with  short  bars  and  reticula- 
tions of  blackish,  the  latter  chiefly  on  the  head  and  nuchal  region;  be- 
low this  a  longitudinal  narrow  white  stripe,  and  then  a  narrow  black 
stiipe,  intcrrui)ted  anteriorly,  extending  from  the  eye  to  the  base  of 
the  caudal;  spinous  dorsal  with  2  lengthwise  bands  of  black;  chin  and 
snout  black.  Eye  large,  placed  high,  3  in  head;  maxillary  extending 
to  beyond  its  middle;  the  prenmxillary  near  the  level  of  its  upper  edge; 
clieek  quadrate,  as  deep  as  long.  Pectorals  reaching  past  vent,  the 
lower  rays  rapidly  shortened,  the  width  of  its  base  ^  its  length,  two- 
thirds  the  length  of  the  head ;  anterior  rays  of  anal  less  than  half  the 
height  of  the  posterior.  Head  3^;  depth  the  same.  D.  XV-18;  A.  0, 
19.  L.  12  inches.  Coast  of  Alaska,  south  to  San  Francisco,  burying 
Itself  in  the  sand  near  the  shore;  not  rare  northward. 

(Tvaihh'ua  trichodon  Tiles.  M6m.  Ac.  Petersb.  1813,  4(56;  Cnv.  &  Val.  iii,  154;  Giiu- 
ther,  ii,  251:  Trichodon  Uneatua  Ayres,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1860,  GO.) 

.;         r      Family  cm.— URANOSCOPID^. 

"!  {The  Star  Gazers.)      . 

Body  more  or  less  elongate,  conic,  terete  or  subcompressed,  widest 
and  usually  deepest  at  the  occiput.  Scales  small,  smooth,  adherent, 
arranged  in  very  oblique  series,  rarely  wanting.  Lateral  line  feeble  or 
obsolete.  Head  cuboid,  partly  mailed  above.  Eyes  small,  anterior,  on 
the  top  of  the  head.  Mouth  vertical,  the  mandible  strong  and  promi- 
nent; lips  more  or  less  conspicuously  fringed;  teeth  moderate,  on  the 
jaws,  and  usually  on  vomer  and  palatines  also;  premaxillaries  protrac- 
tile; maxillary  broad,  without  supplemental  bone,  not  slipping  under 
the  preorbital.  Gill-openings  very  wide,  continued  forwards;  gill- 
luembraues  nearly  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus.    Branchiostegals  0. 


'Mmm 


■  ■'■•.rfiWHi 


'■  il 


mm 
■  •  It  ■ ' ..i ,'., 

•  t  i'  ;  '  -J  "Si  :f  .J 


1171 


G28     coNTiunuTioxs  to  north  American  ichthyology — iv. 


t , 


Tr 


!  I 


il: 


f' 

I'" 


8'S 


f  J  ills  .'iA,  a  .small  slit  beliind  the  last.  PseiulobranchisB  present.  No 
anal  i)ai>illa.  Dorsal  lius  1  or  2,  the  spinous  part  very  short,  the  solt 
l)art  elohj^ate;  anal  hnig;  candal  not  forked;  pectoral  fins  with  hioail 
obliqne  bases,  the  lower  rjiys  rapidly  shortened,  most  of  them  braiichcil 
ventral  lins  jujjidar,  close  together,  I,  5,  the  spine  very  short,  the  inner 
most  rays  the  longest.  Air-bladder  generally  absent.  Pyloric  couca 
in  moderate  number.  Carnivorous  fishes  of  singular  appearance,  li\  in" 
on  the  sea-bottoms  in  most  warm  regions.    Genera  7;  8i)ecies  about  20. 

{Tracliinuhv,  y;ronp  i'raiioiico2)ina  Gihithor,  i'i,  22o-2'.i2.)  '  '      " 

a.  Dui'sai  tiua  2;  bead  without  8i)ii)eH;  no  tentacle  iu  the  mouth. .AsTROscoi'Uts,  3^<j. 

33§.— ASTKOSCOI»US  Brevoort. 


>.'.', 


(J^HMS  Giinther:   Upselon2)horu8  Gill.) 

(Brevoort ;  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliihi.  1800, 20 :  type  UranoHcopua  anoplon  Ciivicr.) 
Mouth  large,  the  lower  jaw  without  retractile  tentacle  within.  Tooth 
narrow,  in  villiform  bands,  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines;  teeth  of  jaws 
depressible.  Xostrils  fringed;  a  curbed  furrow  behind  each  eye,  with 
its  edges  fringed.  No  spines  about  the  head,  the  edges  of  the  nioni- 
brane  bones  covered  by  smooth  skin;  surface  of  the  bones  rugose:  a 
broad  jdate  on  the  occipital  region,  from  the  middle  of  which  a  Y 
shaped  projection  extends  forward,  the  tii)s  of  the  fork  being  betMcoii 
the  eyes;  a  trapezoidal  space,  covered  by  naked  skin,  bounded  by  the 
Yj  the  eye,  the  suborbitals  and  the  occipital  plate.  Head  scalelcss; 
back  and  sides  covered  with  close-set  scales ;  belly  mostly  naked. 
Humeral  spine  obsolete;  no  spine  before  the  ventrals.  First  dorsal 
small,  of  about  4  low,  stout,  pungent  spines,  connected  by  membrane 
to  the  second  dorsal,  which  is  rather  high  and  long;  pectorals  and  ven- 
trals large.  American,  distinguished  from  the  Old  World  Uranoncoinm 
chieflj'  bj^  the  unarmed  head,    [affzoov,  star;  axo-iioj  to  look.) 

976.  A.  y-griEcum(C.  &  V.)Gill.  ■%     ' 

Dark  brown  above,  paler  below;  upper  parts  densely  covered  with 
small  rounde'd  white  spots,  each  surrounded  by  a  black  ring;  lower 
jaw^  and  labial  fringes  similarly  spotted ;  spinous  dorsal  black,  white 
posteriorly;  soft  dorsal  with  2  black  and  2  white  stripes;  caudal  black, 
with  2  white  longitudinal  strii)es,  its  upper  and  low^er  edges  nar 
rowly  white;  anal  white  at  base  and  tip,  with  a  black  median  baud; 
pectorals  brown,  Avith  a  black  band  below,  the  lower  edge  white,  thi' 


TR08C0PCS,  33m. 


104.    GOnilD.E. 

npp(  '  raj'  spotted ;  venirals  white.  Width  of  pectorals  less  than  half 
leiijith  of  head,  their  length  a  little  less  than  that  of  head;  ventrals 
iciuliing  three-tifths  distance  to  vent.  S<'ales  small,  evident,  iti  very 
ohlique  series,  /'-shaped  bone  on  top  of  head  conspicuous,  on  each 
side  of  it  a  broad  naked  area,  sai<l  to  be  the  seat  of  electric  powers. 
A  ridge  of  skin  along  middle  lino  of  belly  from  ventrals  to  vent. 
Head  3;  depth  3.  D.  IV-I,  V.i;  A.  12.  L.  12  inches.  West  Indies, 
occasional  on  onr  South  Atlantic  coast. 

{Uranoncopns  y-gracum  Cuv.  «fe  Val.  iii,  IWW,  18'211:  Urtaioxcopnn  ti-gmcum  Gilnther,  ii, 
.j-M);  VpHelotiphoruH  y-gracuin  Gill,  Proc.  Acud.  Nat.  Sci.  Phlla.  Idlil,  113;  Beiin,  Proc. 
U.S.Nat.  Mas.  1879,  58.)       . 

977.  A.  anoplus  (Cuv.  &.  Val.)  Brcvoort. 

Brownish,  everywhere  covered  with  fine  white  spots;  a  dark  lateral 
baiul  on  the  caudal  peduncle,  near  which  the  spots  are  larger;  caudiil 
witlj  lengthwise  stripes  of  black  and  pale.  Form  and  arinatnre  essen- 
tially as  in  A.  y-gra'cum.  Pectoral  a  little  longer  than  ventral,  oue- 
fonrth  shorter  than  the  head.  Scales  on  back  evident,  but  small,  tlu» 
belly  and  lower  part  of  the  sides  naked.  Head  2i;  depth  3^.  D.  IV- 
13;  A.  12;  Lat.  1.  113.    Atlantic  coast  of  United  States;  rare. 

{rranoHtopus  anoplos  Cuv.  &  Val.  viii,  49:5  (young,  said  to  ()0  nakcnl):  Agnus  anophifi 
Giiuthcr,  ii,  229:  Aslroscopm  gattatm  Abbott,  Proc.  Acad,  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1860,  3(35; 
Buau,  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  GO.) 

Family  CIV.— GOBIID^E. 

v!  ■    •' :-•   ■     /  {The  Gobies.) 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  naked  or  covered  with  ctenoid  or  cycloid 
scales.  Dentition  various,  the  teeth  generally  small ;  premaxillaries 
))rotractile;  suborbital  without  bony  stay.  Skin  of  head  continuous 
with  covering  of  eyes.  Opercles  generally  unarmed.  Pseudobranchije 
))iesent.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth;  gill-membranes  united  to  the 
istliinns,  the  gill-openings  thus  restricted  to  the  sides.  l!fo  lateral  line. 
Dorsal  fins  sei)aiate  or  connected,  the  spinous  dorsal  least  developed, 
of  2-8  tlexible  spines,  rarely  wanting;  aual  usually  without  spine,  sim- 
ilar to  the  soft  dorsal ;  ventral  fins  close  together,  separate  or  fully  upite<l, 
each  composed  of  a  short  spine  and  5  soft  rays,  the  inner  rays  longest; 
the  ventral  tins,  when  united,  form  a  sucking-disk,  a  cross-fold  of  skin 
at  tlieir  base  forming  a  cup;  caudal  fin  convex;  anal  papilla  prominent. 
No  pyloric  copca ;  usually  no  air-bladder.  Carnivorous  fishes,  mostly  of 
small  size,  living  on  the  bottoms  near  the  shores  iu  warm  regions.    Some 


ill 


in 

!:1 


i' 


E  * 

i: '  ■ 


St 


iA    •'. 


G30     coNTRinrnoNs  to  north  American  ichthyology — iv. 

inhabit  fresh  waters,  aii«l  otliers  live  iiuliscrimiuatcly  in  either  IVcsh  or 
8alt  water.     Oenera  GO -70;  species  nearly  400. 
{(robiidtv  piirt;  groiipH  Uobiiua,  Jinhlyopina,  and  Tri/pauchenina  Gilutbcr,  iii,  l-i;{j^.) 

*  W'Utrals  sopiiiivti);  body  scaly.     (ICIrotridhin.) 
a.  Vomoriuo  teeth  prcHont;  istbiiius  narrow,  the  giIl-opcuiu<jH  contiimi'd  forward 

Ih'Iow PiiiLVl'xis,  :539. 

au.  Vomerine  tooth  waiitiuK;  ist limns  Itrotul. 

b.  Scales  Hinall  ((iO-lUO  in  a  lt'n<;;th\vl.Ht'  series);  teeth  fixed Eleothis,  340. 

bb.  .Scales  large  (:}0-;J5  in  a  lengthwise  aeries);  enter  teeth  luovahle. 

DoitMiTATult,  :i41. 
*'  Ventral  fins  nnited. 

c.  Dorsal  fins  separate.     (Gobiinw.) 
d.  Dorsal  spines  several. 
c,   IJofly  sc.ily. 
/.  Wcale'i  ctenoid;  dorsjil  spines  C;  maxillary  moderately  developed,  end- 
ing below  the  eye. 
h.  T.^etli  in  the  npper  jaw  emarginate,  in  one  series;  teeth  of  lower  jaw 

horizontal Evoktiiodi-.s,  'M-1 

hh.  Teeth  all  .siini)le. 

{.  Teeth  in  the  npper  jaw  in  one  series;  those  below  in  a  very  narrow- 
baud  EUCTENOGOUILS,  'M.l 

ii.  Teeth  in  several  series  in  each  jaw. 
j.  Teeth  of  the  onter  series  fixed,  somewhat  enlarged;   body  not 

greatly  elongate GoBirs,  ;J44. 

jj.  Teeth  of  the  outer  series  setaceous,  movable;  body  extremely 

long  and  slender Gobionellis,  34.'). 

ff.  Scales  very  small,  cycloid. 

k.  Maxillary  inordinately  developed,  in  the  adult,  reaching  tiie 

gill-opening;  dorsal  spines  6 Gilliciithy.s,  ;!4t;. 

Jck,  Maxillary  moderately  developed;  dorsal  sjjines  7  or  8. 

Lepidogobius,  :{47. 

ee.  Body  naked;  teeth  in  bands;  no  (mines Gobiosoma,  IM"*. 

dd.  Dorsal  spines  2;  body  naked;  eyes  obsolete ..Tyi»iii.og«)Bus,  3111. 

CO.  Dorsal  fin  continuous;  scales  minute  or  wanting.     (Amblyopinw.) 

1.  Teeth  in  a  single  series Tyntlastes,  I!oO. 

339.— PHIL. YPNUS  Cnvier  «fe  Valeuciennea.    "*''' ■    ■ 


•  .  (Xp»i6ms  Giinther.)  .    ,  ^     ,^    ^, 

(Cuv.  &  Val.  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  .  i,  255,  1837:  type  Platycephalua  dormttator  Bloeh  & 
Scbn.) 

Body  elongate,  terete  an  t-riorly,  compressed  behind.    Head  elongate, 

depressed  above.    Mouth  large ;  lower  jaAv  longest.    Teeth  cardiform,  on 

jaws  and  vomer;  no  teeth  on  palatines  and  tongue.    Gill-openings  con 

tinued  forward  below,  so  that  the  isthmus  is  very  narrow.    Scales  mod 

erate,  ctenoid,  covering  mo.st  of  the  head.    Dorsal  fins  weU  separated, 

the  first  of  7  spines ;  ventrals  separate.    Largest  of  the  GoMes,  some  of 

the  species  reaching  a  length  of  nearly  2  feet     TrOiiioal  rivers  aud 

l)ay8.     {ipiXurtvui;,  slumber-loviug.) 


101.    OOmiD.E — DOHMITATOR. 


G31 


ft7W.  P.  tlorinitator  (Dl.  &  Schn.)  Ciiv.  &  Vul. 

Ur^wiiish,  nuirbk'd  with  darker;  sides  of  head  with  2  brown  stripes; 

Iiu8  lose-eolorcd,  with  series  of  biowu  spots;  two  obh)n<;  brown  spots 

on  base  of  pectorals.     Snort  sharp;  maxillary  reaeliing  to  opposite 

midille  of  orbit.     Vomerine  teeth  in  a  crescent-shaped  band.     Eye  small, 

Ii.ilt  width  of  interorbital  spaoe.     Caudal  peduncle  very  low^  and  rather 

sUiidor.        Head  3  in  leiiKthj  deptii   about  5i.     I).  VI-I,  !);  A.  I,  *.)', 

Lat.  1.  <»0.    L.  1-2  feet.    Texas  and  southward,  entering?  the  rivers. 

(rift.'lceplKtlua  donnitator  Bl.  &  Sclui.  00,  1801:  Ehotrin  (hrmitatrix  Gliuther,  iii,  111); 
Cuv.  <&.  Val.  xii,  2o5.) 

340.— ELEOTRIS  Gronow. 

,.  I  ,  Tetards. 

( GoftJomorMS  amW.'oi jomoroirffa  Lacdpc'de.)  ' 

(Gronow ;  Bloch  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichth.  1801,  65:  tyi)o  Elcotris  ffijrlnm  Cuv.  &.  Val.) 

Body  long  and  low,  compressed  behind.  Head  long,  low,  flattened 
above,  without  spines  or  crests,  almost  everywhere  scaly.  INIouth  large, 
()bli(iue,  the  lower  jaw  projecting.  Teeth  in  jaws  villiform,  ii.xed;  no 
teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines.  Preoperclc  and  branchiostegals  unarmed. 
Eyes  small,  high,  anterior;  isthmus  broad.  Dorsal  fins  well  apart,  the 
iirst  of  about  7  flexible  spines;  ventrals  separate.  Scales  small,  cycloid, 
(lO-lOO  in  a  longitudinal  series.  Troi)ical  seas,  entering  fresh  waters. 
[r,hii-j  bewildered.)  • 

979.  E.  gyrinus  Cuv.  &,  \a\.—Ti'tard;  Sleeper. 

Brownish;  vertical  flns,  with  brow^i  dots;  two  darker  strijies  behind 
the  orbit.  Body  elongate,  moderately  compressed,  of  nearly  equal 
depth  throughout.  Caudal  peduncle  long  and  deep.  Head  rather  broad 
and  flattened  above,  its  scales  minute.  jMouth  large,  very  oblique; 
iiiiixillary  reaching  beyond  the  vertical  from  centre  of  orbit.  Eye  small, 
lialf  width  of  interorbital  space.  Head  3i  in  length;  depth  about  5. 
D.  VI-I,  8 ;  A'.  I,  8 ;  Lat.  1.  about  GO.  Brackish  waters,  from  Texas 
southward. 

{IGohius  pisonia  Gmolin,  Syst.  Nat.  1783,  l^O'i;  Cuv.  «&  Val.  xii,  220;  GUnther,  iii, 

122.)  -■';        ■..:■•-...-    .-  -  ..•    ;:.,-.-,;■.;":/'.■',.      ■•;*   ^-; ;..;;-,,  _ 

->:n..;  'rC  341.— DORmiTATOR  Gill.         - ',y  ;■■.'■  /^^  I-,,  ,^ 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  210:  type  Ekotria  gundlacU  Poey.) 

Body  oblong,  the  back  broad  and  elevated;  tliQ  head  broad  and  deep. 
Mouth  small,  anterior;  jaws  subequal,  each  with  a  narrow  band  of  slen- 
der teeth,  those  in  the  outer  row  movable;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  pala- 
tines.   Eyes  moderate,  lateral,  wide  apart.     Head  unarmed,  almost 


6-*  7 

M    .J 

'  A  4    .'1 

i^  ■_  4 


•>  »> 


t"ii 


BieSH 


<.', 


I  \ 


-I 


•  i 


p. 


iJh 


# 


632     coNTKnurioxs  to  nouth  ami  kuwx  tchthyoi.ooy—iv. 

ovor\\vho«x»sont\.  SojUos  l;>rjjv.  o(onoi<l.  ls(h»nu{«  nuMlornto:  sill  o)oOs 
oxtomUnl  u  littlo  fonvanl  !»)»ovo :  jjiU  rakii^  lonjr.  rh{U\\n.:;o;il  tooth 
solnooons;  m\  v\Uy\\M\\  sorios  hiwswi.  Moxihio,  l;nuolliriMMu.  Hoi'Sijl  sj>in,\< 
tloxiMo,  usually  T;  votitnvJs  soparato.  Umokivsh  wrttors  in  tho  tJMi>uv\, 
^!.!Uin,  fformiMfor,  one  who  sIooiks.) 

nix>\vnish  >ollv>\v.  ihiokly  punotnlattMl  \vi(h  darkor,  with  a  «l;»vk  lino 
nuuun;ii'  olonjj"  tho  uu«Ul  o  of  oaoh  i»\v  of  soalos,  ;»n«l  with  a  »l;oK  \oi 
tirnl  blotoh  on  (ho  soapular  tvuiou;  hojul  jippsiivntly  with  "J  «liuK  \ou^\ 
tiuUntU  l>;uuls;  dorsal  and  anal  tin>s  with  'J  »\>ws  of  datk  spots  tjoar  (ho 
Ivjiso.  a  faintor  o(u»  hoyotul:  all  tho  (ins  with  ininntiMhuK  dots,  Ho^ul 
i'i'i  in  lonjith:  dopth  abont  X\,  Kvooqnal  tosnont.  1>.  Vll-l.  U\\  ,\.  1. 
10:  LatJ. ;?2.  (dUL)  8ava(U(Mh.(ia.:  pi\>bul>l^  idontioal  with  thotuM. 
((?«».  IVhs  Aoaa.  N,>»t.  Sot.  Plnln,  JSiV*,  viTI.) 

Datk  hi\>\vn,  with  lij;htor  Muish  sjH>ts:  a  fain(  dark  stvipo  ahM^jf  sitU\s; 

a  hmixMhuk  Mno  spot  <hIjjv«1  with  blaok  abovo  ba^so  of  pivt ovals,  jnul 

A  dark  sdvak  ftxun  oyo  to  anjjlo  of  month;  two  dark  sttx^aks  «n>  si«lo  »>( 

hoad;  bratu'hiostojial  uuMnbrano  blaoUish:  «lorsals  l>j>rt^»<l  wi(h  spots; 

«nal  dttsky,  IviUMXHl  wi(h  blnish.  and  with  whitx^  niat^jjin;  a  daik  baron 

Ivuso of  jxHMoraK    (\\ndal  a  littlo  short;  v  than  hoad.     Kyo  stt»all,  slu>rtor 

tnati  sttont,    lload  .'Vs '»  hM(;;(h:  dop(h  alHMtt  ."<  (in  tho  adnlt^,    l>.  Vll-0; 

A.  10:  l.at.  1.  Xk     1,.  \'2  inohos,     KMo  (5ra(\do  atnl  soi.hwanl  :o(tn);\i-\ 

«(»d  Kipta«h>r:  vor>  abnndant  in  braokish  wators.    ^^Uoiv  do,scribtHl  (huu 

spooiuuMts  thnn  Magadan,) 

v.Voj.r»;rt  ♦MrtONfi«M  IUoo1».  lo(»((\.  \;\l\  «*!>,  f.  tti  K^Atft-**  m^i^ih^i^*^  0,  A  \.  \ii,\Ji^^! 
fU\'>U-i*  iH.jrw^rtM  (?«(n(l»o\'.  <\(.  tt'.^:  /7ntJm  )iHw»w?ii»i>«  (tirinnl.  l\  S>  M«>\.  noxv,,!, 

|\(o,\.  Syn.  Tiw,  Cu(>o«n  IW.) 

JI4«.-KVOUfc'Il<»I>l*;  t^iU. 

(0\\\,  PiN>o.  Aou(,  Nf»t,  Soi.  riUlrt.  tJ*.VK  t'A%;  tyt^o  f.Nvof*.»«f««  >m>)«Y>w  (:((),> 

IU»d\  olonuato,  oovoivd  with  otonoid  soalos  of  nn^lorato  si?o.  \h\\\\ 
thivdv,  vshot-t,  Isthinns  ntixhMato.  'IVoth  it*  a  sit^lo  sorios.  with  tlo 
omwu  on«a»jrinato,  thosoof  (ho  lowor  jaw  hori^.ottta):  nooaninos.  TiiM 
dorsal  of  0  spiiu^s;  votUral  tlt\s  tudtod,  not  adhotvnt  to  Iho  boUy.  ({», 
W>H^  »V>f»'><»>»(raijiht:  *t'W<,  tooth,) 

Olivjuvotis.  with  ojxksj*  blotohoj»of  darkor.     \\oy\^  sul4\(sif<»rtn.    llor.i 
*  Wo  rto*  (Mt'iunuHl  (»>  P«>M«vw(»r  iJUl  thrtt  \\\\*  h|»ooW^.  «»v  «  wpi'oWv*  !«app«v«ot(  to  1><^  Um' 


^i 


im.  nonnn.K— *oomi^ 


C^X^ 


v,o!  wry  Mnnt.  .liuvs  ovon.  MoiuU  somowluu  ohltquo;  m;>\ilU»rv  ox- 
toiuliuji  (o  t>i>posi(o  \\\o  jmpil:  isihmus  \ov.v  \vi»lo.  IVms;>1s  woU  .sojm- 
,;»(<mK  tho  vS«MM>n<l  sonunvhiU  loujivr  thiUi  tho  n»>it :  i\\u\\  shorty  it<>soito»l 
Miiuil  lVv>n(  »>r  >s»v»>ud  «l«ns;>l:  voturals  utX  »>iN«olun,u  lo  vout:  j^vtonOs 
bi>M«l  ««ul  i\>Mn<lo«l.  <v;>o!>n».iy  von(:  Uorsal  spinos  not  lUironn.  \W'm\ 
^^  y\o\^\\\  ulHui!  I.     l>.  \  in  :  A.  n  :  l.a(,  1.  :W.    S;un(  .losoph's  Ishuul. 

(<v\vj>v*«ji  ■,\tt*>h*  UirA^^l,  l^  8.  Mrv,  H«M)u«),  Surv.  \A\\\\.  ISW.  vhlV        : , 

(im.  A«».  r.,\v>  \«t«  i\\M.  N.  Y.  vU,  4.\  IS«>;  t,\\H»  f:»,f»^»»,vjt»f««««  K».fm«n;>n.\ 

This  jixMUtH  Uirtoi^  t\x>m  f;t>.*,iw.<  \\\  I  ho  Uontition.  tho  tooth  hoit^jj 
iv>iu'0'l,  i»  j>  sinHo  sorlos  in  tho  uppor  juw  juul  in  n  vory  n!»rn»\v  WwuX 
(!)  tho  U>\vo«.    (f  \  wolh  vff?f,  iHMnh;  f»\»/»»M\:  t^>i>n»  tho  oto»\\>i«l  vSOrtU\'«.) 

Umwnish,  oUso^tn^lv  KvnvAi  with  «li>rkor.  \\kh\\.  ohlonii  oU>t«j;iUo, 
taiHM'injj-  slijjhtlv  r.ont  tH^oipnt  too;ui«)i«)  po«lin«ohs  \\oiU\  ohhu»ji\  »H>n\ 
mvsso<l.  Snotit  vot\v  lUntit:  i>!x>(Uo  lt»  tw-^wi  ot  o\os  noxriy  vortionl. 
Mouth  modot;>to.  no;u!y  hon?ontah  mnxlllljMV  tvnohit^jr  hovon«l  n\i«hn<^ 
ol'orhil.  'IVoth  onnio;;?,  i<;lhor  stnn»ji\  in  two  n>\vs  in  \\\\M  ol' *o\vor 
J!W,  in  «>t>o  on  Iho  »i*i«\  i\\\\\  in  o«»o  \\\  tho  nppor  j;«\v.  Kins  nil  hijih| 
miiltUo  rnys  ot'  spimn^s  (torsi>l  ^^l^l>(^n«^Mh  oandttl  l;«uoool;<to:  pootonU 
iv;>ohinjf  Uoyon«l  tips  ot*  vot»trnls»  vvhioh  »v«toh  tho  vvtU,  IW\nl  4|  it» 
Ivpcth:  Wopth  ubont  l|.     O,  Vl-ll:  \.\\i  \.'M  I  XI     \Uo  VxwwuUk 

((.\v,St)»«  i^fii'H*  <?ir!ONt,  Vt\H\  At^twt.  Kwt.  S>*t.  lM»tt«A  l?<tV<,  t(W;  f .V^»w«  fjfnVw*  <U«ntt«M', 

(.UtrttU  !.iiu»«^«!*,  !*y*f^  KHi»?  fy|H^  dithin^  nim'  \,.) 

UiHly  oUlonji  »*r  oh»njjiUo,  oo:npt^^sso<l  hohiu«l.  Ilojul  oMonja.  tnonM>r 
Kvis  «lopivs>so«l.  KvoM  hijjh,  nnlorior.  oU>so  touvfhor:  opot^^los  \nuunuHK 
Month  iinxloriUo.  Ttv^tl^  on  jaws  ot»l\,  ootuonl.  \\\  sovorul  sorios,  thoso  in 
tho  >M»tor  I't^w  onlnrjioil;  noonninos:  i'thnuts  hhvuK  }<0!«!»vs  nnMlomto. 
oU'Uoitl:  oh«vKs  \«sn;«lly  n««K«vil;  hotlv  j:onovj«l)y  sojily.  Hotsjil  nsns^Hy 
with  tv  spitios:  poott>t;ns  li»rj;v;  vontr.ils  oon»p!t^toly  unito«l,  not  mlnitto 
h>  tho  holly s  ojunhil  ih\  ttsn!>Uy  ohtns»v  vSpooi^vs  vory  nttiuot^nts.  Onr 
*j><HM<»s  ttiv  Yory  littlo  kt^own,  rttnl  st^no  of  thou*  tn««>  not  In^lot^ji  to  this 
gtMMts.  ()r»«^ftrtcj  l.sUin,  f»\>MM.«  or  f^>^♦o. «intuno««pplio*l  to  tho  jnn<l}it»on 
\Ur'>lmfl*irMftih)  ntnl  to  othov  snnUl  tlshos:  :iUio«l  to  (V>^«f}s»  oluih.  oto.) 

*tV<ily  onliivly  i««*»l.V« 

ti.  l!|\)w»tn^vi>  of  jwotortttst  |M«tt,v  t\vo,  t\»ot>  hvrtm'hwl,  !«»tk-tiko. 


•i         * 


A- 


.  -; 


ii  ]  ti 


m 


v' 


ii. 


G34      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHlOLOGY — IV. 

9§4.  O.  soporator  Cuv.  &.  Val. 

Dark  browni»h-olive,  marbled  with  darker,  and  willi  lighter  dots 
along  the  series  of  scales;  tins  all  blackish,  the  dorsal  and  caudal  umix- 
or  less  distinctly  barred;  a  dark  blotch  on  temporal  region.  lUxly 
rather  stout.  Eye  rather  large,  slightly  less  than  snout.  Head  rathei' 
broader  than  high.  Mouth  rather  large;  jaws  equal ;  maxillary  to  mid. 
die  of  eye.  Cheeks  naked;  scales  on  nape  much  smaller  than  those  on 
body;  opercle  not  longer  than  eye;  distance  of  lirst  ilorsal  from  ejo 
equals  that  of  snout  from  preoperclt?;  upper  rays  of  pectoral  sillv-ljke, 
the  fin  not  quite  as  long  as  caudal,  shorter  than  head;  ventrals  not 
reaching  the  vent,  their  basal  membranes  very  broad.  Head  3;  (loj)th 
4 J.  D.  VI-I,  9:  A.  I,  8;  Lat.  1.  35;  1.  trans.  13.  Both  coasts  of  Mex- 
ico; very  abundant  southward,  north  to  Florida. 
(Ciiv.  &  Val.  xii,  56;  GUnther,  iii,  26.) 

9§S.  O.  carolinensis  Gill. 

Blackish-brown,  indistinctly  marked  with  lighter,*  a  darker  spot  at 
base  of  caudal;  a  few  light  spots  on  operculum;  fins  purplish.  Head 
44^  in  total  length  (with  caiulal) ;  depth  about  5;  caudal  pri'^n  of 

total  length,  its  height  ^  of  the  same;  eye  4  in  length  of  head;  u])i)er 
rays  of  pectorals  silk  like;  caudal  ^  total  length,  as  long  as  pectoral. 
D.  VI-I,  9;  A.  I,  8;  Lat.  1.  38;  L.  tr.  14;  P,  18.  {OilL)  Charleston, 
S.  C. ;  the  type  now  destroyed ;  probably  identical  with  G.  noporator. 

(Gin,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1863,  268.) 

9§6.  ».  <j:uIosus  Grd. 

Olivaceous,  with  tranSN^orse  black  spots  on  the  back  and  longitudinal 
ones  on  the  head.  Snout  subconical,  the  mouth  very  large,  oblique,  the 
lower  jaw  included;  maxillary  extending  beyond  the  orbit.  Eyes  small, 
superior,  their  length  5  in  head,  twice  the  interocular  space;  isthmus 
moderate.  Dorsals  well  sei)arated,  the  first  with  some  rays  ftliforni; 
dorsal  and  anal  barely  reaching  base  of  caudal;  ventrals  reacbinj; 
vent;  pectorals  longer  than  ventrals;  caudal  rounded;  scales  mod- 
erate. Head  nearly  one-fourth  the  total  length.  D.  VI-15;  A.  15. 
Indianola,  Tex.     {Girard.)  ,,, 

(Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Siirv.  Iclith.  1859,  26.)  .  t 

9§7.  O.  wiU'demauai  Grd. 

Appearance  of  Gobius  Jyriem.  Reddish-brown,  obscurely  barred  wii'i 
dusky.  Head  larger;  caudal  shorter;  ventrals  shorter;  anal  lowo: 
scales  smaller  thgn  in  G.  lyrieuH;  teeth  very  slender,  much  smallti 
than  in  G.  iyricua.    Third  dorsal  spine  filamentous.    D.  VI-llj  A.  12. 


104.    GODIIDJE — GOBIONELLUS. 


G35 


Bra/os  Santiago,  Tex.    (Glrard.)    Like  the  preceding,  a  dubious  species, 
wliich  may  uot  belong  to  this  genus. 

(Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  lioiind.  Surv.  lohth.  Id59,  25.)  t;     * 

aa.  Pectoral  with  its  upper  rays  normal,  simple,  or  nearly  so;  scales  large.     {Cory- 

9§§.  G.  gflaucofrsenuiii  (Gill)  J.  &  G.  -'^       -K-  ■    -  ■     ^ 

Tawny,  with  a  faint  bhie  spot  in  the  center  of  each  scale,  and  with  6 
spots,  each  formed  by  aggregation  of  dark  dots,  on  the  ridge  of  the 
back  between  the  second  dorsal  spine  and  the  axil  of  the  soft  dorsal 
fin;  another  row  of  similar  but  fainter  spots  runs  from  the  scapular 
ix'giou,  and  a  third  row  along  the  middle  of  the  sides;  head  tawny, 
Avith  dark  spots  and  blue  dots;  a  straight  blue  lino  across  the  cheeks; 
dorsal  fins  with  faint  blue  sjjots.  Body  robust,  compressed;  head 
naked;  mouth  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting,  the  maxil- 
laries  extending  to  below  puj)il;  teeth  long,  in  many  series,  the  outer 
curved;  scales  ctenoid,  large.  Pectoral  lin  with  the  upper  rays  little 
branched,  not  silk-like;  cheeks  scarcely  tumid;  caudal  and  pectoral 
longer  than  ventrals,  about  as  long  as  head.  Head  3^;  dei)th  4^.  D. 
VI-10;  A.  I,  9;  P.  18;  Lat.  1.  25;  1.  trausv.  7.  L.  1.^  inches.  Coast  of 
Washington  Territory,  {Gill.)  The  original  type  is  now  lost,  and  the 
species  has  not  been  rediscovered. 

{Corynliopterus  glaucofrwnum  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1863,  2(53.)  '     ' 

..■:_;  v.:,.',    '         345.— OOBIOIVEL.L.US  Girard.     _      :i^  j 

;>-      ,  Emerald-fiHkcs.  • 

{Sinaragdua  Poey. ) 
(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliihi.  1858,  ltJ8:  type  Gobiua  Imweohitua  Blocb.) 

Body  extremely  long  and  slender,  the  depth  (jontained  more  than 
six  times  in  the  length  to  base  of  caudal.  Scales  small,  ctenoi«l.  Head 
HOC  depressed,  obtuse-convex,  scaly  above;  cheeks  and  opercles  naked; 
no  barbels.  Teeth  small,  in  narrow  bauds,  those  in  the  outer  row  in 
the  lower  jaw  setaceous,  movfible,  in  the  upper  jaw^  somewhat  larger, 
fixed;  no  canines;  lower  jaw  thin  Jind  flat.  Dorsal  with  0  spines;  soft 
dorsal  and  anal  many-rayed;  caudal  lanceolate.  "Base  of  the  tongue 
tuberculate,  and  shining  with  bright  blue  and  green  reflections,  like  a 
.1  precious  stone"  (hence  the  names  Smantydiifi,  EfiineraUhi,  etc.).  Ver- 
tebra} elongate,  11  +•  15.    (A  diminutive  of  Gobius.) 


"Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Plula.  1H63,  262:  type  Cori/phoptcrua  glaucofrwnum  GiU. 
{)  Ofjvipy,  summit;  nre/jov,  llu.) 


life    'tf't 


WT  --ri 


11 

II 


lis 

I '  t 


1 


|\!'(. 


636       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

9^9.  G.  occanicus  (Pall.)  J.  &  G. 

Brownish,  lighter  below;  a  faint  dusky  streak  along  sides;  a  dark 
bar  below  eye;  fin-s  unici)lor;  pectorals  dusky.  Body  much  eloiif^ate 
of  equal  depth  throughout.  Ilead  short;  prolile  very  convex.  ]Month 
large,  oblique;  jaws  equal;  maxillary  reaching  to  below  middle  of  orbit. 
Dorsal  spines  more  or  less  elevated,  filiform,  usually  higher  than  the 
soft  rays;  caudal  from  i^-^  of  length  of  body;  i)ecl»oral  slightly  loiigoi- 
than  head  or  than  ventrals,  none  of  its  rays  silk-like;  basal  membrane 
of  ventrals  well  developed.  Head  5^-0  in  length;  depth  about  7A.  D. 
VI-13;  A.  14;  Lat.  1.  00-70,  the  scales  much  smaller  and  crowded,  an- 
teriorly.   Coast  of  Tcx.is  to  Guiana. 

{GoMuH  oceaniciis  Piillas,  S[)icilcf]jia,  viii,  4,  1769,  after  Gobiita  caitda  longianima  acnmi- 
naia  Groiiow:  Gohiiia  lanvcolatm  Bloch.  Fisclio  Dciitschl.  ii,  12,  j)!.  158,  f.  1, 1784:  (iohm 
lanceolatvs  C.  &.  V.  xii,  114:  Gobiim  hncalaus  C.  &  V.  xii,  119:  Gohiiis  laneeolatiis  (iiin. 
ther,  ill,  50:  Gobionelliis  liastatiis  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila,  1858,  1G9:  Gobio- 
nellus  hastatua  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bouud.  Surv.  1859,  24.) 

:"  3  I6.-GIl,ILICHTHYS  Cooper. 

(Gooper,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1863,  111:  typo  GiUkhthya  miraiilia  Cooper.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  small,  cycloid, 
imbedded  scales;  belly  and  head  naked.  Eyes  small,  almost  superior. 
Gape  wide,  the  maxillary  in  the  adult  inordinately  developed,  prolonged 
backward  to  the  base  of  the  pectorals;  its  posterior  part  a  cartilaginous 
expansion,  connected  to  an  expansion  of  the  skin  of  the  lower  jaw, 
thus  forming  a  channel  backward  from  the  mouth,  almost  exactly  as 
in  the  Blennioid  genus  Neoclinus  and  the  Trachiuoid  genus  Opisthofi- 
nathus.  Teeth  small,  even,  in  broad  bands.  Dorsal  fins  2,  the  second 
high,  the  lirst  of  6  very  weak  spines,  none  of  which  are  exserted;  can- 
tlal  rounded;  pectorals  large;  isthmus  broad.  Singular  little  fishes, 
in  brackish  waters,  burrowing  in  the  mud.  ,, 

(Dedicated  to  Theoiioro  Gill.)  '  '• 

990.  O.  iiiirabilB!4  Cooper. — Mud-jUh.  .         ^    '        ';- 

Dull  olive,  very  finely  marbled  with  darker;  sides  of  head  and  max- 
illaiy  finely  punctate;  fins  oiive;  belly  and  ventrals  yellowish.  Body 
rather  stout,  somewhat  compressed.  Eyes  small,  high,  anterior;  max- 
illary in  the  adult  reaching  past  base  of  pectorals,  proportionately 
smaller  in  the  young;  in  the  very  young  the  bone  is  scarcely  larger 
than  in  other  Qohics.  Scales  very  small,  smooth;  belly  and  head  naked, 
showing  prominent  veinings;  dorsal  spines  very  weak.  Head  34  ;  depth 
4];  maxillary,  in  adult,  3.     D.  VI-13;  A.  I,  10.     L.  0  inches.     Pacilic 


104.    GOBIID.E LEPIDOGOBIUS. 


637 


coast  of  United  States,  extremely  abundant  southward.     It  lives  in 
shiiUow  creeks  and  lagoons,  where  it  Alls  the  bottoms  with  holes  and 
tuuuels. 
(Cooper,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1883,  111.)  '-^'-i-     _  ' 


•'  '  Is 


an-.— i.EPiDOGor::r.5  oni. 


( C^cZoi/ofiiMS  Steindacliuer. )  ■,       ' 

(Gill,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  18.")9,  14:  type  Gnbiiis  graeilin  Grd.) 

Scales  small,  cycloid;  dorsal  spines  7  or  8;  otherwise  essentially  as 
inGobius.    Pacific  Ocean.     (/is-t/Jo?,  scaly;  Qohius.) 

(!.  Ifead  scaly.     (Lcpidogobiua.)  -I;  ,  ' 

991.  L.  ffracilis  (Grd.)  Gill.  i    ■       Q 
Very  pale  olive,  with  roundish  blotches  of  rusty  red  on  back  and 

sides;  vertical  fins  mottled  with  reddish;  <listal  half  of  all  fins  and 
iiiuler  side  of  head  blackish,  especially  in  the  males.  Body  elongate, 
loiij,'  and  low,  little  compressed,  covered  with  thin,  smooth,  half-ini- 
beclded  scales.  Head  scaly  above  and  on  cheeks  and  opercles;  mouth 
oblique;  jaws  equal;  maxillary  extending  to  below,  middle  of  eye. 
Teeth  in  rather  broad  bands,  the  outer  teeth  enlarged,  especially  in 
upper  jaw;  outer  teeth  in  lower  jaw  somewhat  movable.  Eyes  lai'ge, 
placed  high,  the  interocular  space  very  narrow;  opercle  adnate  to  scapu- 
lar arch  from  upper  edge  of  pectoral  upward.  Fins  rather  high,  the 
dorsal  spines  slender,  flexible  and  exserted  at  tip;  pectorals  short,  not 
reaching  so  far  as  tips  of  ventrals;  ventrals  inserted  slightly  behind 
axil  of  pectorals;  basal  sheath  of  ventrals  large.  Head  4;  depth  Gi. 
I).  VII-18;  A.  15.  L.  5  inches.  Pacific  coast  of  United  States;  com- 
mon northward,  in  rather  deep  water. 

(Gohiiis  ijraciUs  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854, 134,  not  of  .Jcuyns:  Gobiiis 
/<'^)i(/Ht  Giiiird,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Snrv.  Fish.  I::i7:  Gobius  lepUna  Giiuthcr,  iii,  78.) 

a.i.  Head  naked.    {Eucyclogobius*  Gill.)  '  V   i   '.'••     ,;    ;/  .   i 

992.  L.  iiewbcrryi  (Grd.)  Gill.  '  -' 

Olivaceous,  mottled  with  darker;  spinous  dorsal  and  anal  tipped  with 
dusky;  second  dorsal  and  caudal  checkered;  pectorals  transparent; 
head  with  some  dusky  markings.     Body  short,  chubby,  little  com- 

•Oill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1802,  330:  type  Gobius  newberryi  Grd.  "The 
gpnus  EitrjiclofjobiiiH  ia  very  distinct  from  Lepidoijobiiis,  differing  especially  in  the 
roliUHt.  sultfnsifonn  body,  the  size  and  position  of  the  eyes,  wider  forehead,  shape  of 
jaws,  and  especially  the  position  of  the  ventral  fins."  (Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci. 
Phila.  1863,  264.)    {ev,  well;  kvhXo?,  cycloid;  Gobiun.) 


t  ;■ 


I 


f 


pit 

•P  ;  i 

>•  *  i  ■ 

}  .  [} 

■1  '  '  i 

■J  ■■  ■  ; 
•    ■       i 

■ 

'    1 

IN 


IK 


Ir: 


m 


G38       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

I)re8se(l.    Head  large,  rounded  above,  the  snout  broad.    Mouth  huyo 
oblique,  the  lower  jaw  somewhat  projecting;   maxillary  extending  to 
considerably  beyond   the  posterior  margin  of  the  small  eye.     Teeth 
rather  strong,  in  narrow  bands,  the  outer  row  larger;  outer  teetli  of 
lower  jaw  somewhat  movable.    Opercle  adnate  to  scapular  arch  tVoin 
ni)per  edge  of  pectoral  upwards.     Scales  very  small,  cycloid.     Head 
naked.     Fins  moderate;  dorsal  spines  very  slender,  not  filamentous 
lower  than  the  soft  rays;  caudal  truncate,  about  as  long  as  pectorals 
and  considerably  shorter  than  head;  ventrals  inserted  inider  Iowit  an- 
terior edge  of  pectorals.     Head  32;  depth  4 J.     D.  VIH-12;  A.  11;  Lat. 
1.  about  GO.    L.  2 J  inches.    Coast  of  California;  rare. 

((riibiuH  newbcrrii  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856,  136:  Gobiun  ncwlurrii 
Giiutliur,  iii,  72:  Eucydogobim  newberrli  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  leC3,  5iGr).) 


n-'-^\^-^^)''r.i 


34(!i.— GOBIOSOITIA  Girard. 


(Girard,   Proc.  Acad.    Nat.   Sci.   Phila.  1838,  109:    type  Gohius  alepidotus  Blocli  & 
Schneider.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Gohius  mainly  in  the  entire  absence  of  scales. 
The  teeth  are  iy  several  series,  the  outer  row  enlarged,  and  there  are 
no  canines.    Dorsal  spines  usually  7.     ( Gohius :  <;d>fia,  body.) 

993.  «.  aUcpidotnm  (Bl.  &  Schn.)  Girard.      ■       ;  . '■      >  '■    ^'' 
Olive  brown,  with  7  or  8  paler  transverse  bars;  fins  dark  brown; 

caudal  with  ?  -^r  3  curved  bars.  Body  elongate,  little  compressed. 
Head  somewhat  flattened  above;  month  rather  small;  maxillary  ex- 
tending nearly  to  opposite  middle  of  orbit.  Caudal  fin  pointed.  Head 
3;\ ;  depth  about  5J.  1).  VII--14;  A.  11.  South  Atlantic  coast  of  United 
States. 

{Gobiiin  aJqndotus  BI.  &  Schu,  .547,  1801;  Giiuther,  iii,  85:  Gobiuaboadi  C.»fc  V. xii, 
91) 

994.  Cr.  Iliolcstum  Girard. 

Dusky  brown;  fins  with  blackish  streaks.  Head  large,  depressed; 
snout  rounded;  jaws  even;  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  pupil.  Caudal 
fin  rounded,  shorter  than  head;  anal  shorter  than  second  dorsal;  veil- 
trah.  small,  not  reaching  vent;  pectorals  broad,  reaching  beyond  tiie 
ven  rals;  dorsals  contiguous;  isthmus  very  wide.  Body  short  and 
chubby.  Head  3^;  depth  ^.  D.  VII-12;  A.  12;  P.  1«.  {Gimnl) 
Coast  of  Texas;  ascending  streams,  said  to  have  been  once  taken  at 
the  Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.  1858,  169;  GUnther,  iii,  556.) 


101.    GOnilD^. — TYNTLASTES. 


639 


349.— TYPHLOGOBIUS  Stoimlachuer. 

(0</ioHop8  Kosa  Smith.) 

(Steiudacbner,  Ichtli.  Beitriijcc,  viii,  142,  1879:  typo  T.  ca/i/wnif hms  Steind.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  coini)re8sed,  covered  with  loose,  smooth, 
naked  skin.  Head  large,  deprt^ssed,  with  tumid  cheeks.  Mouth  large, 
the  inaxillarj'^  reaching  to  beyond  the  orbit;  jaws  equal,  each  with  a 
iianow  band  of  villiform  teeth,  the  outer  teeth  slightly  enlarged;  lower 
javr  capable  of  little  niotiou;  snout  rounded;  no  cirri.  P^yes  very  small, 
imperfect,  covered  by  skin.  Fins  low;  first  dorsal  of  2  flexible  si)ines; 
second  dorsal  moderate;  anal  very  short;  caudal  rounded;  ventral  disk 
•A%\\\  Goh'ms.  Gill-opeuiugs  rather  narrow.  One  species  known,  (ru^'/lor, 
blind;  Gohius.) 

995.  T.  californiensis  Steind. 

Bright  pellucid  i^ink  in  life,  the  upper  parts  somewhat  speckled;  top 
of  head  with  slight  wrinkles  of  skin.  Insertion  of  first  dorsal  midway 
between  snout  and  base  of  caudal ;  insertion  of  anal  opposite  flitli  ray 
of  soft  dorsal;  pectorals  as  long  as  caudal,  extending  beyond  ventrals 
to  first  dorsal;  fin  rays  covered  by  loose  skin.  Eyes  risible  in  life  as 
small  dark  specks,  disappearing  in  alcohol.  Head  32;  depth  5.  D. 
II-ll;  A.  7;  P.  IG.    L.  3  inches.    San  Diego,  Cal.;  burrowing  in  sand 

among  rocks. 

(Steindachner,  Ichth.  Beitr.  viii,  142, 1879 :  Othonopn  eoa  Rosa  Smitb,  Proc.  U,  S.  Nat. 
MU8.  1881,  19.) 

350.— TYNTL.ASTES  Giiuther.       .  : ;,  -^^   -^      t  ^ -i 

(Giintlier,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  18G2,  194  :  typo  Amhlyopus  sagitia  Giinther.) 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  small,  imbricate,  cycloid 
scales.  Head  elongate,  quadrangular.  Mouth  wide,  oblique,  the  lower 
jaw  projecting;  teeth  small,  in  single  series,  none  on  vomer  or  palatines. 
Eyes  very  small,  or  rudimentary.  Dorsal  fin  single,  continuous,  about 
6  of  its  anterior  rays  simple ;  caudal  fin  pointed,  more  or  less  joined  to 
the  dorsal  and  anal;  ventral  fins  united.  Air  bladder  very  small  or 
absent.  !No  pseudobrauchife.  Vertebrae  11  +  20.  Pacific  Ocean. 
(:w-AaffTij?,  a  mud-dabbler.)  ^    ^  >  '         ; 

996.  T.  sag[itta  GUnther.  4---.^--:-,..  ■^- -  ^. 

Grayish,  sides  and  below  silvery ;  an  ovate  gray  spot  before  each 
dorsal  ray;  caudal  gray.  Body  and  head  elongate,  compressed,  the 
length  of  the  latter  two-thirds  the  distance  between  the  base  of  the 
ventral  and  the  vent.    Maxillary  reaching  to  behind  eye ;  teeth  sub- 


m 


hii 


'»  4.' I 


:..::m 


!i: 


f.r;rit| 


t  i 


G40      CONTRlliU TIOXS    TO    NOUTII    A.IKUICaN    ICIITIIYOLOOY — IV. 

horizontal,  very  small.  Scalos  becoming  lavfjor  poatoriorly.  ('an(l;ii 
urrow-Nhapod,  about  oiu*  l\»uitli  lonjjtli  ol  ri'.st of  body;  ju'ctoral  as  1(mi<> 
as  vt'ntral,  half  as  loii";-  as  head.  Head  r>|J  (7  in  total  witli  caii(l;il); 
dopth  0!J  (12  with  caudal).  D.  VI,  1»1;  A.  I,  liO.  L.  D-J  inches.  "Cali 
Ibrnia."    {Giinfher.) 

{Ambtyopus  {Ti/ntlti'ttf't)  miiftttn  Oiliitlutr,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Hoc.  Loud.  IH(5J,  l'J;{.) 


Family  CV.— CIIIRID.E.* 


{The  ChiroUh.) 


Cottoid  Ushcs,  with  the  body  elongate,  cov.ered  with  small  scales, 

whieh  are  either  ctenoid  or  cycloid;    head  more  or  less  conical,  scaly, 

without  armature  above;   pre«>per«r]e  sonu'times  arnu'd ;    top  of  jicini 

without  spinous  ridges,  but  usually  with  dt'rmal  Haps;   a  lu)ny  stay 

across   the  cheeks  from  the  suborbital.      IMouth  large  or  small,  with 

teeth  on  .jaws,  and  usually  on  vomer  and    palatines;    teet^  vaiion.s. 

Gills  t,  a  considerable  slit,  behind  the  fourth;  gill  niend)ranes  free  or 

vari<)usly  attairhed.    Branch iostegals  0  or  7.     rseudobranchiw  jjrcsciit. 

Dorsal  fin  elongate,  continuous  or  divided,  the  anterior  half  or  more 

composed  of  spines;  anal  lin  elongate,  with  or  without  spines;  ventrals 

I,  5;  some  or  all  of  the  soft  rays  branched.     Pyloric  c<eca  few  or  many. 

Lateral  line  jjresent;    aometiines  several   lateral   lines.      Carnivorous 

iishes  of  the   North  Pacific.    Genera,  8  or  !)  known;  species  about  Ifi. 

{Tnijl'idiv,  ft\•m\\^  Ifrterolepidinn  (JiluMuM*,  ii,  UO-'.)"):  geueru  Chints,  (>i>hii>doii,  A<iram- 
mus,  ami  /aniolcpis.) 

a.  Lateral  liiioH  4  or  more  on  oach  sido;  anal  spinels  obsoloto;  month  mo(l(>riito;  Jiiws 
with  an  ttntor  m'rit'8  of  atrnn;;t'r  Ifoth,  Itnt  no  canint-s.     {Cliiriiitv.) 
h,  Gill-miMnUraiu's  broaiUy  uiiitod,  froo  from  tho  isthmus;  isralcN  moHtly  clciioid, 

Ukxaghammcs,  M, 
Art.  Latoral  lino  siiifxlo  on  each  aid*'. 

d.  Gill-nu'iubranc'H  t'nw  from  tho  isthmus;  prcoperclo  armed. 

e.  Anal  spines  obsoloto ;   scales  cycloid  ;    mouth   large,  with  strouf;  cauincii. 

(Ophiodontiutv) OriuoDON,  [Vo'l 

ee.  Anal  spines  ;l,  strong;  scales  ctenoid;  mouth  snmll,  without  canines. 


*The  CInrUhVj  Scorpamidd',  Cotlidn;  Aoonidw,  TririUd(V,  Liparididn;  and  Curlojtln-hhf 
t'nnn  a  closely-related  stir\cs  {Cataphradi),  and  are  distinj>;uished  from  all  (he  olliir 
Acdnlhopterl  by  the  presence  of  the  suborbital  stay.  Dillereut  writers  have  widely 
separated  8omt>  of  the  members  of  this  {jroui)  from  the  others,  but  the  relations  ol" 
each,  especially  of  the  Scorpivnida;  Af/onidiv,  and  Liparididce,  with  tho  Cotiida  are  si) 
close  that  it  is  dithcult  to  draw  satisfactory  boundary  lines. 


m 


105.    CiriUIDVE IIKXAGRAMMUS. 


G41 


,    ViMlOUS. 


/,  (liH-mciiiWruncH  Mcanmly  iiiiifoil ;  HpinDiiH  dormil  groatly  i!l«rviito(l  in  front; 

•calcH  Vfry  roii^li.     (/nniolrpiiiii') Zaxiolkpis,  Il.V.l. 

ff.  Gill-inciiibriuioH  bniadly  iiiiittrd;  dorHiil  HpinoH  low,  Htill';   In^ad   pointo.d. 

(OrjilcliiiiKr). OxYi.Kimrrt,  ;r>4. 

(id.  (iill-iooniltraiH^H  united   to  Mm  narrow  iHtliiuiis;    pruopurclu  unanncd ;   anul 
HpinoH  weak  or  ol)Kol((t«.  •    /i 

g.  Dorsal  Hmh  «'oim«"ct<Ml.     ( Agrainmina:) 

h.  Anul*  cotniiarativoly  Nliort,  ittt  ruyn  about  1*2;  palatini*  tooth  ]>i'OHetit, 

MYUIOLKI'IS,    'XtTt. 

gg.  DorHal  llns  widoly  Hoparatod;  body  and  hoad  rathor  Hlomior.     (.ino/tfo- 
ffomiiim) An«)I'L<jih)MA,  356. 

341.-IIEXA«iJRAin!?IlISt  Stollor. 

Rock-trout, 

{Chirus  fiUiWor:  LahraxVn\\an:  Acanlholehiiis  Ci\\\:  Chiropniii  CAniril.) 

(Stollor;  TihiHiuH,  Act.  Acad.  l'«trop«d.  ii,  XVi,  1810:  typ«  Ilexaiframmim  mper  Steller.) 
Ikuly  obloii};?,  soincwhiit  compressed.  Head  siibcoiiieal,  blunt  in 
])rolUe.  Month  ratlier  small,  horizontal;  jaws  with  bands  of  mod(irate- 
sizod,  <!oni<ral  teeth,  the  outer  row  enlarged;  teeth  on  vomer,  and  usu- 
ally a  small  patch  on  the  palatities;   preopercle  unarmed;  a  fVinj?(;d 

•Anal  rayB  about  20  in  Agrnmmm  srhlegeH,  a  .lapaneso  Hpocies, 

tTht)  following  Hpocics  from  the  coaHt  of  Kaintuchatka,  rolatcd  to  nej^agrammun, 
Imvo  boon  niado  tho  typoH  of  diHtiiict  jjcniTa.  ThoHe  genera  may  bo  valid,  if  the 
clmruulera  aiulguud  uie  correct,  which  Ih  doubtful : 

GRAMMATOPLEURUS  Gill.  f 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  IHQl,  KM?:  typo  Lahrax  lagopephalm  Pall-js. 
Distinguished  from  Ilexagrammus  by  the  cycloid  scales,     {ypaut-irj,  line;  itXf.VfioVy 

side.)  ^ 

(;. /a«;oc('i)/iaZi(8  (Pallas)  Gill. 

Five  lateral  lines;  mouth  rather  small;  color  golden-brown.  D.  XX-24;  A.  22. 
Kiirilo  Islands. 

[lAxhrax  lagocephalua  Pallas,  M6m.  Acad.  Potorsb.  ii,  1^84,  1810:  Chirm  laijwxqthal'ua 
GUiithor,  ii,  92.) 

OCTOGRAMMUS  Bleekor. 

(Blceker,  Vorsl.  At.  Amst.  vl,  1370:    type  Labrajc  octogrammm  Pallas  =  Ot'to/;mmmM« 
pallasi  Bleeker. ) 
Distinguished  from  Hexagrammm  by  the  union  of  tho  gill-niembrane»  ta  the  isth- 
mus(f).    (owro,  eight;  ypanntj,  line.) 

O.paUasi  Bleeker. 

Olivaceous;  back  and  sides  spotted;  belly  yellow;  pectorals  hyaline;  ventrals 
black  at  tip:  four  lateral  lines;  mouth  moderate;  scales  8troi>gly  ctenoid;  body 
elongate;  dorsal  deeply  notched.  "Flabella  branchio  stega  divisa."  !>.  XIX;  A. 
24.    Kaintschatka  and  Aleutian  Islands . 

(Labrax  octogrammus  I  alias,  I.  c.  393:  Chirua  octogrammua.  C^txitludT,  ii,  92;  Bleeker^ 
1.  <i.]=nexagrammua  dccagrammual) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 41 


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G42     coNTRinuTioxs  to  north  American  iciitiivolooy — iv. 

Hupraorbitsil  c.iirua.  (Jillinombrrtiies  broadly  eonnoctcd,  froo  from  tlio 
isthmus;  ;j;ill-rnki'ra  short,  tubcrcUi-like.  Scales  small,  imistly  ctciidul. 
Head  more  or  less  scnily,  without  spines.  Lateral  lines  usually  T)  on 
eaeh  side.  Dorsal  fbi  long,  sometimes  with  a  (U'ep  emarj^iualioii  l^.. 
tween  the  spines  and  the  soft  rays;  dorsal  spines  slender,  l!)-2:i  jn' 
number;  anal  tin  eloufjate,  with  a  siuj^le  rudimentary  spine;  rays  of 
pectorals  and  ainU  exserted  and  almost  simple;  pectoral  rounded,  with 
broad,  procurrent  base,  the  rays  thick;  ventrals  well  develoi)ed,  |)la('p(l 
at  a  consi<lerable  distaiu'-e  behind  the  root  of  the  pectorals;  caudal  siih. 
truncate.  IJranchioste^als  (>.  Pyloric  cdica  numerous  (about  1.?),  Xo 
air-bladder.  Species  of  rather  larjje  size  and  bright  coloration;  almii 
daut  in  the  North  Pacitlc.     (cc,  six;  /fia/itir],  lino.)         i,^,  ..^ 

a.  Dorsal  Uii  cniititinunH,  or  but  Hliyhtly  Ptnargiuato.     {Vleuroyrammuii*  Gill.) 

997.  II.  inonoptcryKius  (PalliiB)  3.&.Q. 

Dark  olive  above,  yidlowish  below,  the  color  of  the  ba(!k  forniiii<j  sov- 
eral  broad  crossbars  on  the  sides;  fins  dusky,  nearly  i)lain;  the  pec. 
toral  with  blackish  mar{;in ;  ventrals  blackish.  IJody  rather  stout,  little 
comi)ressed.  Mouth  moderate,  the  maxillary  extend  in  j»-  to  below  the 
front  of  the  largo  eye.  Teeth  in  tho  jaws  in  baiuls,  the  outer  scries 
somewhat  enlarged  and  recurved;  teeth  on  vomer,  and  a  few  aspori 
ties  on  the  ])alatines.  Supraocular  cirri  small.  Cheeks  partly  naked; 
o[)ercles  m'cU  scaled;  scales  small,  all  rough.  Five  lateral  lines,  the 
fourth  of  these  ceasing  on  the  belly.  Dorsal  flu  high  and  continuous; 
pectoral  rather  large;  ventrals  long,  inserted  behind  the  ijcctorals  at 
a  distance  of  twice  tho  diameter  of  the  eye.  Head  4J;  depth  4.  D. 
XXI-25;  A.  24.    Coast  of  Alaska;  not  rare.        '  ^ 

(Lnhrax  monopienigiufi  Pallas,  Mdin.  Ac.  Sci.  Petcrsl).  ii,  31)1,  1810,  and  iu  Zoogr. 
Rosso-Asiat.  iii, '^81:  Chirua  monopterngiiiit  Gihither,  ii,  92.) 

998.  H.  ordlnatus  (Copo)  J,  &  a.  -- -■-^'■^^  ■>-;*,■. 'A- w,  .'v,,,. 

"Dorsal  tins  not  very  elevated,  continuous,  but  with  a  slight  depres- 
sion at  tho  point  of  union  of  tho  two ;  a  dentate  flap  above  each  eye; 
lateral  lines  of  pores  5,  oidy  three  of  which  extend  to  the  basis  of  the 
caudal  fin,  viz,  the  "second,  third,  and  fifth ;  the  first  extends  to  opposite 
the  middle  of  the  second  dorsal;  the  fourth  commences  below  aiidia 
front  of  tho  basis  of  the  pectoral,  and  extends  to  a  iwint  a  little  hebiiid 
that  measured  by  the  extremity  of  that  fin ;  the  inferior  series  of  oppo- 
site sides  converge  and  unite  a  little  behind  the  basis  of  the  ventrals 

•Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philn.  18G1,  166:  typo  Lahrax  monopterygius  Pallas. 


105.    CiURID/K IIEXAGRAMMUS. 


643 


into  a  sinple  inodirtii  line,  wlil<'li  cxtoiuls  to  tlio  branchlostogal  foM. 
]!ii(lii  I3r.  VI I  J).  XlX-li5;  C  J7,  th(^  intrrspace.s  scahul;  tlu>  margin 
nearly  tniiicato;  A.  20;  V.  I,  5;  1'.  18.  Ilcail  scaled  ul)<>v«'  and  on 
sjdoM,  t'xcopt  on  interoprrculnin  and  iiiu//lc.  S(!jile.s  cti'noid,  KJ-94-.'M. 
jlio  scah^H  arc  elonfjato,  and  nearly  trinu-atc  distally;  on  the  Hides  tljcy 
aro  in  ol)Ii<ino  s«ui('H,  but  near  the  dorsal  tin  frouj  .'{-5  rows  exhibit 
sciilcM  supcrposctl  verliitally.  (icncral  color  i>al«'-oningo,  with  ill- 
(Itliiicd  blackish  shade  on  the  sides,  and  7  qnadrate-blaekish  spots  at 
the  base  of  the  dorsal  fin;  below,  bright  yell<»w;  <b)rsal  and  caudal  fin 
yellowish  at  base,  margins  with  a  broad  bhu;kish  band;  3  black  spots 
oil  the  niirldle  of  the  first,  and  4  on  th<;  middle  of  the  st^cond  dorsal  flu ; 
anal  yellow,  with  7  blackish  blotches  extending  anteriorly  across  the 
rays;  pectoral  yellow,  with  brown  sjiots  on  the  rays  and  a  black  one  at 
the  base  in  front;  eye  with  5  blackish  radii,  diverging,  two  anteriorly, 
one  upward  and  bacliward,  one  backward,  and  one  downward  and  back- 
ward. Total  length  11  inches;  length  of  head  entering  it  4.33  times; 
depth  of  body  4  times  in  the  same;  eye  5  times  in  head,  l.OC  times  in 
muzzle,  and  1.25  times  in  interorbital  width."  Coast  of  Alaska.  {Cope.) 
{('hiriis  ordinatus  CoiH),  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phlla.  1873.) 

aa  Dorsal  fin  with  tho  Hpines  separated  from  the  soft  rays  by  a  deep  notch.     {Ilexa- 
grammns.)  ,  v     .fti;;;  ::>;W 

h.  Cheeks  partly  naiicd.  ;    , 

c.  Scales  all  strongly  ctenoid.  ■' 

999.  II.  nspcr  Stellcr. 

Light  or  dark  greenish,  much  mottled  with  blackish,  riisty-red,  and 
light  blue,  the  dark  color  in  tho  form  of  fine  marblings,  the  reddish  in 
the  form  of  broad  washes,  and  the  bluish  as  roundish  spots;  two  light- 
bluish  bands  downward  and  forw.ird  from  eye,  separated  by  a  black- 
edged  brown  area;  a  whitish  streak  and  various  reticulate  markings 
on  eheeks  and  opercles;  pectorals  and  dorsal  mottled  with  brown  spots; 
a  (lark  humeral  spot,  distinct  in  the  young;  lower  fins  black  in  the 
raa!e,  pale  in  the  female;  flesh  often  tinged  with  green.  Form  rather 
slender.  Maxillary  reaching  past  front  of  eye,  about  to  pupil.  'No 
teeth  on  palatines.  Scales  all  strongly  ctenoid,  except  on  sides  of 
liead;  region  about  suborbital  stay  and  lower  part  of  the  opercles 
naked  or  nearly  so;  lower  part  of  cheeks  scaled  in  varying  degree, 
generally  more  naked  in  large  examples.  A  lateral  line  from  occiput 
close  to  dorsal  fin,  ceasing  near  middle  of  spinous  dorsal;  one  from 
occiput  along  back  to  base  of  caudal;  one  from  angle  of  opercle  to 
middle  of  base  of  caudal ;  one  £rom  just  below  the  pectoral  fin,  undu- 


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f. 

644      CONTBIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

Lititig  along  the  sides  of  the  abdomen,  ceasing  in  front  of  tips  of  ven 

trals;  one  beginning  on  the  median  line  of  the  breast,  forking  ncir 

the  middle  of  the  ventrals,  the  branches  going  straight  to  the  lower 

l)art  of  the  tail.    Dorsal  high,  less  deeply  emarginate  than  in  the  fol- 

lowing  species;  the  spines  high;  caudal  slightly  emarginate;  supiiUK'. 

nlar  tentacles  moderate,  about  as  long  .as  pupil;  sexes  not  very  tlis- 

similar.      Head  3g;  depth  4^.      D.  XXII-I,  20;  A.  23;    Lat.  1.  Uo. 

Alaska,  south  to  San  Francisco  and  Japan;  abundant. 

(Steller,  MSS.  Tilesius,  Act.  Acad.  Potrop.  ii,  340,  1810:  Ldbrax  hexagrammm  Pallas 
Zoogr.  Rosso-Asiat.  iii,  B84,  IHll :  C'hirus  hexatjrammua  Gliuther,  ii,  91:  CMropain  nebu- 
losvB  Giranl,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  45,  based  on  a  specimen  with  Ronio  of  the 
soft  raj'S  of  the  dorsal  broken,  resembling  spines:  Chirus  nebnloHua  Gliuther,  ii,  9;!: 
Acantholcbiits  nebulonua  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1861,  106:  Chirm  tr'ujramnm 
Cope,  Proc,  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1873:  Hexayravtmua  acaher  Bean,  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat, 
Mus.  1881,  154;  based  on  very  yonng  specimens,  showing  a  rudimentary  ad<litioual 
lateral  line  along  middle  of  side. ) 

cc.  Scales  mostly  cycloid  posteriorly;  dorsal  very  deeply  emarginate. 

1000.  II.  snperciliosus  (Pallas)  J.  &  G.  ..  y-     ..,j, 

Blackish-green,  varying  to  dark  brown  and  clicrry-red,  the  coloration 
and  pattern  extremely  variable;  sides  usually  with  round  pale  spots, 
which  are  generally  cheny-red,  especially  in  the  adult,  but  wliich  are 
sometimes  nearly  white  and  often  obsolete;  belly  mostly  reddisli; 
pectorals  iTreenish  or  red,  usually  with  2  or  3  dusky  c  -nt-shaped 
cross-bands  at  base,  the  outer  portion  often  plumcoloi,  uus  mostly 
greenish  or  red,  variegated;  lower  fins  mostly  dusky;  flesh,  and  all 
membranes,  livid  green,  esj)ecially  in  the  adult;  stomach  and  intes- 
tines of  a  livid  green.  Body  rather  robust.  Orbital  tentacle  much 
largt^r  than  in  other  species,  its  length  §  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  A 
few  teeth  on  front  of  palatines.  Skin  covering  suborbital  stay  naked; 
cheeks  otherwise  scaly.  Scales  ctenoid  on  body  anteriorly,  becoming 
nearly  smooth  behind  and  on  head.  Lateral  lines  5;  one  on  the  middle 
line  from  the  nape,  forking,  and  extending  on  each  side  nearly  to  end 
of  second  dorsal;  the  second  to  the  upper  edge  of  the  caudal;  one  to 
tie  middle  line  of  the  tail;  one  from  throat  to  about  middle  of  anal; 
f.nil  one  on  the  middle  line  of  the  belly,  forking  behind  the  ventrals, 
and  extending  on  each  side  to  the  tail.  Dorsal  deeply  emarginate. 
Caudal  truncate  or  slightly  rounded;  pectorals  large.  Sexes  similar. 
Head  4;  depth  3 J.  D.  XX-23;  A.  22;  Lat.  1.  107.  L.  18  inches. 
Alaska  to  Monterey;  not  rare. 

{Ldbrax  superciUosus  Pallas,  Mem. 'Acad.  Petersb.  ii,  388,  1810,  and'in  Zoogr.  Rosso- 
Asiat.  ill,  279:  Chirua  jpictus  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  132:  Chiro^ 


105.    CIIIRIDiE — IIEXA0RAMMU8. 


645 


meiu»  Grd.  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Siirv.  Fit*h.  4'.\:  Chirun  pictua  Giinthcr,  ii,  93:  Chinm  piriua 
Lockington,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  18d0,  54:  Chinm  baitas  Cope,  Proc.  Amcr.  Phil.  Soc. 
1^3.) 

ib.  Checks  wholly  scaled ;  scales  all  ctenoid. 

1001<  II«  dccaffrailimus  (Pallas)  J.  &  O.—Rock  Trout;  Boregat;  Bodkron. 

Males  clear  brownish-olive  of  varying  shade,  often  tinged  with  bluish 
or  coi)i)ery  and  vaguely  blotched;  often  with  small  blue  spots;  head 
aud  anterior  part  of  body  with  rather  large  sky-bluo  spots,  each  sur- 
rouiulod  by  a  "usty  ring,  these  smaller  and  more  numerous  on  the  top 
oftbo  head;  lips  with  bluish  spots;  upper  tins  brown,  mottled;  ven- 
trals  and  anal  dusky-bluish;  pe(;torals  dark,  both  rays  and  membranes 
crossed  by  sharply-defined  whitish  reticulations,  so  that  the  fins  appear 
\o\>Qprofu8ely  spotted  tcith  tchite.  Females  brownish,  somewhat  tinged 
with  reddish,  closely  covered  with  round  spots  of  a  reddish-brown ;  these 
mts  usually  quite  small  and  uniform  over  the  whole  back  and  sides; 
(lof'^al  fin  spotted  on  the  scaly  part,  the  fins  otherwise  plain  reddish  or 
bluish,  the  ventrals  usually  dusky;  pectorals  light  orange,  without  mark- 
ings. Other  females  {^hnaculoscriatns^^)  have  the  ground  color  slaty- 
blue,  with  rows  of  round  orange  spots  considerably  larger  than  usual, 
and  becoming  vermiculations  on  the  head:  dorsal  fin  orange,  clouded  at 
base  with  blue;  soft  dorsal  edged  with  b'  lish;  pectorals  plain  orange; 
btlly  white.  Body  elevated  at  the  shoulders,  descending  rather  steeply 
at  the  nape.  Maxillary  not  reaching  middle  of  eye;  a  very  few  teeth 
on  front  of  palatines;  supraocular  flap  smaller  than  in  other  species, 
shorter  than  pupil.  Cheeks  and  opercles  entirely  scaled;  scales  on  the 
body  all  strongly  ctenoid.  Uppermost  lateral  line  forking  on  the  nape, 
the  branches  running  to  opposite  the  middle  of  tl^  second  dorsal;  the 
second  lateral  line  to  upper  edge  of  tail;  the  third  to  middle  of  tail; 
the  fourth  to  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  anal;  the  fifth  to  lower  edge 
of  tail;  the  fourth  beginning  near  the  lower  edge  of  the  pectorals  and 
undulating  opposite  the  ventrals,  the  lowermost  on  each  side  joining 
just  in  front  of  the  vent,  and  proceeding  on  the  median  line  to  the 
middle  of  the  breast.  Dorsals  high,  scarcely  connected;  pectorals  and 
ventrals  large;  caudal  slightly  emarginate.  Head  4^;  depth  4.  D. 
XXI-24;  A.  I,  23;  Lat.  1. 113.  L.  18  inches.  ]Srorth  Pacific;  abundant 
from  Point  Concepcion  to  Alaska. 

{Lahrax  decagrammua  Pallas,  Mem.  Acad.  Petersh,  181C,  ii,  386,  9  >  anfl  in  Zoogr. 
Rosso-Asiat,  iii,  278:  Cliirtia  decagramittmG\'mther,i\,  92:  CUirua guttatus  GirarA,  Ftoc. 
Aead.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  132:  Cliiropaia guttatua  Grd.  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish. 


ill] 

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646      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 


i'h 


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44:  Chiropsis  conRtcllatus  Oiranl,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Snrv.  Fish.  42,  g:  Chirus  "nnMelhht 
Giiutherii,  92:  Chirus  guttatua,  conatellatus,  and  viaculoaeriatus  Lockiugton,  Proc.  U.  S 
Nat.  Mu8.  1880,  iii,  53-55:  Grysiea  liiicatus  ( <?)  Ayres,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  9,  itjQj. 
1  Labrax  octogrammiia  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Rosso- Asiat.  283,  J.) 

353.— f  »PIIIODO]¥  Girard.  ^^  . , 

*f  ^!  it  "^v  (Oplopoma  GithtA.)  .Jit.; 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  133:  type  Ophiodon  elongatvs  Girard.) 

Body  elongate,  low,  little  compressed.  Head  long,  rather  pointed. 
its  surface  scaleless.  Month  terminal,  very  large.  Jaws  Avitli  vcrv 
strong,  sharp,  unequal  teeth,  some  of  them  canine-like;  long  series  of 
cardiform  teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines.  Gill-openings  very  wide,  tlio 
membranes  not  united,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Preopercle  with  a  few 
bluntish  spines;  a  dermal  flap  above  the  eye.  Scales  very  small,  l)e. 
coming  smooth  with  age.  Lateral  line  single,  continuous.  Dorsal  tin 
long,  deeply  notched,  the  spines  about  "4  in  number,  slender  and  flex- 
ible, the  middle  ones  highest;  anal  fin  long,  without  distinct  si)iiit.^; 
ventrals,  I,  5,  inserted  somewhat  behind  pectorals;  pectoral  fin  broad, 
Pyloric  cceca  very  numerous.  Gill-rakers  tubercle-like.  Species  of  large 
size;  among  the  largest  of  the  cottiform  fishes,   (o.^^t?,  snake;  <>(Ja)!;,  tooth.) 

lOOii*  O.  cIong[atllS  Grd. — Cullua  Cod;  Bhia  Cod;  Buffalo  Cod;  Ling. 

Dark  brov^'n  above,  much  mottled;  dorsal  fin  and  whole  upper  part 

of  body  covered  with  small  rusty  brown  spots  of  varying  size  and  Liie; 

lower  parts  of  body  of  a  livid  bluish  greon,  especially  in  the  adnlt,  tbe 

flesh  and  all  membranes  tinged  with  green;  ground  color  often  bluisli 

or  reddish  tinged;  young  sometimes  bright  green;  fins  dusky,  mottld, 

the  dorsal  and  caudal  with  a  very  narrow,  j)ale  edging.    Head  large. 

the  snout  sharp,  coiic.     Mouth  very  large,  the  lower  jaw  i)roniiiu'nt; 

maxillary  reaching    beyond   orbit;  each  jaw  with  a  series  of  large 

l)ointed  teeth,  bent  inwaid  and  immoVvible;  front  of  upper  jaw  Avitli 

2-4  larger  canines;  outside  of  the  series  of  large  teeth  each  ja\v  bus 

numerous  small,  sharp  teeth;  vomer  and  palatines  with  a  single  row  of  | 

canines;  supraorbital  tentacle  much  shorter  than  ])upil.    Do'sal  linbe 

ginning  above  preopercle,  the  fin  very  deeply  notched,  the  highest  spiiies 

nearly  one-third  length  of  head;  caudal  emarginate.    Head  3^;  deptli 

5.    D.  XXV~21;  A.  22.     L.  40  inches.     Pacific  coast,  Alaska  to  Santa 

Barbara;  very  abundant,  retaching  a  weight  of  ».  J-40  pounds,  being  ore 

of  the  most  important  food-fishes  on  the  coast. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  133;  Girard,  U.  8.  Pac.  R.  R.  Stirv.  Fish, 
48;  GUnthor,  ii,  94:  Oplopoma  panthcrina  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  I8aii, 
135,  aud  iu  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  40:  Ophiodon  punlherinus  GUuthur,  ii,  'J'i,) 


105.   CHIPID^ — ZANIOLEPIS. 


647 


353.-ZAMIOI.EPIS  Girard. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1857,  20*:  type  Zaniolrpia  latipinnis  Grd.) 
Body  elongate,  little  compressed,  tapering  from  the  nape  to  the  long 
md  slender  tail.  Head  short,  conical,  the  profile  decurved.  Mouth 
rather  small,  low,  terminal,  horizontal;  cardiform  teeth  on  the  jaws, 
vomer,  and  palatines:  no  supraorbital  cirri;  preopercle  with  spines. 
Gill-meuibranes  not  united,  free  from  the  isthmus;  gill-rakers  tubercle- 
like. Scales  small,  imbricated,  extremely  roughly  ctenoid.  Lateral  lino 
single,  continuous.  Dorsal  flix  with  about  21  spines;  some  of  the  ante- 
rior spines  greatly  elevated ;  a  deep  notch  between  the  spines  and  sofi 
rays;  anal  fin  very  long,  with  3  spines,  the  second  of  which  is  longest; 
veutrals  I,  5,  long,  inserted  a  little  behind  pectorals;  pectorals  mod- 
erate. Pyloric  cobca  few  (5  or  C).  Korth  Pacific,  in  deep  water,  (cavu'v, 
a  comb  or  card;  Xs-a,  scyAe;  hence  more  correctly  spelled  with  an  initial 

1003.  Z.  latipinnis  Grd.  "v  ■;:-■■'■  ^-..,  ; 

Olivaceous,  the  body  and  upper  fins  spotted  with  rusty  brown;  the 
vertical  fins  marked  with  blackish;  a  black  streak  before  eye;  subor- 
bital bluish  silvery.  Body  elongate,  fusiform,  scarcely  compressed,  the 
dorsal  outline  rising  rather  steeply.  Mouth  small,  horizontal,  low,  the 
maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  eye;  the  i)remaxillary 
entirely  below  the  eye.  Eye  very  large,  longer  than  snout,  3A  in  head; 
preorbital  wide,  partly  covering  the  scaly  maxillary;  interocular  space 
rather  narrow,  somewhat  concave;  nasal  sjunes  present;  preopercle 
with  3  sharp  spines.  Dorsal  spines  slender,  stift",  the  first  and  second 
longest,  usually  greatly  produced,  but  stiflish  to  the  tip,  scarcely  con- 
nected by  membrane,  reaching  to  nearly  middle  of  second  dorsal,  and 
more  than  half  the  total  length  of  the  fish,  but  often  much  shorter;  a 
deep  notch  between  spinous  and  soft  parts  of  dorsal ;  second  dorsal 
high,  its  rays  gradually  shortened;-  anal  long,  its  spines  high;  ventrals 
elongate,  wide  apart,  reaching  past  front  of  anal;  i)ectorals  short  and 
narrow;  caudal  short,  slightly  emargiuate.  Head  and  body  every- 
where covered  with  minute,  imbricated,  %  ery  rough,  shagreen  lilse 
scales.  Head  4;^;  depth  5i.  D.  XXI-I,  11;  A.  Ill,  17.  L.  12  inches. 
California,  from  San  Fiancisco  northward,  abundant  in  deep  water;  a 
slender  fish,  of  dry,  firm  substance. 

(Gliard,  Proc.  Aciid.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.  1857,  9.02;  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fibb. 
73;  GUnther,  il,  94.) 


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648       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

354.— OXYLEBIIJS  Gill. 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  277:  typo  Oxylcbiua picfm  Gill.) 

Body  oblong,  somewhat  compressed.  Head  conical,  very  slender 
acuminate,  the  profile  somewhat  concave.  Mouth  small.  Jaws  each 
with  a  band  of  teeth,  the  outer  series  considerably  enlarged;  minute 
teeth  on  vomer;  few  or  none  on  palatines.  Top  oi  head  with  dermal 
flaps.  Preopercle  with  2  blunt  spines.  Gill-membranes  broadly  con- 
nected, free  from  the  isthmus;  gill-rakers  short,  not  very  stout.  Scales 
small,  ctenoid.  A  single  lateral  lino.  Dorsal  tin  emarginate,  with  about 
16  low,  rather  strong'spiues;  soft  dorsal  moderate,  its  membrane  closely 
scaled;  anal  with  3  stout  spines,  the  second  the  longest;  caudal  trun- 
cate; pectorals  rather  long,  their  bases  not  procurrent;  ventrals  moder 
ate,  inserted  well  behind  pectorals.  Pyloric  coeca  few.  Small  fishes,  of 
bright  coloration.  («^o?,  sharp;  Xe,3[a^ — Lebius,  an  old  synonym  of  Ilex- 
agramnius,  from  As^Jta?,  a  kind  of  small  fish  suitable  to  be  cooked  iu 
^£/9ij?,  a  kettle.)  '     .  '    ^ 

1004.  O.  pictus  Gill. 

Tawny  grayish,  with  about  6  black  bars,  alternating  with  areas  of 
pale  orange,  the  latter  obscured  by  dusky  spots  and  blotches;  the  dark 

'  bars  extending  on  the  fins,  the  first  across  the  nape,  the  second  across 
the  middle  of  the  spinous  dorsal,  the  third  broader,  across  posterior  \un 
of  spinous  dorsal  and  front  of  anal;  one  across  middle  of  soft  dorsal,  one 
on  posterior  part,  and  one  at  base  of  caudal;  the  bars  are  about  as  wide 
as  the  interspaces,  and  their  edges  are  irregular,  but  sharply  detiued; 
pectorals  and  caudal  orange,  with  cross-series  of  spots;  ventrals  largely 
black;  under  side  of  head  orange,  freckled,  spotted  with  pale;  2  fringed 
cirri  over  each  eye,  scarlet;  breast  and  belly  marbled.  Body  rather  deep, 
compressed.  Head  little  compressed,  slender,  pointed;  lips  thick;  lower 
jaw  slightly  included ;  maxillary  small,  barely  reaching  eye.  Eyes  large, 
about  equal  to  snout,  4  in  head;  nasal  spines  present;  in terocular space 
narrow.  Scales  on  sides  of  head  very  small;  scales  on  body  small, 
ctenoid,  with  strong  horizontal  stria),  those  on  breast  minute.  Dorsal 
tin  continuous,  its  spines  stitt",  the  middle  ones  highest,  and  all  con 
siderably  lower  than  the  soft  rays;  second  anal  spine  longer  than  the 
third,  about  equal  to  the  soft  rays;  pectorals  barely  reaching  anal; 
ventrals  to  past  vent.     Head  3J;  depth  3^.    D.  XVI-15;  A.  Ill,  I'i. 

J  L.  10  inches.    Eocky  shores,  from  Monterey  northward;  rare.    A  most 
beautiful  and  active  little  fish. 
(GiU,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  277.) 


105.   CHIRID^ — ^ANOPLOPOMA. 


353.— RIYRIOI.EPIS  Lockingtoa. 
(Lockington,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,248:  type  Myriolcpia  zoni/cr  Lockington.) 

Bodj'  oblong,  somewhat  compressed.  Head  heavy.  Mouth  moderate, 
the  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting ;  both  jaws  with  bands  of  slender, 
sharp  teeth,  the  front  teeth  slightly  enlarged;  similar  teeth  on  vomer 
and  palatines ;  preopercle  entire;  no  dermal  fluiis.  Gill- rakers  short;  gill- 
membranes  very  narrowly  joined  to  the  isthmus.  Scales  small,  ctenoid, 
everywhere  covering  the  head  and  body  and  the  soft  parts  of  most  of 
the  fins.  Lateral  line  single.  Dorsal  fin  deeply  emarginate ;  the  spines 
about  15  in  number.  Anal  rather  short,  without  distinct  spines,  {/xuptoi;^ 
many;  Aert?,  scale.) 

1005.  ]fl.  zoniler  Lockington. 

Black  above,  whitish  below,  with  four  broad  black  bars  on  the  sides; 
the  first  over  the  pectorals ;  the  second  anterior  to  the  vent,  almost  en- 
circhug  the  body ;  the  third  near  the  base  of  the  anal,  and  the  fourth 
encircling  the  caudal  peduncle ;  a  black  bar  at  base  of  caudal  and  two 
across  the  fin;  other  fins  blotched  and  banded  with  light  and  dark; 
ctenoid  tips  of  the  scales  white.  Head  everywhere  densely  scaly,  the 
only  naked  areas  on  tbe  head  being  the  lips  and  the  folds  of  the  gill- 
mmebranes.  Scales  on  body  largest  posteriorly,  small  on  head  and 
chest.  Vertical  fins,  except  the  spinous  dorsal,  covered  nearly  to  the 
tips  of  the  rays  with  small  scales;  external  surfaces  of  paired  fins 
similarly  scaly;  spinous  dorsal  with  a  few  scales.  Pectorals  broad, 
lanceolate,  not  reaching  the  vent;  fourth  dorsal  spine  longest,  the 
others  diminishing  regularly  to  the  l-ih.  Eyes  lateral,  shorter  than 
snout;  interorbital  space  broad,  slightly  convex.  Head  4  in  total 
length;  depth  3|.  I).  XIV-I,  15;  A.  II,  11;  Lat.  1.  130.  Monterey 
Bay,  California ;  one  specimen  known. 

(Lockington,  Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.  1880, 248.)  .,  -r 


356.— ANOPIiOPOMA  Ayres. 
'    {Scombrocottus  Peters.) 


Gadua 


(Ayres,  Proc.  Ciil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1859,27 :  type  Anophpoma  merlangm  Ayres 
fimbria  Pallas.) 

Body  elongate,  little  compressed,  tapering  into  a  very  slender  caudal 
peduncle.  Head  rather  long,  the  snout  somewliat  tapering.  Mouth  ter- 
minal, moderate,  the  lower  jaw  included;  maxillary  \  y  narrow,  slip- 
ping almost  entirely  under  the  preorbital ;  teeth  moderate,  cardiform, 


n^am 


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I'. 


f\ 


•A  ' 


I 


650      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

those  iu  the  lower  jaw  iu  a  siugle  series  laterallj^,  and  in  a  narrow  band 
in  front;  upper  jaw,  vomer,  and  x)^la>tiues  each  with  a  baud  of  similar 
teeth.  Head  entirely  scaly.  No  supraorbital  flap.  Preopercle  un- 
armed, its  membranaceous  edge  crenulate.  Gill-membranes  joined 
to  the  isthmus.  Body  entirely  covered  with  minute  ctenoid  scales. 
Lateral  line  single.  Dorsals  short,  well  separated,  the  first  of  slender 
flexible  spines;  second  dorsal  shorter,  similar  to  the  anal,  wliich  is  i)re- 
ceded  bj'  three  weak  spines ;  veutrals  but  little  behind  pectorals;  caudal 
fin  forked.  Peritoneum  black.  Pyloric  cceca  about  two,  long  and  slen- 
der. Gill-rakers  slender,  few,  not  very  short.  North  Pacific,  {w^m:).!,;^ 
unarmed ;  Ttw/ia,  operculum.) 

1006.  A.  flinbria  (Pallas)  Gill.— 5e«Rotp;  Coal-fish.  " 

Color  slaty-black  or  grayish,  somewhat  reticulated;  white  below,  the 

young  rather  pale^  adult  nearly  black ;  fins  dusky;  caudal  edged  with 

pale;  lining  of  the  operclo  black.     Premaxillaries  on  the  level  of  the 

lower  part  of  the  orbit ;  maxillary  reaching  to  opposite  front  of  pupil. 

Dorsal  fins  separated  by  a  distance  nearly  equal  to  two-thirds  length  of 

the  base  of  soft  dorsal,  the  spines  very  weak;  the  fourth  longest;  ])ec- 

torals  reaching  beyond  tips  of  ventrals,  not  half  way  to  vent.    Head  4; 

depth  64.    D.  XX-1, 17 ;  A.  Ill,  15;  Lat.  1. 190.    Usual  length  18  inches, 

but  sometimes  much  Lirger.  .  Monterey  to  Alaska;  rather  common,  es- 

l)eci ally  northward.    A  very  singular  and  interesting  fish. 

{Gadua  fimbria  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Rosso- Asiat.  iii,  200,  1811:  Anoplopoma  merlangus 
Ayres,  Pioc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1859,  27:    Scombrocottus  aahnoneua  Peters,  Be.Iiu. 

^  Family  CVI —SCORPiENID^.  ' 

{The  Rocl-Jishes.) 

Cottoid  fishes,  with  the  body  oblong,  more  or  less  compressed,  the  head 
generally  large,  and  usually  with  one  or  more  pairs  of  ridges  above, 
which  terminate  in  spines.  Oi)erclo  usually  with  two  spinous  i)ro- 
cesses;  preopercle  with  five.  Mouth  terminal,  usually  large,  with 
villiibrm  teeth  on  jaws  and  vomer,  and  usually  on  the  palatines.  Pre- 
maxillaries  protractile;  maxillary  broad,  without  supplemental  bone, 
not  slipping  under  preorbital.  Gill-openings  wide ;  the  gill-membranes 
separate  and  free  from  the  isthmus ;  usually  no  slit  behind  the  fourth 
glli.  Scales  ctenoid,  or  sometimes  cycloid,  usually  well  developed, 
sometimes  nearly  obsolete.  Lateral  line  single.  A  bony  stay  extend- 
ing backward  from  the  suborbital  toward  the  preopercle.  Ventral 
fins  thoracic,  of  the  normal  percoid  form,  I,  5,  the  rays  branched;  dor- 


106.    SCORP^NID^ — SEBASTES. 

sal  with  8  to  16  rather  strong  spiues  and  about  as  many  soft  rays;  anal 
rather  short,  with  3  spines  and  5-10  soft  rays;  soft  rays  in  all  the  fins 
branched,  except  some  of  the  lower  rays  of  the  pectorals.  Pyloric  coeca 
iu  moderate  or  small  number  (less  than  12).  Pseudobranchife  large. 
Air-bladder  present.  Genera  about  20;  species  about  200,  inhabiting 
all  seas,  but  especially  abundant  in  the  temperate  parts  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  where  they  form  a  largo  proportion  of  tno  fish  fauna.  They  are 
liou-migratory  fishes  living  about  rocks;  most  of  them  are  of  large  size, 
and  all  are  used  as  food.  Manj-  of  them  are  viviparous,  the  young  be- 
ing produced  in  great  numbers  when  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in 
length. 
{Triglidte,  group  Scorpwnina  pt.  Gttnther,  il.) 

a.  Dorsal  apines  15;  vertebrso  12  + 19 5  palatine  teoth  present Sehastks,  357. 

(irt.  Dorsal  spiues  13 ;  vertebras  12 -j- 15 ;  palatine  teoth  present Sf:bastoi)ks,  35b. 

aaa.  Dorsal  spines  12;  vertebra}  10+14;   palatine  teeth  present;  scales  ctenoid,  or 

provided  with  dermal  flaps - ScoRPyEXA,  359. 

aaaa.  Dorsal  spiues  10  or  11 ;  scales  smooth,  entire Setauciies,  360. 

357.— SEBASTES  Cuvier. 

Bose-Jishes. 

(Ciivier,  Ri^gne  Anini.  ed.  2,  ii,  1829:  tyi>e  Perca  norvegica  Miiller.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed.  Head  large,  scaly  above  and  on  sides;  cra- 
nial ridges  well  tleveloped.  Mouth  terminal,  very  broad,  oblique,  the 
broad  maxillary  extending  to  below  the  eye;  lower  jaw  projecting, 
with  a  bony  knob  at  the  symphysis ;  palatine  teeth  present.  Eye  very 
large;  i)reopercle  with  five  divergent  spiues;  opercle  with  two;  supra- 
scapular spines  strong;  gill-rakers  long,  slender.  Scales  small,  ctenoid, 
irregularly  arranged;  no  dermal  flaps.  Dorsal  fin  continuous,  very 
long,  the  spinous  part  much  longer  than  the  soft  part,  of  15  strong  spines; 
anal  spines  three,  strong;  caudal  emarginate;  pectorals  long,  narrow. 
Branchiostegals  7.  Vertebroe  12  -f  19.  Coloration  mostly  red.  Ovoviv- 
iparous.  Species  few,  mostly  of  the  Northern  Seas.  (»T£,5a(TTo'?,  magnfi- 
cent.) 

1007.  S.  marlnus  (L.)  Liltken.— -7?08P-/flft;  Rvd-finh;  Snapper;  TTemdiirgnn. 

Orange  red,  nearly  uniform,  sometimes  a  dusky  opercular  blotch,  and 
about  5  vague  dusky  bars  on  the  back.  Body  ovate;  back  elevated, 
the  ventral  outline  straightish;  top  of  head  evenly  scaled;  interorbital 
space  with  two  low  ridges,  between  which  it  is  concave;  nasal  spines 
present;  cranial  ridges  moderate,  rather  low  and  sharj);  preocular, 
supraocular,  postocular,  tympanic,  and  occipital  ridges  present,  the 
latter  with  l,he  tips  abruptly  divergent;  suprascapular  spines  very  sharp 


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652      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMETIICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

aud  prominent;  opercular  spines  long  and  sharp;  subopercular  spine 
prominent;  preopercular  spines  slender  and  sharp,  the  second  longest; 
suborbital  stay  not  reaching  preopercle;  preorbital  narrow,  with  two 
spines.  Eye  exceedingly  large,  3  in  head,  more  than  twice  as  wide  as 
interorbital  space.  Mouth  very  large,  oblique ;  maxillary  very  broad, 
reaching  middle  of  eye,  its  length  2^  in  head;  premaxillaries  on  level 

ft 

of  middle  of  pupil;  tip  of  lower  jaw  much  projecting,  with  a  conspicu- 
ous, pointed  symphyseal  knob;  mandible  and  maxillary  scaly;  pseudo- 
brauchiai  very  large;  gill-rakers  long,  stiff  and  strong,  about  as  in  ISehas- 
todes  pinniger.  Dorsal  spines  sharp,  the  longest  about  as  long  as  eye; 
the  iin  deeply  emarginate;  soft  rays  not  very  high,  higher  than  the 
spines;  caudal  narrow,  moderately  forked;  anal  spines  moderate,  gradu- 
ated; the  second  a  little  shorter  than  eye;  pectoral  rather  long,  reaching 
vent, its  base  narrow;  ventral  reaching  to  vent.  Scales  small,  irregu- 
lar,  not  strongly  ctenoid.  Peritoneum  brownish.  Head  3 ;  depth  24. 
D.  XV-13;  A.  HI,  7;  Lat.  1.  40  (tubes);  scales  about  85.  Atlantic 
coasts  of  America  and  Northern  Europe,  south  to  Cape  Cod. 

{Perca  marina  L.  Syst.  Nat.  x,  1758,  in  part:  Ferca  nortoegka  Miiller,  Zoiil.  Dan.  46: 
Sebaaten  norwegicua  Giinther,  ii,  9^^.)  ,.  ;        ,^....  ^,  »         .^j, 

Subsp.  viviparus  (Krtiyer)  Liitk.     .  .' <    x -<:  !  ^    ';      V  •  t.  a;.  l...>-n 

General  color  brownish  red,  somewhat  mottled,  with  a  blackish  blotcli 

on  the  opercle,  and  some  other  brownish  spots  on  the  body.    Pectoral  fiu.s 

a  little  longer  than  in  8.  marimis;  interocular  space  rather  narrower. 

Head  3J;  depth  3^.    D.  XV-14;  A.  Ill,  8.    Arctic  Seas,  south  to  Cape 

Cod  and  the  Baltic;  smaller  than  the  i)receding  and  living  near  shore; 

thought  to  be  a  littoral  variety. 

{Sehastea  vivi2)arH8  Kreyer,  Naturliist.  Tidsskr.  i,  275, 1844-'45;  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.  1863,  333:  Sebaates  viviparua  Giintlier.  ii,  9G.) 

3«§.— SEBASTOD33S*  Gill. 

Bocl-Jish;  "Bock  Cod:^  ^1     I: 

(Sebaatichlhya,  Sebaatoplua,  Sebaatomua  and  Sebaatoaomua  Gill.) 
(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1861,  165:  ty]^<i  Sebaates pauciapinia  Ajres.) 
I3ody  oblong  or  elongate,  somewhat  compressed;  head  large;  mouth 

*  A  very  doubtful  species,  which  may  be  the  youn<j  of  Sebaatea  marinua,  with  uu  Jib- 
nornuil  number  of  spiues;  is  accredited  to  our  Atlantic  coast,  viz: 
S.  f  faaciatua  (Storer. ) 

"Body  elongated,  not  convex  in  front  of  dorsal  fin  as  in  Sebaalea  norvegicua ;  foi.i 
distinct  dark  brown  tr^msverse  bauds  upon  the  sides,  the  broadest  at  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  body."    D.  XIII-14;  A.  Ill,  7.     Proviuceto>vn,  Mass.     (Storer.) 

(Sebaatea faaciatua  Storer,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  31, 1854 :  Sebaatea  t  faadatua  Gill, 
Proc.  Aoad.  Nat.  Phila.  1863,  335.) 


106.    SCORP^NID^ — SEBASTODES. 


653 


luotlerate  or  large,  with  the  jaws  equal  or  the  lower  more  or  less  pro- 
jecting; teeth  ill  villiforin  bands  on  jaws,  vomer  and  paUitiues.  Head 
more  or  less  evenly  scaled,  without  dermal  flaps;  cranial  ridges  more  or 
less  developed;*  some  or  all  of  the  following  pairs  present,  usually 
ending  in  spines:  preocular,  supraocular,  postocular,  tympanic,  cor- 
onal, occipital,  and  nuchal.  Five  preopercular  spines.  Two  spines  on 
the  opercle  and  one  to  three  on  the  snprascapula.  Suborbital  staj'^ 
moderate,  usually  not  reaching  preopercle.  Gill-rakers  various.  Scales 
moderate  or  rather  small,  ctenoid,  in  45  to  100  transverse  series.  Dor- 
sal fin  continuous,  emarginate,  its  formuli  XIII,  12  to  14.  Anal  fin 
III,  0  to  9.  Pectorals  well  developed,  the  base  broad  or  narrow,  the 
lower  rays  undivided.  Caudal  truncate  or  slightly  forked;  soft  parts 
of  vertical  fins  more  or  less  scalj'.  Pyloric  coeca  G  to  11.  Vertebra} 
12  + 15.  Species  of  rather  large  size,  and  varied,  often  brilliant  colors, 
mostly  red.  Sexes  colored  alike.  Most  of  them  inhabit  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  they  are  exceedingly  abundant  in  rocky  places  along  the 
west  coast  of  the  United  States.  All  are  ovovivi parous,  bringing  fortli 
great  numbers  of  young,  which  are  nearly  half  an  inch  in  length  when 
born.  The  species  differ  greatly  in  form  and  armature,  but  the  genera 
based  on  these  differences  intergrade  too  closely  to  be  worthy  of  reten- 
tion.   (<re/3a<rrc>c,  Sebastes;  e£5«T,  likeness.) 

ANALYSIS  OF  SPECIES  OF   SEBASTODES. 

fl,  Scales  very  small ;  lat.  1.  90-100;  mouth  very  large,  the  lower  jaw  much  projecting; 

skull  thick,  the  cranial  ridges 

Tr,,,-,}!:-'-^' ■:■■;-'?"'•;  )'■'■■:.,    r   vv     ■  ,^fV'----'-;^:--'-:' ^I'-^^f'  —  '-  WCak.     A.  Ill,  0.     (SEBASTODES.) 

Color     light    olivaceous     red; 
young  greenish paucisjnnis, 

'        .   *  Diagram  of  cranial  ridgea  of  Sebaatodei. 


i 


m 


mm 


Is     .    J.I 


a.  Kaaal  spines. 
h.  Prooculnr  spinen. 
e.  Supraocular  spines. 


n\  /rt 


d.  PoHtocular  spines. 

e.  Tympanic  spines. 

f.  Coronal  spiuus. 


g.  Occipital  spines. 
h.  Nuchal  spines. 
{.  Eyes. 


Iff 


U  t 


1! 

ilk 


.  i- 


!{•■ 


it 


' 


ill 
t 


'.  » 
:  1 . 
■    ^^ 

!  .  r 


■  pi- , 


654      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

aa.  Scales  small;  lat.  1.  65  to  80;  aual  rays  III,  7  to  III,  9;  skull  thick,  cranial  fuWn 

very  low  or  obsolete ;  lower  jaw 
much  projecting ;  gill-nikers 
very  long  and  Blemlcr;  caudal 
emarginate;  jaws  scaly.    (Se- 

BA8TOSOMU8  Gill.) 

b.  Peritoneum  white ;  cranial  ridges  all  obsolete, 
c.  Color  olivaceous,  nearly  plain;  caudal  yellowish  or  greenish;  mouth  larfrp. 

flariduf, 
ce.  Color  dusky,  sides  spotted  with  black ;  caudal  dark;  mouth  smaller.,  me/dnoj)*. 
hb.  Peritoneum  black. 

d.  Supraocular  and  occipital  ridges  obsolete,  without  spines;  colors  dusky,  tbe 

tins  blackish. 
e.  Preocular  ridges  obsolete,  the  frontal  region  between  them  not  specially 

convex ciUaUis. 

ee.  Preocular  ridges  present,  usually  ending  in  spines,  the  frontal  regionibc- 

tween  them  bulging..  viyHtinus. 
dd.  Supraocular  aud  occipital  ridges  mostly  present,  ending  in  spims;  dorsal 

fin  not  deeply  emarginate;  soft 
dorsal  low. 
/.  Second  anal  spine  scarcely  or  not  longer  than  third;  postocular  spine 

..                .             wanting;  color  creamy  olivace- 
ous  entonulas. 

//.  Second  anal  spine  notably  I'-.iger  than  third. 

g.  Body  ovate;  postocui;',r  8i»lae8  present;  color  chiefly  creamy  or  oliva- 

V    '  ceous ovnUs. 

gg.  Body  rather  elongate;  postocular  wan  ting;  color  chiefly  red.. pronV/er. 
aaa.  Scales  moderate ;  lat.  1.  45  to  60 ;  anal  rays  III,  5  to  III,  7. 

h.  Cranial  ridges  very  low,  the  skull  thick  and  solid;  lower  jaw  little 

projecting:    interorbital    apace 
-  ■  convex ;     gill-rakers     slender, 

usually  long. 
i.  Color  olivaceous ;  postocular  spine  wanting ;  mandible  with  a  few 

v  smooth  scales atrovirena. 

-'■   •;         it.  Color  red;  postocular  spine  present. 

j.  Scales  on  mandible  smooth;  color  chiefly  orange jihimger. 

jj.  Scales  on  mandible  very  rough;  color  chiefly  brick-red..  «iinia/Ms, 
'^  hh.  Cranial  ridges  more  or  less  strong;  skull  comparatively  thin ;  gill- 

rakers  general  l.v  short. 
li.  Postocular  and  tympanic  spines  both  present;   interorbital 
'  ..  space  concave.      (Skbastomus 

'  -       '  ,  Gill.) 

I.  Cranial  ridges  broken  and  armed  with  accessory  spines  (in 
'    _  the    adult,    nearly   smooth  in 

''^      ^      ■  -i„  young);      second     aual    spiue 

■,  :  '  :       '     ;  Mr       .  scarcely    longer    than     third; 

color  red,  nearly  plain.- r«ifr, 

II.  Cranial  ridges  smooth ;  second  anal  spine  much  longer  than 

third;  c^lor  rosy,  with  three  or 
four  round  blotches  of  piuk  on 
sides  of  back, 
m.  Dorsal  spines  low,  the  highest  less  than  half  the  leugth 

of  head, 
n.  Body  everywhere  with  small  round  pale  spots. 

constelUtv*. 


106.    SCORr.ENID/E — SEBASTODES. 


655 


nn.  Body  without  stellato  spots. 
0.  Pale  blotcbcB  on  sides  sHrrounded  by  pnrpio  shadrs; 

head  with  purplish  above ;  man- 
dible naked rosaci-U8. 

00.  Pale  blotches  on  sides  surrounded  by  preen  shades ; 

no  purple;  cranial  ridges  very 
sharp ;  inaudible  partly  scaly. 
rhodochloris. 
mm.  Dorsal  spines  very  high,  the  highest  half  the  length  of 

head;   body  above  with  many 
small  round  green  spots. 

chloroaticlus, 
Tck.  Postocular  spine  wanting. 

p.  Mandible  scaly,  its  tip  much  projecting;  perito- 
neum dusky ;  interorbital  space 
concave ;    body    comparatively 

elongate elongatua, 

pp.  Mandible  naked ;  peritoneum  white ;  body  deep. 
q.  Scales  on  head  mostly  cycloid;  lower  jaw  pro- 
jecting; second  anal  spine  much 
stronger  than  third ;  color  pink- 
ish  white,   banded    with  deep 

crimson ruhrivinctua. 

qq.  Scales  on  head  ctenoid;  lower  jaw  usually  in- 
cluded; s«cond  anal  spine  lit- 
tle enlarged.  '(Sebastichthys 
Gill.) 
r.  Coronal  spines  present;  cranial  ridges  moderate; 
color  brownish,  mottled. 

auriculatue, 
rr.  Coronal  spines  none. 
a.  Cranial  ridges  with  entire  edges. 
t.  Nuchal  ridges  none. 
u.  Gill-rakers  extremely  short,  most  of  them 
,,.  as  wide  as  high;  general  color 

dusky-greenish raatrelliger. 

uu.  Gill-rakers  higher  than  wide. 
,.,  V.  Highest  dorsal  spine  notably  more  than 

:     ■.  half  length  of  head. 

IP.  Head  and  upper  parts  not  speckled 
with  orange ;  membrane  of  spi- 
nous dorsal  not  very  deeply  in- 
cised. 
X.  Color   dark    brown,    varied   with 

light  brown caurinua. 

XX.  Color  reddish,   varied  with   yel- 
lowish ;  dorsal  spines  higher. 

vnxillaria. 
Wte.  Head  and  upper  parts  everywhere 
speckled  with  orange;  front  of 
back  yellowish ;  soft  fi  us  black ; 
dorsal  spines  extremely  high, 
their  membranes  deeply  incised. 

maliger. 


•i>-;i 


'\-j 


:l.il 


i  ■:  >!  (3 


i 


M  i 


.1 


H 


''I 


m 


t:  ' 


* 


l<    i!' 


656      CONTEIEUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICnTHYOLOGY — IV. 

•  w.  Highest  dorsal  spine  littlo  if  any  more 

than  half  the  length  of  head. 

•  y.  Pale  blotches  ou  sides  not  form- 

.■';?..  ing  a  continnons  lateral  hand; 

'       ■  occipital  ridges  moderate. 

.  '       •       •  z.  Pale  markings  llesh-color;  dark 

*       '  markings  olivaceous.. carn«<H». 

zz.  Pale  markings  yellow;  dark 

markings  blackish . -c/ir^gonie/as. 

yi/.  Pale  blotch«!8  on  sides,  forniinir 

a  continuous  lateral  band ;  body 
and  fins  profusely  speckled  with 
pale;  dark  markings  black; 
pale  markings  yellow;  occipital 

ridges  very  strong ncbiilosus. 

it.  Nuchal  spines  present,  usually  distinct  from 
occipital;  cranial  ridges  very 
short  and  high;  olivaceous, 
banded  with  black;    head  red 

below ««Titrp«. 

at.  Cranial  ridges  with  the  surface  broken,  spi- 
nous; frontal  ridges  elevated; 
color  bright  red,  with  black 
bands nigrodnctus. 

a.  Species  with  very  small  scales  (lat.  1.  90-100);  the  cranial  ridges  little  developed. 


the  mouth  very  large,  the  lower  jaw  much  projecting.     {Sehnstodea.) 


I 


J008«  S.  paucispinis  (Ayres)  Gill. — Boccaccio;  Mcroii;  Jach. 

Pale  dull  orange  red,  dark  brown  above,  the  sides  somewhat  vaguely 
spotted;  young  olivaceous;, fins  nearly  plain,  lower  reddish,  upper 
dusky;  tip  of  lower  jaw  dark.  Body  elongate,  compressed,  profile 
straight  from  the  protruding  tip  of  the  )  jwer  jaw  to  the  front  of  the  dor- 
sal. Head  large,  long,  and  narrow,  pointed.  Mouth  much  larger  than 
in  any  other  species,  oblique,  the  broad  maxillary  reaching  to  beyond  the 
eye;  its  length  1|  in  head;  lower  jaw  very  strong,  with  a  projecting 
knob  at  tip,  which  protrudes  farther  than  in  any  other  species.  Pre- 
maxillary  on  the  level  of  lower  edge  of  pupil.  Cranial  ridges  little  de- 
veloped, the  preocular  and  occipital  traceable  and  sometimes  ending  in 
small  spines.  Interocular  space  broad,  with  two  low  ridges;  top  of 
head  scaled  to  tip  of  snout;  maxillary  and  preorbital  scaly;  preorbital 
with  narrow  neck  and  three  small  spines;  suborbital  stay  moderate; 
preopercular  spines  sharp  and  diverging,  the  third  largest,  the  lower 
often  divided;  opercular  spines  moderate.  Gill-rakers  slender,  com- 
pressed, not  very  long.  Eye  large,  4-6  in  head,  slightly  more  than  in- 
terorbital  width.  Scales  very  small  and  rough,  irregular;  accessory 
scales  few.  .  Dorsal  spines  low,  rather  slender,  the  fin  deeply  emar- 


106.    SCORP/ENIDiE SE6aST0DES. 


657 


ginate;  longest  spine  f  length  of  head,  scarcely  bigljer  thau  the  soft 
j^ys;  caudal  emarginate;  anal  low,  its  si)ines  small,  short,  graduated, 
the  second  shorter  than  eye;  pectorals  narrow,  rather  long,  not  nearly 
reaching  vent,  the  base  |  diameter  of  eye;  ventrals  shorter,  not  reach- 
in},'  tips  of  pectorals.  Peritoneum  white;'  Head  2§;  depth  3;^;  pec- 
torals 5.  D.  XIII  13;  A.  Ill,  9;  Lat.  1.  with  05-80  tubes;  about  100 
scales  in  a  longitudinal  series.  L.  30  inches.  Coast  of  California; 
iibnndant  in  rather  deep  water.       Y  nv^  c^y^-.n^fy-  -  ^LtJ^i  i^  •  ♦ 

(Siha»te8  paudspinia  Ayrea,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  fi,  1854:  Sebaateit  panmiip\nis 
Grd.  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  K.  Snrv.  Fisli.  8:J;  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliila.  18G1, 1G5;  Ajres, 
Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  183:i,  215:  Scbastt« paucispinis  Giiiither,  ii,  9S.) 

aa.  Species  with  Bcales  small  (lat.  1.  (50  to  70);  cranial  ridges  little  developed;  skull 
thick;  lower  jaw  strongly  piojecting;  anal  rays  III,  7  to  III,  I);  jaws  scaly; 
jjlU-rakers  very  long  and  slender.   (Stbasloaomus*  Gill.) 

1009.  S.  flavidus  Ayrea.— Yclloic-tail  Rock-fiah, 

Olive  green,  rather  pale,  plain  or  finely  spotted  with  yellowish;  fins 
olive,  caudal  strongly  tinged  with  yellow;  young  mottled.  Body  ob- 
loiiff,  cojni)ressed,  the  back  not  much  elevated.  Head  rather  long, 
pointed.  Mouth  large,  oblique,  the  maxillary  extending  to  nearly 
opposite  posterior  margin  of  eye,  2  in  head ;  premaxillaries  in  front  on 
tlie  level  of  lower  margin  of  pupil.  Lower  jaw  strongly  projecting,  its 
symphyseal  knob  very  prominent,  but  less  so  than  in  8.  paucifipinis. 
Preorbital  narrow,  without  spines.  Top  of  head  evenly  scaled,  the 
nasal  spines  only  present  and  very  small.  Cranial  ridges  obsolete, 
without  spines;  only  the  occipital  ridges  visible  under  the  scales.  In- 
terorbital  space  evenly  convex.  Preopercular  spines  rather  strong,  all 
of  thera  directed  strongly  backwards;  opercular  spines  moderate;  su- 
prascapular spines  small,  the  upper  obsolete.  Scales  medium;  acces- 
sory scales  variable.  Dorsal  spines  low,  slender,  the  longest  3  in  head; 
the  soft  rays  rather  high,  the  fin  very  deeply  emarginate,  the  mem- 
brane joining  the  thirteenth  spine  at  about  one-fourth  its  height;  cau- 
dal fin  notched ;  anal  spines  low,  regularly  graduated,  the  third  spine 
less  than  half  the  height  of  the  soft  rays,  the  second  as  long  as  eye;  pec- 
toral fins  shortish,  rather  broad,  reaching  tip  of  ventrals,  but  not  quite 
to  vent.  Peritoneum  white.  Head  3;  depth  3;  pectoral  4.  I).  XIII- 
15;  A.  HI,  9;  Lat.  1.  about  60.  L.  24  inches.  Coast  of  California, 
abundant;  an  important  food-fish. 

(Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  18B2,  209,  f.  64.) 


•Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phlla.  1864, 147 :  type  Sehaatea  mclanops  Grd.    {6f.fia6ro<i, 
Sebastes;  6 (but a,  body.) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  IG 42 


-iui^i 


tv 


658      C0NTRIDUTI0N8   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

lOIO.  ^i.  niolnnops  (Gnl.)  Ayrca. 

Olive  brown,  dark  above,  the  sides  paler;  upper  part  of  sides  tliicklv 
marked  with  small  slaty-black  blotches;  head  blackish  above;  a  dark 
streak  on  maxillary  and  one  from  eye  across  cheeks;  flns  dusky,  the 
dorsal  paler  at  base,  with  mapy  round  dark  olive-brown  spots;  ;i  black 
opercular  spot;  lower  rays  of  pectorals  often  tinged  with  orange.  lUxly 
comparatively  elongate,  highest  at  shoulders.  liiutd  long,  lu  lomi 
intermediate  between  mystinus  and  Jiaridv,^  *'*,iiout  rather  sharp.  Mouth 
large,  obliipie,  the  maxillary  not  (^\\-: .  reaching  i)osterior  margin  of 
orbit;  its  length  a  little  1^L»  ^  half  head;  lower  jaw  i)r()trudiiig,  its 
tip  on  a  line  with  the  de^v^ending  profile;  premaxillaries  on  the  lev«'l  of 
the  lower  margin  of  pupil.  Eye  large.  Cranial  ridges  almost  obsolete, 
all  scaled  over  and  without  spines  in  the  adult;  preocular  spines  obso- 
lete, the  Ki)ace  forward  of  the  eye  not  projecting;  preopercular  spines 
short,  but  sharp.  Gill-rakers  longer  than  in  mystinus,  very  slender. 
Dorsal  rather  low,  deeply  emarginate,  the  highest  spines  2^  in  liead, 
a  little  lower  than  the  soft  rays;  caudal  slightlj^  enuirginate.  Anal 
spines  small,  the  second  shorter  but  stouter  than  third,  lorger  than 
eye;  pectorals  short  and  rather  broad,  not  reaching  as  far  as  tips  of 
ventrals,  which  scarcely  reach  vent.  Scales  moderate;  accessory  scales 
nu'uerous;  mandible,  maxillary,  preorbital,  and  snout  closely  scaled. 
Peritoneum  white.  Head  3;  depth  2§.  D.  XIII-16;  A.  Ill,  8;  Lat.l 
53;  scales  CO-70;  pectoral  4^.  L.  20  inches.  Monterey  to  Sitka;  mosi 
abundant  northward.  At  San  Francisco  much  less  connnon  tbau  S, 
mystinus.       \/^  (yia^  c^t^A>-^\  •    ^i^jL  ^ 

(SebdHteH  mdanops  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  viii,  135,  1854,  and  in  U.  S. 
Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  81;  Ayres,  Proc.  Cat.  Acad.  Sci.  1862,  213,  f.Wi:  SehmU. 
nulanopH  Gilutlior,  ii,  9d:  Sebastoaomu^  aimulans  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. Ittlil, 
147.) 

1011.  S.  ciliatus  (Tiles.)  J.  &  G. 

Blackish  green,  the  sides  rather  pale,  much  mixed  with  darker;  dark 
shades  from  eye  backward;  a  black  streak  on  maxillary;  fins  all  dusky, 
the  upper  fins  somewhat  mottled ;  adult  said  to  have  the  body  and  tins 
tinged  with  red.  Body  rather  deep  and  compressed.  Mouth  smaller 
than  in  melanops,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  below  posterior  margin  of 
pupil;  lower  jaw  somewhat  projecting,  but  without  jjrominent  knob  at 
the  symphysis;  cranial  ridges  all  obsolete,  covered  by  scales;  no  pre- 
ocular spine  or  any  bulge  of  the  skull  in  that  region;  preorbital  narrow, 
without  spine;  i^reopercular  spines  short  and  broad;  opercular  and  su- 
prascapular spines  small;  lower  jaw  fully  scaled,  roughish.    Head  well 


106.    SCORP^ENID.E SEBAOTODES. 

covered  with  ctenoid  scales.  Dorsal  fin  lov/,  not  deeply  eniarjjinate,  the 
iiK'iribrane  joining  the  thirteenth  spine  near  its  middle;  soft  dorsal  low, 
hifjher  than  the  spines,  the  lonjjfest  spine  as  loiij^  as  maxillary,  a  little 
less  than  half  head;  caudal  emarginate;  anal  low,  its  second  spine 
stronger,  but  not  longer  than  the  third,  jj  the  height  of  the  soft  rays, 
:'A  in  head;  pectorals  rather  short,  reaching  beyond  tips  of  ventrals  to 
vent.  Gill-rakers  numerous,  very  long  and  8len<ler,  nearly  as  long  as 
tlie  eye.  Peritoneum  black.  Head  liff,  depth  .'t.^;  pectorals  l\'^.  1). 
X1II-1<^;  A.  Ill,  8;  Lat.  1.  00.  Coast  of  Alaska;  not  noticed  south  of 
Kndiak. 

[F.lunepMtin  ciliafm  TilcH.  M(^in.  Ac.  Sci.  St.  Petersh.  iv,  474,  1810;  Pcrca  variahilis 
PiillaH,  Zoo^r.  RosHo-Asiiit,  iii,  241,  1811:  Sebantcs  variabilis  Ciiv.  &  Vul.  iv,  347:  Se- 
hmten  rariubHia  Gilntber,  ii,  99.) 

1012.  S.  mystinua  Jor.  &  GWh.—rcchc  Pirtrc;  Black  Rock-flah. 

Slaty  black,  becoming  paler  below  the  lateral  line;  sides  more 
or  less  mottled;  tip  of  lower  Jaw  black;  top  of  head  with  3  indistinct 
cross-bars,  extending  on  the  cheeks;  a  dark  bar  on  anterior  edge  of 
opercle;  fins  all  plain  dusky.  liody  oval-oblong,  compressed,  both  out- 
lines evenly  curved.  Head  rather  blunt,  compressed;  profile  oblique, 
almost  straight,  becoming  convex  with  age.  Month  smaller  than  in 
any  of  the  jn-eceding  species,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  protruding;  i)re- 
maxillaries  on  the  level  of  lower  rim  of  orbit;  maxiilaries  dilated  be- 
liind,  reaching  posterior  margin  of  pupil,  thickly  scaled  behind,  their 
length  2^  in  head.  Cranial  ridges  obsolete,  except  the  preocular,  which 
usually  ends  in  a  small  spine;  the  region  between  and  in  front  of  the 
eyes  bulging  considerably;  i)reopercIe  with  rather  strong  spines,  the 
two  at  the  angle  longest;  opercular  spines  rather  strong.  Spinons 
dorsal  very  low,  the  longest  spines  2^  in  head,  lower  than  the  soft  rays, 
the  fin  rather  deeply  emarginate;  second  anal  spine  stronger  than 
third,  and  a  little  shorter,  3^  in  head;  pectoral  fins  long,  about  as  long 
as  head,  their  middle  rays  longest,  reaching  beyond  the  ventrals  to 
about  the  tenth  dorsal  spine;  caudal  emarginate.  Peritoneum  black. 
Head  3;^;  depth  2f ;  pectorals  3if.  D.  Xni-15;  A.  Ill,  9;  Lat.  1.  66 
(diWhi  tubes).  L.  14  inches.  Pnget  Sound  to  San  Diego;  the  most 
abundant  species  of  the  family  about  San  Francisco;  found  in  rather 
shallow  water.      ^^rx/^^    ^a.tf/t  fi  a^y     t  -  C"  ^*-'-^'^/  ^^  '^*^''^"Xv^.^. 

(Srlmnlichtlnja  mtjstinufi  Jordiiu  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  IBdO,  455;  1881,  56, 

:u.) 

1013.  S.  cntoinelas  Jor.  &  Gilb. 

Dull  olive-green;  sides  with  obscure,  round,  rusty  spots;  belly,  lips, 
aud  lower  parts  tinged  with  creamy;  obscure  light  and  dark  shades 


■A^f, 


wm 


I! 


!'     '' 


1^^• 


.1*  :       'a. 

.    (■'- 


Hi' 


f  f 


f'  ■'■  'ffl' 


'iit 


660      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

across  cheeks;  2  or  3  ver^'^  obscure  dark  vertical  bars;  flus  all  dnslcy, 
somewhat  reddish  tinged ;  lower  half  of  pectoral  reddish.  Body  ob 
loiig-elougate,  the  back  little  arched.  Candid  peduncle  slender,  rrofilc 
less  steep  than  in  ovalls,  the  snout  blunter.  Mouth  small,  the  sliort 
maxillary  extending  to  below  middle  of  eye,  its  length  2J^  in  liead- 
lower  jaw  protruding,  its  tip  entering  the  profile ;  preorbital  very  nar- 
row, without  spine.  Eye  large,  less  than  interorbital  space,  4  in  head. 
Cranial  ridges  very  low,  mostly  covered  by  the  scales ;  preocular,  su- 
praocular, tympanic,  and  occipital  8i)ines  usually  present,  the  preoc- 
ular larger  than  in  any  of  the  preceding  species,  the  supraocular  and 
tympanic  sometimes  obsolete;  preopercular  spines  small,  directed  back 
wards;  opercular  spines  small;  jaws,  preorbital,  and  snout  with  small 
scales.  Gill-rakers  numerous,  long,  and  slender,  their  length  about  '■^ 
diameter  of  eye.  Dorsal  spines  very  low  and  slender,  the  longest  about 
5  in  head,  the  fin  moderately  emarginate;  soft  dorsjil  long  and  low,  not 
nmch  higher  than  the  spines;  caudal  lunate;  anal  low,  its  second  spine 
stronger  than  third,  but  not  so  high,  3J  in  head;  pectorals  moderate, 
reachuig  beyond  ventrals,  not  to  vent.  Peritoneum  jet  black.  Head 
34;  depth  3;^;  pectoral  31].  D.  XIII-15;  A.  Ill,  8;  Lat.  1.  05.  L.  12 
Inches.  IMonterey  Bay,  in  deep  water;  rare. 
(Scbasiichthifs  eiitomvlns  JonUin  &  G'lbort,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  18-'0,  142.) 

1014.  S.  OValis  Ayres.— THirn. 

Olivaceous,  strongly  tinged  with  creamy  red,  especially  below;  mem- 
brane of  both  dorsrJs  covered  with  many  suiall,  round,  black  spots; 
similar  spots  usually  on  the  body;  upj»er  tins  greenish,  lower  yellowisli, 
mostly  dark -edged;  caudal  tin  dark;  .voung  more  green,  with  2  or  3 
large  black  blotches  on  ui)per  part  of  sides,  and  without  dark  spots  on 
tins.  Body  deep,  almost  oval,  the  back  considerably  elevated,  the  profile 
steep,  the  lower  jaw  considerably  protruding.  Mouth  not  large,  the 
maxillary  reaching  to  posterior  edge  of  pupil,  its  length  about  2A  in 
head.  Cranial  ridges  not  much  developed,  except  the  preocular,  whieli 
forms  a  large  triangular  protuberance,  ending  in  a  spine;  preocular, 
supraocular,  postocular,  tym])anic,  and  occipital  Si)ine8  present;  jue- 
oi)ercular  spines  long  and  slender,  all  projecting  backw^ard;  oporcular 
spinea  strong;  preorbital  narrow,  with  2  bluntish  spines.  Gill  rakers 
very  long  and  slender,  the  longest  two-thirds  the  diameter  of  the  eye. 
Eye  large,  s'j'rhtly  longer  than  snout.  Dorsal  flu  very  low,  the  notch 
between  the  spuious  and  soft  parts  very  shallow,  the  height  of  the  two 
parts  about  equal  (2i  iv  nead),  tho  membrane  joining  the  last  spine  at 


106.    SCORPJENIDiE — SEBASTODES. 


661 


about  J  its  height;  second  anal  spine  longer  and  stronger  than  third, 
almost  as  high  as  the  soft  rays,  2^  in  head;  pectorals  long,  reaching 
beyond  tips  of  ventrals;  caudal  emarginate;  maxillary  and  mandible 
scaly.  Peritoneum  l/lack.  Head  3 ;  depth  23.  D.  XIII-14;  A.  111,8; 
pectoral  3^;  height  of  dorsal  8;  Lat.  1.  about  70.  L.  14  inches.  Coast 
of  California,  in  deep  water;  rare.  > 

(Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  18C2,  '212,  f.  65:  Sehastivhthys  ovalis  Jordan  &  Gilbert, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  143.) 

il5.  S.  proriger  Jor.  &Gilb.  -  '         ' 

Bright  light  red,  mottled  above  with  dusky  olive-green,  the  groun<l 
color  forming  distinct  blotches  under  the  third  dorsal  spine  and  under 
tlie  first  and  last  rays  of  the  soft  dorsal;  lateral  lino  running  in  the 
niicUlie  of  a  very  distinct  continuous  red  stripe,  precisely  as  in  S.  don- 
(jatuH',  head  above  with  i)urplish  cross-shades;  oi)ercle  with  a  dusky 
blotch;  two  olive  shades  radiating  from  the  eye;  lips  and  tip  of  lower 
jaw  blackish;  iris  red;  caudal  flii  bright  red,  speckled  with  dark  olive; 
spinous  dorsal  bright  red,  the  posterior  part  of  each  membrane  black- 
ish; soft  dorsal  olive  and  red;  lower  fins  bright  light  red,  with  shades 
of  olive  yellow.      Body  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  a  little  less 
sk'iuler  than  in  8.  elongatus,  which  this  species  much  resembles  in  color 
and  form.     Head  rather  sumll.    Mouth  small,  much  as  in  S.  ovalis,  the 
short,  broad  maxillary  extending  to  beyond  the  nnddle  of  the  eye,  the 
prcniaxillary  on  the  level  of  lower  margin  of  pupil;  maxillary  2J  in 
head;  lower  jaw  strongly  projecting,  with  a  conspicuous  symphyseal 
knob.    Eye  very  large,  longer  than  snout ;  preorbital  narrow.    Cranial 
ridges  very  low  and  weak ;  preocular,  supraocular,  tympanic;,  and  occi- 
jiital  present;  most  of  the  ridges  i)artly  covered  by  scales;  tympanic 
spine  luinute;  occipital  ridge  not   conspicuous,  the  spine  dei)resscd. 
Preopercular  spines  sharp,  the  second  longest,  the  i)oints  of  all  directed 
Iniclvward;  opercular  spines  moderate.    Interorbital  spa<!0  broad,  nearly 
as  broad  as  the  eye,  somewhat  regularly  convex,  the  mi<ldle  being  ele- 
vated.  Gill-rakers  very  long,  slender,  and  numerous,  the  longest  longer 
than  the  supraocular  ridge,  and  about  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye. 
Scales  rather  small.     Dorsal  fin  very  low,  sis  in  S.  oralis,  not  deeply 
emarginate,  the  highest  spine  little  more  than  one-third  length  of  bear* 
soft  dorsal  low,  half  as  liigh  as  long,  the  highest  ray  about  equal  to 
the  longest  spine;  caudal  fin  moderately  forked;  anal  fin  low,  its  length 
nearly  ecpial  to  the  height  of  its  longest  ray;  second  spine  much  longer 
and  stronger  than  the  third,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  longest  ray,  2^ 


1 


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GG2       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

ill  liosid;  pectorals  rather  long  and  narrow,  the  tips  reacliing  l)('.v«)ii(l 
the  tips  of  the  ventrals  to  the  vent.  Peritonenra  black.  Head  .'5;  depth 
31.  D.  XIII-13;  A.  Ill,  7;  pectoral  3.^  in  length;  Lat.  1.  75.  L.  10 
in«!hes.    Coast  of  California,  in  deep  water;  not  rare. 

{Scbosiichthnsproriger  Jordan  &,  Gilbert,  Proc.  II.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  327.) 

aaa.  Species  with  the  scales  moderate,  the  cranial  ridges  low,  the  sknll  thick,  tlm 
interorbital  space  broad  and  <'onvex,  tlu*  lower  jaw  scaly,  its  lip  not  8troii"ly 
projecting;  gill-rakers 'leuder;  pectorals  narrow ;  peritoneiun  white. 

1016.  S.  atrovirciis  Jor.  &  Qilh.—Garrujta. 

Olive-green,  marbled  with  darker;  sometimes  brownish;  belly  palp 
yellowish  green ;  tins  olivaceous,  no  red  anywhere.  Body  oblong,  not 
tapering  rapidly  backward.  Head  moderate,  rather  pointed.  Mouth 
moderate,  the  lower  jaw  somewhat  projecting,  the  maxillary  extendiiijj 
to  beyond  posterior  border  of  the  pn])il;  its  length  2  in  head;  pre- 
maxillary  below  pupil.  Eye  large,  3^  in  head  Cranial  ridges  low,  not 
ending  in  prominent  spines;  the  following  ])airs  are  present:  preocular, 
supraocular,  and  occipital,  and  sometimes  a  minute  tympanic;  nasal 
spines  prominent;  preorbital  very  narrow,  with  two  stout  spines;  ,(ro 
opercular  spines  short,  rather  sharp,  the  second  longer  and  slenderer 
than  the  others;  opercular  and  su{)rascai)ular  spines  sharp;  intoror- 
bital  8i)ace  broad  and  slightly  convex,  widened  backward,  a  little  de 
jiressed  on  each  side  lu^xt  the  8U[>raocular  spine,  its  width  less  than 
that  of  the  eye  and  nu)re  than  the  length  of  the  occipital  spine.  Gill- 
rakers  slender,  not  very  long,  the  longest  ^  the  diameter  of  the  eye. 
Preorbital  scaly;  nmxillary  i)artly  scaly ;  mandible  with  some  smooth 
scales;  scales  large,  regularly  arranged.  Dorsal  fin  rather  deeply  einar- 
ginate,  the  spines  moderate,  the  fifth  half  length  of  head  and  lower 
than  the  soft  luys;  caudal  truncate;  anal  fin  short  ami  high,  its  spines 
slender,  the  second  shorter  than  third,  and  not  much  stronger,  about 
2^  in  head;  longest  soft  rays  l.\  in  head;  pectorals  long  and  narrow, 
reachiiig  i)ast  vent  nearly  to  beginning  of  anal,  their  length  seven- 
eighths  that  of  head,  their  base  narrow.  Ventrals  long,  reaching  just 
])a8t  the  vent.  Head  3;  depth  2>.  D.  XI 1 1-14;  A.  Ill,  «;  Lat.  1.  52. 
L.  15  inches.  Coast  of  Calilbrnia;  generally  abundant,  especially  south- 
ward.     __  _.^  .' >j  _^^^..A_^;'.,i.,£.„.J^:_^.:_^._-?--v,.„.a4a.~-  .,.-i-u" 

(Sibastkhihya  airovircnn  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proo.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  289.) 


1017.  S.  pllliiiKCr  (Gill)  J.  &  O.—Fliaim;  Orange  liock-fiah. 

Ground  color  light  olive-gray,  profusely  blotchetl  with  bright  clear 
orange  red  or  with  light  orange-yellow,  the  red  shades  predominatiuit 


106.    SCORPiENID^ SEBAST0DE8. 


663 


above,  the  palfi  below;  belly  nearly  white;  top  of  head  with  croas- 
blotches  and  rnarblings  of  orange,  alternating  witli  pale;  sides  of  the 
head  flesh -colored,  with  three  bright  orange  bands  radiating  from  the 
eye;  maxillary  with  orange  tonches;  lips  j)ale,  tinged  with  blackish; 
inside  of  mouth  pale;  dorsal  fln  with  the  membrane  bright  orange,  a 
large  black  blotch  occupying  the  membranes  between  the  seventh  and 
tenth  dorsal  spines;  this  spot  is  usually  distinct,  but  in  old  examines 
it  is  sometimes  obsolete;  pectorals  light  red,  mottled  with  yeHowish; 
other  lins  all  bright  orange,  without  dusky  tips,  slightly  mottled  with 
]»aler  at  base;  lateral  line  running  in  a  distinct  continuous  light-gray 
streak,  which  is  not  crossed  by  the  red  markings;  old  specimens  some- 
times with  large  inky  blotches  on  ditterent  ])arts  of  the  body.  Body 
ratlier  robust,  elevated,  and  comi)ressed.  Mouth  large,  oblique,  the 
maxillary  reaching  to  below  the  posterior  margin  of  the  large  eye,  its 
length  half  the  head;  mandible  soniewhat  i)roJecting,  with  a  knob  at 
the  tip;  the  middle  teeth  on  a  raised  base  which  tits  into  the  emar- 
gination  of  the  upper  jaw;  interorbital  space  very  broad,  concave  on 
either  side  of  the  convex  center,  as  wide  as  the  eye,  which  is  4  in  head; 
cranial  ridges  low,  but  stronger  than  in  i)receding  species;  preocular, 
su[)raocular,  postocular,  tympanic,  and  occipital  present;  the  space  be- 
tween the  two  occipitals  conciave;  the  ridges  small  but  sharj);  both 
jaws,  i)reorbital,  maxillary,  mandible,  and  snout  scaly,  the  scales  on 
the  lower  jaw  smooth;  preorbital  rather  narrow,  Avith  two  spines;  pre- 
opercular  spines  long  and  sharp.  Dorsal  lin  deeply  enmrginate,  the 
spines  rather  high,  nearly  as  high  as  the  soft  rays,  the  longest  2^  iu 
head;  caudal  tin  lunate;  pectoral  fln  long,  reaching  to  the  tips  of  the 
long  ventrals,  past  the  vent;  base  of  pectoral  narrow,  about  as  broad 
as  eye;  second  anal  spine  strong,  nearly  as  long  as  third,  3  in  »iead. 
dill  raUers  very  long  and  sleu'ler,  lu^arly  ^  diameter  of  eye;  accessory 
scales  numerous,  esi)ecially  on  head.  Peritoneum  pale.  Head  2i} ; 
depth  2*;  i)ectoral  '^.  D.  XIII-U;  A.  Ill,  7;  Lat.  1.  48.  L.  25  inches. 
Paciflc  coast,  from  Monterey  northward;  one  of  the  most  important 
species.  :_  ^,    ,  ;      .  v      . ... 

(SvhdHlodeH  rosacem  Ayics,  Proc.  C.il.  Ac;ut.  Sci.  il,  21(5,  18(J2,  f.  fili;  not  SihuHtea 
nmrniK  (iid. :  iSchaittoiiomnH  jrintiiger  GiW,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Hoi.  I'liila.  lb()4,  1'17 :  HabuH' 
ikhlliiiHphiniyvrJot.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Miih.  IHriO,  7'i.) 


i    . 


;  - 


/ 

if    e  J, 

11' 


101 S.  S.  mlnlatUSJor.  &  Gilb.— /frtsfitra;  Tlanhcr. 

Color  above  deep  verinillion,  mottled  with  ilesh-color  on  the  sides,  the 
belly  light  red;  back  and  sides  everywhere  with  clusters  of  black  dots, 


Il 


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G64      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICA!?    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

SO  that  the  whole  body  lias  a  dusky  shade;  top  of  head  and  back  with 
vaguely  detiued  cross-blotches  made  of  dark  i)oiuts;  three  obscure 
orauge  stripes  radiating  from  the  eye;  maxillary  with  a  red  streak;  lips 
red,  mottled  with  blackish;  under  side  of  head  light  red,  mottled  with 
darker;  inside  of  mouth  red;  fins  all  bright  vermillion;  spinous  donsnl 
spotted  with  olive-gray  below,  the  membrane  posteriorly  edged  with 
blackish;  soft  dorsal  spotted  below  with  blackish,  a  vertical  dark  olive 
streak  on  each  membrane;  other  fins  tipped  with  blackish,  the  mem. 
branes  more  or  less  dotted ;  no  black  blotch  on  the  spinous  dorsal.  Body 
oblong,  the  form  much  as  in  8.  pinniger.  Head  moderate,  somewhat 
pointed.  Mouth  rather  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  i)a8t  pupil,  its 
length  2  in  head;  i^remaxillary  on  level  of  lower  edge  of  pupil;  lower 
jaw  projecting  somewhat  beyond  upper,  with  a  moderate  symiihyseal 
knob;  middle  of  lower  jaw  elevated,  fitting  into  an  emargination  of  the 
upper.  Head  more  completely  scaly  than  in  related  species,  the  scales 
also  rougher,  the  scales  on  the  preorbital  and  head  generally,  being  fully 
ctenoid;  mandible  scaled  even  to  the  symphyseal  knob,  its  scales  always 
roughly  ctenoid;  interopercle  fully  scaled;  most  of  the  branchiostegals 
with  series  of  scales;  maxillary,  preorbital,  and  tip  of  snout  fully 
scaled;  preorbital  with  a  narrow  neck;  cranial  ridges  low  and  small; 
preocular,  sui)raocular,  iiostocular,  tympanic,  and  occipital  spines  pres- 
ent; iuterorbital  space  very  broad,  with  a  slight  depression  on  each 
side  of  a  median  ridge;  preopercular  spines  rather  long  and  sharp,  the, 
second  the  longest,  the  spines  radiating.  Gill-rakers,  as  in  pinnujer, 
very  long  and  slender,  the  longest  about  §  the  diameter  of  the  eye. 
Dorsal  fin  low,  rather  deeply  emargiuate,  about  as  iu  S.  pinnujcr,  but 
rather  higher,  the  soft  rays  higher  than  the  spines;  caudal  fin  slightly 
emargiuate;  anal  fin  rather  high,  the  second  spine  about  as  long  as 
the  third  and  stouter,  little  more  than  half  the  height  of  the  soft  ra\s, 
about  3  in  head;  pectoral  fin  moderate,  the  tip  reaching  about  to  the 
vent,  the  base  rather  narrow;  ventrals  very  long,  usually  reaching  past 
the  vent,  almost  to  the  beginning  of  the  anal.  Head  2f ;  depth  3;  pee- 
torals  3 J.  Dorsal  rays  XIII-14;  A.  Ill,  7;  Lat.  J.  47.  L.  20  inches. 
San  Francisco  to  San  Diego ;  not  rare. 
{Sclastichthtjs  viiniatua  Jordan  &  Gilbert  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  1880,  70.) 

aaaa.  Species  with  the  scales  of  moderate  size;  the  cranial  ridges  high;  iyiiipaiiic 
aud  post  ocular  spines  both  present;  lower  jaw  little  projecting;  anal  iii.vk 
-H--       III,  7;  scales  on  head  ctenoid;   gill-rakers  short;  second  anal  spine  usually 
elongate.     {Sebastomus*'  Gill.) 


'  Gill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1H64,  147 :  <^ype  Scbaalea  roaaceus  Grd. 


106.    SCORPiENIDiE SEBASTODES. 


665 


1010.  S.  ruber  (Ayres)  J.  &  G.—Ecd  liock-fisU;  Tninbor. 

Color  clear  deep  vermilion  red,  paler  below;  a  narrow  iindulating 
wliitisli  streak  along  the  sides,  from  the  eye  to  above  the  base  of  the 
anal,  and  another  along  the  lateral  line;  these  indistinct  in  the  adnlt; 
faint  dusky  shades  radiating  from  eye;  fins  red,  the  soft  fins  always 
largely  blackish  at  tip,  especially  in  the  young;  young  more  distinctly 
marked  than  the  adults,  which  are  nearly  plain  brick-red.  Body  oblong, 
ratbcr  deep,  not  much  compressed.  Head  large,  blunt.  Mouth  large,  the 
maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  posterior  edge  of  eye,  its  length  half  that 
of  bead ;  premaxillary  on  level  of  lower  edge  of  pupil;  lower  jaw  a  little 
projecting,  the  syrai)hyseal  knob  slight.  Cranial  ridges  rather  high  and 
sharp,  smooth  in  the  young,  becoming  very  rough  and  broken  in  the 
adult;  preocular,  supraocular,  postocular,  tympanic,  and  occii)ital  pres- 
ent^ preocular  spines  triangular;  supraocular  short,  becoming  with  age 
divided  into  a  series  of  irregular  spines  and  tubercles;  occipital  ridges 
diverging,  likewise  divided  in  adults;  interorbital  space  broad,  ilattish, 
coarsely  scaled,  with  2  slight  ridges  anteriorly.  Eye  moderate,  4.}  in 
bead;  preorbital  wide;  preopercular  spines  broad,  usually  divided,  the 
third  multifld.  Scales  on  head  rough;  jaws  naked;  suborbital  stay 
weak.  Gill-rakers  short,  clavate,  the  longest  ^  eye.  Scales  on  body 
roujih;  accessory  scales  numerous;  pectoral  short,  broad,  its  length  4 
in  body;  dorsal  spines  stout,  rather  low,  the  fin  not  deeply  notched, 
the  longest  spine  about  as  high  as  the  soft  rays,  2 J  in  head;  caudal 
truncate;  soft  tins  scaly;  second  anal  spine  little  stronger  or  longer  than 
the  third,  §  height  of  soft  rays,  2§  in  head.  Peritoneum  white.  Head 
3;  depth  2§.  D.  XIII-14;  A.  Ill,  7;  Lat.  1.  about  50.  L.  30  inches. 
Pacific  coast,  from  Santa  Barbara  northward,  abundant";  reaches  a 
larger  size  than  any  of  the  others,  except  possibly  S.  paitcispinis. 

{Sebasiea  ruber  Ayrea,  Proc.  Cal.  Aeiul.  Sci.  i,  7,  1354,  and  ldG2,  21o.)  ^*  ' 

1020.  S.  constellutus  Jor.  &  Glib. 

Orange-red;  back  olive  shaded;  belly  yellowish;  cheeks  with  red 
and  yellowish  shades;  head  and  body  everywhere  closely  covered  with 
small  roundish  pale  spots;  spots  above  light  rose  color;  below  larger 
and  nearly  white;  4  or  5  roundish  rose-colored  blotches  on  the  back, 
besides  some  mottlings  of  a  similar  shade;  the  first  si)ot,  often  obscure, 
under  the  fourth  dorsal  spine;  the  next  nesir  the  lateral  line  under  the 
ei}>btb  dorsal  spine;  the  third  close  to  the  junction  of  the  two  parts  of 
the  dorsal;  the  fourth  under  the  end  of  the  soft  dorsal;  a  fifth  some- 
times near  the  base  of  eighth  dorsal  spine;  opercular  flap  with  a  rosy 


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6G6      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 


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spot;  fins  light  reddish;  dorsal  speckled  at  base  with  light  and  daik. 
IJody  robfist,  heavy  forwards,  tapering  into  a  slender  caudal  peduncle. 
Head  rather  pointed  in  profile.  Mouth  large,  oblique,  the  lower  juw 
slightly  projecting  beyond  the  emarginated  tip  of  the  upper  jaw;  u 
small  knob  at  the  symphysis;  maxillary  very  broad,  extending  be- 
yond pupil,  its  middle  part  with  many  small  scales,  its  length  2  in 
head;  premaxillary  in  front  just  below  the  level  of  the  eye;  mandible 
almost  entirely  covered  with  small  rough  scales;  muzzle  and  prec:bital 
scaled  to  the  tip  of  the  snout;  head  densely  covered  with  small  scales. 
Cranial  ridges  rather  high  and  narrow;  preocular,  supraocular,  post- 
ocular,  tympanic,  and  occipital  present;  interorbital  area  concave, 
with  2  prominent  ridges  covered  by  scales;  supraocular  ridge  rather 
short;  occipital  ridge  long,  curved,  ending  in  a  sharp  spine;  i)reopcide 
with  its  second  spine  long  and  sharp;  prcorbital  wide,  its  edge  lobed. 
Eye  large,  4  in  head.  Gill-rakers  short,  clavate,  the  longest  of  tliem 
about  one-fifth  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  Scales  strongly  ctenoid,  the 
accessory  scales  largelj'^  developed.  Dorsal  spines  rather  strong  and 
low,  the  fourth  more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  head;  the  fin 
rather  deeply  e'.nai  gin  ate;  soft  dorsal  rather  low,  about  as  high  as  tiie 
second  anal  spina,  2f  in  head,  robust,  curved  considerably  longer  than 
the  third  or  the  soft  rays;  caudal  slightly  eniarginate;  pectorals  rather 
narrow,  reaching  beyond  ventrals,  about  to  vent,  their  length  two- 
thirds  that  of  the  head.  Peritoneum  white.  Head  2J;  depth  2i.  I). 
XIIl-13;  A.  HI,  6;  Lat.  1.  53.  L.  15  inches.  Coast  of  California,  from 
San  Francisco  southward,  abundant  in  deep  water;  a  brilliantly-colored 
fish. 
{SebaaticMJn/s  conatellatua  Jor.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  1880,  295.) 

lOai.  S.  rosaceus  (Grd.)  J.  &  G.— Corsotr. 

Bright  orange  red,  the  young  strongly  tinged  or  mottled  with  golden 
yellow ;  back  Avith  4  pale  spots,  arranged  precisely  as  in  ;>\  constvUatus, 
rhodoehloris,  and  chlorostictus ;  these  always  very  distinct,  of  a  rose- 
])ink  color,  or  sometimes  almost  white;  the  darker  border  around  them 
is  of  a  deep  purple  or  blood  color,  never  greenish ;  fins  rosy,  mottled 
with  orange;  head  with  radiating  stripes  of  orange  and  rosy;  nape  with 
alternating  bars  of  yellowish  and  deep  red,  the  colors  blending;  no  de- 
cided green,  and  no  smiU  pink  spots  anywhere.  Body  oblong,  liitle 
elevate.l.  Head  rather  pointed.  Mouth  moderate,  the  jaws  ahout 
equal,  the  lower  with  a  small  knob;  maxillary  not  reaching  posterior 
border  of  eye;  its  length  2  in  head;  premaxillaiies  below  the  orbit, 


If6.    SCORPiENIDiE — SEBAST0DE8. 


GG7 


Eye  very  largre,  3^  iu  head.  Maxillary  and  preoibital  partly  scaled; 
iiiaiidib'e  and  snout  naked.  Cranial  ridges  much  as  in  iS.  consteUatUH, 
but  more  depressed;  preocular,  supraocular,  postocular,  tympanic,  and 
occipital  present;  length  of  supraoculir  spine  about  equal  to  inter- 
orbital  Avidth;  i)reopercular  sj^ines  short.  Gill  rakers  moderate,  longer 
than  in  8.  constellatus,  not  clavate.  Scales  moderate,  the  accessory  ones 
immerons.  Dorsal  spines  rather  low  and  strong,  the  fourth  two  ttfths 
tiie  length  of  the  head,  about  as  high  as  the  soft  rjiys,  the  fin  rather 
deeply  emargin.ate;  caudal  slightly  notched;  anal  rather  low,  with  the 
second  spine  curved,  2J  in  head,  much  longer  aiul  stronger  than  third, 
shorter  than  the  soft  rays;  pectoral  fins  moderate,  reaching  beyond  tips 
of  ventrals,  i)ast  the  vent,  3J  iu  body.  Peritoneum  blackish.  Head 
2^;  depth  3.  D.  XIII-13;  A.  Ill,  G;  Lat.  1.  48.  L.  12  inches.  Coast 
of  California,  in  rather  deep  water;  the  most  abundant  of  the  red  spe- 
cies, and  one  of  the  smallest. 

{Sebastes  ro8accu8  Grd.  Proc.  Acufl.  Niit.  Sci.  Phila.  viii,  146,  1854,  and  in  U.  S.  Pac. 
R.  R.  Surv.  Fish,  7H,  pi,  21  (poor  lijijure,  from  a  spticinien  in  ))iul  coudLtion):  Sehtistes 
hclromacnlatus  Ayres,  Proc.  Cul.  Acad.  Sei.  ii,  2G,  1*.  8,  18'9:  Sebastes  rosaveus  Giiutlier, 

ii,iH.) 

loaa  S.  rhodochloris  Jor.  &  GWh.— Fly  Jish. 

Bright  clear  rose-red,  without  trace  of  purplish ;  region  above  lateral 
line  with  much  deep  green  in  the  form  of  reticulating  streaks;  below 
the  lateral  line  the  green  gives  i)lace  to  bright  golden  yellow  similarly 
mixed  with  red;  top  of  hejid  with  cross-bands  of  green  and  red ;  green 
streaks  radiating  from  the  eye;  four  bright  pale  pink  spots  on  the  sides 
of  the  back,  arranged  precisely  as  in  rosaceus,  constellatun,  and  chloros- 
tiduH,  the  color  brighter  than  iu  these,  surrounded.  b3"  rings  of  green, 
without  any  trace  of  purplish  shading;  a  pink  opercular  spot;  a  pale 
area  behind  eye;  fins  all  with  the  rays  red,  the  membranes  olive  or 
golden.  Body  oblong,  more  elongate  than  in  related  species;  maxil- 
lary 2  J^  in  head,  reaching  beyond  pupil;  jaws  about  equal;  i>reorbital 
narrow.  Eyes  very  large,  3^  in  head.  Cranial  ridges  higher  and 
sharper  than  in  any  other  of  the  red  species;  i)reocular,  supraocular, 
postocular,  tympanic,  and  occipital  species  present;  interocular  space 
very  narrow,  its  width  less  than  length  of  snjjraocular  spine;  two  sharp 
riilj>es  extending  lengthwise  of  it ;  preopercular  spines  long.  Gill-rakers 
as  in  rosaceus;  mandible  finelj'  scaled  near  the  base.  Dorsal  lin  moder- 
ately emarginate,  lower  than  in  romceus,  the  longest  spine  nearly  3  iu 
head;  soft  dorsal  as  high  as  spines;  caudal  slightly  notched;  second 
anal  spine  longer  than  iu  any  other  species,  longer  than  maxillary, 
higher  than  the  soft  rays,  half  length  of  head ;  pectoral  reaching  past 


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668       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

ventrals,  nearly  to  anal,  3|  in  body.  Peritoneum  dusky.  Head  2i' 
deptb  3.  I).  XIII-I45  A.  IIT,  Cj  Lat.  1.  58,  the  accessory  scales  very 
numerous.  L.  12  inches.  Off  Monterey  and  Sau  Francisco,  in  deep 
water;  rather  rare.  •  : 

{Sehaiitichthys  rhoilochloris  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Troc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880, 144.) 

1033.  S.  chlorostictUS  Jot.  &  GWh.—Peaca  Vermiglia. 

Olivaceous  above,  sides  pinkish  and  golden ;  four  roundish  spots  of 
pink  placed  as  in  S.  constellatus  and  8.  rosaceus,  but  less  distinct;  a 
pink  blotch  on  opercular  flap;  the  upper  parts  of  the  body,  from  just 
below  the  lateral  line,  closely  covered  with  small  round  spots  of  a  clear 
olive-green;  these  spots  most  distinct  on  the  back  and  the  top  of  the 
head;  on  the  sides  of  the  body,  just  above  and  below  the  lateral  line, 
these  spots  form  two  continuous  series,  following  the  course  of  the  lat- 
eral line;  eyes  above  with  green  spots;  fins  nearly  plain  red;  base  of 
dorsal  spotted  with  olive.  Body  oblong.  Head  moderate,  the  profile 
rather  steep,  with  a  nearly  even  slope  Mouth  large,  oblique,  the  laax- 
illary  reaching  to  behind  the  pupil,  its  length  about  2^  in  head;  the 
premaxillary  in  front  below  the  level  of  the  large  eye,  which  is  3i  iu 
head.  Jaws  equal  in  the  closed  mouth,  the  tip  of  the  lower  fitting 
into  the  emargiuate  upper  jaw;  a  father  conspicuous  symphyseal 
knob.  Preorbital  sinuate.  Cranial  ridges  sharj)  and  high,  ending  in 
sharp  spines,  about  as  in  constellatus ;  preocular,  supraocular,  postocu- 
lar,  tympanic,  and  occipital  present.  luteorbital  space  concave,  with 
two  rather  prominent  ridges.  Preopercular  spines  rather  sharp,  the 
second  longest;  opercular  spines  sharp.  Gill-rakers  long  and  rather 
strong,  not  clavate,  the  longest  about  two-fifths  the  diameter  of  the 
eye,  longer  than  iu  related  species.  Scales  on  head  fewer  than  in  & 
comtellatus;  the  snout  wholly  naked;  maxillary  partly  scaled;  man- 
dible naked.  Dorsal  spines  very  high,  nearly  as  high  as  in  vexUlam; 
the  fourth  highest,  nearly  half  head,  higher  than  the  soft  rays,  which 
are  also  considerably  elevated.  Dorsal  fin  rather  deeply  emargiuate; 
caudal  fin  emargiuate;  anal  Qn  not  very  high,  its  second  spine  much 
higher  and  stronger  than  the  third,  about  as  high  as  the  soft  imjs,  '1\ 
in  head;  pectorals  3 J  in  length,  with  moderate  base,  reaching  beyond 
tips  of  ventrals,  about  to  vent.  Head  2J;  depth  2%.  D.  XIlI-13;  A. 
HI,  G;  Lat.  1.  oO.  L.  15  inches.  Off  Monterey  and  San  Francisco; 
abundant  in  deep  water. 

aaaaa.  Species  with  the  lower  jaw  projecting  and  scaly;  the  postocular  spine  wiuit- 
iug;  the  body  elongate ;  the  peritoneum  dusky;  otherwise  as  iu  the  preceding 
:  group. 


106.    SCORP^NIDiE SEBASTODES. 


669 


1024.  8.  elongatus  (Ayres)  J.  &  G.—Heina. 

Color  light  red;  sides  above  with  irregular  horizontal  interrupted 
olive-green  bauds,  which  are  more  or  less  broken  into  blotches,  two  of 
these  bands  below  the  lateral  line,  becoming  contluent  behind;  a  dis- 
tinct pale  band  following  the  course  of  the  lateral  liue;  upper  tins 
blotched  with  olive,  lower  pale  red;  head  olive  and  blotched  above, 
])ale  red  below;  chin  black.  Body  more  eloiigate  than  in  any  of  the 
other  species  (except  paiicispinis),  compressed.  Head  long,  rather 
pointed.  Mouth  large:  maxillary  extending  to  posterior  margin  of  i>n- 
l)il,  its  length  2J  in  head;  premaxillary  on  level  of  lower  margin  of 
orbit;  lower  jaw  strongly  projecting.  Eye  very  large,  longer  than 
snout,  3^  in  head;  interorbital  space  broad,  concave,  with  low  frontal 
ridges.  Cranial  ridges  low  and  long;  preocular,  supraocular,  tympanic, 
and  occipital  present;  tympanic  spines  small;  preopercular  spines  very 
sharp,  all  pointed,  directed  backwards;  opercular  spines  very  long  and 
shari).  Gill-rakers  long  and  strong,  the  longest  about  one-third  the  eye. 
Scales  large,  not  very  rough;  accessory  scales  numerous.  Maxillary, 
mandible,  and  preorbital  scaly.  Dorsal  spines  moderately  high,  rather 
strong,  the  highest  about  equal  to  the  soft  rays,  2!J  in  head ;  the  fin  not 
deeply  emarginate.  Caudal  fin  Junate;  anal  flu  rather  low;  the  second 
si)ine  half  length  of  head,  much  longc  than  the  third,  higher  than  the 
soft  rays;  pectorals  moderately  broad,  long,  reatihing  beyond  the  tips  of 
the  short  ventrals  to  vent.  Peritoneum  dusky.  Head  2|;  depth  3^; 
pectoral  3^^.  D.  Xin-13;  A.  IH,  G;  Lat.  1.  58.  L.  12  inches.  About 
Monterey  and  San  Francisco;  abiludant  in  deep  water.  This  species 
bears  considerable  resemblance  to  &  j^rori(7er. 

{Sebaates  clongalus  Ayrcs,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  ii,  2H,  1859,  f.  9.) 

aaaaaa.  Species  with  the  scales  of  moderate  size;  the  cranial  ridj^es  Avell  developed  ; 
tlio  postociilar  wanting;  scales  snioothiah;  those  on  the  head  mostly  cycloid  ; 
lower  jaw  naked,  its  tip  protruding;  i)eritououm  white;  second  aual  spine 
long. 

1025.  S.  rnbrivinctUS  Jor.  &  G\lh.— Spanish  Flag. 

Very  pale  rose-red,  almost  white,  with  cross- bands  of  a  deep,  intense 
crimson-red;  these  bands  broadest  on  the  back;  one  of  the  bands  runs 
across  the  eye,  snout,  suborbital  and  maxillary,  its  boundaries  indis- 
tinct ;  the  next  across  the  nuchal  region,  front  of  dorsal  and  opercle ; 
the  next  across  the  middle  of  the  spinous  dorsal,  including  the  ventrals 
and  the  postrior  half  of  pectorals;  another  across  soft  dorsal  and  anal ; 
another  across  base  of  caudal,  the  fin  itself  being  deep  rose  color;  the 
other  lius  share  the  color  of  that  i)art  of  the  body  against  which  they 


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670       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMKRICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

lio.  Body  robust,  rather  deep  and  compressi'd.  Head  loiijj,  acute  -ji 
profile,  there  beinj;  a  nearly  straight  slope  from  a  bonj'  prominence  in 
front  of  the  spinous  dorsal  to  the  tip  of  the  lower  jaw.  Mouth  rather 
large,  oblicpie,  the  lower  Jaw  projecting;  maxillary  broad,  extending  to 
opposite  th(^  middle  of  the  eye;  its  length  2 J  in  head;  prenuixillary  on 
level  of  lowc  •  border  of  eye;  cranial  ridges  quite  low,  their  S))iii(>s 
bluntish  and  depressed;  preocular,  supraocular,  tympanic,  and  occipital 
ritlges  present;  interorbital  space  Hattish,  narrow,  not  so  broad  as  tli« 
eye,  not  wideiied  behind,  with  sparse,  smooth  scales;  two  long  frontal 
ridges  extend  the  length  of  the  interorbital  space;  these  are  covcrcil 
with  bare  skin;  behind  and  between  these  are  two  shorter  ridges  cov- 
ered by  naked  skin;  occipital  ridges  long,  curved,  diverging  behind; 
mandible  naked;  maxillary  with  a  few  scales;  suborbital  stay  very 
l>roininent,  its  tip  nearly  reaching  the  preopercle;  preopcrcular  s])in«'s 
very  strong,  the  second  longest;  oi)ercular  spines  long;  i)reorbital 
wide.  Eye  very  large,  its  diameter  33  in  length  of  head.  Gill-rakcs 
rather  short,  robust,  much  compressed,  the  longest  about  one-fourth  the 
length  of  the  eye.  Scales  on  head  all  small  and  thin,  mostly  cycloid; 
scales  of  body  smoother  thi>:i  usual;  accessory  scales  very  numerous. 
Dorsal  spines  robust,  rather  high,  the  iifth  not  quite  half  the  length  of 
the  nead;  those  behind  rapidly  shorte"<>d,  the  membrane  joining  the 
thirteenth  spine  below  its  middle;  soii  rays  about  as  high  as  si)ines; 
caudal  slightly  emarginate;  anal  low,  its  second  8i)ine  2J  in  head,  nuich 
longer  and  stronger  than  third,  both  robust;  pectorals  moderate,  not 
reaching  vent,  3^  in  length;  the  base  equal  to  diameter  of  eye;  ven- 
trals  not  reaching  tips  of  pectorals.  Peritoneum  white.  Head  2i; 
depth  2;\.  D.  XIir-12;  A.  Ill,  7;  Lat.  1.  55.  L.  15  inches.  Santa 
Barbara  to  Monterey,  in  deep  water;  rare.  In  life,  the  most  brilliantly 
colored  large  fish  in  our  waters. 

(Sebastichthya  rubrivinctas  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.  1880,  291.) 

aaa<iaaa.  Species  with  the  scales  of  moderate  size,  the  cranial  ridges  stronjj;  and 
mostly  liigli,  but  not  sharp,  the  postocnlar  wanting;  the  jaws  nearly  equal, 
the  lower  naked;  the  gill-rakers  short;  the  poctoriils  broad,  with  thickened 
lower  rays;  anal  III,  5  to  III,  7.     {SeboDtichtli y a*  GiW.) 

1026.  S.  aiiricniatus  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

Color  blackish  brown,  much  mottled  with  light  brown;  top  of  head 
dark;  a  dark  ' 'otch  on  the  ui)i)er  angle  of  the  opercle;  entire  body 
Hushed  with  brownish  red,  this  color  most  noticeable  on  front  of  head; 


*Gill,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.  Sci.  Phila.   18'J2,   278:   typo  Svbaa.tea  nigrocinctua  Ayres: 
{6Ef3a6ru?,  nmguiticent;  ix^^^f  fish.) 


106.    SCORPiENID^ 8EBA8TODE8. 


671 


rocinoltts  Ayres: 


a  l)iovrnislj  rod  streak  along  middle  of  maxillary,  ami  a  second  from  tlm 
preorbital  downwards  and  backwards  across  the  cheek;  another  from 
eye  to  lower  part  of  oimmcIc;  fins  all  marked  with  dark  and  light  olive 
an<l  reddish,  tiie  latter  hue  especially  on  the  ventrals  an<l  anal;  base  of 
pectoral  blackish;  northern  specimens  are  niore  blackish,  and  less  nni- 
I'orni  in  color;  old  specimens  are  often  nearly  uniform  reddish  laown; 
tlic  young  sometimes  with  obscure  dark  bars,  the  caudal  (in  speckled, 
liody  oblong;  rather  deep.  Mouth  moderate,  below  axis  of  body,  the 
jaws  nearly  equal;  maxillary  reaching  beyond  eye,  its  length  2}^  in 
licad;  preorbital  broad;  interorbital  space  concave  on  each  side  of  a 
broad  median  ridge;  i)reocular,  supraocular,  tym])anic,  coronal,  and 
occipital  spitjes  present,  the  latter  sometimes  divided;  preopercular 
spines  long,  all  directed  backward,  the  second  longest;  opercular 
spines  weak;  3  suprascapular  spines.  Scales  on  body  large,  ctenoid ; 
accessory  scales  not  very  numerous;  mandible  naked.  Si)inous  dorsal 
higii,  the  longest  apine  2  in  head,  higher  than  the  soft  rays,  which 
are  much  elevated;  second  anal  spine  longer  and  stronger  than  third, 
2,^  in  head;  soft  part  of  anal  high;  pectorals  rather  short  and  broad, 
the  lips  barely  reaching  the  vent,  their  length  .3}  in  body;  ventrals 
reaching  to  vent;  caudal  truncate.  Head  3J;  depth  2i.  D.  XIII, 
13;  A.  Ill,  7;  L.at.  1. 45.  L.  18  inches.  Pacific  coast,  from  Vancouver's 
Island  to  Cerros  Island,  very  abundant;  the  only  species  entering 
the  bays  and  caught  with  hook  and  line  from  the  wharves.  It  may 
be  Icnown  at  once  by  the  coronal  spines,  which  are  developed  on  no 
other  American  species  of  the  geinis.  In  some  of  our  specimens  from 
the  (lulf  of  Georgia  these  spines  are  obsolete  on  one  or  both  sides. 

{Sehaftcs  auriculatm  Gnl.  Proc,  Acatl.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.a.  18ri4,  IIU,  14(5,  and  U.  S.  Pac. 
R.  K.  Siirv.  Fi.sh.  80:  Selm-^tcs  auneulatun  Ayrcs,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1862,  215,  f.  68: 
i<ehttKl('ii  ruber  ya,v.  jparvus  k^Vi:»,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  i,  7,  18.")4.) 

lOa*.  S.  rastrclligrer  Jor.  &  Gill».— Gr«8«  Eock-fsh. 

Blackish  green,  with  paler  mottlings,  the  sides  spotted  with  darker; 
belly  pale  greenish ;  paired  fins  dark,  often  bordered  with  reddish;  other 
tins  chiefly  olivaceous,  spotted  with  darker;  the  brightness  of  the  olive 
and  greenish  shades  is  quite  variable,  but  the  species  is  always  without 
(letinite  markings  and  without  bright  red.  Body  oblong,  deei)est  at  the 
shoulders.  Head  short,  blunt.  Mouth  moderate,  little  oblique,  the  max- 
illary reaching  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  eye,  its  length  2^  in  head; 
the  preinaxillary  rather  below  the  level  of  the  eye;  jaws  equal,  without 
syniphyseal  knob.     Eye  small,  anterior,  4^  in  head.     Cranial  ridges 


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C72       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

atronj,',  but  broad  and  depressed,  ending  in  Hraall  spines;   preocular 

supniocular,  tympanic  and  (»( cipital  present;  the  occipital  ridj^es  are 

very  long,  equalling  the  <iiauieter  of  the  orbit;    preopercnlar  sijiiics 

short  and  stont,  the  two  upper  subequal;  opercular  spines  very  broiul 

and  flat,  sometimes  bifid;   suprascapular  spines  strong;    interorhital 

si)aco  moderate,  narrower  than  eye,  flattish,  with  two  low  ridges;  spines 

of  head  little  divergent  backwards.    Gill-rakers  very  short,  wide,  com 

pressed,  the  longest  almost  as  wide  as  high.     Scales  on  body  large 

accessory  scales  few.    Dorsal  spines  low,  the  fifth  about  two-fifths  the 

length  of  the  head;   the  fin  little  emarginate;  soft  rays  considerably 

higher  than  spines;  caudal  slightly  rounded;  anal  high,  its  spines  low, 

the  second  as  high  as  the  third  and  much  stouter,  3  in  head;  pectoral 

rather  short,  reaching  vent,  its  base  extremely  broad,  its  wulth  about 

one-third  length  of  head;  the  lower  rays  much  thi(!kened;  length  of 

pectorals  3^  in  body;  ventrals  moderate,  not  quite  reaching  the  tips  of 

the  pectorals.     Peritoneum  brownish.     Head  3;  depth  2^.     D.  XIII- 

13;  A.  Ill,  6;  Lat.  1.  47.     L.  15  inches.     Coast  of  California;  abundant 

southward.    A  strongly  marked  species,  known  at  once  by  its  short 

gill-rakers. 

(Sebantichthys  rastrelliger  Jor,  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mas,  1880,  296.) 

1028.  S.  cauriniis  (Rich.)  Jor.  &  Gilb. 

This  form  agrees  with  the  subspecies  vejcillaris,  in  general  characters, 
differing  in  the  color,  which  is  scarcely'  reddish  or  yellowish,  the  dark 
shades  being  dark  brown,  the  pale  shades  light  brownish  and  bettor 
defined  than  in  vexillaris;  the  chin  is  rather  more  projecting;  the  dor- 
sal spines  are  slender  and  much  lower  than  in  vexillaris;  in  this  respect 
there  is  considerable  variation  among  individuals;  the  armature  of  the 
head  is  essentially  the  same  as  in  vexillaris,  as  are  the  fin-rays,  gill- 
rakers,  and  scales.    Puget  Sound  to  Sitka;  abundant.  v 

( Sehastes  canrinus  Richardson,  Voy.  Sulphur.  Ichth.  77,  pi.  41,  f.  1, 1845.  This  Bpecics 
h.Ts  no  special  affinity  with  the  Japanese  S.  inemm,  with  which  it  has  been  identified 
by  Dr.  GUntuer.) 

Subsp.  vexillaris  Jor,  &  G'\\h.—Garrupa. 

Bright  pale  yellowish-red,  becoming  lighter  below,  the  reddish  and 
yellowish  forming  large  and  irregular  areas,  sometimes  one  shade  pre- 
dominating, sometimes  the  other;  a  pink  cross-blotch  on  the  back  at 
base  of  the  second  and  third  dorsal  spines  sometimes  j)resent;  upper 
parts  of  head  mostly  pink,  with  broad  olive  shades  running  backward, 
one  on  the  lower  lip,  one  on  the  maxillary,  one  from  preorbital  region 
downward,  one  from  the  eye  backward  and  downward  across  the  cheeks, 


106.    SCOEPyENIDiE — SEBA8T0DES. 


673 


and  another  .across  the  opercuhir  spines;  flns  nil  pinkish  re<l,  the  mem- 
branes olive;  vertical  tins  narrowly  edged  witli  dusky;  top  of  head  usu- 
ally with  alternating  cross-shades  of  pinkish  and  yellowish;  yellowish 
sluules  sometimes  replaced  by  light  olive;  other  specinu'iis  arc  quite  re<l; 
still  others  brownish;  the  light  areas  on  the  back  have  a  position  sim- 
ilar to  that  of  the  rosy  spots  in  S.  comtellatus.  Body  stout  and  com- 
pressed, the  back  elevated.  Mouth  rather  large,  the  broad  uuixillary 
extending  behind  the  orbit,  its  length  2  in  head;  premaxillary  on  level 
of  lower  edge  of  pupil;  jaws  subequal,  the  lower  somewhat  projecting, 
but  without  symphyseal  knob;  the  upper  jaw  emargiiiate  at  tip.  Cranial 
ridges  long  and  low,  higher  than  in  rastrelliger,  the  preocular,  supraoc- 
ular, occipital, and  sometimes  tympanic  present;  preocular  spines  con- 
spicuous, extending  well  backward;  occipital  spines  rather  long,  diverg- 
ing backward ;  interorbital  space  broad  and  flattish,  narrower  than  eye, 
occupied  by  two  raised  ridges,  covered  by  the  scales;  preopercular 
spines  moderate,  some  of  them  usually  divided  into  two,  three,  or  four 
at  tip,  the  middle  one  the  largest.  Eye  moderate,  high  up,  4-4.J  in  head ; 
preorbital  very  broad ;  suborbital  stay  short.  Jaws  naked.  Gill-rakers 
rather  long  and  strong,  the  longest  slightly  clavate,  nearly  half  as  long 
as  eye.  Dorsal  spines  very  strong  and  high,  about  as  in  chlorostictm, 
nearly  as  high  as  in  maliger,  the  highest  more  than  half  length  of  head, 
and  rather  higher  than  the  very  high  soft  rays;  membrane  of  spinous 
doisal  rather  deeply  incised,  but  less  so  than  in  malUjer;  second  anal 
spine  3  in  head,  scarcely  longer  than  the  third,  and  not  much  stronger, 
about  two-thirds  as  high  as  the  soft  rays;  caudal  truncate;  pectoral 
shorter  than  head,  not  reaching  the  vent;  its  base  rather  broad,  its 
length  3i|  in  body;  ventrals  not  reaching  vent.  Peritoneum  white.  D. 
XIII-16;  A.  Ill,  G;  Lat.  1.  55.  L.  18  inches.  Coast  of  California, 
abundant  southward;  apparently  a  geographical  variety  of  S.  caurimis, 
but  quite  different  in  color.  ,      .. 

(/Sc6a«/i(A%8  fcxi7Z«m  .Tor.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  1880,  292.)  , ;, 

1029.  S.  inaligcr  Jor.  &  Gilb. 

Color  warm  yellowish  brown,  the  anterior  portion  of  the  back  and 
sides  usually  clear  yellow;  breast  yellow;  anterior  part  of  body  and 
head,  especially  in  the  adult,  closely  covered  with  small  round  spots  of 
a  clear  orange-brown  color;  posterior  i)art  of  body  darker  than  ante- 
rior, variously  mottled ;  soft  flns  all  slaty  black,  the  pectorals  and  dorsal 
palerat  base  and  speckled;  brownish  shades  radiating  from  the  eyes. 
Body  oblong,  robust.  Head  large.  Mouth  moderate,  the  jaws  aearly 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 43 


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674      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

equal  vvlien  closed:  maxillary  reaching  to  opposite  posterior  margin 
of  eye,  its  length  about  half  that  of  head;  preorbital  moderate,  Mitb 
an  angular  lobe.  Cranial  ridges  a  little  higher  tban  in  caunnus,  a  little 
lower  tbau  in  carnatus;  preocular,  supraocu!ar,  tympanic,  and  0(!cij)ital 
present;  occipital  ridges  low;  preopercular  spines  very  short;  opei. 
cular  long.  Gill  rakers  moderate,  somewhat  clavate,  about  as  long  as 
pui)il.  Scales  rough.  Jaws  naked.  Dorsal  spines  very  high  and 
sfirong,  higher  than  in  any  other  species,  the  membranes  very  deeply 
incised,  so  that  half  or  more  of  the  length  of  the  highest  spines  is  free 
anteriorly ;  highest  spine  about  |-  length  of  head,  the  fin  deeply  eiuar- 
ginate;  soft  dorsal  high,  but  lower  than  the  spines;  caudal  truncate* 
anal  high,  the  second  spine  2^  in  head,  little  higher  than  the  third,  not 
two- thirds  the  iieight  of  the  soft  rays;  pectorals  very  broad  and  rouiulod, 
reaching  beyond  veutrals  to  vent;  base  of  tbe  fin  broader  than  eye,  the 
lower  rays  thickened;  its  length  3J  in  body.  Peritoneum  jiale.  Head 
2^;  depth  2J.  D.  XIII-13;  A.  Ill,  C;  Lat.  1.  47.  L.  20  inches.  Mon- 
terey to  Sitka,  mostly  in  deep  water,  very  abundant  northward;  one  of 
the  largest  species. 
(Sehastichthifa  maliger  Jot.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  322.) 

10»0.  S.  cs  rnntus  Jot.  &  Gilb.  • 

YelIo^^  ish  brown,  Avith  blotches  of  clear  flesh-color  or  pinkish,  the 
dark  color  predominating  above,  the  pinkish  below ;  membrane  between 
third  and  fo.  rth  si)ines  always  pale,  this  color  forming  a  blotch  at  tbe 
base  of  these  spines,  and  then  extending  obliquely  downwards  and 
backwavds,  usually  joining  the  ventral  color;  in  front  of  this  light  area 
on  the  sides  is  a  narrow  oblique  dark  one,  in  front  of  which  in  turn  is 
a  pale  one,  which  begins  at  the  angle  of  the  operclo  and  divides,  pass- 
ing around  the  pectorals  and  uniting  below  them;  a  light  blotch  under 
the  eighth  dorsal  spine,  extending  up  on  the  fin;  another  at  junction  of 
tue  two  dorsals,  and  another  under  the  last  ray;  under  each  of  these 
are  irregular  undulating  i)ale  areas;  sides  with  pale  blotches  of  all 
size  J ;  head  above  with  cross-shades  and  bands  radiating  from  eye,  its 
light  shades  tinged  with  purplish;  fins  colored  like  neighboring  parts 
oi  body.  Body  rather  short  and  deep.  Mouth  low  and  rather  short, 
the  maxillary  extending  to  rather  behind  the  posterior  edge  of  lie 
■eye,  its  lejigth  2  in  head;  premaxillary  entirely  below  eye;  jaws  about 
eqwal^  no  symphyseal  knob.  Scales  on  head  rather  rougher  thsm  in  S. 
elirysomelas;  lower  jaw,  maxillary,  space  in  front  of  eye  and  i^asal  region 
naked.     €riinial  ridge?  ',\o!l  developed,  but  somewhat  lower  than  in  8, 


'I  i,. 


106.    SCORP^NID^ SEBASTODES. 


675 


chrysomelas  covered  with  tliick  skin;  preocular,  snpraocnlar,  tympanic, 
and  occii>ital  present;  occipital  spines  lower  an<i  narrower  tlian  in  chry- 
somelas; preopercular  spines  small  and  blnntish.  Gill-ralvers  short, 
clavate.  Spinous  dorsal  always  higher  than  in  chrvfiomelas,  the  highest 
spines  2  in  head,  rather  higher  than  the  soft  rays,  the  membranes  more 
deeply  incised  than  in  chrysomelas ;  caudal  truncate;  anal  moderately 
high,  the  second  spine,  2^  in  head,  stronger  and  slightly  longer  than 
third,  about  two-thirds  height  of  soft  rays;  pectorals  rather  short,  3^ 
in  liead,  about  reaching  to  the  vent,  their  bases  very  broad,  the  lower 
rays  thickened  and  fleshy;  ventrals  reaching  vent.  Peritoneum  white. 
Head  2§?  depth  2f.  D.  XIII--13;  A.  Ill,  6;  pyloric  cceca  8;  vertebra 
12+15;  Lat.  1.  43.  L.  14  inches.  Coast  of  California,  generally  abun- 
dant; in  rather  shallow  water. 
{Scbasfichthys  carnatus  Jot.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  73.) 

1031.  S.  chrysomelas  Jor.  &  Gilb. 

Pattern  of  coloration  precisely  as  in  8.  <  urtiatus,  the  colors  diiferent; 
light  shade  a  clear,  warm,  brownish  yellow,  with  some  specks  of  deeper 
orange;  varying  from  a  dusky  orange  to  olivaceous  yellow,  the  latter 
color  more  often  seen  on  the  belly;  dark  shade,  black  or  dark  brown, 
with  slight  olive  tinge;  dark  color  predominating  on  the  back;  mem- 
brane between  third  and  fourth  dorsal  spines  and  an  area  at  the  base 
of  these  si)ine8  always  pale;  a  yellow  blotch  extending  thence  downward 
and  backward,  usually  joining  the  light  color  of  the  belly;  another  light 
area  passing  from  near  the  angle  of  the  opercle  around  the  pectorals, 
uniting  below  them;  three  other  blotches  along  the  back,  one  under 
the  eighth  dorsal  spine,  one  under  the  last  spine,  and  one  under  the 
last  soft  ray;  from  each  of  these,  irregular  pale  areas  extend  down  the 
sides;  fins  the  color  of  the  region  to  which  they  belong;  head  above 
with  dusky  cross-shades  and  faint  bands  radiating  from  the  eye.  Body 
short  and  stout,  compressed.  Head  short,  blnntish.  Mouth  rather 
small,  entirely  below  the  axis  of  the  body;  lower  jaw  slightly  included; 
premaxillaries  on  level  of  lower  edge  of  orbit;  maxillary  reaching  i^oste- 
rior  margin  of  eye,  its  length  2  in  head;  preorbital  wide.  Cranial 
ridges  very  prominent,  high  and  strong,  covered  with  thick  skin,  ending 
in  strong  spines,  which  diverge  backward  j  preocular,  supraocular,  tyio- 
panic,  and  occipit.al  present;  preopercular  spines  short  and  thick.  Gill- 
rakers  as  in  8.  carnatus.  Scales  moderate,  rough,  the  accessory  ones 
tow;  lower  jfiw,  maxillary,  nasal  region,  and  space  in  front  of  eye  naked. 
Dorsal  spines  high  and  strong,  the  highest  2J  in  head,  rather  higher 
than  the  soft  rays,  tho  fin  deeply  emarginato;  second  anal  8i)iue  2J  in 


-i-'Sr 


tl   i. 


■■| . '. 


G76       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

head,  much  stronger  than  third,  the  two  about  equal  in  length;  pec- 
toral 33  in  head,  with  very  broad  base,  reaching  beyond  the  tips  of  the 
veutrais,  which  reach  nearly  to  the  vent;  lower  pectoral  rays  thick- 
ened; caudal  truncate.  Peritoneum  pale.  Head  2f;  depth  2f.  D. 
Xlir,  13;  A.  Ill,  G.  Lat.  1.  45.  L.13  inches.  Sun  Francisco  to  San 
Diego,  abundant  in  rather  deep  water. 

{Sehastlchfhus  chryaomilaa  Jor  &  Gilb.  Proc.  II.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  1880,  455,  465.) 

1032.  S.  ncblllosus  (Ayrcs)  Jor.  &  Gilb. — Garruj}a. 

Ground  color  bhie-black  of  varying  shade,  sometimes  tinged  ^vith 
yellowish  anteriorly,  everywhere  finely  and  irregularly  freckled  and 
(spotted  with  yellow  or  white,  the  light  color  usually  bright  and 
sharply  defined;  these  spots  smallest  and  most  numerous  on  head;  a 
broad  irregular  yel  f  band,  made  of  continent  blotches,  from  be- 
tween the  third  and  fourth  dorsal  spines,  involving  their  membranes, 
downv,  ard  to  the  lateral  lino,  thence  backward  to  base  of  caudal;  fins 
all  Wack,  with  light  spots  at  base;  under  parts  soiled  yellow.  Body 
robust,  the  baek  elevated,  the  profile  steep.  Mouth  rather  large,  the 
jaws  equa\  the  maxillary  2  in  length  of  head,  extending  to  beyond 
]>upil;  jaws  naked.  Eye  large.  Cranial  ridges  high  and  thick,  com- 
l)aratively  short;  preocular,  supraocular,  tympanic,  and  occipital  pres- 
ent, the  latter  much  higher  than  in  chri/somelas,  and  bulging  so  that  its 
base  is  narrower  thiin  its  upper  part;  interorbital  space  narrow;  pre- 
oi)ercular  si)ines  short.  Gill-rakers  as  in  chri'somclas.  Dorsal  rather 
high,  considerably  eraarginate,  the  highest  spines,  2  in  head,  higlici' 
than  the  soft  rays;  caudal  truncate;  second  anal  spine  2 J  in  head, 
stouter  and  slightly  longer  than  third,  mu(;h  lower  than  the  soft  rays; 
pectorals  short  and  broad,  3J  in  length,  reaching  beyond  tips  of  ven- 
trals  to  vent.  Scales  rough,  the  accessory  scales  numerous.  Peritonenm 
pale.  Head  3;  depth  2f.  D.  XIII-13;  A.  Ill,  7;  Lat.  1.  49.  L.  VI 
inches.  Pacific  coast,  from  Vancouver's  Island  to  Monterey,  in  rather 
deep  water;  abundant. 

(Sthaxteafasciatiia  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1854, 146,  aud  in  U.  S.  Pac.  E.  R, 
Siirv.  Fish.  79,  not  of  S(on»r:  Selmstrs  iiehnlostia  Ayiv.s,  Proc;.  Cal.  Atad.  Sci.  i,  5,  IS'oh 
Sthafilhhlhifsfa-nciolarix  Lockington,  i'roc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Miis.  Jb^r^O,  21)7  ) 

1033.  S.  scrriccps  Jordan  &  Gilbert.— J»w-^/j/j. 

Dark  olive,  blackish  above,  yellowish  below;  sides  with  about  7 
oblique  black  cross-bands,  wider  than  eye,  usually  sharply  defined,  Imt 
sometimes  faint  in  the  young;  two  black  bands  downward  and  back- 
ward from  eye;  lips,  mouth,  front  [ind  lower  part  of  head  strongly 
washed  with  coppery  red;  bases  of  fins  with  small  whitish  spots;  tius 


:p,;^^^i^HV 


106.    SCORP.ENID.E — SKBASTODES. 


677 


blackish  olive;  crauial  ridges  black.  Body  robust,  compressed  behind. 
Head  compressed.  Month  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  opposite 
middle  of  eye,  its  length  2^  in  head;  jaws  eqnal.  Cranial  ridges  thick, 
short,  high  and  strong,  covered  with  lax,  thick  skin,  placed  nearly  in 
a  ri^ht  line  on  each  side;  pxeocular,  supraocular,  tympanic,  occipital, 
aad  nuchal  spines  usually  present,  the  latter  sometimes  coalescent  with 
the  occipital;  interorbital  space  narrow,  fiat,  closely  scaled;  ])reorbital 
rather  broad;  preopercular  spines  sharp;  jaws  naked;  membraiu'S  of 
spinous  dorsal  thick,  covered  with  small  scales.  Eye  small,  5  in  head. 
Gill-rakers  short,  stiff  and  clavate.  Dorsal  spines  strong,  rather  low, 
scarcely  exserted,  lower  than  the  soft  rays,  the  longest  2^  in  head; 
second  anal  spines  2|f  in  head,  stronger  than  third,  scarcely  longer; 
pectorals  broad  and  rounded,  the  lower  rays  thickened,  the  tips  reach- 
ing vent;  ventrals  reaching  beyond  vent;  caudal  rounded.  Peritonenni 
pale.  Head 3  ;  depth  2i  ;  ])L'ctoral  3^.  D.  XlII-13;  A.  Ill,  5;  Lat.  1. 
50.  L.  12  inches.  San  Fraiuiisco  to  Cerros  Iwland,  abundant  south- 
ward; one  of  the  most  singularly  marked  of  the  rock-lishes. 
{Sebaalichthi/s  serriccps  J onhiB  &  Gilberf,  Pioc.  If.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  1880,  'AS.) 

1034.  S.  nlgrocinctiis  (Ayrca)  J.  &  G. 

Bright  orange-red,  with  5  Jetbla»jk  vertical  bars,  overlaid  with  red; 
these  bars  comparatively  narrow,  none  of  them  wider  tlian  eye;  one 
at  beginning  of  dorsal,  extending  downward  on  oi)ercle  and  scai)ular 
region;  a  second,  broader  one,  under  middle  of  spinous  dorsal;  a  third 
under  posterior  i)art  of  spinous  «l<)tsal ;  the  fourth  narrower,  under  front 
iifsoft  dorsal;  the  filth  under  middle  of  soft  dorsal,  all  of  these  extend- 
ing on  the  dorsal  fin;  two  oblique  black  bands  from  eye,  downwards 
and  backwards  across  cheeks;  another  upwards  and  backwards  towards 
the  nape;  fins  uniform  deep  orange,  anal  and  veutralstipix^d  with  black- 
ish; mouth  red.    Body  short,  deej),  and  compressed,  deeper  than  in  any 
of  the  other  species;  back  arched.    Head  large,  connuessed.    i\routli 
very  1  jrge;  maxillary  extending  to  neyond  puj>il,  2  in  head;  lower  jaw 
very  slightly  projecting,  the  symphysis  not  i)ro(luced;  premaxillary 
scarcely  below  eye.    Eye  large,  4:^  in  head.    Cranial  ridges  higher  than 
in  any  other  species,  their  sjunes  blunt,  the  ridges  arranged  in  two 
nearly  parallel  series  as  in  S.  scrricepn,  the  surface  of  the  larger  oiu'S 
1  roughened    by  accessory  spinous  tul)ercles  a?  in  S.  ruh"r ;  occiplt;d 
riilges  very  high;  skin  covering  cranial  ridges  thin  or  obsolete,  not  lax; 
interorbital  space  sparsely  si^aled,  veiy  narrow,  its  breadth  a  little  more 
tlianbalf  diameter  of  eye,  with  very  strong  frout>ai  ridges,  which  are  not 
covered  by  the  scales;  jaws  naked;  preorbital  broad,  a  low  ridge  exteod- 


'  '■  'Mmf 


lip 


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i 


m 


678      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

ing  along  its  surface  and  that  of  the  suborbital;  this  ridge,  somewhat 

rough  and  not  covered  with  the  scales,  is  continuous  with  the  short  sub- 

orbital  stay,  preopercular  spines  short,  very  blunt,  the  opercular  spines 

very  strong;  scapular  spines  moderate.    Gill-rakers  short  and  stout 

clavate,  the  longest  nearly  one-third  the  diameter  of  the  eye.    Dorsal 

spines  rather  high  and  strong,  the  longest  2J  in  head,  about  as  high  as 

soft  rays,  the  fin  not  deeply  emarginate;  caudal  tin  rounded;  anal  fin 

high,  its  second  spine  2^  in  head,  higher  and  much  stronger  tlian  the 

third;  pectorals  broad,  fan  shaped,  3'^  in  length,  their  base  one-third 

broader  than  the  diameter  of  the  orbit,  their  tips  not  quite  reachiii'^ 

tips  of  veutrals.    Scales  rough.    Peritoneum  white.     Head  2f ;  depth 

2§,    D.  Xlir,  15;  A.  Ill,  7;  Lat.  1.  50.     L.  15  inches.     San  Francisco 

to  Vancouver's  Island,  in  deep  water;  rare  southward.    A  large  aud 

singular  species. 

{Sebastca  nifjrocinctus  Ayros,  Proc.  Cal.  Acail.  Sci.  ii,  25,  1«59,  and  217,  f.  67:  Sebai- 
tlchthya  nigvocinctus  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1882,  278.) 


i 


359.— SCORP^NA  Linnseus. 

Mascacios. 

{Sehaatapiateb  Gill :  ParaBcorpeBnaBleekar:  Paeudoseiasies  S&nvagG:  Pontinus  Foey.) 

(Artedi;  LiuniBus,  Systoma  Naturte,  1758:  iyjio  Scorpwna iforcus  L.) 

Body  oblong,  somewhat  con»pressed.  Head  large,  not  much  com- 
pressed, usually  naked  above,  and  armed  with  several  series  of  spinous 
ridges;  often  with  dermal  flaps.  iMouth  largo,  with  bands  of  villiform 
teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Scales  mostly  ctenoid,  of  mod- 
erate size,  often  with  skinny  flaps.  Dorsal  fin  with  12  ^tout  spines; 
anal  with  3  spines,  the  second  commonly  the  longest;  pectorals  large, 
rounded,  the  base  usually  ])rocurrent;  the  upper  rays  divided,  the  lower 
simple  in  all  our  species;  ventrals  inserted  behind  pectorals.  No  air- 
bladder.  Vertebrfe  10  -|-  14.  Species  numerous  in  the  tropical  seas; 
fishes  of  singular  forms  and  bright  colors;  the  variation  in  squamatiou 
and  armature  is  very  great,  but  if  the  group  be  further  subdivided, 
some  characters  other  than  those  hitherto  suggested  must  be  taken. 
The  intergradation  of  the  species  of  Scorpccna  and  Sebastodes  is  very 
perfect.  The  greater  number  of  dorsal  spines  and  of  vertebrcB  afford 
the  only  characters  knowu  to  us  by  which  Sebastodcs  may  be  distin- 
guished from  SGori)wna.  {(Txnp-at>a,  the  ancient  name  of  Seorpwna 
scrofa,  from  axopruo^,  scorpioji,  in  allusion  to  the  dorsal  spines,  which 
inflict  a  very  painful  sting-like  wound.) 


106.    SCORPiENID^ — SCORP^NA. 


679 


a.  Cheeks,  opercles,  breast,  and  usually  top  of  head  scaly;  no  pit  at  the  occiput; 
aspect  of  Sebaatodes.    {Pontinus*  Poey. ) 

b.  Dermal  flaps  uone ;  iiectoral  lin  not  piocurrentj  no  oxoccipital  spines. 

1035.  S.  dactyloptera  De  la  Roche. 

Color  delicate  scarlet  red,  the  opercle  and  dorsal  fin  somewhat 
mottled  with  brownish.  Body  not  much  elevated,  little  compressed, 
the  tail  slender.  Head  large,  little  compressed ;  cheeks,  opercles,  and 
occipital  region  well  scaled ;  no  dermal  flaps  anywhere ;  suborbital  stay 
strong.  Mouth  rather  large,  with  teeth  as  usual  on  jaws,  vomer,  and 
palatines;  lower  jaw  not  projecting;  maxillary  extending  to  beyond 
pupil.  Suborbital  with  a  narrow  raised  smooth  ridge,  which  ends  in  a 
spine  at  the  base  of  the  stay ;  preorbital  narrow,  its  edge  slightly  spi- 
nous; interorbital  space  narrow,  with  two  parallel  raised  ridges  and  a 
deep  groove.  Cranial  ridges  short,  sharp,  about  as  in  Sebastodes  rosa- 
ecus;  preocular,  supraocular,  postocular,  tympanic,  occipital,  and  nu- 
chal spines  present;  suprascapular  spines  sharp;  no  exoccipitals ;  oper- 
cular spines  moderate ;  i)reopercular  spines  sharp,  the  second  longest. 
Eye  very  large,  3  in  head.  Jaws  naked.  Gill-rakers  rather  long  and 
slender.  Pectoral  very  narrow  for  a  Scorpccna,  the  rays  not  procurrent 
below  nor  thickened,  reaching  anal;  ventrals  small,  reaching  past  vent; 
aual  small  and  low,  its  second  spine  a  little  stouter  but  not  longer  than 
third;  dorsal  low,  little  emarginate,  the  spines  slender.  Scales  ctenoid, 
regularly  arranged;  no  accessory  scales.  HeadSi;  depth  2f.  D.  XII 
12;  A.  Ill,  5;  Lat.  1.  43.  Deep  water  oif  Chesapeake  Bay;  describe<l 
from  a  spf^cimen  lately  taken  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  It  is  pro- 
visionally identified  with  S.  dactyloptera,  of  the  Mediterranean  and  Ma- 
deira Islands,  but  it  is  probably  a  species  distinct  from  the  latter, 
although  closely  related. 

(Do  la  Roche,  Ann.  Mus.  xiii,  1809,  pi.  22,  f.  2:  Sebaatca  daciylqjiterua  Giinthor,  ii, 
99:  Sebastcs  imperialis  C.  &,  V.  iv,  336.) 

an.  Checks,  opercles,  and  top  of  head  naked;  dermal  flaps  present;  pectorals  pro- 
current,  a  quadrate  pit  at  the  occiput.    (iScorjja'/ia.) 

c.  Breast  scaly.    (Faraacorpcena  Bleeker.) 

1036.  S.  gftlttata  Grd. — Scotiyene;  Scorpion;  Sculpin. 

Brown,  irregularly  mottled  and  blotched  with  rosy  purplish  and  pale 
olive;  opercles  and  cheeks,  a  bar  behind  eye,  and  5  or  6  large  blotches 
at  base  of  dorsal,  purplish;  head,  back,  and  sides  with  many  small 

*Pooy,  Memoiias  Cuba,  ii,  172, 1860 :  type  Fonunuacaator  Poey.  (Latin, |jon«,  bridge; 
"si  l'i(16e  d'un  pout  form6  par  les  trois  premiers  sous-orbit  aires  jieut  contenter  les 
(StyiiMilojjistes  j'en  serai  bien  uise;  j'ai  d6jii,  dit  que  les  noma  les  plus  savants  ue  sout 
Jjus  les  uieilleurs."    Poey.) 


i4h 


hi,' 

If  . 


il». 


4i '  ^^ 


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if 


P 


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It 


J 


680       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

round  dark  olive  spots;  belly  nriKpottcd;  thoracic  region  pink;  spinous 
dorsal  blackish,  its  middle  part  with  many  roundish  pale  spots,  fomiiu"- 
a  continuous  stripe,  besides  smaller  black  8p<  's;  caudal  and  pectoral 
with  vertical  bars  of  dark  and  pale  spots;  soft  orsal  and  anal  spotted- 
ventrals  innkish,  little  spotted;  jaws  and  braiuliiostegals  yellowish 
more  or  less  mottled ;  axil  pale,  with  round  dark  spots.  Body  robust 
little  compressed;  interorbital  space  not  very  deeply  concave;  a  pit  at 
the  vertex  in  front  of  occipital  ridges,  much  broader  than  long.  Mouh 
very  broad,  little  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  included ;  maxillary  2^  in  head 
reaching  posterior  margin  of  orbit.  Gill-rakers  very  short,  broad,  com- 
pressed. Cranial  spines  bluntish,  high;  preocular,  supraocular,  post- 
ocular,  tympanic,  occipital,  nuchal,  and  exoccii)ital  present,  besides  a 
bifid  spine  between  the  exoccij^ital  and  orbit;  ui)per  preopercuiar  spine 
longest;  opercular  spines  not  large;  suprascapular  spines  3,  knife-like; 
suborbital  region  without  pit,  but  with  a  bony  carina  on  which  are 
2  or  3  bluntish  spines.  Head  naked;  breast,  and  region  before  pec- 
torals, covered  with  small  imbedded  scales  (with  exception  of  opercular 
flap);  anterior  margin  of  i)reorbitals,  margin  of  preopercle,  and  nostrils 
with  skinny  flaps;  1  or  2  rather  small  flaps  above  eye,  besides  several 
smaller  ones  on  various  parts  of  the  head.  Scales  small,  nowhere  dis- 
tinctly ctenoid;  nearly  every  scale  on  the  upper  parts  of  body  with  a 
small  membranous  flap.  Dorsal  spines  high,  higher  than  the  soft  rays, 
the  longest  2^  in  head;  second  anal  spine  longest  and  much  the  strong- 
est, 3  in  head ;  pectoral  very  broad,  short,  and  rounded,  its  lower  rays 
procurrent,  its  tip  reaching  beyond  the  ventrals  to  vent,  its  base  more 
than  J  head,  its  length  3 J  in  body;  caudal  rounded.  Peritoneum  white. 
Head  2| ;  dei)th  3.  D.  XII,  10 ;  A.  Ill,  5 ;  Lat.  1. 30  (tubes) ;  50-60  scales. 
L.  12  inches.  Coast  of  California,  from  Point  Concepcion  southward; 
very  abundant. 

(Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliiln.  1854,  Ur,;  Gnl.  IJ.  S.  Piic.  R.  R.  8iiiv.  Fisli.77,pl. 
17:  Sebaatapiatcs  tjultatua  Gill,  iu  Street'j  Bulletin,  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  vii,  1877,  62.) 


1037.  S.  plumiicrl  Bloch.—Rvacacio. 

Olive  brown,  excessively  marbled  with  silvery  and  reddish;  fins  pro- 
fusely variegated ;  caudal  barred  with  brown  and  silvery;  a  dark  blotch 
on  spinous  dorsal,  between  the  6th  and  7th  spines;  axil  bliuik,  with 
white  spots.  Body  short  and  thick.  Head  irregular  in  form,  with  nu- 
merous grooves  and  pits,  and  many  fleshy  sli])8;  a  large  deep  pit  below 
the  eye,  between  It  and  the  front  of  suborbital  stay;  supraocular  flai)  at 


M:-^iNl:*:1' 


106.   8C0RP^NID.E— SCORP.ENA. 


G81 


least  as  liigli  as  eyef  large  flaps  ou  preorbital  and  edge  of  preopercle, 
preocular,  supraocular,  tympanic,  coronal,  occipital,  nuchal,  and  exocci- 
pital  spines  present;  a  deep  pit  behind  coronal  spines,  as  long  as  broad; 
preopercular  and  opercular  spines  moderate,  bluntish,  suborbital  stay 
prominent,  with  3  or  4  sharp  spines;  a  few  scales  on  preopercle  and 
opercular  flap;  head  otherwise  naked;  maxillary  reaching  to  behind 
eye,  not  quite  half  head ;  lower  jaw  included;  breast  covered  with  small 
imbedded  scales;  scales  of  body  large,  not  ctenoid,  firm,  nmny  of  them 
with  membranous  flaps;  lateral  line  with  a  series  of  fleshy  flaps.  Dor- 
8<al  low,  the  highest  spine  2^  in  head,  somewhat  lower  than  the  soft  rays; 
pectorals  very  broad,  procurrent,  reaching  about  to  front  of  anal  tin; 
second  anal  spine  very  robust,  2^  in  head,  much  larger  than  third. 
Head  2J  in  length;  depth  3.  D.  XII,  10;  A.  111,5;  Lat.  1.  L'5  (rows 
of  scales);  about  40  i)ores.  West  Indies  and  both  coasts  of  Mexico; 
occasional  northward.  Here  described  from  specimens  from  Mazatlau, 
Mexico. 

(Bloch.  Nya.  llandl.Stockh.  x,  234, 1789;  Bloch  &  Schneider,  1801, 194:  Scorpaina  hufo 
C.  >fc  V.  iv,  306;  Giiuther,  ii,  113:  Soorpwna  rascacio  Poey,  Syuopa.  Pise.  Cubeus.  303.) 

ce.  Breast  naked. 

1038.  S.  porcus  Linn.— Pig-foot. 

Keddish  brown,  much  mottled  above  with  darker,  and  dotted  with 
black;  much  less  variegated  than  in  S.  plumieri;  usually  a  black  blotch 
ou  posterior  half  of  spinous  dorsal.  Body  oblong,  compressed;  back 
somewhat  elevated,  highest  at  origin  of  spinous  dorsal;  suborbital  stay 
close  to  eye,  without  any  pit  between  it  and  the  eye ;  supraocular  flap 
broad,  a  little  lower  than  eye;  no  flaps  on  posterior  edge  of  preop- 
ercle, four  on  occii)ital  region,  few  along  lateral  line;  preocular,  supra- 
ocular, tympanic,  occipital,  exoccipital,  and  nuchal  spines  i)re8ent;  a 
pit  before  occipital  spines;  opercular  find  preopercular  spines  short; 
maxillary  reaching  posterior  margin  of  orbit.  Scales  present  on  post- 
ocular  region  and  u])per  part  of  preopercle;  scales  on  body  somewhat 
regularly  placed;  breast  naked.  Fins  high;  pectorals  nnich  less  pro- 
current  at  base  than  in  8.  pIuinicHjreaahmg  beyond  tips  of  vcutrals, 
wliich  reach  anal;  spines  slender,  the  second  anal  slender,  little  longer 
than  third.  Gill-rakers  short  and  thick.  I).  XIII,  10;  A.  Ill,  <5;  Lat. 
1.40.  Southern  Europe;  a  specimen  said  to  have  been  sent  to  Cuvier 
from  New  York. 

(Liun.Syst.Nal.  ;  C.  »&  V.  iv,  300;  GUuther,  ii,107.) 


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682       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


360.— SETARCHES  Johnson. 

(Johnson,  Proc.  Zoul.  Soc.  Loud.  1862,  11:  type  Setarches  giinfheri  Johnson.) 

As  here  understood,  this  genus  difl'ers  from  Scorpcena  in  having  lesg 
than  12  dorsal  spines  and  the  scales  cycloid,  without  skinny  flaps. 
Deep-sea  fishes.  Our  species  differs  from  8.  giinthcri  in  the  possession 
of  but  ten  dorsal  spines  instead  of  eleven.     (Etymology  not  obvious.) 

1039.  S.  parinatus  Goode. 

Body  stout  and  deep.  Fins  high ;  vertical  fins  inserted  well  back 
the  paired  fins  well  forward.  Interorbital  width  half  the  length  of  the 
upper  jaw,  about  equal  to  the  orbit.  Eye  moderate,  nearly  4  in  head. 
Scales  comparatively  large,  egularly  arranged,  cycloid,  with  concentric 
furrows  and  no  dermal  flaps.  Cranial  ridges  develojied  about  as  in  Se- 
bastes.  Preopercular  spines  very  long;  caudal  truncate.  Pectoral  fiu 
long,  2^  in  body.  Head  2^;  depth  2|.  D.  X,  G  + ;  A.  Ill,  G.  {Goode.) 
Deep  water  off  Ehode  Island ;  known  from  a  young  specimen. 

(Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  480.) 

Family  CVII  («).— COTTID^. 

{The  Sculpins.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  fusiform  or  compressed,  tapering  back- 
ward from  the  head,  which  is  usually  broad  and  depressed.  Eyes 
j)laced  high,  the  interocular  space  usually  narrow;  a  bony  stay  cou- 
necting  the  suborbital  with  the  preopercle,  usually  covered  by  the  skin; 
upper  angle  of  preopercle  usually  with  one  or  more  spinous  processes. 
Teeth  equal,  in  villiform  or  cardiform  bands  on  jaws,  and  usually  on  vo- 
mer and  palatines;  premaxillaries  protractile;  maxilhiry  without  supple- 
mental bone.  Gills  3 J  or  4;  slit  behind  the  last  gill  small,  or  obsolete; 
gill  rakers  short,  tubercle-like  or  obsolete;  gill-membranes  broadly  con- 
nected, often  joined  to  the  isthmus.  Body  naked,  or  variously  armed  with 
scaler,  prickles,  or  bony  plates,  but  never  uniformly  scaled.  Lateral  line 
present,  simple.  Dorsal  fins  separate  or  somewhat  connected,  the  spines 
usually  slender,  the  soft  part  elongate;  caudal  fiu  separate,  rounded; 
anal  fin  similar  to  the  soft  dorsal,  without  spines;  pectoral  fins  large, 
with  broad  procurrent  bases,  the  rays  mostly  simple,  the  upper  some- 
times branched;  ventrals  thoracic,  rarely  entirely  wanting,  the  rays  usu- 
ally less  than  1, 5.  Pseudobranchise  present,  at  least  in  all  our  species. 
Pyloric  coeca  usually  in  small  number  (4-8);  air-bladder  commonly 
>?antiug.    Genera  about  40;  species  about  150,  mostly  of  the  rock  pools   I 


107(«).    COTTID^. 


683 


and  shores  of  northern  regions ;  many  species  found  in  fresh  waters. 
The  group,  as  here  understood,  comprises  a  considerable  variety  of 
forms,  and  is  very  difficult  to  define,  as  it  grades  into  the  Uparididce 
on  the  one  hand,  and  into  the  Scorpcenidcc  on  the  other.  Most  of  the 
species  are  of  small  size  and  singular  aspec*  and  none  are  valued  as 
food.  The  genera  have  been  probably  too  much  multiplied,  and  sev- 
eral of  them  can  be  only  provisionally  accepted. 

{TriglUlw,  group  Cottina,  pt.;  group  Scorpccnina,  part,  Giluther,  ii;  family  Payohro- 
hitidw  GUnther,  iii,  516,  517.) 

0.  Spinous  dorsal  longer  than  soft  part,  of  more  than  14  spines.     (JlemHripterince.) 
b.  Spmoua  dorsal  deeply  notched,  the  anterior  spines  highest;  skin  rough,  with 

prickles  and  tubercles;  teeth  on  vomer 
and  palatines;  gill-membrane  free  from 
isthmus;  no  slit  behind  last  gill. 

Hemitkiptekus,  361. 
aa.  Spinous  dorsal  shorter  than  soft  part,  of  less  than  13  spines. 
0.  Ventral  tins  wanting.     (Aacelichthyinw.) 
d.  Skin  naked;  no  slit  behind  fourth  gill;  gill-membraiii   free  from  isthmus; 

teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines. 

ASCELICHIHYS,  362. 
CO.  Ventral  fins  present. 

e.  Spinous  dorsal  little  developed,  continuous  with  the  soft  dorsal,  the  spines 

slender,  concealed  in  the  loose  naked 
skin ;  gill-membranes  broadly  joined  to 
the  isthmus;  no  slit  behind  last  gill. 
{raychroluiinw.) 

f.  "Vomer  and  palatines  toothless Psychrolutes,  3(53. 

ff.  Vomer  with  teeth Cottunculcs,  364. 

ee.  Spinous  dorsal  not  concealed. 

g.  Gill-openings  extending  below  at  least  to  the  base  of  lowest  pectoral 

ray.     (Cottinw.) 
h.  Slit  behind  last  gill  obsolete  * ;  vomer  with  teeth. 
i.  Gill-membranes  broadly  united  to  the  isthmus,  not  forming  a  fold 
across  it;  head  feebly  armed;  palatine  teeth  few  or  none. 

Uranidea,  366. 
ii.  Gill-membranes  free  from  isthmus,  or  else  forming  a  broad  fold 

across  it ;  head  well  armed. 
j.  Palatine  teeth   well    developed;    body    usually   more  or  less 

scaly ICELU8,  365. 

jj.  Palatine  teeth  none;  body  without  trUe  scales Cottus,  ;?67. 

hh.  Slit  behind  last  gill  evident. 

k.  Vomer  without  teeth ;  preopercular  spine  with  antler-like  pro- 
cesses; gill-membranes  forming  a  fold 
across  isthmus... Gymnacanthus,  368. 
fcfc.  Vomer  with  teeth. 
-  I.  Skin  not  hispid,  t 

*  A  rfcund  pore  in  some  species  of  Cottua. 
t  Partly  villous  in  Triglopa. 


i" 


(i. 


684      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

m.  Piilatine  teeth  nouo. 
n.  Gill-raembraues  more  or  less  joined  to  the  iHtlirans, '  >.  .ne- 
times  formiug  a  fold  across  it. 
0.  First  dorsal  spiue  not  elevated. 
p.  Preorbital    strongly   cavernous;    intestinal   canal 
short ;    spines   of   head    short ;    fresh 

water Tkiolopsis,  at>9. 

pp.  Preorbital  little  can vernous;  intestial  canal  short  • 
spines  of  head  long ;  marine,   (.Subf^einis 

Oneocottua) Corrus,  367. 

ppp.  Preorbital  not  cavernons;  intestinal  canal  elon- 
gate; lateral  line  with  aserlcti  of  Jar"e 

bony  plates Enopiiuys,  370. 

00.  First  dorsal  spine  elevated;  skin  perfectly  smooth* 

intestinal  canal  short.  .Lioconis,  371. 

nn.  Gill-membranes  free  from  isthmus;  sides  below  with 

oblique  series  of  minute  prickly  scales ; 

series  of  plates  along  back  and  ah)ng 

lateral  line Tiugloi's,  37:>, 

mm.  Palatine  teeth  present. 

q.  Gill-membranes  joined  to  the  isthmus,  sometimes 
forming  a  narrow  fold  across  it. 
r.  Skin  perfectly  smooth ;  preopercular  spine  with 
antler-like    processes;    spinous   dorsal 

short,  entire Leptocottus,  373. 

rr.  Skin  with  bands  of  rough  scales ;  preopercular 
spine  simple;  spinous  dorsal  long,  eniar- 

ginate Hkmilkpidotus,  374. 

qq.  Gill-raembranes  entirely  free  from  the  isthnms. 
a.  Sides  of  back  with  a  band  of  rough  scales" 
ventral  fins  very  long,  armed  with  setic. 

Melletes,  375. 
88.  Sides  of  back  without  band  of  scales. 
t.  Veutrals  I,  5;  spinous  dorsal  long. 

SCORPJENICHTHYS,  .376. 

tt.  Ventrals  I,  3 ;  sjtinous  dorsal  short. 

Oligocottus,  377. 
n.  Skin  everywhere  rough  with  villiform  prickles;  first  dorsal 
elevated  in  front ;  head  small,  with  ver- 
tical cheeks. 
«.  Gill-membranes  free  from  the  ifthmiis; 

ventrals  small Bleps'.as,  378. 

uu.  Gill-membranes  united  to  the  isthunis; 
ventrals  well  developed. 

Nauticiithys,  :179. 
gg.  Gill-opening  restricted  to  the  space  above  the  upper  edge  of  the  baso 

of  the  pectoral;  skin  eve y where  with 
bifid  or  trifid  prickles.  (lihamphocot- 
tir,a;. ) 
V.  Snout  produced ;  mouth  very  small ;  no 
teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines ;  head  ele- 
vated, with  two  bony  ridges.        * 

Ehamphocottus,  380. 


107(a).    COTTID^ — HEMITRIPTEEUS.  685 


861.— IIEIVIITRIPTERUS  Cuvier. 

Sea  Ravens. 

(Cnvicr,  R«^gno.  Anim.  ii,  1829,  ed.  2:  type  HemiMpteruH  amcricamls  C.  &  V.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  scalelesa,  but  the  Hkin  covered  with  prickles 
and  bony  protuberances  of  various  sizes  and  forms.  ITead  large,  with 
numerous  bony  humps  and  ridges  and  fleshy  slips  above;  orbital  rim 
much  elevated,  the  iuterorbital  space  deeply  concave;  a  depressed 
area  at  the  occiput,  behind  which  are  two  blunt  spines  on  each  side. 
Mouth  very  wide;  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines  with  broad  bands  of 
teeth;  no  slit  behind  last  gill;  gill  membranes  broadly  united,  free 
from  the  isthmus;  preopercle  with  stout,  blunt  spines;  suborbital  stay 
very  strong,  forming  a  sharp  ridge.  Spinous  dorsal  much  longer  than 
the  soft  part,  of  15  to  18  spines,  of  which  the  first  two  are  the  highest, 
and  the  fourth  and  fifth  shorter  than  the  succeeding  ones,  the  fin  thus 
deeply  emarginate;  pectoral  fins  very  broad,  much  procurrent;  ven- 
trals  I,  3.  Large  fishes  of  singular  appearance,  inhabiting  the  North 
Atlantic  and  Pacific,    (^/ii,  half;  rpti^,  three;  rrspdv,  fin.) 

1040.  H.  americanus  (Gmelin)  Cnv.  &Val.— Sea  Uaven. 

lieddish  brown,  marbled  with  darker  brown,  and  much  variegated; 

yellowish  below ;  fins  variegated  with  light  and  dark.    Body  villous, 

the  prickles  enlarged  am.,  tubercle-like  along  back  and  lateral  line; 

nasal  spines  strong;  supraocular  ridge  much  elevated,  with  dermal 

flaps  and  two  blunt  spines;  two  pairs  of  fleshy  slips  on  nasal  bones, 

and  two  on  supraocular  ridges;  smaller  cirri  on  maxillary,  on  preor- 

bital,  and  several  on  lower  jaw;  interocular  space  very  deeply  concave; 

two  blunt  occipital  spines  on  each  side,  outside  of  which  are  two  or 

three  others;  opercle  small,  with  a  bony  ridge;  preopercle  with  two 

blunt  spines,   below  which  are  one  or  two  others;  lower  jaw  slightly 

projecting;  maxillary  reaching  beyond  eye,  about  half  head;  pectorals 

nearly  reaching  anal;  highest  dorsal  spine  1§  in  length  of  head,  as 

long  as  caudal;  ventrals  reaching  half  way  to  anal.    Head  2f ;  depth 

3^.    D.  lY,  XII-I,  12;  A.  13;  Lat.  1.  40.    Atlantic  coast  of  America; 

chiefly  northward  from  Cape  Cod. 

[Scorpcena  americana  Ginel.  Syst.  Nat.  1788,  1220:  Coitus  acadian  Walbaum,  Artedi 
Pise.  1792,  392;  Cuv.  &  Val.  iv,  268;  GUnther,  ii,  143:  Hemiinpterus  acadianus  Storer, 
Hist.  Fish.  Mass.  35.) 


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G86       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

1041.  II.  cavifrons  Lock. 

Very  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  witli  the  upper  surface  of  the  head 

more  uneveu,  the  concavity  of  the  iiiterocular  area  more  marked,  and 

the  dorsal  fin  with  more  spiues.      Head  equalling  depth,  about  3.^  in 

total  length  with  caudal.     D.  IV,  XlV-13;  P.  20  5  V.  I,  3;  A.  14;  Lat. 

1.  44.     L.  10  inches.     Kodiak,  Alaska;   perliaps  not  distinct  from  the 

preceding. 

(Lockington,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1880,  233:  f  Cottua  viUosus  Pallas,  Zoocfr. 
Ross.-Asiai;.  iii,  129,  1811.) 

363.— ASCELICIITIIYS  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  264:  type  JscelichthyH  rhodorus  Jor.  & 

Gilb.) 

Body  plump,  fusiform,  tapering  backward,  covered  with  loose  smooth 
skin;  head  broad,  dei)ressed,  its  upper  surface  evenly  and  weakly  con- 
vex; a  hooked  preopercular  spine;  no  nasal  spines;  a  supraorbital  cir- 
rus; teethon  jaws,  vomer  and  palatines;  iioslit  behind  fourth  gill;  gjH. 
membranes  broadly  united,  free  from  the  isthmus;  si)inous  dorsal  low; 
the  si)ines  slender,  almost  concealed  in  the  membrane;  ]>ectorals  broad; 
ventral  fins  icanting.  Small  fishes  of  the  rock  pools  of  the  North  Pacific. 
(«,  privative;  rrxsAo?,  leg ;  i-/06^,  iash.) 

1043.  A.  rhodorus  Jor.  <%,  Gilb. 

Dark  olivaceous,  sometimes  with  saddle-like  pale  blotches;  lips  rosy; 
spinous  dorsal  dusky,  edged  in  life  with  bright  crimson;  other  flns 
dusky,  edgra  with  i^aler,  the  pectoral  slightly  barred.  Head  low, 
rounded  anteriorly;  maxillary  reaching  to  posterior  border  of  eye.  ^'o 
scales,  prickles,  or  barbels  anywhere,  except  a  fringed  cirrus  over  the 
eye;  preopercle  with  a  short,  simple,  strongly  hooked  spine;  si)ine.s 
directed  downwards  and  forwards  on  subopercle  and  interopercle;  hit 
eral  line  continuous.  Dorsal  flns  connected  by  membrane,  the  spinos 
low,  weak,  nearly  uniform;  soft  dorsal  nearly  twice  as  high  as  spinous; 
pectorals  about  reaching  vent.  Head  3;  depth  5.  D.  IX-19;  A.  15; 
P.  16.  L.  5  inches.  Pacific  coast;  Sitka  to  Cape  Meudociuc;  abundant 
among  rocks  between  tide-marks. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,204.)     "      '  .'  * 

303.— PSY€HRO£.lJTES  GUntlier. 

(GUntlicr,  Cat.  Fish.  Dvit.  Mus.  iii,  516, 1801 :  typo  Psych rohttcs pnrarloxm  Gflnther.) 

Body  tadpole-shaped,  tapering  from  the  head  to  the  very  slender  tail, 
covered  with  very  loose,  naked,  movable  skin.    Head  large,  depressed, 


■I  til 


lorus  Jor.  &, 


no:  spines 


107  (a).    COTTIDiE COTTUXCULUS. 


687 


flattisli  above;  snout  obtuse,  rouiulod ;  interocular  space  veiy  broad, 
coucave,  the  ocular  ridges  obsolete;  lower  jaw  projecting;  maxillary 
entirely  aduate  to  the  skin  of  the  preorbital;  jaws  with  bands  of  villi- 
forri;  ieeth;  no  teeth  ou  vomer  or  palatines;  no  spines  or  cirri  about 
the  head;  suborbital  stay  narrow,  not  reaching  preoperde.  Gill-iuem- 
hranes  united  to  the  isthmus;  gills  3J,  no  slit  behind  the  fourth. 
Branchiostegals  7.  Fins  connected;  sjiiuous  dorsal  of  short,  slender, 
flexible  spines,  imbedded  in  the  skin  and  scarcely  visible;  soft  dorsal 
short,  the  rays  close  together;  anal  low;  caudal  separate;  pectoral  tins 
long,  with  a  broad,  procurrent  base.  Ventrals  rather  long,  I,  3,  close 
together,  distinct,  the  base  adnate  to  the  body.  Small  fishes,  closely 
resembling  IJparididcr,  from  which  group  they  ore  distinguished  by 
no  character  of  much  importance.  ('iJuxpo).(iuTr)<;,  one  who  bathes  in  cold 
water.)  '  * 

1043.  P.  paradoxus  Gthr. 

Dusky,  pale  below;  sides  of  head  with  round  pale  spots  (mucous 
pores);  top  of  head  with  dark  obscure  streaks.  Body  almost  fusiform, 
tapering  from  the  shoulders  to  the  very  slender  tail.  Head  very  large, 
depressed,  its  bones  thin;  intirocular  space  two-fifths  length  of  head. 
Mouth  large,  the  maxillary  extending  to  below  posterior  margin  of  eye; 
premaxillary  on  the  level  of  pujiil;  two  blunt  tubercles  behind  eye;  no 
spines  about  head;  processes  of  premo^xillary  vxry  prominent ;  isthmus 
broad.  Dorsal  long,  the  si»ine3  separated  by  an  emargination  from  the 
soft  rays,  the  spines  very  slender,  weak  and  wide  apart,  enveloped  in 
thick  skin;  soft  raj's  close  together,  much  higher  than  the  spines; 
cnudal  short,  rounded;  anal  fin  similar  to  soft  dorsal,  but  lower;  ven- 
trals about  half  as  long  as  the  pectorals,  their  rays  about  I,  3.  Head 
2f:  depth  ^.  T>.  VIII-9;  A.  0:,  0.  12;  B.  7.  North  Pacific;  this 
description  taken  from  a  specimen  examined  by  us  from  Kodiakj  the 
original  type  from  the  Gulf  of  Georgia. 

(GUnther,  iii,  516.)  • 

:,:'       ,  V    ■:  ■      364.-COTTlJWClJI.lJS  Collett. 

(CoUett,  Norgos  Fisko,  1875,  20:  typo  Cottunculna  mia'opa  CoUott.) 

Tadpole-shaped,  the  head  extremely  large,  the  body  tapering  rapidly 
from  the  shoulders  to  the  slender  tail ;  mouth  rather  large,  terminal, 
oblique,  the- jaws  about  equal;  villiform  teeth  in  the  jaws;  a  double 
patch  ou  vomer;  no  teeth  on  the  palsitines;  no  spines  on  the  head,  the 
tubercular  surface  of  the  skull  covered  by  skin  j  skull  thin,  its  bones 


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688      COITTEIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

not  firm.  Gills  3J,  no  slit  behind  the  last  arch;  gill-membranes  broadly 
joined  to  the  isthmus,  their  union  extending  to  above  the  lower  ed^^e  of 
the  base  of  the  i)ector€al8.  Pseudobranchia3  very  small;  no  cirri,  scales 
or  iirickles;  the  skin  thin  and  movable,  smooth,  or  roughened  with  small 
warts.  Spinous  dorsal  little  developed ;  the  two  fins  usually  contimi- 
ous ;  spines  very  slender,  flexible,  imbedded  in  the  skin ;  i^ectorals  short 
procurrent  below;  ventrais  very  short,  well  separated,  their  rays  I  3' 
caudal  rounded.  Deeper  parts  of  the  Atlantic;  very  closely  related  to 
Psychroliites.    (A  diminutive  of  Cottus.) 

1044.  C. microps  CoUett. 

Pale,  with  three  broad  duskj'  cross-bands  on  body  and  fins,  one  on 
head,  one  through  spinous  dorsal  and  pectoral,  one  through  second 
dorsal  and  anal,  besides  a  small  band  at  base  of  caudal.  Head  very 
large,  its  length,  breadth,  and  depth  nearly  equal;  the  greatest  depth 
at  the  nape;  four  bony  tubercles  on  top  of  head  and  some  at  the  sides 
all  covered  by  the  skin;  lower  jaw  included;  maxillary  extending  to 
below  the  middle  of  the  eye,  which  is  equal  to  the  snout,  and  about  4J 
in  head;  suborbital  stay  and  the  roughish  edge  of  the  preopercle  both 
covered  by  smooth  skin;  chin  and  preorbital  with  pores.  Skin  every- 
where thin,  somewhat  movable,  its  surface  roughened  by  small  blunt 
warts.  Dorsal  fin  continuous,  the  feeble  spines  lower  than  the  soft 
rays;  pectorals  barely  reaching  anal;  caudal  long.  Head  2f ;  depth  3J. 
D.  VI-IO;  A.  10.  L.  3  inches.  Deep  water  off  the  coasts  of  Norway 
and  of  Rhode  Island;  lately  taken  by  the  United  States  Fish  Commis- 
sion. The  specimens  here  described  by  us  differ  somewhat  from  Col- 
lett's  description,  but  the  very  small  size  of  the  original  types  may  per- 
haps account  for  the  discrepancies. 

(f  Collett,  Norgos  Fiske,  1875,  20,  pi.  1;  Goodo,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  479.) 

1015.  C.  torvus  Gooile. 

Color  yellowish,  the  fins  all  dusky;  no  cross-bars.  General  form  and 
appearance  of  G.  microps,  but  the  head  still  larger,  and  the  skin  per- 
fectly smooth,  very  thin,  loose,  and  movable  as  in  TJparis.  Tubercles 
on  head  stronger,  more  numerous,  covered  by  skin,  but  more  spine-like, 
the  bones  firmer;  spinorts  dorsal  still  feebler  and  more  concealed. 
Head2i;  depth  3i.  D.  ¥11-14;  A.  ca.  15.  L.  6  inches.  Deep  water 
oft"  the  coast  of  Rhode  Island ;  lately  taken  by  the  United  States  Fish 
Commission.  . 

(Goodo,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  479;  name  only.)  ~: -t-> 


-IV. 


5,  one  on 


107(a).    COTTID^ — TCELUS. 


365.— ICEL.VS  Kroyer. 


689 


(Kroyer,  Natarhist.  Tideskr.  i,  253,  1844:  type  Icelua  Jiamatun  Kroyer.) 

Body  fusiform  J  iiaked,  or  variously  covered  with  rough  scales  or 
plates,  which  are  permanent  and  alike  in  both  sexes;  skin  otherwise 
smooth.  Mouth  rather  large;  teeth  on  vomer  'nul  j)alatines.  Head 
naked  or  scaly,  usually  with  cirri;  preopercular  spine  hooked,  branched, 
or  forked.  Gill-raembranes  broadly  united,  free  from  the  isthmus;  no 
slit  behind  fourth  gill ;  ventral  rays  I,  3.  North  Atlantic;  and  Pacific ; 
the  species  diflering  greatly  in  appearance  and  armature,  (e  \sXui,  re- 
sembling.) 

*  Skin  more  or  less  scaly. 

a.  Spinous  ilorsal  not  emarginate. 

b.  Top  of  head  and  interorbital  area  convex  and  nearly  smooth;  head  naked. 

(Arlediua*  Girard.) 

* 

1046.  I.  lateralis  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

Dark  clear  olive-green ;  head  reddish-shaded,  the  back  with  sharply 
defined  cross-blotches,  alternately  dark  olive  and  pale;  lower  half  of 
sides  usually  with  numerous  smaU  pale  spots;  belly  bluish ;  fins  barred 
with  dilferent  shades  of  olive,  reddish  brow^n,  and  black ;  northern  spe- 
cimens with  a  black  spot  on  the  front  of  the  spinous  dorsal;  below  it 
a  scarlet  crescent,  bordered  with  yellow.  Body  rather  slender,  little 
compressed.  Head  long  and  low,  less  deep  than  in  the  other  species ; 
occipital  region  almost  flat;  interocular  space  much  narrower  than  the 
eye.  Eye  shorter  than  snout,  nearly  5  in  head;  skin  of  head  every- 
where perfectly  smooth,  its  upper  surface  with  numerous  small  con- 
spicuous pores,  and  many  slender  small  cirri;  no  distinct  supraorbital 
cirrus,  and  no  occipital  ridges ;  nasal  spines  small.  Mouth  very  largo, 
the  jaws  nearly  equal,  the  maxillary  extending  to  below  the  posterior 
edge  of  the  eye,  its  length  about  half  that  of  the  head ;  j)reppercular 
spine  very  small,  covered  wath  the  skin,  forked  at  tip.  Dorsal  band  of 
scales  narrow,  of  about  8  rows  anteriorly,  2  or  3  posteriorly.  Lateral 
line  anteriorly,  with  small  cirri.  Dorsal  spinas  very  slender,  the  first 
two  shorter  than  the  others ;  pectorals  reaching  front  of  anal.  Head 
2f;  depths.     D.  IX-16;  A.  13;  V.  I,  3;  sca.es  about  28  in  a  lougitu- 

*Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856,134:  typo  Scorpwnichihys  latcralin  Girard. 
Dtdiciitcd  to  Petrus  Artedi,  the  "father  of  Ichthyology,"  the  ablest  student  of  fishes 
before  Cuvior. 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  Ko.  IG 44  ^        ^ 


i-iSie 


mm^BBBmgM' 


Ki 


finO     coNTinmrrioN's  to  north  AMinnrAN  icirriiYoi.ocjY — iv. 

(linal  MM'ics.     h.  5  iiiohcH.     Kock  pools}  I'roiii  rugct  Hound  (o  Han  l^uifi 

()l)iMpo;  not  coniinon. 

(iSci>r/;rj'n/(7i//ii/Ai  !nl<'raliii  (Jrd.  Prop.  Arml.  Nut.  Soi.  Pliiln.  1HJ>4, 145:  Arlediun  lalonilin 
Glrunl,  IJ.y.  I'lio.  K.  K.Hiiiv.  FIhIi.7():  Arkdiim  latvniliH  (Jlliiflior,  ii,  174.) 

lib.  Top  of  lioad  nnov«>n;  intcroiltital  iiroa  coiiciivo. 
0.   IliMKi  will)  N<i>lla(o  HcivloN  ubovo. 

to  IT.  I.  iiol4M|>llofiiN  (Ord.)  .T.  •&  G. 

OliviH'oouN,  ol't<'n  lin;>t'(l  with  puiplisli,  iunl  niin'li  vuricfjiiicd;  a  black 
bar  at  oovipiil ;  !UioMi(>r  tVoni  ini<l<ll(>  of  spinous  <lotHiil  to  l\u\  nxil;  oik^ 
under  front  of  seconii  dorsiil  oxtiMidin^  oiditpu'Iy  foiwiirds;  our  under 
]>ost<'rior  piirt  of  s»M'()!ul  ilorsnl;  ont^  (Ui  cinuljil  p('dun<d«>;  ImrH  and  in 
tcrspat'CH  tnorywIuMH'  llncly  n'lirulntod  and  moll  led ;  low<'r  parts  (liisky 
with  brassy  tin;^*',  ol'lt>n  with  dark  rt'ticuhitions  anuind  whitish  spots- 
bra  nchiosti'ffuks  bhu'kish,  with  ycHow  tin};'o;  this  all   varicj^alcd,  llio 
h)Wor  fins  otMiorally  dusky;  a  black  spot  occllatod  with  oraufici  bet  ween 
first  au«l  socotui  dorsal  spintss,  soiuotinics  a  <lullrr  oni^  Ix^twrcn  third 
jiiul  I'ourfh;  a  larjjo  bhu'k  spot  lM'tw('«'u  sixth  an<l  tM^hlh  spines.    Head 
ishort  and  broatljts  vertex  d<«pressed;  nuchal  region  with  a  cross  ri(l/j;c, 
in  trout  of  which  is  a  <pnulrate  d(>pn's.sion;  two  blunt  tubercles  bejiiiui 
<>aeh  eye,  arnu'd  at  (ip  with  snndl  spines;  behin<l  these  twoolhers  wiDi 
out  spines,  on  the  oc«'i|)ital  ritlj^es;  each  of  these  spiiu's  with  a  sin. ill 
cirrus;  a  small  cirrus  above  posterior  part  of  ey(»;  a  minute  one  on  tlic 
nujxillary;   interorbital  space  deeply  concave,  tlu^  supraocular  ri(l<,^'s 
vlovated.      Kye  very  lar^i^,  4ij  in  head.      Mouth  modeiate,  bioad,  the 
umxillary  extiMidinj;'  to  beyoiul  the  pupil,  its  lenj^th  nearly  half  lliiit of 
the  head;  suborbital  stay  strou}>';   pi'e(Ji)iai;lo  Avith,  a  str<uij;  process, 
tilld  at  tipj  and  with  one  <h'  ujore  upward-din'cted  spines;  below  this 
three  blunt  serrate<l  processes  or  niultitld  spines;  vertex,  temporal  re 
jjitnu  interorbital   space,  and  opercles  covered  with  small,  (Uitaclicd, 
stellate  scales,  strongly  spinous  at  their  ed;»es;  these  smaller  than  tlio 
scales  of  the  dorsal  baud.      IJead  U;|;  depth  41.     1).  lX-15;   A.  11  or 
12.     L.  10  inches.      Is'ortheru  specimens  repn'siMit  a  nnirked  variety, 
the  color  paler,  the  hea  '  nu)re  scaly,  and  the  cd^e  of  the  ijrecjpercic 
without  serrated  processes.     1).  lX-17;  A.  12.  '  Tacilic  coast;  abun- 
dant at  yanta  Harbara  and  in  Paget  Sound;  not  found  in  rock  jjooIk. 

{CahtcilqmMuii  tatemUs  Ayri'8,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  185(5,  77:  ArUuliuH  iwloKiiUoiim 
Gill.  P.oc.  .Acad.  Nat.  t^oi.  Phila.  185(5, 134,  and  U.S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Siuv.  FinL.Tl:  Jrkdius 
MotoapUotuH  VAluihcv,  ii,  174.) 

CO.  H'-^nd  without  dovolojuvl  scales.  

d.  Upper  prvopurcular  spiuu  hooked,  bifurcate.    (loelua.) 


It 


Flf^l 


u^* 


IV. 

nlvroUn 


U\-(<f).    COTTID.K — iqCLUS.  (if)  I 

lOIM.  I.  IlltlllflfllN  Kri'iyor. 

YcllowiNli,  with  iniin.v  bnnvn  HpotH,  llfiid  liir;r«',  jifiUcd;  upper  pio- 
opci.iiliir  Mpiii(>  Miiiiill,  liookrd  npwiinlH,  liifiirciitc;  .'t  Npiiics  Im-Iow  it,  tv/o 
(»r  IImmh  IiooktMl  iipwiinls;  Iwo  hlmif.  (X'cnpitiil  Hpirirs;  vcrfcx  drprcsHcd. 
Skill  of  body  iibove  wi(li  wjirl.v  s<!u1('h  Jind  Hiiinll  pii^-kles;  hoiimi  row.s  oI" 
bony  HC4il('H  IVoiii  r.cck  to  bsiHe  of  cwiidid;  n  hw'wh  of  liiben'.lcs  }il(»ii|; 
Iiitonil  Iiiui;  .sid'i'H  of  body  with  Hcattcred  nciiN'm;  iritcrociihir  .s|)ii<(' 
very  lutrrow,  its  width  4  in  ('y<^;  dorHiil.s  Hi^pjitatcd ;  prctoralH  sliortcr 
tliiiii  Ii«>i)d;  no  air-bliiddcr;  ^'ill-in(>inl)t'iini>.s  l>i'0!idly  Joined,  free;  from 
isthniiiH;  no  Hbt  behind  hmt  gill.  I).  IX-UOj  A.  Hi;  V.  I,  li.  Arctic 
SeiiH,  Alaskii  t<»  Hpit/-berf;en. 
(Kriiy'T,  NatiirhiH),.  TidMHUr.  i,  UW.i,  1844;  (Uliithor,  ii,  17'^.) 

ill.  llpprr  iiroopcrciiliir  HpiiK^  1'>"K>  wiMi  Ti  hookc^d  prncuHHon. 

10I1K  ■•  «aiill«li'is<'r9iitiin  (liOi'kiiiKt(iii)  .1.  iV  (>. 

Pide  oliviMH'ouH,  Hojnewhiit  inotthid;  lateuil  line  witli  diiik  blotchcH; 
bi'!inuhioHte;j;al  region  bbx-.k  in  the  nialeH;  ii  blaek  bnr  at  biiHe  of 
ciuidal;  a.  blaek  Np(»t  at  front  of  spinons  dorsal,  nnd  one  iit  tip  of  the 
last  spine;  piM-tondH  with  a.  diirk  spot  at  ba.s<»;  otlusr  this  olivaecoiiH, 
litth^  variegated.  I>o«ly  slender,  little  eouipressed,  tapering  froin  flie 
HlionldeiH  to  the  sh'iKbrr  tail.  Month  moderate,  the  maxillaries  reaeh- 
iiig  abont  to  mi<ldh>.  of  pupil;  a.  pair  of  ridges  on  the  occi|)nt,  each 
ending  in  a,  spine,  the  space.  betwcuMi  them  eoneav<';  int(^roenlar  sj>are 
very  narrow,  grooved;  upper  jireoperenlar-  spim*  very  long,  armed  with 
uhont  5  hooks,  all  but  one  directed  n|>wards;  below  tliis  three  simple 
Hpiiies.  Head  naked  or  vciry  n<^arly  mm,  with  <'onN|>ienous  nnu;ouH  ]>oi('H 
above  and  a,  few  minute  (iirri.  Dorsal  (ins  sepaiated;  jieetorals  broad, 
ahoat  reaching  ainil;  ventrals  very  small.  Lateral  line  with  a  series  of 
spinous  plates;  above  it  along  the  ba<!k  a  doutde  series  of  spinous 
plates  placed  at  an  angle,  the  upper  plates  with  th<^  free  edge  down- 
ward an<l  backward,  the  lower  jjlates  with  th(^  free  odg(i  ui)ward  and 
backward;  this  band  ciunposed  of  a  singh^  series  before  and  behind, 
and  not  extending  around  the  (h)rsal  in  front;  xkin  otlua  vise  ])erfectly 
smooth.  Head  ;{• ;  dejith  5;J.  D.  VIII-l.'};  A.  12;  V.  1,  .'J.  L.  .'5  inches. 
Deep  waters  off'  San  Francisco;  locally  very  abundant. 

(Artcdiiui  qiimh'isvriatuH  LockiiiKton,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.  1879,  UIJO.) 

flfl.  Spinous  (lovHal  tin  deeply  t'inargiuat»5;  head  Hcaly.     (C7ii<ono'««"  Lockinj^ton.) 

*Lockiiigton,  Proc,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1881,  141:  type  Chilonotua  megaeejphaluii  Lock. 
{.i;/r&)»',  a  rough  cloak;  v&ro^,  back.) 


^^^^^^^■r 

%M 

^^^^^^^^^Mkf 

^^^^^^■1 

«»*?.  s 

^^^^^^Bi' 

■  -'1 

^^^^^^K' 

'l  .  '^  \ 


'■■j-: 


,'  I*  ■ 


■-BlMfTfnT-P 


iywj^^^vj  ^^VPT'y^w^y^^ 


G92       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


1030.  I.  inegracephalus  (Lock.)  J.  &  G. 

Color  pale  olivaceous  with  darker  cross-bars;  fins  in  the  male,  black- 
ish; veutrals  and  aual  vhitish,  immarked;  eye  dusky  above.  Body 
fasitbrui;  hewl  long;  eyes  large,  separated  by  a  very  narrow,  slightly 
concave  iuterorbital  space;  mouth  large,  the  maxillary  extending  to 
posterior  border  of  eye;  preoperclo  with  a  strong  process  armed 
with  3  or  4  upward-directed  and  1  horizontal  point;  below  this  3  other 
spiues;  two  or  three  spines  close  behind  eye  on  each  side;  two  occipital 
ridges,  ending  in  spines,  the  space  between  them  concave;  top  of  head, 
iiiterocular  s[)ace,  snout,  upi)er  part  of  opercle,  and  a  narrow  belt  close 
under  the  eye  covered  with  rough  scales;  lateral  line  with  a  seri(^s  of 
quadrate  plates,  their  ui>i)er  and  posterior  edges  strongly  serrate,  the 
lower  and  anterior  edges  imbedded;  above  these  the  back  is  evenly  cov- 
ered with  smaller  scales,  the  lower  and  rnterior  part  of  each  scale  im- 
bedded, and  the  upper  edge  strongly  toothed;  5  to  8  rows  of  these 
scales ;  a  narrow  naked  area  at  base  of  dorsal.  Dorsal  spines  slender, 
the  first  usually  longer  than  head,  reaching  past  front  of  soft  dorsal 
when  depressed ;  the  second  and  third  spines  i)rogressively  shortened; 
the  4th  higher  than  third,  the  membrane  between  third  and  fourth  deeply 
emarginate;  second  dorsal  high;  pectorals  reaching  past  front  of  anal; 
veutrals  to  vent;  anal  papilla  very  large;  no  conspicuous  cirri.  Ileiul 
2f ;  depth  5^.  D.  III,V[I-15;  A.  15;  V.  I,  3;  Lat.  1.  38.  L.  8  inches. 
Off  San  Francisco,  in  deep  water,  locally  abundant;  possibly  a  variety 
of  the  next. 

(Chitonotua  megacephalus  Lockiugton,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1881,  141.) 

1051.  I.  pug:eUensis  (Steind.)  J.  &  G. 

Coloration  of  the  preceding.  Body  slender,  stouter  than  in  I.  mefja- 
cephalus;  head  shorter  and  broader;  the  mouth  also  shorter,  themaxil 
lary  not  reaching  posterior  margin  of  eye;  iuterorbital  space  extremely 
narrow,  nnrrower  than  in  I.  megacephalus;  squamation  and  armature  of 
head  and  body  precisely  as  in  I.  megacephalus.  Dorsal  lower  than  in  I. 
megacephalus^  the  first  dorsal  less  deeply  notched;  the  first  spine  little 
higher  than  the  second,  its  tip  not  reaching  to  the  end  of  the  fin,  its  total 
length  less  than  half  that  of  the  head;  soft  dorsal  high,  higher  than  first 
dorsal  spine.  Head  3;  depth  4§.  D.  HI,  VII-15;  A.  15;  V.  1, 3;  Lat  1. 
37.    L.  6  inches.    Puget  Sound.      -~-^--~-^'-,.,.-^--'.:.-s:-.^_^^.^,.:^^^___ 

{Artediua  pugetiensia  Steiudachiier,  Ichtb.  Beitriige,  v,  13.3.)       .  ..J       • 


'i'  n.tl 


IV. 


hlack- 

Body 

li}ilitly 


in{j;  to 


107(«).    COTTIDiE — URANIDEA. 
*•  Skin  uakod,  smooth. 


693 


.  •';  ...   ?l 


1052-  I.  *uncinatus  (Reiub.)  Kroyer. 

Olivaceous,  mottled  and  barred  with  darker,  above  and  on  fins.    Head 

broad;  lower  jaw  included;  palatine  teeth  well  devt'loi)ed;  maxillary 

extending  to  opposite  middle  of  pupil.    Eyes  very  large,  separat'^l  by 

a  narrow  ridge ;  occiput  with  two  blunt  ridges,  in  frout  of  which  the 

vertex  is  concave;  upper  preopercular  spine  large,  strongly  hooked 

upward,  more  than  half  length  of  eye;  downward-directed  spine  on  pre- 

opercle  long  and  sharp ;  skin  perfectly  smooth.    Pectorals  reaching  front 

of  anal;  spinous  dorsal  rather  high;  vent  midway  between  snout  and 

middle  of  caudal.    Head  3;  depth  4^.    D.  VlII-13;  A.  11.    L.  4  inches. 

Cape  Cod  to  Greenland,  in  deep  water;  abundant. 

{Cottua  uncinaim  Reinh.  Vid.  Solsk.  Natur. og  Math.  Af liaudl.  183:?, 44 :  Ceniriderm 
ichlbya  uiicinatua  Giinther,  ii,  172:  Icclua  uncinatua  Krciyer,  Natnrh.  Tidsskr,  1844,  253.) 

1053.  I.  (f)  bicornis  (Reinh.)  J.  &  O. 

Occiput  with  two  acute  points ;  four  preopercular  spines,  the  upper- 
most of  which  is  bifurcate.  Skin  not  described.  D.  VIII-15;  A.  14. 
Greenland.    {Ounther.) 

{Cottua  hicon  ia  Reinh.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Natur.  og  Math,  Afh,  viii.lxxxv:  Centriderm- 
ichth.ya  bicornia  Giinther,  ii,  172.) 

366.— IIRANIDEA  Dekay. 
Miller's  Thumbs. 

{Cottua  and  Cottopaia  Girard.) 

(Dekay,  New  York  Fanna,  Fish. ,  1842,  61 :   type  Uranidea  quieacena  Dekay  =  Cottua 
gracilia  Heckel.) 

Fresh-water  sculpins.  Body  fusiform.  Head  feebly  armed,  the  pre- 
oi)ercular  spines  covered  by  the  skin;  skin  smooth  or  very  nearly 
so;  villiform  teeth  on  jaws  and  vomer,  none  on  palatines.  Gill- 
openings  separated  by  a  wide  isthmus,  over  which  the  membranes  do 
not  form  a  fold;  no  slit  behind  fourth  gill.  Branchiostegals  6.  Dorsals 
nearly  or  quite  separate,  the  first  of  G-9  slender  spines;  ventrals  I,  3, 
or  I,  4.  Fishes  of  small  size,  inhabiting  clear  waters  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  America.    The  species  are  extremely  nu- 

*Thi8  species  should  form  the  typo  of  a  distinct  genus  if  the  current  genera  of  this 
grou])  are  to  be  recognized.  The  Japanese  genus  Centridermichthya  Rich,  to  which 
this  species  and  many  others  of  onr  Cottoids  have  been  referred,  differs  from  /.  ntici- 
natus  in  having  the  slit  behind  the  last  gill  developed,  and  the  gill-mcmhraues  fully 
united  to  the  iathmua. 


1 

11 

1 

^^K> 

1 

■  :-i''^":i;^ 

R 

1.1 

m 

" '  I  '   ■  i"  *■-  '■- 

"i 

'■:v(:|f 

.ft 

y 

i 

■i-  i 


.   '  ■ . 

I  r^- 

'  .'*  ft "' 

:  ^Ijfi^ 

'  f*!-  i 

1  .    <■■  ■  '    ) 

'        .,'.\.>I,'-! 

(■■■  ■'^■'' 

.  ■'■■■•"li'i.! 

\       '  '.'■    *■ 

Ms 

,v-  . 

H.   ''    'V  ': 

■*','r.' 

Hhl  ._             \.  . 

■  ^\.\ 

Bn 

■T 

.  I'l 

■imi- 

.    ._a,  ..i^^ 

H^ 

■.'j^-.-.i?.i 

G94      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

iiieroua,  .and  aro  very  difficult  to  distinguish,  all  being  very  Hiniilnr  in 
fonn  and  coloration.  The  relations  of  this  genus  to  Gottvs  are  very 
close,     {liuoavdq,  the  sky;  eidw,  to  look.) 

fl.  PalatiueH  with  teeth;  v-iiitrals  I,  4  (except  in  1059). 

b.  Preopercular  Hpiuo  hirge,  strongly  hooked;  skin  above  with  coarse  prickks. 
{Tauridea*  Jordan  &  Rice.) 

1054.  U.  spilota  Cope. 

Olivaceous,  finely  speckled  and  niottletl  with  darker;  belly  Avliite- 
fins  mottled.  Body  contracted  at  front  of  anal,  subterete  ])osteriorly. 
Head  very  broad  and  flat;  no  occipital  jn'oniinences;  preopercular  s])ine 
extremely  large,  as  long  as  eye,  hooked  upward;  below  it  are  three 
small  spines  directed  .lownwards;  subopereular  spine  strong;  space 
above  lateral  line  behind  head,  covered  with  small  .^tiif  prickles,  coarser 
than  in  U.  anpera  and  farther  apart,  .slightly  hooked  backward;  no  spines 
behind  axil;  isthnuis  broad,  the  gill-membranes  fully  joined  to  it,  not 
forming  a  fold.  Head  Sf;  depth  5 J.  D.  VIlI-17;  A.  12.  Great  Lakes, 
in  deep  water,  and  northward  to  Hudson's  Bay. 

{Uranidea  spilota  Copo,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1865,  82:  Coffopsis  ricci  Nelson, 
Bull.  Ills.  Mas.  Nat.  Hist.  187G:  Tauridea  spilota  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  E.  U.S.  255:  Cut- 
iopsiH  npilotus  Jordan,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1877,  81;  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut. 
Mu8.  1881,  127 ;  specimens  from  near  Hudson's  Bay,  said  to  have  no  palatine  teeth. ) 

bb.  Preopercnlar  spine  small,  more  or  less  perfectly  concealed  iu  the  skin. 
0.  Skin  almost  everywhere  villous.     (Coifojjsjst  Girard.) 

1055.  U.  aspcra  (Rich.)  J.  &  G. 

Grayish  olive,  much  mottled  and  barred;  fins  finely  variegated; 
usually  a  large  black  blotch  on  posterior  part  of  spinous  dorsal. 
Body  rather  stout,  compressed  behind.  Head  rather  broad,  trans- 
versely convex ;  operclo  and  preopcrcle  with  the  usual  spines,  all  small 
and  nearly  concealed  in  the  skin;  interorbital  space  broad  and  flattisb, 
broader  than  eye  (in  adults);  skin  covered  with  small  close-set  prickles, 
l'orn)ing  a  villous  covering,  the  prickles  smaller,  stiifer,  and  more  closely 
set  than  iu  the  next  species;  head,  belly,  caudal  peduncle,  and  space 
along  dorsal  smooth,  or  nearly  so;  pectorals  reaching  anal;  ventrals, 
1,  4,  nearly  reaching  vent;  dorsal  spine  slender;  lateral  line  comi»lete, 
angularly  bent  below  last  rays  of  second  dorsal.  Head  3;  deptli  4J. 
1).  X-21 ;  A.  18.     L.  10  inches.     Streams  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 

*  Jordan  &  Rico,  Man.  Vert.  E.  U.  S.  ed.  2,  1878,  255:  type  Cottopsia  ricei  Nelsou. 
(r«u/3«,  cow;  czSenr,  appearance.) 

tGirard,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  303, 1850;  type  CoUua  aspcr  Rich.  («orroJ, 
Cottus;  bt/Jii,  appearance.) 


IV. 

lar  in 
s  very 


irickU'8. 


white ; 
criorly. 
ir  sjniu' 
•e  three 
;  spiice 
,  coarser 
lO  spines 
:o  it,  not 
it  Lakes, 

;ei  Nelson, 
i.^Tw:  Cut- 
U.  S.  Nut. 
le  teeth.) 


lC7(rt).   COTTIDiE — URANIDEA. 


695 


iriegated; 

IS  dorsal. 

id,  traus- 
all  small 

Id  flattisli, 

prickles, 

»re  closely 

bnd  space 

ventrals, 

complete, 

depth  i\. 

la  Nevada 

licei  Nelsou. 


and  Cascade  Mountains:  abundant;  specimens  from  tht:  Sacrauu^nto 
River  (var.  parvus)  smaller  in  size,  paler  in  color  and  with  the  intoror- 
bital  space  concave,  narrower  than  eye. 

(Cotlun  anper  Rich.  Fauna  IJor.-AiiHT.  Fish.  20.'),  183(5:  Trachidirviun  richardnoiii ; 
Ilcckel,  Ann,  Wiener  Miis.  1840,  lt)2:  Centridirmichlhys  aitper  Giiiithcr,  ii,  170:  Col- 
iopgiH  aiqwr  Grd.  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Snrv.  Fish.  51:  Cottopsia  parvuit  Girard,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nftt.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  144:  CentridennichthyH  parvus  GUnther,  ii,  170.) 

1056.  IT.  scmiscabra  (Cope)  J.  <&  G. 

Olivaceous,  barred  and  spotted  as  in  otlier  species;  fins  mottled; 
spinous  dorsal  pale  at  base  and  tip,  with  a  median  broad  black  band; 
two  dark  blotches  at  base  of  caudal.  Form  of  U.  aapcra,  but  .slenderer. 
Skin*  of  top  of  head  and  entire  body,  except  lower  part  of  caudal  i)e- 
duncle.  thickly  covered  with  papilla;;  tho.se  of  anterior  and  upper  parts 
of  body  each  tipped  with  a  spine,  many  of  those  on  head  with  metlian 
pores;  toj)  of  head  with  a  median  lengjth wise  depression.  Head  nar- 
rowed anteriorly,  the  maxillary  extending  to  beyond  pupil ;  opercular 
and  preopercular  spines  as  in  U.  ai>pera ;  lateral  line  not  conii)lete; 
spinous  dorsal  Ioav;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  high;  caudal  long;  pectorals 
about  reaching  anal;  ventrals  rather  broad,  reaching  half  way  to  anal. 
Eye  ^  in  head.  Head  SJ;  depth  4J.  D.  VII-18;  A.  14;  V.  I,  4.  L.  4 
inches.     Fort  Hall,  Idaho  {Cope).    Utah  Lake  (Jordan). 

{Coftoj)8ia  semiscdber  Cope,  Hayden'a  Survey,  Montana,  for  1871-'72,  476:  CoUopsia 
8e»u8cafce>"  Jordan  «fe  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  459.) 

cc.  Skin  smooth,  or  prickly  in  or  behind  the  axil  only.     {Potamocottu8\  Gill.) 

lOSl.  U.  grulosa  (Grd. )  J.  «fe  G. 

Olivaceous,  variously  mottled  and  barred;  (ins  clouded  with  darker. 
Form  rather  robust.  Mouth  moderate,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  pupil; 
palatine  teeth  evident.  Eyes  small,  little  wider  than  the  interorbital 
space;  preopercular  spine  short;  spinous  dorsal  low;  i)ectoral  tins 
about  reaching  anal;  ventrals  I,  4,  not  to  vent.  Head  3;  depth  5.  D. 
lX-21;  A.  15-17  (Washington);  D.  Vin-20;  A.  18  (California).  L.  6 
inches.  Elvers  from  California  to  British  Columbia;  not  rare.  Cali- 
fornia examples  have  the  axillary  prickles  developed  as  usual  in  U.  rich- 
ardsoni;  all  of  them  within  the  space  covered  by  pectorals  when  de- 
pressed. Specimens  from  Vancouver's  Island  and  about  Port  Town- 
seud  have  these  i)rickles  forming  a  considerable  band,  and  extending 

*"Skin  prickly  above  the  lateral  line;  smooth  bolow  it  posteriorly."    (Cope.) 
tGill,    Proc.    Bost.   Soc.    Nat.    Hist,  viii,  40,  18C1:   typo  Cottua  punctulatua  Gill. 
(Ttorajilo?,  river;  hotto?,  sculpin.)  _ 


/'I 

..■'ti'i 


;i 


1    . 


m 


i  .lU 


^irr 


-',yir«r--'W!T»t:  w  , 


GOG      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

backward  on  both  sides  of  the  lateral  lino  to  the  middle  of  the  second 

dorsal,  the  band  narrower  and  the  i)rickles  smaller  i)osteriorly. 

(Cotlopaiii  gulo»u8  Grd.   Proo.  Acad.   Nut.  Soi.   Pliila.  1854,  129:   C«ntridcrmichthji» 
guloatut  Gilnther,  'i,  170.) 

10J§.  U.  punctulata  (Gill)  Cope. 

Light  olivaceous;  body  covered  with  small  black  spots,  which  become 

larger  and  more  scattered  behind;  soft  dorsal,  pectorals,  and  caudal 

thickly  spotted;  spinous  dorsal  without  dark  blotch.     Head  long  and 

wide.     Mouth  quite  large;   maxillary  reaching   past  front  of  orbit; 

preopercular  spine  strong,  directed  obliquely  backward  and  upward. 

Head  3;  depths.    D.  VIII-17;  A.  13.    {Oill.)    Bridger's  Pass;  distiu 

guished  from  the  other  species  by  the  speckled  coloration. 

{Potamocottvs  punctiilat»8  Gill,  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1861,  40,  aud  in  Iclith. 
Capt.  Simp.  Expl.  1876,  402.) 

1039.  IJ.  bcndirci  (Bean)  J.  &  O. 

Uniform  dark  brown  above,  lighter  below.  Maxillary  extending  just 
beyond  front  of  eye;  eye  4  in  head;  preopercle  with  4  spines,  the  u])pt'r 
one  half  as  long  as  the  eye.  Pectorals  reaching  origin  of  anal;  veu- 
trals  not  to  vent.  Depth  4.  D.  VIII-IG;  A.  12;  V.  1, 3.  Walla- Walla, 
Wash.  (Bean.) 
{Potaviocotlua  bendirei  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1881,  27.) 

1060.  U.  richardsoni   (Agassiz)  J.  &  G. — Miller'a  Thumb;  Blob;  Miijle-jaic; 

Bull-head. 

Olivaceous,  more  or  less  barred  and  speckled  with  darker;  fins 
mostly  barred  or  mottled.  Body  slender  or  stout,  tapering  regularly 
backward  to  the  tail;  vertex  somewhat  depressed;  interocular  space 
with  a  groove;  preopercle  with  a  short  sharp  spine,  little  hooked, 
directed  backwards  and  upwards,  mostly  covered  by  the  skin ;  below 
this  are  2  smaller  concealul  spines;  subopercle  with  a  stoutish  spiiic, 
directed  forwards.  Skin  smooth,  excei)t  the  region  immediately  behind 
the  pectorals,  which  is  beset  with  very  small  sharp  prickles  which  arc 
sometimes  obsolete;  lateral  line  conspicuous,  continuous  or  interrupted 
behind;  first  dorsal  low  and  feeble;  pectoral  fins  large,  their  length 
nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  head,  their  tips  usually  reaching  beyond  tlie. 
origin  of  the  soft  dorsal;  ventral  fins  moderate;  isthmus  very  broad, 
the  gill-membranes  not  forming  a  fold  across  it.  Head  3j^;  depth  4-(i. 
D.  VI  to  VIII-IG  or  17;  A.  about  12;  V.  I,  4.  L.  3-7  inches.  Middle 
and  Northern  States,  abounding  in  all  clear  rocky  brooks  and  lakes; 
extending  southward  along  the  Alleghanies  to  Alabama. 


i',<*l 


107.    COTTIDiE UUANIDEA. 


607 


Note. — As  hcrti  iindorstood,  a  wido-sproad  and  abundant  Hppcies,  varying  in  dil- 
frrciit  n'l^ious,  as  is  tho  case  with  most  noii-niif^ratory  specioa.  In  this  as  in  others 
of  .similar  range,  the  inha!>itunts  of  each  stream  may  show  local  peculiarities.  A 
iiiiinher  of  these  forms  liav(!  received  Irom  Dr.  Girard  specilic  nann's,  which  are 
!i('c(>;iipat)icd  by  detailed  descriptions.  Largo  collections  of  these  fiidies  show  that 
nium  rous  similar  "species"  still  exist  unde.scribed,  as  it  is  a  rare  thing  to  find  a  speci- 
laen  which  exactly  agrees  in  all  respects  with  any  of  the  species  in  Dr.  (iirard's 
"Monograph  Lf  the  Fresh-Water  Cottoids."  The  following  forms,  of  all  of  which  Iho 
writers  have  specimens,  may  possibly  bo  recognized  as  "varieties,"  but  of  Iheir  com- 
plete iutergradation  we  have  no  doubt : 

Var.  richardsoni  (Ag.)  is  ratlier  slender,  with  tl;o  vent  rather  more  posterior  than 
usual,  placed  midway  between  tho  snout  and  tho  tip  of  the  caudal;  in  the  others  it  is 
ut^arly  midway  between  tho  suout  and  the  middle  of  the  caudal.  Wisconsin  to  Laku 
Superior. 

{Colliis  richardnoni  Agassiz,  Lake  Superior,  1850,  300:  Coitus  richardnoni  Girard, 
Monograph  Fresh-Water  Cottoids  N.  A.  39:  Cottua  richardsoni  Giinther,  ii,  ICti  ) 

Var.  bairdi  (Girard)  is  small  and  slender,  with  tho  spinous  dorsal  very  low,  and  the 
pahitine  teeth  less  developed  than  in  the  other  forms.     Cayuga  Lake,  N.  Y.,  to  Ohio. 

{Cottua  hairdii  Girard,  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  ii,  1850, 410,  and  Mou.  Cott.  44.) 

Var.  wilaoni  (Grd.)  is  rather  stouter,  with  stronger  palatine  teeth,  and  with  some  of 
the  upiiermost  of  the  pectoi-al  rays  1  '*"urcate,  these  being  entire  in  the  others.  Ohio 
Valliiv,  Pennsylvania,  and  Indiana. 

(Cottua  wilaoni  Gi'd.  \.c,  42.) 

Var.  alvordi  Grd.  is  short  and  chubby,  with  tho  first  dorsal  rather  high,  and  joined 
by  membrane  to  the  second  more  than  in  o^her  forms.  Common  in  Wisconsin  and 
Michigan. 

(Cottua  alvordi  Grd.  1.  c.  4G.) 

Var.  MimdionaHs  (Grd.)  is  rather  robust,  with  the  dorsal  fins  scarcely  connected, 
and  the  month  rather  larger,  the  maxillary  extending  to  opposite  posterior  border  of 
eye;  tho  preopercular  spine  is  sharp  and  directed  well  upward.  Pennsylvania  to 
North  Carolina,  along  tho  AUeghanies;  abundant. 

(Cottua  meridionalin  Girard,  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  ii,  1850, 410,  and  1.  c.  47.) 

V.ar.  zophei-a  (.Jor.)  is  slender  and  very  dark  in  color,  and  more  conspicuously  varie- 
gated; the  first  dorsal  high;  the  palatine  teeth  well  developed.     Alabaum  River. 

(Potaniocottua  sopherua  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  187G,  320.) 

Var.  carolinw  (Gill)  is  a  very  large  form,  rather  robust,  reaching  a  length  of  nearly 
six  inches,  without  axillary  prickles,  and  with  the  palatine  teeth  well  developed. 
The  lateral  line,  as  in  the  other  forms,  is  sometimes  continuous  and  sometimes  iuter- 
nipted.  It  abounds  in  tho  limestone  region  from  Indiana  to  Tennessee,  and  is  fro- 
queutly  found  in  caves. 

(Potamocottua  Carolina;  G'lU,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1861, 40:  Poiamocottua  carolinm 
Gill,  Simps.  Rept.  Ichth.  Utah,  1877,  403.) 

1001.  U.  wheel«ri  Cope. 

Body  slender,  entirely  smooth.  Head  not  broad;  maxillary  reaching 
pupil.  Lateral  line  deflexed  below  dorsal.  Eye  large,  5  in  head;  isth- 
mus as  wide  as  distance  from  pupil  to  snout;  preopercular  spine  strong. 
Pectoral  longer  than  head,  reaching  iiast  front  of  anal,  longer  than 
usual  in  V.  richardsoni.    Head  3;  depth  Of.    D.  VII-17;  A.  12;  P.  15, 


.-  i. 


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698       CONTEIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

its  rays  all  simple.     Utah  and  Western  Colorado,  abundant;  not  evi- 
dently  dlfterent  from  the  precedinfj. 

(Dranidca  wheelvri  Cope,  Proc.  Amcr.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1874,  138:    Uranidea  vheclai 
Cope  &  Yarrow,  Zool.  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mer,  v,  G96.) 


aa.  Palatine  teeth  obsolete, 
c.  Veutral  rays  I,  4. 


(Uranidea.) 


1G«3.  V.  cogrnata  (Rich.)  J.  &  G. 

Apparently  similar  to  the  European  Uranidea  gobio,  and  distin- 
guished from  most  of  the  American  species  by  having  the  ventral  ra\« 
1, 4.  Skin  smooth;  pectorals  as  long  as  head;  preopercular  spine  small 
curved  upwards.  D.  VIII-18;  A.  14.  Great  Bear  Lake  (A*Jt7(M>v/.s(;;/); 
perhaps  the  same  as  the  next. 

{Cottus  cognatua  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Aiuer.  iii,  1836,40:  Cotius  cognalm  (ji\\'i\n\ 
1.  c.  41,  and  Giinther,  ii,  157.) 

1003.  11.  minuta  (Pallas)  J.  &  G.         ' 

Olivaceous,  finely  variegated  and  speckled;  fins  above  spoddeu. 
Body  long  and  low,  I'ttle  compressed.  Head  rather  small,  wider  than 
deep.  Mouth  short,  comparatively  small,  the  maxillary  extenrling  little 
beyond  front  of  orbit;  mandible  included;  preopercular  s])ine  sliarp, 
straight.  First  dorsal  low,  the  spines  nearly  even;  pectorals  reachin;^' 
about  to  veut;  ventrals  not  to  vent;  skin  entirely  smooth.  Head  4; 
depth  ^.  D.  VlII-19;  A.  14;  V.  I,  4;  Lat.  1.  30.  L.  5  inches.  Aleu- 
tian  Islands.     Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  European  U.  gobio. 

{Cot/us  miiiatus  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Rossio.-Asiat.  iii,  145.1811-1831:  Uranidea  microaioma 
LockiugtoM,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1H80, 58:  not  Cotlua  microstomus  Ileckel.) 

CO    Voutral  rays  1,3. 

d.  Anal  rays  14  or  15.  •      . 

1064.  CJ.  inai'Kinata  Bean. 

Olivaceous,  blotched,  the  fins  punctulate ;  first  dorsal  dark,  with  a 
distinct  pale  nuirgin.  Body  stoutish.  Head  broad,  slightly  depressed; 
maxillary  reaching  to  anterior  third  of  orbit;  i)reoi)ercular  spine  sliort, 
bluntish;  below  this  on«'.  or  two  smalhu*  ones;  vent  nearer  base  of 
caudal  tnan  snout.  Head  .'J;  pectoral  4  in  length;  ventrals  (J.  j'.  VII 
or  yiII-18  or  19;  A.  15;  V.  I,  3.    WaUa  Walla,  Washington.    (Bean.) 

( Bean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mns.  1881, 2(5. ) 

1065.  U.  viscosa  (Hald.)  .lor. 

Olivaceous,  variegated,  the  spinous  dorsal  edged  with  orange  in  life; 
fins  mostly  barred.  Body  rather  stout;  mucous  pores  on  head  unusu- 
ally numerous.    Mouth  small;  maxillary  reaching  middle  of  eye;  pre- 


n1 


107.    COTTID.E — UEANIDEA. 


699 


iicrosioma 


ocular  spine  acute,  extremely  sbort,  directed  obliquJy  upwards,  isth- 
mus ratiier  narrow,  first  dorsal  low,  slightly  couuected  with  second; 
j)ectoral8  shorter  than  head,  roaching  second  dorsal.  Head  3^  in 
length  j  depth  4^.  D.  VI -18;  A.  14;  V.  I,  3.  Pennsylvania  and 
Maryland. 

(Cottus  nscokua  Hfolderaau,  Suppl.  Mouogr.  Li'2iuea  1842,3:  Cottua  visoo8U8  G'lrarA, 
1.  c.  51.) 

dd.  Anal  rays  11  or  IS. 

1066.  U.  {gracilis  (Heckcl)  Pntn. 

Olivaceous,  mottled,  upper  edge  of  spinous  dorsal  red  in  life.  Body 
rather  slender,  fusiform;  preocular  spine  moderate,  concealed.  jMouth 
rather  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  the  pupil ;  pectorals 
reaching  front  of  anal;  veutrals  about  to  vent.  Head  3^;  depth  5. 
I).  VIII-IC;  A.  12.  Streams  of  New  England  and  New  York;  not 
rare. 

{('ottu8  gyacilia  ^T^ckol,  Aim.  Wieu  Mas.  ii,  146,  1837:  Coilns  .jrat'ilia  Girard,  1.  c.  49: 
Cot'.us  (johio  Ayres,  Boat.  Jonrn.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  121,  1845:  Uranidca  qukacens  Do  K.  New 
York  Fauua,  Fish.  1842,  Gl.) 

1067.  U.  gobioiAcs  (Girard)  Jor. 

Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  larger  and  more  robust,  the  n.outh 
larger,  reaching  to  beyond  the  line  of  the  piipil,  and  the  pectorals 
short,  not  quite  reaching  anal;  preopercular  spi ike  stout,  curved  sud- 
denly upwards.  Head  3^;  depth  4j|.  D.  VH-IT;  A.  12.  L.  4  inches. 
Tributaries  of  Lake  Champlain.     {Girard.)     Probably  a  variety  of  U. 

gracilis. 
{Cottua  gohioldca  Girard,  Proc.  Ainer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  I?u0,  41,  and  1.  c.  55.) 

106§.  U.  b'llcoides  (Girai-d)  Jor, 

Slender,  sub-fusiform.  Mouth  rather  large,  the  maxillary  extending 
to  opposite  the  pupil;  preopercuhtr  spine  acute,  directed  obliquely  up- 
wards; isthmus  narrow.  Fins  larger  than  in  any  other  species;  pec- 
torals reaching  fourth  ray  of  anal.  Head3i;  depth  5^.  D.  VIII-17; 
A.  11.    L.  3J  inches.    Connecticut  Valley  in  Vermont.     (Girard.)    ^ 

{Coitus  holeoidcH  Girard,  Proc.  Aiuer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  1850,  411,  and  1.  c.  56:  Cottua  bo- 
/iw'rfes  Giinthor,  ii,  159.)  . 

1060.  U.  flranklini  (Agass.)  Jor.  ■  '--v/jj.      ''  ■  ■  ;^-.  .  ,-■"};  . 

Olivaceous,  mottled;  both  dorsals  and  an.il  with  a  broad  dark  bar 
oil  the  distal  half;  pectorals  and  caudal  broadly  blotched  with  dusky. 
Jaws  equal;  ])ieopercular  spine  stout,  short,  i)retty  strongly  hooked  up- 
wards and  inwards;  first  dorsal  rathe:*  high,  not  much  lower  t'.iuu  sec- 


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700      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

ond;  pectorals  short,  not  reaching  anal;  axil  prickly,  as  in  species  of 
Coltopsis.  Ilead  3^;  depths.  D.  VlII-17;  A.  llor  12.  Great  Lakes, 
mostly  in  deep  water. 

(Cottiia  frankUni  Agassiz,  Lake  Superior,  1850,  303:  Cottua  franklini  Gininl,  1.  p.  ns; 
Coitus  fmnkUnii  Giiuther,  ii,  158:  ^  Cottaa  formoaua  GiTavd,  1.  c.  58:   Uranidca  kumlicni 
Hoy,  MSS. ;  Nelson,  Bull.  Ills.  Mns.  Nat.  Hist.  1876,41:  JJranidea  kumlienii  Jordan 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PLila.  1877,  64.) 

1070.  IT.  hoyi  Putnam. 

Grayish  olive,  speckled  and  barred.     Body  rather  slender.    Female 

with  the  anterior  parts  of  body  and  region  above  lateral  line  covered 

with  sparse  prickles;  male  apparently  smooth.     Head  narrowed  ior- 

wards;  jaws  narrow,  about  equal;  maxillary  reaching  front  of  ])ui(il- 

preopercular    spine    prominent,    longer    than    pupil,    sluirp,    almosr 

straight,  directed  backwards  and  but  little  upwards;  below  this  Is 

another  sharp,  prominent  spine,  also  nearly  straight,  directed  ])artly 

downwards;  1  or  2  minute  concealed  spines  still  lower;  pectoral  fms 

reaching  vent.     D.  VI-15;  A.  11;  Y.  I,  3.     L.  barely  2  inches.    Lake 

Michigan,  in  deep  water;  the  smallest  species,  well  distinguished  by 

its  preopercular  spine. 

(Putnam  MSS.  Nelson,  Bull.  Ills.  Mas.  Nat.  Hist.  1876, 41 ;  Jordan,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil  1. 1877,  63.) 

3«T.— COTTUS*  Linnoius. 
{Acanthocottua  Girard.) 
(Artedi;  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.:  type  Cottua  aeorpiua  "L.) 

Body  rather  slender,  subfusiform,  covered  with  thick  skin,  in  which 
are  sometimes  imbedded  prickly  plates,  especially  along  lateral  line;  de- 
ciduous granular  tubercles  also  sometimes  present,  but  no  true  scales. 
Head  larye.  Mouth  terminal,  large,  the  lower  jaw  included;  vlilit'oini 
teeth  on  the  jaws  <ind  vomer,  none  on  the  palatines;  suborbital  stay 
•jfcrong;  preopercle  with  2  strong  straight  spines  above  directed  back- 
wanl,  and  1  below  directed  downward  and  forward;  opercle,  nasal 

*  Cottiia  mertctai  Cuv.  &  Val. 

Yellowisli,  with  dark  marblings;  spines  of  iirst  dorsal  rather  strong;  head  sniootli; 
point  of  preopercle  not  reaching  opercle.     D.  VIII-15;  A.  12;  C.  10;  P.  18.     Kaiiit- 
schatka.     {Cuv.  <^-  Val.) 
.    (Cuv.  &  Val.  iv,  496,  from  a  drawing.)      ~-r-^^-—'-f---~-^'-^r::'—T^T--^--'--    -^ 

Cottua  ma rmoratua  Cn\.  ScYal,  >  .,    Ji    ,   ^ 

Brownish,  &c.,  much  marbled;  fins  variegated;  first  dorsal  with  a  large  Idack  Hpot ; 
2  strong  spines  before  the  eye;  2  short  spines  on  the  preopercle;  a  rather  strong;  spiiio 
on  opercle;  dorsal  spines  rather  strong.  D.  VIII-14;  A.  12j  C.  14.  Kamtscliutka. 
{Cuv.Ji-  Fal.)  '  :...,;«■... 

(Cuv.  &  Val.  iv,  45)7,  from  a  drawing.)  ' 


107.    COTTID^ — COTTUS. 


701 


bones,  orbital  rim,  and  slioulu* ."  girdle  usually  armed;  gill- membranes 
loimiug  a  fold  across  the  rather  narrow  istLmus;  slit  behind  last  gill 
small  or  wanting,  often  reduced  to  a  mere  ])ore;  vertebrae  about  28. 
Brauchiostegals  mostly  C.  Dorsal  fins  2,  separate,  the  first  short,  its 
sinnes  rather  slender;  ventral  rays  usually  I,  3.  Species  numerous  in 
the  seas  of  northern  regions.  {/.6tto<;,  the  ancient  name  of  Uraniilea 
(jobio,  from  z«tt-(>?,  head.) 

fl.  Head  with  smsiU  tentacles;  lateral  line  with  distinct  plates. 
1071.  C.  bMbalas  Enplirasou. — Father-lasher.  .  ;    ■ /: 

Colors  variegared,  the  dark  markings  sometimes  red.  Head  broad, 
depressed,  covered  ivith  soft  skin,  in  which  are  many  mucous  jiores; 
maxillary  reaching  past  middle  of  orbit;  upper  preopercular  spine 
straight,  slightly  longer  than  eye;  opercular  spine  granulate«l  at  base; 
small  cirri  above  eye  and  elsewher3  on  head;  usually  one  on  end  of 
maxillary;  cranial  bones  mostly  covered  by  skin;  lateral  line  with 
some  bony  plates,  which  are  most  distinct  anteriorly;  these  are  very 
much  smaller  than  in  JEnophrys  bison;  interocular  space  very  narrow, 
its  ridges  continuing  backward,  serrated,  each  ending  in  a  sharp  spine; 
no  trace  of  slit  behind  last  gill;  spinous  dorsal  low;  anal  small;  i)ecto- 
ral!"  reaching  front  of  anal;  ventrals  moderate.  Head  2g.;  depth  3§. 
]).  VIiI-12;  A.  9;  Vertebrte  12  +  17.  Antic  Euroj)e;  said  to  stray  to 
Greenland. 

(Enphiason,  Nya  Schwed.  Abhaudl.  1786,  64;  GUnther,  il,  164;  Day,  Fish.  Gt.  Brit. 
In  laud,  1880,  51.) 

flf:.  Head  without  tentacles;  lateral  line  unarmed  or  with  concealed  platea. 

I073>  C.  octodecimspinosus  Mitch. 

Olivaceous,  with  transverse  dark  bars,  paler  below;  fins  barred  and 
mottled;  ventrals  plain.  Body  very  slender,  tapering  backward  to 
tlie  long  and  slender  caudal  peduncle.  Head  long  and  narrow;  mouth 
moderate;  maxillary  not  extending  past  eye,  2^  in  head.  Upj)er  pre- 
opercular S]>ine  extremely  long,  longer  than  eye,  extending  beyond  tip 
of  opercular  spine,  its  length  more  than  4  times  that  of  the  si)ine  below 
it;  a  strong  spine  at  upper  posterior  margin  of  orbit  directed  upward 
and  backward;  occipital  ridges  long,  low,  converging  behind,  each 
ending  in  a  similar  spine.  Vertex  nearly  Hat.  Eye  very  large,  as  long 
as  snout,  4J  in  head,  much  wider  than  interorbital  space;  nasal  spines 
sliai'i:.  Skin  usually  without  nmgh  tubercles;  lateral  line  with  a  series 
of  partly  concealed  plates.  Spinous  dorsal  higher  than  soft  dorsal; 
the  ispiues  strong,  the  longest  nearly  half  head;   pectorals  reaching 


!?•  ■  w 


'      -.il''''.",  l*S 


;  ,.' 


i    ,.M 


li 


702       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 

aiial;  vcntrals  not  to  veut;    uo  trace  of  slit  behind  last   gin.    IIc-kI 

13^!  depth  Si.     D.  IX-15;  A.  14;  V.  I,  3.     Athuifcic  coast;  ratlier  coin- 

moii  northward.  ,, 

(Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  380,  181.5;  GHnther.ii,  163:  AcanthocottHs 
riryinianua  Storer,  Hist.  Fish.  Mass.  2tf. ) 

10T3.  C.  aencus  Mitchill. — Orubhy. 

Grayish  olive,  much  variegated  with  darker;  no  distinct  paler  spots* 
back  and  sides  with  broad,  dark,  irregular  bars;  all  the  liiis  barred- 
mandible  mottle«l;  belly  i)ale.  Head  rarher  broad;  maxillary  2K  in 
head,  reaching  to  just  beyond  pupil;  supraocular  and  occipital  ri(l<>i<s 
prominent,  each  with  a  low,  bhintish  spine;  nasal  spines  moderate- 
upper  preopercular  spine  shorter  than  eye,  nearly  twice  length  of  tlic 
n(?xt  si>ine,  about  reaching  middle  of  opercle.  Lateral  line  complete- 
sides  with  scattered  concealed  plates.  Dorsal  spines  rather  low,  lii^^her 
than  the  soft  rays;  pectorals  reaching  anal;  no  trace  of  slit  behind  last 
gdl.  Head  L>3;  depth  4.  D.  IX-13;  A.  10;  V.  I,  3.  L.  G  inches.  Coast 
of  Southern  New  England  and  New  York;  our  smallest  species;  com- 
mon  in  seaweeds  near  shore. 

(Mitchill,  Trana.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  1815,  380;  Goode  &  Bean,  Bull.  Essex 
Inst.  1879,  13:  Cottun  mUchillHiiintlmr,  ii,  1C4.) 

1071.  C  scorpioidcs  Fabricins. 

Very  dark,  finely  mottled  with  paler;  fins  dusky,  with  paler  spots; 

anal  and  ventral  tius  with  the  pale  spots  larger.    Body  stoutisli,  tail 

slender.      Head  very  short;  jaws  short,  the  maxillary  reaching  the 

middle  of  the  large  eye;  top  of  head  concave  between  the  two  occipital 

ridges;  preoi)ercular  spines  quite  short;  opercular  spine  almost  obsolete. 

Skin  nearly  smooth.    Isthmus  narrow,  the  fold  across  it  verv  narrow; 

no  trace  of  slit  or  pore  behind  the  last  gill.    Dorsal  fins  slightly  joined, 

the  spines  slender;  pectorals  reaching  vent.     Head  3;  depth  4t.    D. 

X-17;  A.  12;  V.  I,  3.    Arctic  regions  of  America;  Greenland  to  Siberia. 

(Fahr.  Fauna  Groenl.  157,  1780;  Beau,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  xv,  12'2;  LiitkouAtt. 
Videusk.  Meddels.  Kjiibenh.  187G,  12:  C'o/fHs  j>ac/(t/^jK8  Gliuther,  ii,  IGl.) 

1075.  C  scorpiiis  L.  -..•■-\     .     .<.•;■'' 

Dark  olivaceous,  mottled  with  paler;  fins  dusky,  with  paler  spots. 
General  characters  of  the  subspecies  grccnlandicus,  from  which  it  dift'crs 
chiefly  in  the  smaller  size,  the  narrower  interorbital  8i)ace,  which  is  f 
diameter  of  eye,  and  in  the  lower  spinous  dorsal,  the  highest  spines  be- 
ing about  one-eighth  the  length  to  base  of  caudal;  pore  behind  last  gill 
usually  very  small,  but  evident.  Head  2A;  depth  4.^.  D.  X-10;  A.  14. 
Northern  Euroi)e  ami  Arctic  regions  of  America,  south  to  Eastnort,  ^le. 
(L.  Syst.  Nat.;  GUuthcr,  ii,  159;  Beau,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.  xv,  116.) 


107.    COTTID.E COTTUS. 


703 


Stibsp.  {jrcsnlaBidicus  (Cuv.  &  Val.)  Beau.— Daddy  Svulpin. 

Daik  brown  above,  with  broad  darker  bars;  below  yellowish,  the 
belly  in  the  male  with  large  pale  spots;  back  and  top  of  head  with 
grayivsh  blotches;  iiiis  brown  and  yellow,  all  of  them  spotted  and 
bfirred.  Head  large.  Mouth  large ;  maxillary  reaching  posterior  edge 
of  orbit,  2 J  in  head;  the  supraorbital  and  occipital  spines  tubercle-like; 
a  suiall  tubercular  spine  on  front  of  occipital  ridge;  upper  preopercular 
spine  reaching  middle  of  opercular  spine,  its  length  equal  to  eye,  not 
twice  tbat  of  the  spine  below  it;  nasal  spines  sharp.  Sides  of  body 
above  lateral  line  with  a  series  of  imbedded  prickly  plates,  below 
which  are  numerous  scattered  spines  and  prickles.  Dorsal  and  anal 
fins  high;  spinous  and  soft  dorsals  about  equal  in  height,  their  height 
more  than  om-seventh  of  length  of  body;  ventrals  long;  pectorals 
about  reaching  vent.  Eye  large,  equal  to  least  interorbital  Avidth  (in 
specimens  a  foot  long).  Head  2J;  depth  4i.  D.  X-17;  A.  14;  V.  I,  3; 
P.  18.  L.  25  Miches.  New  York  to  Greenland,  common;  one  of  the 
largest  scalpins. 

{Cottns  grmulandlcus  Ciiv.  «fe  Val.  iv,  15(5:  Acanihocottns  rariahilia  Ginird,  Bost.  .Tonrn. 
Nat.  Hist,  vi,  248:  Collnn  grainlandicus  Giinther,  ii,  161;  Goodc  &  Bean,  Bull.  Esshx 
lust,  xi,  13,  1H79:  Acantliocottus  mriabilis  Storer,  Hist.  Finh.  ilass.  26;  Day,  Fish.  Gt. 
Drit.  1880,  "il :  ?  Cotlns  jJorosus  C.  &,  V.  viii,  498:  AcanthocoHuH  mtieosua  Ayres,  Pro*.'.  Cal. 
Aciid.  Nat.  Scl.  1854,  12.) 

1076.  C  polyacanthocephalus  Pallas. 

Dark  olive  above,  much  variegated  with  darker  and  reddish;  belly 
mostly  wbitish ;  sides  and  belly  (in  males)  .with  numerous  blackish  reticu- 
lations surrounding  large  round  white  spots;  jaws  dusky,  mottled  with 
whitish;  membrane  joining  maxillary  to  preorbital  black,  with  round 
white  si)ots;  fins,  all  but  the  ventrals,  mottled  and  barred  with  blackish 
and  yellowish.  Body  rather  elongate.  Head  long  and  narrow,  some- 
wliat  compressed,  (;oncavc  between  the  orbits,  the  orbital  rim  being 
elevated;  nasal  spines  strong;  a  strong  ridge  above  eye,  with  a  bbvnt 
compressed  spine  behind  it;  behind  this  a  small  digitate  cluster  of 
ridges  ending  in  low  spines;  behind  these  an  irregular  broken  ridge 
oil  each  side  of  the  vertex,  extending  to  the  occiput;  outsich*  of  this 
another  ragged  ridge;  suborbital  stay  strong,  striate;  upper  preopercu- 
lar s[)ine  long,  straight,  sinfple,  striate  at  base,  longer  than  eye;  a 
suiiilar  bat  shorter  spine  below  it,  not  half  as  long,  and  the  usual 
downward  directed  spine  at  lower  edge  of  preoperclo  and  subopercle; 
opercnlar  spine  moderate.  ]\iouth  rather  large,  the  maxillary  reaching 
beyond  eye,  half  length  of  head;  skin  of  top  of  head  covered  with 
small  smooth  warts  j  skin  of  body  with  some  scattered  rough  tuber- 


I'-.. 


timi 


I  1 1 


704      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

cles,  usually  nearly  sraooth.  Dorsals  not  very  Ligh;  dorsal  spines 
slender;  pectorals  reaching  anal;  ventrals  moderate,  I,  3.  A  ininuie 
pore  usually  present  behind  last  gill.  Lateral  line  complete.  Head 
2i;  depth  4^.  D.  X-I,  13;  A.  11.  L.  24  inches.  Puget  Sound  to 
Alaska;  very  abundant;  one  of  the  largest  sculpins. 
(Pallas,  Zoogr.  Ross.-Asiat.  1811,  iii,  133;  GUutber,  ii,  1G6.) 

lOyy.  C.  labradoricus  (Grd.)  Gthr. 

Nasal  spines  small;  a  rough  prominence  above  orbit,  and  two  simihir 
ones  on  occiput;  a  sligl  t  depression  on  crown ;  four  pieopercular  spines, 
the  upper  about  f  length  of  eye,  equal  to  interorbital  width;  eye  as 
long  as  snout,  5  in  head,  half  length  of  maxillary,  which  extends  to  the 
vertical  from  its  hinder  margin.  Dorsal  spines  slender,  the  longest  ^ 
length  of  maxillary;  pectorals  reaching  a  little  beyond  anal;  ventrals 
not  to  vent;  skin  above  lateral  line  with  a  few  spinous  tubercles;  a 
small  slit  behind  fourth  gill.  D.  X-14;  A.  14;  V.  I,  3;  P.  17;  C.  11; 
IJ.  0.     {Bean.)    Labrador  and  Hudson's  Bay. 

(Acantliocottus  lahradorkuH  Gnl.  Bust.  Jouni.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  18;' 0,  247,  pi. ;  Giiiitlier,  ii, 
1'.53;  Bean,  I'loc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.  iv,  1681,  lj>d.) 

1078.  €.  (a^MBoptcrus*  Kner. 

Color  of  C.  groenlandicus,  but  darker,  with  dark  bars;  gill-membranes 
and  hinder  part  of  belly  dark;  dark  regions,  with  very  bright  white 
si)ecks  of  different  sizes;  first  dorsal  partly  black,  partly  transparent; 
second  dorsal  crossed  by  3  oblique  dark  bands;  anal  by  4,  in  contraiy 
directions;  caudal  with  3  dark  bars;  pectoral  with  4  or  5  dark  bars, 
nuich  narrower  than  the  interspaces;  ventrals  with  black  and  white 
spots.  Lower  jaw  projecting.  Eye  Sin  head,  as  long  as  snout;  su]mi- 
ocular  ridge  slightly  elevated,  continued  backward  as  a  low  bony  ridye, 
without  spines;  a  quadrangular  dei)ression  between  these  ridges;  crown 
and  occiput  with  naked  ^yarty  skin;  preopercle  with  4  spines,  the  up- 
permost straight,  as  long  as  eye;  highest  dorsal  spine  half  length  of 
head;  soft  dorsal  twice  as  high;  pectorals  reaching  anal;  ventrals  to 
vent.  Sides  often  with  irregular  rough  bony  tubercles ;  a  moderate  slit 
behind  last  gill;  gill-membranes  i)artly  free  from  isthmus.  D.  VIII- 
13;  A.  12;  Lat.  1.  40.    {Kner.)    Alaska  to  Northern  China.. 

(Cotfim  ta;iiiopteru8  Kiicr.  Sitzuugsber.  Kais.  Acad.  Wiss.  Wien,  186H,  310;  Bean,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1881,248.) 

1070.  C.  qiiadricorisis*  L. 

Olivaceous,  somewhat  variegated;   the  fins  faintly  spotted.     Body 

*  Oncocotttw  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Fhila,  1862, 13:  type  Cottua  quadriconm  Gii\, 
{oynoi,  hook;  hoc  o?,  Cottua.) 


arent; 
oiitrary 
bara, 
white 
suju-a- 
ridj^e, 
crown 
the  up- 
ngtU  of 
trals  to 
rate  slit 
Vlll- 

[;an,  Pvnc. 

Body 

|oriii«  Gill- 


107.   COTTID^ — COTTUS. 


705 


I  • 


rather  slender.  Head  long,  tapering  forward;  mouth  large,  the  max- 
illary reaching  to  below  posterior  margin  of  eye;  eyo  moderate,  4  ia 
head;  bones  of  head  below  eye  cavernous,  as  in  Trighpds  thompsoniy 
hut  less  so;  preopercle  with  2  long,  diverging  spines,  the  upper  and 
longer  not  quite  reaching  opercular  margin;  opercnlar  and  scapular 
spines  quite  short;  a  rugose  spine,  sometimes  broader  and  expanded  at 
tip  like  a  cock's  comb,  above  each  eye  posteriorly,  and  a  similar  one  ou 
each  side  of  occipnt.  Males  with  irregular  series  of  round,  rough,  wart- 
like scales  above  the  lateral  line;  these  wanting  in  the  female;  lateral 
line  chain-like,  with  small  imbedded  plates;  head  naked.  Frst  dorsal 
convex,  of  slender  spines,  well  separated  from  second,  which  is  rathe? 
high,  the  longest  ray  1§  in  head;  pectorals  reaching  anal;  ventrals 
moderate.  A  moderate  slit  behind  last  gill.  D.  VIII-14j  A,  13;  c(j^C£V 
7;  vert.  40;  Lat.  1.  45.    Greenland  to  the  I>altic  Sea. 

(^Cottus  qiiadricornis  L.  Syst.  Nat.:  Coitus  quadricornis  GUntber,  ii,  166,:  Oncocaftiia 
qiiadricornis  Gill:  Cottns  hexaiornis  Rich.  Franklin's  Jouru.  726:  Cvttm  fttucflcorx  s  GUU' 
ther,  ii,  160;  Day,  Fish.  Gt.  Brit.  1880,  53.)      , , 

10§0.  C.  hMMi ills  Bean. 

Brownish,  pale  below;  sides  with  a  few  white  blotches;  first  dorsal 
with  2  broad  oblique  dark  bands,  separated  by  a  pale  area;  second 
dorsal  with  5  «lark  bands;  anal  with  6;  pectorals  with  i;  caudal  with 
3;  ventrals  pale,  with  2  dark  areas.  Head  broad,  subtriangnlar,  much 
depressed,  its  greatest  depth  2§  in  its  length;  eye  2  in  snont,  7  in  head, 
equal  to  the  concave  interorbital  space;  surface  of  head  covered  with 
small  dermal  tubercles;  patch  of  vomerine  teeth  very  large;  nasal  spines 
strong;  a  blunt  prominence  above  each  eye^  and  2  on  the  occiput;  sev- 
eral radiating  ridges  behind  eye,  as  in  C.  polyacanthocephalus ;  upper 
jtreopercular  spine  as  long  as  eye;  maxillary  reaching  slightly  past 
eye,  2^  in  head.  Longest  dorsal  .<pine  about  half  postorbital  part  of 
head;  pectorals  reaching  soft  dorsal.  A  series  of  rough  bony  tubercles 
above  lateral  line  and  some  small  ones  below  it.  A  pore  behind  last 
gill.  Head  2§;  depth  5.^.  D.  X-IG;  A.  13;  V.  I,  3;  P.  18;  B.  0. 
CUamisso  Island,  near  Bering's  Straits.    {Bean.)         '^         •'  ' 

(Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  iv,  149,  1881.)  -..,:^-^.m^^^^- 

1081.  C.Jiaok  Cnv.  &  Val. 

Body  and  pectoral  fins  spotted  with  brown;  vertical  fins  with  brown 
bands.  Kesembles  G.  scorpim;  the  preopercular  spines  similar,  but 
there  are  slight  granulations  instead  of  tubercles  behind,  the  eye  antl 
Bull.  ^^.t.  Mus.  No.  16 45 


'Mm 

-km 
'Mm 


♦■It     !    •*  1  ,    ■    J 

';.r  f  'V? 
'■,/■'.  ,ilS 

^ '. ;  ,  . .  •    I  i 

■■if'-''' 


v*^^; 


"A 


it  w 


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iiV. 


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M 


tl{> 


706       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

temples;  rougli  scale-like  tubercles  along  the  back  above  the  lateral 
line;  first  dorsal  low.  D,  VII-15;  A.  15.  L.  21  inches.  Bering's 
Sea.    {Cuv.  &  Val) 

{Mjjoxoccphalua  Steller  MSS.  in  Tiles.  M^iti.  Acad.  Sci.  Petersb.  iv,  273,  1811  {non- 
Mitvmial);  Cuv.  &  Val.  iv,  172;  Giiuther,  ii,  1G5.) 

1082.  C.  axillaris  (Gill)  Boan.  '     ' 

Bluish,  with  whitish  spots  on  trunk  and  a  darker  band-like  spot  below 
anterior  i)ortion  of  second  dorsal;  abdomen  yellowish;  region  above 
anal  spotted;  above  this  are  larger  sjiots  confluent  with  the  dark  color 
of  sides;  spinous  dorsal  with  2  vertical  dark  bands;  second  dorsal  with 
3  oblique  ones;  caudal  banded;  anal  spotted;  pectoral  black  at  base, 
with  2  oblique  bands;  a  dark  spot  on  lower  axil.  Head  subrhom- 
boidal,  largo,  depressed;  postorbital  crests  little  develoi)ed;  preopercle 
with  2  simi)le  spines  near  the  angle,  and  2  tubercles  below;  opercle  with 
a  longitudinal  rib  ending  in  a  spine.  Skin  smooth,  or  with  scattered 
tubercles.  Gill-membranes  forming  a  fold  across  the  isthmus.  D.  IX- 
15;  V.  I,  3;  B.  6.    Bering's  Strait.     {GUI.)  ,    .. 

{BoreocoUm  axillaris  Gill,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  ia59,  166.) 

10§3.  C.  (?)  poiaris  Sabine. 

Pale,  with  clusters  of  minute  dark  spots.  Head  compressed;  nasal 
spines  jn-esent;  lower  jaw  included;  ])reopercle  with  4  strong  spiuos; 
pectoral  fins  larger  than  in  Uramdca  (joblo;  lateral  line  with  a  series  of 
small  tubercles.  D.  VI  to  VIII-13;  P.  15;  V.  I,  4;  A.  14;  C.  14.  L.2 
inches.  North  Georgia,  British  America.  {Storer.)  Probably  not  a 
Cottus. 

(Sabine,  Parry's  First  Voyage,  213;  Storcr,  Synop.  Fish.  N.  A.  307.)  ' 

10§4I.  C.  (?)  platyceplialus  Pallas.  ^:  i?  - 

,  Olivaceous,  much  variegated,  wliitebi'low;  fins  spotted.  Head  large- 
much  depressed,  as  broad  as  the  body;  lower  jaw  projecting;  teeth  on 
vomer  and  on  palatines  (?)  ("in  area  lunata  palatio  medii,  et  utriuque 
lineari'*).  Eyes  moderate,  near  together;  vertex  flat  behind  the  eyes, 
with  a  ridge  on  each  side,  in  front  of  which  near  the  orbit,  and  behind 
at  the  nape,  are  oblong  tubercles,  each  ending  in  a  short  spine;  pr'^op- 
ercle  with  2  very  strong,  diverging  spines  above;  opercle  with  a  con- 
cealed spine;  lateral  line  with  concealed,  elongate  plates;  back  with 
rough  warts;  pectorals  large;  dorsal  spines  feeble.  D.  VII-12;  A.  11; 
C.  10;  P.  15  J  V.  I,  3.    L.  12  inches.     Kamtschatka.    {Pallas.)    If  this 


w< 


-IV. 

lateral 
►criug's 

811  (no»- 


)t  below 
n  above 
irk  color 
[•sal  with 
at  base, 
Hibrliom- 
reopercle 
;rcle  with 
scattered 
,    D.  IX- 


107.    COTTID.E — COTTUS. 


707 


species  really  has  palatine  teeth,  it  cannot  belong  to  this  genus.    It 
may  be  a  species  of  CentrUlcrmichthys. 

(Pallaa,  Zoo-rr.  Rosso- Asiat.  iii,  135,  1811;  Cnv.  &  Val.  iv,  177:  Mcgalocottus  plaly- 
cephalua  Gill,  18fil,  IGO.) 

aaa.  Head  with  tentacles  above;  lateral  line  without  plates.     {Porocottua*  Gill.) 

10§3.  C.  verrucosus  Bonn. 

Very  dark  brown,  whitish  below;  spinous  dorsal  dark,  with  a  median 
and  a  posterior  light  band;  .soft  dorsal  and  pectorals  each  with  5  dark 
biinds;  anal  whitish,  with  a  dark  stripe;  ventrals  pale.  Nasal  spines 
sharp;  a  short  tentacle  above  each  eye  and  one  on  each  .side  of  the 
vertex;  vertex  and  interorbital  space  deeply  concave;  crown,  nape,  and 
iuterorbital  region  with  small  dermal  warts;  upper  j)reopercnlar  spine 
as  long  as  short  diameter  of  eye;  ^yc  4  in  head,  as  long  as  snout;  max- 
illary reaching  to  below  middle  of  eye,  half  length  of  head,  longer  than 
fourth  dorsal  spine.  Pectoral  reacliing  front  of  anal;  skin  smooth; 
lateral  line  with  numerou.s  short  vertical  accessory  bran(!hes,  placed 
opposite  each  other.  No  pore  behind  last  gill.  Head  2.^ ;  depth  4^. 
D.  XI-IG;  A.  15;  V.  I,  3;  P.  17;  0.  12;  B.  G.  L.  3^  inches.  Plover 
Bay,  near  Bering's  Straits.     {Bean.) 

(Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  iv,  152,  1881.) 

10§6.  C.  nigrcr  Bean. 

Almost  black;  sides  mottled  with  lighter  brown,  sometimes  with 
round  white  blotches  on  belly  and  sides ;  pectoral  plain  or  with  white 
blotches.  Nasal  spines  blunt,  covered  with  skin;  no  spines  above 
orbits  or  on  occiput;  no  sharp  spines  on  head  except  the  two  upper 
preopercular  spines,  which  are  almost  concealed;  the  uppermost  as 
long  as  eye,  C  in  head,  and  equal  to  snout  or  interorbital  space;  top  of 
bead  with  fine  dermal  granulations,  the  vertex  with  numerous  slender 
tentacles;  a  soft  tentacle  of  moderate  length  above  eye;  jaws  equal; 
maxillary  longer  than  fourth  dorsal  spine,  2  in  head,  reaching  hinder 
margin  of  orbit.  Caudal  and  ventrals  each  half  length  of  head ;  pec- 
toral not  reaching  vent;  skin  smooth.  A  small  slit  behind  last  gill. 
Head  2*.  D.  IX-16;  A.  12;  V.  I,  3;  P.  16 j  B.  C.  Saint  Panl  Island, 
Bering's  Sea.    {Bean.) 

(Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  iv,  151, 1B81.> 

1087.  €.  quadrifilis  (Gill)  J.  &  G. 

Purplish,  irregularly  spotted  with  black;  a  dark  spot  be^ow  eye,  and 

another  on  maxillary;  fins  mostly  variegated  with  black;  a  dark  spot 

♦Gill,  Proc.  Acatl.  Nat.  Sci.  PLila.  1859, 16G:  type  Porocotiue  quadrifilis  Gill,    {rtopoi. 
pore;  Korrof,  Cottus.) 


I 


■  Mi-'  V  ■  |3 


V  m, 
:^^« 


i"^'"  [fi 


i 
:) 


'I  15 


708       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

on  upper  a?:il,  and  another  toward  middle  of  base  of  pectoral.  Head 
larjje,  depressed,  subrhomboidal;  preoperclo  with  a  sinjrle  hooked  spine; 
opercle  without  longitudinal  rib  or  spine;  lower  jaw  and  other  parts  of 
head  with  numerous  large  pores.  Mouth  moderate.  Ventrals  small. 
Skin  naked;  a  slender  filament  over  each  eye,  and  one  on  each  side  of 
nai>e.  Gill-membranes  forming  a  fold  across  the  isthmus.  D.  VIII- 
1.3;  V.  I,  3;  B.  5.     Bering's  Sti aits.     (GUL) 

(Porocottus  quadriJiUs  Gill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1^59,  16C.) 


368.— GYI»I1VACAI¥THUS  Swainson. 
(Phobetor  Kioyer.) 

(Oymvocatithus  Swainson,  Class.  Fish.  &c.,  1839,  271:  type  Cottiia  ventralia  C.  &  V.) 

General  characters  and  appearance  of  Coitus,  but  with  no  teeth  on 
the  vomer,  and  with  a  small  but  well-delined  slit  behind  the  last  gill. 
The  upper  preopercular  spine  is  armed  with  2  or  3  antler-like  processes, 
and  the  flns  are  all  very  large,  the  ventrals  notably  so.  Marine  species 
of  the  Arctic  Seas,    (^o/zi-of,  naked;  ayA^Oa,  spine.) 

10§8.  O.  pistillig^er  (Pallas)  Gill. 

Dark  brown  above,  with  traces  of  darker  vertical  bars;  belly  paie; 
males  with  the  axillary  region  dusky,  with  many  large  round  white  spots; 
tirst  dorsal  blackish,  with  pale  blotches;  second  dorsal  with  alternating 
oblique  bands  of  white  and  blackish;  anal  and  caudal  nearly  plain;  pec- 
torals and  ventrals  yellowish,  with  black  cross-bars;  mandible  burred 
with  black.  Nasal  spines  small ;  occipital  ridges  low,  the  space  between 
them  concave,  with  rough  plates;  supraorbital  ridge  ending  in  a  blunt 
tubercle;  interorbital  area  with  smooth  skin.  Eyes  very  large;  maxil- 
lary extending  to  pupil ;  upper  preopercular  si)ine  byoad,  much  shorter 
than  eye,  with  about  three  points;  skin  mostly  smooth ;  axil  prickly; 
inner  edge  of  middle  pectoral  rays  papillose  ( ^  ).  Spinous  dorsal  very 
high  and  long,  the  longest  spines  in  the  male  three-fourths  length  of 
head;  second  dorsal  a  little  lower;  anal  very  long,  rather  low;  pec- 
torals very  broad,  reaching  past  front  of  anal,  the  lower  rays  rapidly 
shortened;  ventrals  extremely  long,  the  rays  long-exserted,  reaching 
past  front  of  anal;  final  papilla  large.  Head  3^;  depth  4§.  D.  XII- 
16;  A.  18;  V.  I,  3;  P.  16;  vert.  12  -f  18.  Arctic  Seas,  south  to  Norway, 
Alaska,  and  Labrador. 

{Cottu8  pi8tniiger  Pallas,  .in  Cuv.  &  Val.  ir,  193,  1829:  Cottua  ventralia  Ciiv.  &  Val. 
iv,  194:  Cottua  piatiUiger  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Ross.-Asiat.  iii,  43,  printed  1811,  piiblielied 
1831 :  Acanthocottua patria  H.  R.  Storer,  Bost.  Jonrn.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  250:  Cotius  ventralia 
Giintlier,  ii,  167:  Cottua  piatilUger  Giintber,  ii,  1G7:   Cottua  tricuapia  Reinb.  Vidtiisk. 


-IV. 


107.    COTTID^ — TRIGLOPSIS. 


709 


Head 

Ispino; 
piirts  of 
s  small. 
1  side  of 
).  VIII- 


:.  &  V.) 

teeth  on 

last  gill. 

processes, 

ue  species 


Sclsk.  "Sat.  Math,  v,  iii:  Cottua  fabricil  Oirard,  Monogr.  Cott.  50:  Coitus  tricunpia  Giin- 
thcr,  ii,  lOH;  I'liobctor  tnciiapm  Kroyor.  Natur.  Tidskr.  i,  '2f):J,  1844:  Bean,  Dull.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mua.  xv,  127,  1879:  Cottua  ventralia  Collett,  Chiistiaiiia  Vid.  Solsk.  Forb.  1678, 
151.) 

• 

10^9.  G'  {jfaloatus  Bean. 

Olivaceous;  back  with  four  distinct  brown  spots,  the  longest  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  eye,  and  extending  a  little  below  lateral  line,  there 
blending  with  a  \\a\'y  lateral  stripe;  dorsals  and  pectorals  with  inter- 
rupted black  bands;  lower  lins  plain  whitish.  Body  elongate.  A  small 
tubercle  above  each  eye;  lour  i)reopercular  spines,  the  longest  about 
as  long  as  eye,  and  with  two  or  three  processes.  Space  between  eyes 
deeply  concave,  completely  covered  with  bony  granulations,  as  are  the 
crown  and  neck;  similar  granulations  on  hinder  margin  of  orbit,  on 
suborbital  stay  and  on  o])ercles.  Skin  of  body  naked.  Pectorals,  and 
in  males  the  ventrals  also,  reaching  beyond  vent;  maxillary  reaching 
to  below  eye.  Head  3J  (including  caudal);  depth  7^.  D.  XI-IG;  A. 
19;  V.  I,  3.     Unalashka.     {Bean.) 

(Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1881,  153.) 


jelly  paie; 

bite  spots; 

dternating 
ilain;  pec- 

[ble  barred 

Ice  between 
in  a  blunt 
•oe;  maxil- 
[ich  shorter 
^il  prickly; 
dorsal  very 
Is  length  of 
low;  pec- 
lys  rapidly 
[l,  reaching 
D.  XII- 
|to  ^'orway, 

Cuv.  &  V:il- 
111,  pnblisliod 
\ot(nii  ventralis 
linli.  Vitlfusk. 


369.— TRK^LOPSIS  Girard. 
(Ptyonottta  Gthr.) 
(Girard,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Tliat.  iv,  18,  1851:  type  Tri.jlopaia  thompaoni  Grd.) 

Body  and  head  slender.  Skin  naked;  lateral  line  chain-like.  Teeth 
on  vomer,  none  on  the  palatines.  Eyes  large,  the  interorbital  area  con- 
cave; bones  of  lower  part  of  head  extensively  cavernous;  a  small  but 
distinct  slit  behind  last  gill ;  gill-membranes  almost  free  from  the 
isthmus,  forming  a  broad  fold  across  it;  preopercular  si)ines  straight, 
simple;  fins  large.  Fresh- water  fishes,  closely  related  to  Coitus,  to 
which  geiius  the  single  known  species  should,  perhaps,  be  referred. 
Its  relations  with  the  group  called  Oncocottus  are  certainly  intimate. 
[rinyka,  Trujld ;  oii'k,  appearance.) 

109©.  T.  flBsoBBipsoaai  Grd. 

Pale  olivaceous,  with  daricer  blotches;  upper  fins  faintly  banded. 
Body  elongate,  very  slender.  Head  long,  depressed  above;  snout 
bug  and  pointed;  eye  quite  large,  nearly  as  long  as  snout,  much  wider 
than  interorbital  sj^ace,  4  in  head;  jaws  subequal;  mouth  large,  the 
maxillary  extending  rather  beyond  middle  of  eye;  preopercle  with  4 
sharp  spines,  the  upper  much  shorter  than  pupil;  cavernous  structure 
of  skull  highly  develoi)ed;  uoper  surface  of  head  smooth;  gill-mem- 


N^^inaf 


710      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICIITIIYOLOGY^ — IV. 

biancH  not  broadly  united,  nearly  free  from  i.sthinus.  Dorsal  liiis  well 
separated;  spinous  dorsal  short  and  low.  its  height  little  more  than 
length  of  snout;  seeond  dorsal  very  large,  .'i  times  height  of  lirst,  its 
longest  rays  about  as  long  as  head;  anal  high,  half  as  high  as  seeoiul 
dorsal;  pectoral  long,  reaching  past  front  of  anal;  ventrals  well  devel- 
oped; lateral  line  cLiain-like,  con8i)icuous;  skin  perfectly  snuioth.  Head 
3;  depth  0.  J>.  VII-18;  A.  15;  V.  1,  .3.  L.  3  inches.  Deep  waters  of 
the  Great  Lakes. 

(Oiiuid,  Proc.  IJost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iv,  19,  IBol;  Girard,  Moiiogr.  Cott. 6.'):  /'/.i/oho<h» 
thompKoni  Giiuther,  ii,  175,  tho  uuiue  Triylo^mv  being  set  aside  ou  account  uf  the  prior 
I'riylops.) 

370.— ENOPHRVS  Swaius^n. 

( Asjncottua  Grd.:  Clyjyeocottus  Xyren:  Ctratocottua  GU\.) 

(Swaii.son,  Class.  Fish.  «Skc.  1839,  271:  typo  Coitus  duviijir  C.  «fc  V.) 

Body  short  and  thick,  depressed  anteriorly.  Ilead  very  largo,  mailed 
above  with  rugose,  bon^'  idates;  a  series  of  hirgo,  rough,  bony  plates 
along  lateral  line;  no  scales.  Teeth  in  villiform  bands  in  jaws  and  ou 
vomer,  none  ou  palatines;  preopercle  with  stroug,  straight  spines;  sub- 
orbital stay  broad,  externally  bony ;  gill-membranes  joined  to  the  isth- 
mus, not  forming  a  fold  across  it;  a  slit  behind  fourth  gill.  Dorsal  lins 
separate,  the  anterior  short,  not  notched;  aual  short.  Intestinal  canal 
elongate.  Herbivorous,  feeding  chiefly  on  algte.  (sy,  ou ;  oy/jw?,  eye 
brow.) 

1091.  E.  bison  (Grd.)  J.  «fe  G.— Stone  Sculpin. 

Olivaceous  above,  variegated  with  blackish  and  reddish,  yellowish 
below ;  tins  olivaceous, marked  with  black ;  Aentrals  pale.  Snout  bhmt; 
maxillary  reaching  beyond  pupil;  external  be  .es  of  head  rough  granu- 
lar; iuterorbital  s^^ace  elevated  aud  concave,  the  orbital  ridge  without 
spine;  suborbital  stay  covering  most  of  cheek;  a  ridge  extending  back- 
wards from  each  eye,  the  two  connected  by  a  cross  ridge  at  occiput;  the 
ridges  are  large  and  rough,  and  the  space  between  them  is  concave; 
preopercle  with  4  spines,  the  upper  very  long,  straight  aud  rough, 
usually  reaching  i^ast  operclo,  a  little  more  than  one-third  head;  oper- 
cular ridge  very  broad;  subopercle  with  2  diverging  spines;  a  singly 
series  of  large,  rough,  granular  plates  along  sides,  from  operclo  to  base 
of  caudal,  the  i)lates  without  keel  or  spine  and  growing  smaller  behind; 
si)inous  dorsal  small,  much  lower  than  soft  rays;  anal  short.  Head  2J; 
depth  4.    D.  VlII-12j  A.  9.    L.  12  inches.     San  Francisco  to  Alaska; 


■"-■i  •••'■rt'jlfi 


mi 


— IV. 

fins  well 

3ro  than 

lirst,  its 

l8  8«'('01l(l 
oil  (U'Vcl- 

li.    Head 
waters  of 


) :   rtiionoiun 
of  the  prior 


107.    COTTID.E — LI0C0TTU8. 


711 


rgo,  mailed 
»ony  plates 
iws  and  on 
,pines;  sub- 
to  tlip  istli- 
Dorsal  tins 
stiiial  canal 
oifjiu^,  eye- 


ahiindant.     Hoscinhles  Cnttus  hukdis,  with  which  it  has  boon  improp- 
erly ('ontbundod  by  Dr.  Giinther. 

( .Upirollii-i  hisnn  (Jiranl,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sri.  Pliil.T.  I^T)!,  IHO:  ChiprornlhiH  rnhuniun 
Ayrrs,  I'loc.  C'al.  Aiad.  Nat.  yd.  18r>4,  12:  A>ipivoUuit  hinon  Girunl,  11.  S.  Tac.  U.  K. 
Siirv.  d'o.) 

10{>3.  JE.  eSarprnMS  (I\illas)  .1.  &  (}. 

(Ireeni.sh  and  rcddisli,  marblod  and  spotted.  Form  of  I'J.  bison,  the 
liead  larfjo,  wider  than  deep  or  lonjjf;  top  of  head  nearly  as  in  iJ.  bition, 
tlie  ridge-s  higher  and  very  rough;  orbital  ridges  elevated,  continued 
backward  toward  the  nape,  the  occipital  ridges  sharp  behind;  up])er 
preopercular  spine  very  long,  rough,  nearly  two-tliitds  as  long  as  head, 
with  strong  recurved  hooks  or  serrations  on  the  upper  edge;  lower  pro- 
opercular  .spines  strong;  operclc  wilh  a  longitudinal  rib  and  no  dis- 
tinct spine;  lateral  lino  with  a  row  of  rough  bony  sciitella,  each  with 
auiiiiute  central  spine;  skin  above  more  or  less  villous  or  prickly,  else- 
wiiere  smooth.  Isthmus  wide;  a  slit  behind  last  gill;  vomer  with  teeth. 
D.  VIl-14;  A.  10;  C.  12;  P.  17;  V.  I,  3.  L.  G  inches.  Alaska  and  Kam- 
tschatka.     (Here  described  from  a  specimen  in  the  British  IMn.seum.) 

{Cottus  iVicerauH  Pallas,  Nov.  Act.  Pctrop.  1783,  X)4:  Cothix  dicnaitH  Ciiv.  &.  Val.  iv, 
IriO:  Sifvaiieeia  ttrvuH  Tiles.  M6iu.  Ac.  St,  Petersb.  iii,  27«:  Ciratocottn»  diceraua  Gill, 
Pioc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1859,  IG.'),  and  18(jl,  U)7:  Coltun  dkcraua  Giiuthcr,  ii,  18J.) 

1093.  E.  clavigcr  (Cuv.  &  Val.)  Sw. 

Dark  brown,  With  3  or  4  vertical  bands;  belly  white.  Top  of  head 
everywhere  rough;  two  strong  nasal  spines;  superciliary  margins  much 
elevated,  with  a  deep  groove  between  them;  4  preopercular  spines,  the 
upper  exceedingly  long  and  strong,  extending  nearly  to  the  vertical 
from  the  end  of  the  tirst  dorsal,  serrated  and  coarsely  toothed  on  its 
upper  margin,  but  without  antler-like  processes;  "occiput  with  a  very 
long  cuneiform  process  on  each  side";  lateral  line  with  bony  plates, 
rougher  than  iu  E.  bison,  each  with  a  serrated  keel  and  spine;  skin  sub- 
villous  above,  with  small  rough  warts;  a  series  of  small  cutaneous  ap- 
])eudages  above  the  anal.  Suborbital  stay  spinous;  vomerine  teeth 
pieaeut;  isthmus  broad;  slit  behind  last  gill  large.  D.  VI-13;  A.  11; 
V.  1, 3.    L.  2i  inches.    Bering's  Sea.    (Ilere  described  from  the  original 

type,  iu  the  British  Museum.)  ^; 

{Cottui  davigcr  Cuv.  &  Val.  iv,  195,  1829:  Coitus  clav'iger  GUiitbcr,  ii,  167.) 

:i-;.,,^^^j_^ 37 1.— I.I«COTTUS  Girard.      "■T~'-"^-''Z'-'^'' 

[Umoittts  Girard,  Proc,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila,  1856, 133 :  type  Leiocottus  Mrunio  Girard.) 

Body  elongate,  covered  with  thick,  smooth  skin.    Head  compressed, 

narrowed  above,  not  externally  bony.  Mouth  small,  hv,  lizoutal,  low ;  villi- 


■■■•fl 


I 


y\ 


t:; 


712      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMFRICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


form  teeth  in  both  jaws  and  on  the  vomer,  none  on  the  palatines;  upper 
preopercular  spine  short,  strong,  with  bifurcated  tip;  suborbital  stay 
narrow ;  gill-membranes  partly  free  from  the  isthmus,  over  which  they 
form  a  broad  fold ;  a  slit  behind  fourth  gill.  First  dorsal  with  its  ui)per 
margin  somewhat  S-sliaped,  the  first  two  spines  elongate,  the  middle 
ones  of  nearly  equal  length,  and  the  posterior  ones  rapidly  shortened; 
ventrals  I,  3.    Pacific.    (Aei«7,  smooth;  zJrro?,  Cottus.) 

1094.  L.  hiriBRdo  Grd. 

Olivaceous,  shaded  with  light  blue,  and  reticulated  with  brownisb- 
red,  the  latter  color  predominating  on  the  head;  sides  with  four  broad, 
oblique,  brownish-red  bars,  the  first  three  running  from  dorsal  forwards 
and  downwards,  the  fourth  from  caudal  peduncle  backwards  to  base  of 
caudal:  abdomen  orange  brown,  with  pale  spots;  caudal  orange  brown, 
with  yellow  bars  near  the  tip;  fins  with  bars  and  spots  of  dark  brown- 
ish-red; breast  and  ventrals  whitish;  three  dark  blotches  at  base  of 
pectorals;  spinous  dorsal  with  oblique  dark  streaks;  a  dark  blotch  on 
each  eye  above,  and  a  ligiit  streak  forwards  and  downwards  from  eye. 
Body  elongate,  fusiform,  the  caudal  peduncle  slender;  i>rofile  of  snout 
decurved;  maxillary  reaching  front  of  or'jit;  three  small  cirri  at  the  end 
of  eacli  maxillary;  preopercular  margin  with  several  similar  cirri; 
o[)ercle  and  shoulder-girdle  without  spines;  upper  preopercular  spine  as 
long  as  pupil.  Top  of  head  smooth ;  supraorbital  ridges  little  elevated; 
nasal  spines  distant  from  tip  of  snout.  Si)inoas  dorsal  elevated  in  front, 
the  first  two  rays  much  longer  than  the  others,  nearly  two-thirds  length 
of  head;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  fins  rather  long;  pectorals  reaching  past 
front  of  anal;  ventrals  to  vent.  Head  3J;  depth  4^;  eye  large,  U  in 
head.  D. IX-17;  A.  15j  \.  1, 3.  L.  10  inches.  Santa  Barbara  Islands; 
extremely  local. 

.    (Ginird,  Proc.  A-ul.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  IfeuG,  133 ;  Girard,  U.  S.  Piic.  R.  R.  Surv.  FiHh.  62: 
Cottun  hiruiido  Giiiithiiv,  ii,  IGG.) 

3ya.— TRIGLOPS  Reinbardt. 
(Reinliardf,  Vid.Solsk.  Natur.  Mutb.  Afb.  v,  Hi:  type  Triglops pitigdi  Reinbardt.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  the  tail  very  slender.  Head  small  and  coiu- 
l)ressed.  Mouth  moderate;  villiform  teeth  on  jaws  and  vomer,  none  on 
the  palatines;  ]n'eoi)ercular  spines  small,  simple.  Head  prickly,  1'^ 
without  scales.  A  row  of  enlarged  plate-like  scales  along  the  lateral 
line;  a  similar  row  above  it  at  the  base  of  the  dorsal  flu;  the  space  be- 
tween these  densely  prickly;  lower  half  of  body  crossed  at  short  inter- 
vals  by  transverse  undulating  folds  of  skin,  the  edge  of  the  fold  with 


mmu 
Gill-n 
last  g 
1,3. 

1095. 

Oliv 

of  dus 

of  spii 

lateral 

die  of  , 

extendi 

eye;  an 

laud  an 

(Roiab 


1096.  L, 

Grayis 

sides  crea 

bars;  npii 

and  an  o 

lique  whit 

and  depre 

orbital  sp; 

head  flatti 

three  or 

reaching 

In  bead; 

nor  ch-ri. 


107.    COTTIDiE — LEPTOCOTTUS. 


713 


minute  rough  scales,  causing  it  to  appear  sharply  and  finely  serrate. 
Gill-membranes  united,  free  from  the  isthmus;  a  distinct  slit  behind 
last  gill.  Dorsal  spines  rather  high  and  slender;  ventrals  apparently 
1,3.    Arctic  seas,    (r/):^Aa,  Trigla;  wvS  appearance.) 

1005.  T.  pingrcli  Reiub. 

Olivaceous,  somewhat  variegated  with  darker;  fins  barred;  a  Lories 
of  dusky  spots  along  sides;  an  ocellated  black  spot  on  posterior  jiart 
of  spinous  dorsal.  Head  very  slender;  eye  large,  i)laced  higl:,  but 
lateral;  preopercular  spines  short;  maxillary  extending  to  below  mid- 
dle of  orbit;  nasal  spines  sharp.  Ventral  fins  rather  short;  pectoriUs 
extending  to  front  of  anal;  tail  very  slender,  its  diameter  less  than  the 
eye;  anal  papilla  large.  Head  3J.  D.  IX-21;  A.  21.  "Alaska  to  Green- 
laud  and  Cape  Cod. 

(Roinhardt,  Vifl.  Selsk.  Nsitur.  v,  liij  Gilnther,  ii,  173:  Triglopa  pleuroatictus  Cope, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1H65.) 


*l||! 

|| 

'M 

373.— liEPTOCOTTtJS  Girard. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  130:  type  Lfptocotim  armalua  Grd.) 

Body  elongate,  depressed,  covered  with  perfectly  smooth  skin.  Head 
depressed,  oblong,  not  very  broad,  without  cirri;  lower  jaw  incjludod; 
suborbital  stay  narrow;  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Gill- 
membranes  rather  narrowly  joined  to  the  isthmus,  not  forming  a  fold 
across  it;  a  slit  behind  fourth  gill;  preopercular  spine  strong,  with  two 
or  three  points  hooked  upwards.  Dorsal  fins  separate;  the  spinous 
dorsal  short  and  small,  entire;  ventrals  I,  4.  Pacific  coast.  {hr.ro<;^ 
slender;  z»tt«?,  Cottus.) 

1006.  L.  armatus  Grd. 

Grayish  olive  above,  becoming  abruptly  white  and  silverj'  below; 
sides  creamy;  pectoral  fins  creamy  yellow,  with  five  or  six  black  cross- 
bars; spinous  dorsal  dusky,  with  an  ink-like  blotch  on  tip  of  last  rays, 
and  an  oblique  white  -band  below ;  soft  dorsal  dusky,  with  several  ob- 
lique white  bands;  caudal  banded;  ventrals  and  anal  plain.  Head  long 
aud  depressed;  mouth  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  beyond  eye;  inter- 
orbital  space  broad,  scarcely  concave ;  nasal  spines  concealed ;  top  of 
head  flattish,  covered  with  rugose  skin;  upper  preopercular  spine  with 
three  or  four  spinules  hooked  upwards;  suborbital  stay  slender,  not 
reachiug  preoperclo ;  eye  very  small,  less  than  interocular  width,  7^ 
hi  head;  lateral  line  complete;  skin  everywhere  smooth;  no  prickles 
nor  cirri.     Dorsal  spines  very  slender  and  low;    pectorals  reaching 


714      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

vent;  ventrals  half  way  to  vent.  Head  3  in  length;  depth  6.  D. 
VII-17;  A.  \7;  V.  I,  4.  L.  12  inches.  Kodiak  to  San  Diego;  every- 
where very  common;  the  most  abundant  of  the  Cottoids  of  our  we'.t 
coast. 

(Gimrd,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18.')4,  131;  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv,  Fish. 
60:  Centridermichthys  armaUta  Guuther,  ii,  171.) 

874.— HEiniliGPIDOTirS  Cuvier. 
( Temniatia  Richardson :  Calycilepidotua  Ayrcs. ) 
(Cuvier,  Rfe^jne  Anim.  ed.  2d,  1829:  typo  Cottua  htmilepidoius  Tilesius.) 

Bodj^  with  two  broad  bands  of  rough  scale-like  plates  on  each  side, 
one  along  the  side  of  the  back,  one  along  the  lateral  line,  the  upper 
bands  meeting  anteriorly  in  front  of  dorsal;  scales  roundish,  their  up- 
I)er  and  posterior  margins  free;  skin  otherwise  naked;  head  naked. 
Villiform  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Branchiostegals  G,  A 
small  slit  behind  fourth  gill;  gill  membranes  joined  to  the  isthmus, 
sometimes  forming  a  narrow  fold  across  it;  preopercular  spines  simple, 
strong.  Dorsal  fins  connected,  the  first  long,  with  strong  spines,  emar- 
giuate,  the  first  three  spines  shorter  than  those  which  follow;  ventral? 
1,4.    North  Pacific,    (ly/zf,  half ;  A£;;{5oro?,  scaled.)  ., 

a.  Belly  immaculate. 

I0!>7.  II.  spinosus  (Ayres)  Grd.—Cabezon. 

Brown,  mottled  and  obscurely  barred,  often  tinged  with  red;  top  of 
head  usually  with  brick-red;  fins  all,  except  ventrals,  mottled  with 
blackish  and  reddish;  skin  joining  bones  of  jaws  uusi)otted;  belly 
whitish,  immaculate.  Body  rather  elongate,  dei)ressed;  head  broad, 
somewhat  concave  between  the  occipital  ridges;  two  sharj)  radiating 
ridges  behind  npper  posterior  margin  of  each  orbit;  top  of  head  cov- 
ered with  loose  skin,  and  with  thick-set  mucous  tubes;  ii.tororbital 
space  narrow,  concave,  half  diameter  of  eye;  preopercle  with  2  strong, 
shortish,  diverging  spines  above;  fleshy  slips  above  opercle,  near  upper 
posterior  part  of  eye,  and  at  occiput ;  a  long  fleshy  slip  on  maxillary, 
and  4  on  lower  jaw;  many  scales  on  sides  with  small  flaps;  skin,  wliere 
not  scaly,  thin  and  !ax;  dorsal  Land  of  scales  with  about  7  rows  at 
its  widest  part,  anteriorly  much  wider  than  the  space  between  it  and 
the  lateral  band ;  isthmus  rather  narrow,  the  membranes  not  formiug 
a  fold  across  it;  dorsal  fins  considerably  connected,  spines  very  low, 
the  highest  about  two-thirds  the  height  of  the  soft  rays,  and  3|  iu 
head;  first  dorsal  spine  about  half  as  long  as  maxillary;    pectorals 


107.    COTTID^ — HEMILEPIDOTUS. 


715 


broad,  shortish,  about  reaching  ventj  distance  from  spinous  dorsal  to 

si: out  greater  than  length  of  pectoral.    Head  3;  depth  5.     D.  Ill,  VIII, 

20 ;  A.  IC ;  V.  1, 4 ;  Lat.  1.  00.    L.  10  inches.    Coast  of  California,  in  rather 

deep  waterj  seen  by  us  only  about  Monterey  and  San  Francisco. 

{Calif eilepidotm  apinoBua  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  7G,  1855;  Girard,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856,  134;  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  K.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  68.) 

1098.  H.  jordani  Bean. 

Throat  and  belly  pure  white;  upper  parts  brownish,  with  wavy  darker 
bait*.  Dorsal  band  of  scales  with  but  4  rows  in  its  widest  part.  Eye 
as  long  as  snout,  4  in  head,  the  short  diameter  equal  to  interorbital 
space;  maxillary  extending  to  below  middle  of  eye;  top  of  head  corru- 
gated ;  distance  of  spinous  dorsal  from  snout  equal  to  length  of  pectoral; 
first  dorsal  spine  as  long  as  maxillary;  longest  dorsal  spine  2^  in  head; 
pectoral  reaching  anal ;  ventral  nearly  or  quite  to  vent;  a  narrow  fold  of 
skin  across  istumus.  Head  2|;  depth  4 J.  D.  Ill,  VIII,  21;  A.  17;  V. 
I,  4.    L.  13  inches.    TJnalashka. 

(Bean,  Proc.  U.  S-  Nat.  Mus.  1881, 153.) 

aa.  Belly  covered  with  small  hlack  spots. 

1099.  H.  trachurus  (Pallas)  GUuther. 

Olivaceous  or  reddish,  more  or  less  mottled  and  barred  with  darker; 
belly  and  lower  parts  pale,  profusely  covered  with  small  blackish  spots; 
fins  all  more  cr  less  speckled;  skin  joining  bones  of  jaws  finely  spotted 
with  black.  Body  robust,  not  depressed.  Head  large;  interorbital 
space  deeply  concav^e,  its  width  %  diameter  of  the  large  eye;  occipital 
ridges  low  and  broad;  bones  of  top  of  liead  extremely  rough,  naked; 
with  radiating  striae,  but  without  spines;  small  flaps  over  posterior 
part  of  eye,  at  occiput,  over  opercle,  and  on  cheek,  maxilla^'y,  preor- 
bital,  mandible,  and  tip  of  snout.  Skin  thick  and  firm ;  gill-membranes 
forming  a  slight  fold  across  the  isthmus;  upper  band  of  scalos  of  about 
4  rows,  narrower  anteriorly  than  the  interspace;  first  three  spines  of 
dorsal  about  equal,  lower  than  those  following;  soft  dorsal  high.  Head 
2f ;  depth  3  J.  D.  Ill,  VIII,  19;  A.  15;  V.  I,  4;  Lat.  1.  61.  L.  18  inches. 
Alaska  to  San  Francisco;  abundant  in  Puget  Sound;  a  much  larger 
fish  than  H.  spinosm,  and  readily  distinguished  by  the  spotted  belly. 

{Cotius  hsmilepidotua  Tiles.  Mdm.  Ac.  Petersb.  iii,  262,  1801:  Cottua  trachurua  Pallas, 
Zoogr.  Ross  -Asiat.  iii,  138,  1811:  Hemilepidotua  tilcaii  Cnv.  &  Val.  iv,  276,  1829;  GUn- 
tbor,  11,  173:  Blepaias  ventrimaua  Eschscholtz,  Zool.  Atlas,  3d  Heft,  14,  t.  13:  Temniatia 
nntricoaa  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.  Fish.  1836,  59:  Uemilepidotua  gibbai  Gill, 
Proc.  Acftd.  Nat.  Sci.  Philo.  1862,  13.) 


fy 


I' if 


716      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


379.— IfIEI.L.ETi:§  Bean. 

(Bean,  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  354:  type  Melletes papilio  Bean.) 

Body  moderately  elongate.  Head  broad,  depressed,  rounded  in  front 
naked,  with  several  cutaneous  flaps;  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines  with 
band^  of  villiform  teeth;  preopercular  spines  simple,  rather  strong; 
gill-membranes  broadly  connected,  free  from  the  isthmus;  a  slit  behind 
the  last  gill;  a  narrow  band  of  ctenoid  scales  along  Sides  of  back, 
meeting  in  front  of  dorsal ;  a  few  prickles  on  antei-ior  parts  of  body, 
and  some  small  dermal  flaps  on  sides ;  skin  otherwise  naked ;  dorsals 
connected;  the  spinous  dorsal  long,  not  emarginate;  pectorals  well  de- 
veloped, the  rays  all  simple;  ventrals  very  long,  I,  4,  the  inner  surface 
of  the  rays  armed  with  stifi"  setae;  pyloric  cceca  C;  no  air-bladder. 
Alaska.  {/xt^XX-.^zt^'z,  a  loiterer;  remaining  in  shallow  pools  as  the  tid'^ 
recedes.) 

1 100.  ]fl.  papilio  Bean. 

Grayish  brown,  with  darker  bands  and  various  mottlings;  belly 
grayish,  with  round  white  spots;  fins  all  mud  mottled  and  barred. 
Nasal  spines  obtuse;  2  spines  above  posterior  part  of  orbits,  and  2  on 
the  vertex,  the  last  four  with  short  filaments.  Ventrals  2  in  length, 
longer  than  pectorals,  extending  to  the  seventh  anal  ray  (<?).  Head 
4;  depth  2§.  D.  XII,  20;  A.  17;  P.  17;  V.  I,  4.  L.  7  inches.  Saint 
Paul's  Island,  Alaska. 

(Bean,  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  18?9,  354.) 


:Ji(-m 


376.— SCORP^NICHTHII'S  Girard. 


(Girard,  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854, 131:  type  Hemttripterua  marmorat w  Xyrca.) 
Body  rather  robust,  covered  with  smooth,  thick  skin.  Head  large, 
somewhat  compressed,  its  upi)er  surface  rugose.  Mouth  rather  large, 
with  villiform  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines;  gill-membraucs 
broadly  united,  free  from  the  isthmus;  a  large  slit  behind  fourth  gill; 
preopercular  spines  small,  simple ;  spinous  dorsal  long,  scarcely  emar 
ginate,  but  slightly  depressed  near  its  middle,  the  first  four  spines 
shorter  than  those  immediately  following ;  ventral  fins  large,  I,  5.  Size 
large.     Pacific  Ocean,    {trxoprtatva,  ScorpsBua;  l^Oot,  fish.) 

1101.  S.  marnioratus  (Ayrcs)  Grd. 

Olive  brown,  thickly  mottled  with  dark  blotches  and  light  spots,  and 
reticulated  with  different  shades  of  green  and  brown;  sides  with  5  irreg- 
ular, dark,  vertical  blotches,  of  which  two  are  under  each  dorsal  and 


extend 

olive; 

red  to 

flesh  aij 

interorl 

ou  niid( 

large,  n 

spine  si 

broad;  i 

siibequa 

pectorals 

on*;  pric] 

A.  12;  P 


107.    COTTID^ — OLIGOC0TTU8. 


717 


extend  on  the  fins;  belly  livid  bluish  or  green,  reticulated  with 
olive;  the  ground  color  is  excefedingly  variable,  ranging  from  cherry- 
red  to  green;  lips  blotched  with  white;  fins  all  more  or  less  barred; 
flesh  and  membranes  liviu  bluish.  Top  of  head  rugose,  without  spines; 
iuterorbital  space  concave,  narrower  than  the  large  eye;  a  fleshy  flap 
ou  middle  of  snout,  and  one  on  end  of  maxillary;  superciliary  cirri 
large,  more  than  half  diameter  of  orbit,  laciuiat(  ,  upper  preopercular 
spine  short,  straight,  about  half  diameter  of  eye ;  suborbital  stay  very 
broad ;  maxillary  extending  to  beyond  eye.  First  four  spines  of  dorsal 
subequal,  shorter  than  the  fifth;  dorsal  fins  scarcely  connected  at  base; 
pectorals  shortish,  not  reaching  anal.  Skin  thick  and  leathery,  with- 
out prickles  or  cirri.  Head  3;  depth  4.  Eye  G  in  head.  D.  XI-18; 
A.  12;  P.  15;  Y.  I,  5;  Lat.  1.  (pores)  .'.0;  pyloric  coeca  about  .'JO;  ver- 
tebrtE  15  +21.  L.  30  inches.  Puget  Sound  to  San  Diego;  verj'  abun- 
dant.   The  largest  of  our  Gottida),  reaching  a  weight  of  10  to  15  pounds. 

{Hemitripterua  marmoratus  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1854,  4;  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac. 
R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  (54;  Giiiither,  ii,  154.) 

ST7.— OMOOCOTTUS  Girard. 

{CHnocotiua  and  Blennicoltus  Gill.) 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856,  133:  type  Oligocottifs  maculosua  Girard.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  the  skin  smooth  or  provided  with  some  small 
prickly  scales;  preopercular  spines  short,  simple  or  furcate;  small  ten- 
tacles on  head  and  anterior  parts  of  body;  gill-membranes  broadly 
uiited,  free  from  the  isthmus;  a  slit  behind  fourth  gill;  dorsal  spines 
slender,  the  fin  short  and  not  emarginate;  anal  papilla  large;  ventrals 
I,  3,  or  I,  4.  Small  fishes  of  the  North  Pacifio,  inhabiting  rock-pools 
between  tidy-marks.    {('dij'o<;j  small;  x«Tr«?,  Cottus.) 

a.  Month  with  distinct  lateral  cleft;  the  head  narrow  anteriorly. 
6.  Skin  Willi  imbodded,  prickle-liko  scales.     {Clinocoiiua  GiU.*) 

llO'i.  O.  analis  Grd. 

Olivaceous,  much  mottled,  and  with  numerous  small  black  and  white 
spots;  about  five  irregular  darker  bars;  a  dark  bar  at  base  of  caudal; 
fins  all  spotted;  cirri  very  numerous,  mostly  whitish,  giving  the  fish  a 
woolly  appearance  in  life.  Head  narrower  anteriorly  and  rather  pointed ; 
mouth  with  lateral  cleft,  the  maxillary  reaching  beyond  pupil;  band  of 
palatine  teeth  short  and  narrow;  eye  large,  6  in  head,  about  twice  the 
width  of  the  deeply-grooved  interorbital  space;  nasal  spines  distant 


•Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1861,  166:  typo  Oligocottua  aralia  Gi'd.    {Clime} 

Cottua.) 


^^b 

^m 


^mm 


mm 


718      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLO&f — IV. 

from  snoiit;  proopercular  spine  sbort,  bifurcate;  cranium  plane  above. 
Upper  part  of  body  niesially,  covered  with  minute,  imbedded,  non-im- 
bricated, pectinate  scales ;  anteriorly,  small  cirri,  mostly  bifid  or  trifid, 
take  the  place  of  the  scales.  Head,  especially  above,  with  very  many 
similar  cirri ;  a  fringe  of  cirri  on  edge  of  preopercle.  Dorsal  tins  con- 
tiguous, rather  low;  pectoral  reaching  past  front  of  anal.  Anal  papilla 
very  large.  Head  3J;  depth  4J.  D.  IX-17;  A.  14;  V.  I,  3;  P.  10.  L. 
7  inches.  Coast  of  California;  abundant  in  rock-pools  from  Monterey 
southward  to  Lower  California. 

(Grd.,  Proc.  Acad.  Niit.  Sci.  Phila.  1857, 201 ;  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac,  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  57: 
Centridermichthya  anaiia  Giintbor  1i,  171:  Cottua  criniger  Giiiither  ii,  522.) 

66.  Skin  without  scales  or  prickles.     (OUgocoitus.)  -    - 

1103.  O.  maculosus  Grd.— Johnni/. 

Usual  color  reddish  brown,  varying  to  gray,  intense  green  or  crimson 
according  to  surroundings,  the  vivid  colors  developed  in  the  presence 
of  similarly  colored  algae;  fins  all  barred;  belly  usually  livid  bluish  or 
greenish;  lower  side  of  head  with  white  mottlings;  northern  specimens 
with  ail  ocellated  black  spot  on  front  of  spinous  dorsal.  Head  slender, 
narrowed  above,  the  snout  rather  pointed  ;  maxillary  reaching  pupil ;  top 
of  head  with  several  scattered  cirri ;  a  few  on  sides  of  head,  none  on 
edge  of  preopercle;  cirri  on  lateral  line  anteriorly  and  on  front  of  back, 
also  on  base  of  spinous  dorsal.  No  scales  or  prickles  anywhere;  pre- 
opercular  spine  forked.  Front  rays  of  anal  enlarged  and  partly  de- 
tached in  (?;  anal  papilla  large  (in  <?);  pectorals  reaching  well  beyoui] 
front  of  anal.  HeadSf;  depth  4^.  D.  VIII-IC;  A.  12.  L.  3  inclies. 
San  Luis  Obispo  to  Alaska,  exceedingly  abundant  northward;  one  of  tlie 
smallest  of  marine  Cottidw. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  ISSfi,  153;  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Snrv.  Fisli, 
56:  Cenlridermichthya  maculoaua  GUiither,  ii,  171.) 

aa.  Month  with  very  little  lateral  cleft;  the  head  globoid.    {Blennicottm*  GiU.) 

1104.  O.  gloMccps  Grd. 

Dark  olive,  with  obscure  darker  cross-bars;  first  dorsal  with  2  dark 
streaks  above;  fins  generally  barred  with  greenish,  orange,  or  blue; 
cirri  mostly  black.  Body  little  compressed;  head  extremely  short  and 
bluat,  narrowed  above,  nearly  everywhere  convex.  Mouth  anterior, 
short  and  broad,  almost  without  lateral  cleft;  lower  jaw  shortest;  max- 
illary reaching  jjast  front  of  the  small  eye;  interorbital  space  very  uar- 


•Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philn.  1831,  166:  type  Oligooottua  gloUcepa  Grd.    {Bhn- 
ntu«;  Cotiut.) 


107.    COTTIDiE — BLEPSIAS. 


719 


row,  grooved,  about  half  width  of  eye;  preopercular  spine  with  a  single 
point  turned  upwards;  top  of  head  with  two  series  of  cirri;  none  on 
sides  of  head,  except  a  few  on  upper  part  of  opercle ;  a  series  of  cirri 
along  anterior  half  of  lateral  line;  skin  without  scales  or  prickles;  pec- 
torals reaching  beyond  front  of  anal.  Head  3^;  depth  4^.  D.  IX-IG; 
A.  11;  V.  I,  3.  Northern  specimens  are  larger  in  size,  with  paler  and 
more  variegated  coloration  and  red  markings;  the  dorsal  has  one  or 
two  more  rays,  the  preopercular  spine  is  stronger  and  slightly  hooked 
upwards,  and  the  opercle  has  many  more  cirri  above  than  in  the  south- 
ern form.  Pacific  coast,  from  Monterey  northward  to  Kodiak:  in  rock- 
pools;  rather  rare. 

(Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  1858,58:  Centridermichthys  globicepa  GUnthor, 
ii,  171.) 

8V§.— BLEPSIAS  Cuvicr. 
{Peropus  Bennett:  Hiatiocottua  Gill.) 

(Cnvier,  Rfegne  Animal,  18-29,  eel.  "M:  type  Trachinua  cirrhoaus  Pallas.) 

Head  and  body  compressed;  skiu  hispid  with  stifflsli  villiform 
prickles,  sometimes  with  definitely  naked  areas ;  snout  and  chin  with 
several  rather  long  barbels;  mouth  small;  teeth  villiform,  on  jaws, 
vomer,  and  palatines;  preopercle  with  two  short  blunt  spines;  gill- 
membranes  free  from  the  isthmus;  gills  four,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth; 
top  of  head  with  bony  ridges;  suborbital  stay  narrow;  first  dorsal 
short,  elevated  in  front,  the  spines  slender;  second  dorsal  large;  anal 
similar,  lower;  ventrals  very  short,  I,  3;  pectorals  long.  Pacific  coast. 
(An  oil  name  of  some  fish;  from  (Ht-Kio,  to  look.) 

a.  Spinous  dorsal  emarginale ;  sides  with  naked  areas. 

110 J.  B.  cirrliosus  (Pallas)  GUnther. 

Dark  olivaceous,  sides  of  back  with  four  to  six  vertically  oblong  black 
blotches  edged  with  paler,  not  reaching  nearly  to  lateral  line;  belly  and 
naked  areas  on  sidns  whitish;  black  bands  radiating  from  eyes  ;  fins 
dark,  with  large  psilc  blotches  and  dark  spots;  caudal  with  light  and 
dark  bars;  ventrals  plain;  a  small  white  spot  on  front  of  spinous  dor- 
sal. Supraocular  ridges  well  developed;  interorbital  space  concave, 
with  two  low  ridges  extending  backwards  from  nasal  spines,  diverging 
towards  occipital  ridges;  the  latter  large,  partly  interrupted;  subor- 
bital stay  conspicuous;  temporal  ridge  present;  maxillary  reaching  to 
beyond  middle  of  pupil;  snout  with  five  barbels,  chin  with  six,  the 
longest  about  as  long  as  t)ie  eye,  which  is  3§  in  head;  a  small  ciivua 


•'■■'  i  mil 


-''  'if 

!  i  fl 


' '  i 

m 

■'^ 

\  1*       ,r 

'i 

^4' 

',  ''■'.' 

i-l 

".    j'UJi* 

^^HH^ 

720      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHrHYOLOGY — IV. 

on  each  interorbital  rklge;  interorbital  space  as  wide  as  eye;  sides 
with  three  or  four  pale,  well-defined,  naked  ureas  behind  pectorals,  the 
two  anterior  much  the  largest;  behind  these  a  long  naked  strip  along 
the  lateral  line,  colored  like  the  rest  of  the  body ;  first  four  spines  of 
dorsal  elevated,  §  to  f  length  of  head ;  the  fifth  much  shortened;  mem- 
brane deeply  notched  between  the  fifth  spine  and  the  sixth,  which  is 
longer  than  the  one  before  it;  ventrals  as  long  as  eye;  pectorals  reach- 
ing much  beyond  front  of  anal;  first  rays  of  soft  dorsal  short;  the 
others  gradually  lengthened  to  near  the  last,  the  highest  higher  than 
the  dorsal  spines;  caudal  longer  than  head.  Head  3^;  depth  3^.  D. 
V,  III-23;  A.  20;  P.  12;  Lat.  1.  50.  L.  G  inches.  North  Pacific,  south 
to  San  Francisco. 

(Trachinus  cirrhosus  Pallas,  Zoogr  Ross.-Asiat.  iii,  237, 1811 :  BJepsias  Irilohua  C.  &  V. 
iv,  375,  182'J;  GUuther,  ii,  153;  Steindachuer,  Ichth.  Beitrage,  v,  128,  1876.) 

aa.  Spiuous  dorsal  not  emarginatc ;  uo  naked  areas. 

1106.  B.  bilobus  Cuv.  &  Yal. 

Olivaceous,  paler  below ;  dorsal  region  with  4-5  black  bars,  reaching 
one-third  the  distance  to  the  lateral  line,  and  somewhat  continued  on 
the  fins;  caudal  with  a  black  bar  at  base,  otherwise  i)lain;  pectorals 
and  anal  blotched  with  black.  Botly  shorter  and  deeper  than  in  B. 
cirrhostts,  with  thicker  caudal  peduncle  and  heavier  head,  the  bones 
less  firm;  snout  short,  obtuse;  interorbital  space  very  wide,  concave, 
half  wider  than  the  small  eye;  short  occipital  ridges  present,  besides 
several  bluntish  tubercles.  Mouth  broad,  oblique,  the  maxillary  reach- 
ing pupil;  teeth  small,  distant;  barbels  as  in  cirrhoHus.  Head  and 
body  covered  with  prickles,  larger  and  blunter  than  in  eirrhosu  ;  no 
naked  patches  on  body;  tins  hsss  developed  than  in  cirrhosus;  first 
five  or  six  spines  of  dorsal  subequal,  the  last  three  abruptly  shorter; 
pectorals  longer  and  much  broader  than  in  cirrhosits,  reaching  seven Ih 
anal  ray;  caudal  short,  much  shorter  than  head.  D.  IX-21;  A.  18;  P. 
IG.  Coasts  of  Alaska  and  Kamtschatka;  the  specimen  here  described 
from  Kodiak. 

(Cuv.  &  Val.  iv,  379,  1829:  Petopua  hilobua  Bennett,  Beechey's  Voy.  Zool.  Fish.  59; 
GUuther,  ii,  153.) 


compre 

with  s( 

the  bas 

on  jawi 

abov'e; 

fourth  f 

ibie,  tht 

Ripidly 

to  secon 

I,  3,  we! 

fislies,  oi 

to  the  dc 


379.— NAUTICIITHYS  Girard. 
(Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fieli.  1858,  74:  type  Llepsias  ocnlofasclaius  Girard.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  compressed,  but  not  elevated,  the  skin  evenly 
covered  with  short,  close-set,  villiform  prickles.     Head  short,  strongly 


107.   COTTIDiE — RHAMPHOCOTTUS. 


721 


compressed,  the  cheeks  subveitical ;  orbital  ring  much  elevated  above, 
with  several  blunt  protuberances  behind;  nape  much  depressed,  with 
the  base  of  the  dorsal  fin  rising  abruptly  above  it;  mouth  small;  teeth 
on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines;  preopercle  with  small  bluntish  spines 
abo/e;  gill-membranes  broadly  united  to  the  isthmus;  a  slit  behind 
fourth  gill;  branchiostegals  G;  first  dorsal  falcate,  the  spines  very  flex- 
ible, the  anterior  much  elevated,  much  longer  than  head,  the  posterior 
rapidly  shortened;  second  dorsal  long  and  rather  high;  anal  fin  similar 
to  second  dorsal,  but  shorter  and  lower;  pectorals  moderate;  ventrals 
1,  3,  well  ileveloped,  nearly  as  long  as  head.  Pacific  coast.  Small 
flslies,  of  singular  appearance,  (yaurjj?,  sailor;  Iz^it^i  &s]i;  in  allustou 
to  the  development  of  the  first  dorsal  fin.) 

1107.  N.  oculofasciatus  Ord. 

Grayish  above;  sides  with  dark  marblings  and  obscure  duskv  bands; 
a  very  conspicuous  black  band  through  the  eye  and  across  cheeks ;  first 
dorsal  blackish;  other  fins  barred  with  light  and  dark;  ventrals  plain. 
Maxillary  reaching  to  opposite  pupil;  eye  very  large,  longer  than  snout; 
nasal  spines  conspicuous,  curved ;  maxillary  and  edge  of  preopercle  with 
minute  cirri;  orbit  with  a  branched  cirrus,  as  long  as  pupil;  the  narrow 
iuterorbital  space  deeply  channelled;  supraocular  ridge  posteriorly  with 
;}  blunt  tubercles;  2  compressed  tubercles  on  each  sido  of  first  dorsal; 
a  deep  pit  at  nape,  extending  under  origin  of  first  dorsal;  spinous  dor- 
sal smooth;  rays  of  soft  dorsal  and  caudal  roughened  with  prickles; 
dorsal  spines  nearly  twice  length  of  head;  ventrals  f  length  of  head, 
a  little  shorter  than  caudal;  pectorals  long.  Head  3J;  depth  3f.  D. 
1X-2S;  A.  19;  P.  14 ;  V.  I,  3;  Lat.  1.  44.  L.  6  inches.  Pacific  coast, 
San  Francisco  to  Unalashka;  chiefly  northward. 

(Blepsiaa  oculofaaciatits  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1857,  202;  Guutber,  ii, 
157;  Steiudnchner,  Ichth.  BeitrUge,  v,  130.) 


HP 


I!  ( 

HI 


t4 


380.— RHAMPHOCOTTUS  GUnther. 

(Giinther,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist,  xlv,  369,  1874:  type  Bhamphooottus  richardsoni  GUnther.) 

Body  short,  elevated.  Head  very  large,  its  greatest  depth  greater 
than  that  of  the  body;  skull  with  2  strong  bony  ridges  from  above  the 
front  of  the  eye,  continuous  with  2  large  occipital  ridges,  leaving  the 
Interorbital  space  and  middle  line  of  the  top  of  the  head  strongly 
concave;  snout  slender,  narrow,  and  abruptly  protruding;  mouth  very 
narrow,  fl-shaped,  its  gape  longer  than  wide;  teeth  villiform,  none  on 
the  vomer  or  palatines;  gill-opening  confined  to  the  region  above  the 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 46 


r   'If 


I 


H 


722      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

base  of  the  pectorals,  the  membranes  below  completely  nnited  to  tbo 
shoulder  girdle  and  isthmus;  apparently  no  slit  behind  last  gill;  a 
stout,  straight,  preopercular  spine;  uasal  spines  present;  no  other 
spines  on  head.  Skin  everywhere  on  head  and  body  firm,  immovable, 
densely  covered  with  stifiF  bifid  or  triftd  spinous  prickles;  spinous  dor- 
sal very  small;  pectoral  with  procurrent  base.  (^Ja/iV'"?,  snout;  xotto^^ 
Cottus.) 

1108.  R.  richardsoni  Gthr. 

Brownish,  with  6  or  8  oblique  black  bands  ninning  downward  and 
forward;  a  white  bar  below  eye;  a  dusky  bar  at  bases  of  pectorals  and 
ventrals,  the  fins  otherwise  plain.  Head  hard  and  bony,  nearly  as 
long  as  rest  of  body;  snout  rather  longer  than  eye,  which  is  of  mod- 
erate size,  and  with  partly  vertical  r?»'»w;  maxillary  extending  to  front 
of  eye;  suborbital  stay  strong;  pectorals  long,  reaching  tips  of  ventrals 
and  past  front  of  anal;  ventrals  long,  their  rays  prickly.  Head  2; 
depth  2.  D.  VII-14;  A.  7  or  8;  V.  ca.  I,  4.  L.  2^  inches.  Northern 
seas.  Three  specimens  known .  the  one  here  described  from  Bering's 
Straits;  the  original,  said  to  be  from  "Fort  Rupert";  a  third  recently 
obtained  by  Mr.  Lockington,  from  the  stomach  of  a  Sebaatodes,  at  Mon- 
terey. 

(GUnther,  Aun.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xiv,  370,  1874;  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1881, 
253.) 

Family  CVIII  (a)  — AGONID^.* 

-  {The  Alligator-fishes.) 

Body  elongate,  or  more  or  less  elevated,  angular,  covered  with  about 
eight  longitudinal  series  of  large  bony  plates,  which  form  a  coat  of  mail; 

*The  following  geuera  and  species  of  thie  typo  have  been  described  from  Kam- 
tschatka  and  the  Kurile  Islands,  and  will  dou'  tlesi  be  found  on  our  Alaskan  coast: 

HYPSAGONUS  Gill. 

(Gill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1861,  259:  type  Aapidophorua  quadricomis  Cnv.  &  Val.) 

Body  compressed  and  elevated,  its  dfpth  greater  than  length  of  head,  more  than 
one-third  the  body ;  head  small,  separated  from  the  base  of  the  dorsal  by  a  very  deep 
nuchal  depression;  top  of  head  very  uneven;  mouth  terminal,  the  jaws  about  equal; 
no  vomerine  teeth;  gill-membranes  undescribed,  probably  free  from  isthmus;  no  bar- 
bels; scales  large,  not  very  rough,  most  of  them  striate  and  armed  with  a  central 
spine  or  tubercle;  dorsal  spines  strong,  the  first  serrated;  pectorals  short,  procurrent; 
ventrals  small,    {vtpi,  high;  Agonue.) 

H.  qaadricornia  (Cuv.  &  Vrtl. )  Gill. 
Two  horns  above  eye  And  2  above  occiput;  iuterorbital  space  nearly  as  broad  as 


he«ad  ex 
high;  SI 
barbels 
often  on 
pseudob 
the  oper 


'mmmmmmm 


108(a).   AGONID^. 


723 


bead  oxternallj'  entirely  bony,  the  plates  often  spinous;  eyes  large,  placed 
high;  suborbital  stay  cuirassiug  the  cheek;  mouth  t^^rniinal  or  inferior; 
barbels  often  present;  teeth  small,  in  villiform  bands,  on  the  jaws,  and 
often  on  the  vomer  and  palatines  also;  gills  3.J,  no  slit  behind  the  last; 
pseudobranchia)  very  large,  usually  extending  down  the  inner  side  of 
tlie  opercle;  gill-rakers  small;  gill-membranes  united,  free  or  joined  to 

eye;  '2  small  apiaes  above  suout;  dorauls  well  separated.      Head  3f;  depth  3.     D. 
IX-O;  A.  10;  Lilt.  1.  'Xi.     Kamtschatka.     (.GUnther.) 
{Anpidophorui  H'ladrioornia  Cuv.  &  Val.  iv,  2il,  18id:  Agonm  qHadricornia  QUather, 

ii,-2ir..) 

HIPPOCEPHALUS  Swaiuson. 

(Swainson,  Class.  Fish.  &c.,  183U,  272:  type  Anpidophorua  aupercilioaua  Cuv.  &  Val.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  compressed,  the  head  depressed  at  the  nape;  dorsal 
spines  strong,  the  Arst  inserted  close  behind  the  nape ;  dorsals  well  separated ;  jaws 
equal,  or  the  lower  slightly  the  longer;  brua<tt  granulated;  gill-membranes  not  de- 
scribed, probably  free.     ( iff ffoS,  horse;  xecpaXr/,  IwaA.) 


nm\ 


H.  japonicua  (Pallas)  Gill. 

Yellowish  brown,  the  body  banded  and  the  fins  with  dark  lines.  Ton  of  head  not 
very  rough ;  a  fiat  triangular  prominence,  directed  upward  and  outw:«rd  above  each 
eye,  concealing  the  eye  when  viewed  from  above ;  2  spines  above  the  snout ;  subor- 
bitiil  with  2  or  3  opines,  one  of  them  with  a  barbel;  suborbital  stay  broad,  gibbons; 
barbels  small ;  bony  plates  rough-striate,  pyramidal,  the  center  raised ;  ventrals  half 
as  long  as  pectorals;  dorsals  separated  by  a  space  greater  than  length  of  either;  fins 
all  very  rough.  Depths.  D.  VI-17;  A.  8 ;  Lat.  1.  45.  L.  12  inches.  Kurile  Inlands. 
{Cuv.  .;•  Val.) 

(Cotlua  japonicits  Pallas,  Spicilegia  fasc.  vii,  31,  1772:  Agonua  curilicua  and  Agonua 
«te(jophthalmm  Tilesius,  M<Sm.  Ac.  Petersb.  iv,  416,  427:  Aapidophorua  aupercilioaua  Cuv. 
&  Val.  iv,  215:  Agonua  ategophthalmua,  GUnther,  ii,  214.) 

Brachyopsia  dodecetedrua  (Tiles. )  Bean. 

Brownish,  body  and  fins  banded.  Body  elongate:  snout  obtuse,  depressed,  without 
spines;  mouth  nearly  vertical,  the  lower  jaw  considerably  produced;  interorbital 
space  as  wide  as  eye;  suborbital  with  spines;  breast  with  many  small  convex  polyg- 
onal plates;  keels  of  the  scales  ending  in  a  small  point.  Head  5;  depth  8.  D.  XI-7; 
A.  15;  P.  15;  V.  I,  2;  Lat.  1.  40.     Kamtschatka;  common.     (Citr.  «f  Val.) 

{Agonua  dodekaedrua  Tiles.  M6m.  Ac.  Petersb.  iv,  pi.  13,  1811 :  Phalangiatea  loricati-a 
Pallas,  Zoogr.  Ross.-Asiat.  iii,  114:  Japidodophorua  dodecaedrua  Cuv.  &  Val.  iv,  209: 
Agonua  dodecaedrua  Gthr.  ii,  214.) 

Siphagonua  aegalienaia  {TileB.)  Steind. 

Yellowish  brown ;  fins  with  black  hands.  Form  resembling  Braohyopaia  roatratus, 
but  the  tail  shorter;  body  depressed;  eye  behind  middle  of  head;  two  spines  on  tho 
Boborbital,  and  some  others  abont  eyes;  dorsals  contiguous;  anal  longer  than  second 
dorsal;  no  barbels  nnder  the  throat;  gill-membranes  and  barbels  at  chin  nndescribed. 
D.  VII-8;  A.  12;  C.  10;  P.  14;  V.  I,  2.  L.  7  inches.  Island  of  Saghalien.  {Cm.  f 
Val.) 

{Syngnathua  aegalienaia  Tiles.  M6m.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscon,  Ii,  216:  Agonua  l(Bvigatu$ 
Tilesius,  M^m.  Acad.  Petersb.  iv,  436:  "Aapidophore  liaae"  Cuv.  &  Val.  iv,  214.) 


724      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

the  inthmua;  vontrul  fins  tlior.icic,  close  together,  imperfect,  1, 2  or  1, 3; 
spinous  dorsal  smaii,  sometimes  absent;  anal  short,  similar  to  soft  dor- 
sal,  without  spines;  caudal  narrow,  few-rayed;  pectorals  entire,  with 
broad  base,  the  rays  mostly  simple;  i)yloric  coeca  few;  air-bladder 
none.  Small  fishes,  chiefly  of  the  Arctic  Seas.  Genera  about  10;  spe- 
cies about  10.  They  feed  chiefly  on  Crustacea,  and  are  often  found  at 
considerable  depths. 
{Trigl'idae,  group  Cataphracti  pt.  GUnther,  ii,  211-216.) 

a.  Spinous  dorsal  obsolete ;  gill-membranes  free  from  the  isthmna.    (Aspidophoroidinw.) 

A8P1DOPHOUOIDE8,  381. 

aa.  Spinous  dorsal  present. 
b.  Gill-raembranes  free  from  the  isthmus;  lower  jaw  projecting. 
0.  Body  extremely  elongate;   snout  forming   a  tube;  chin  with  a  sinj^lo  long 

barbel Siphagonus,  :{82. 

00.  Body  fusiform,  less  elongate;  snout  not  forming  a  tube;  chin  without  barbel. 
•  Brachyopsis,  3a3. 

bb.  Gill-membranes  united  to  the  isthmus,  lower  jaw  included, 
d.  Bony  plates  of  body  without  spines. 

e.  Vomerine  teeth  none;  no  occipital  pit Agonus,  384. 

ee.  Vomerine  teeth  present ;  a  deep  pit  at  the  occiput BothUagonus,  385. 

dd.  Bony  plates  of  bodj'  ending  in  spines. 

/.  Vomerine  teeth  present Odontopyxis,  386. 

//-  Vomerine  teeth  none Podothecus,  387. 

3§1.— A8PIDOPHOROIDES  Lac6pMe. 

{Anoplagonus  Gill.) 

(Lac^pfede,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iii,  228, 1802 :  t  ype  Aapidophoroidea  tranquebar  Lac.  =  Cottu» 
monopterygius  Bloch.) 

Body  very  long  and  slender,  subterete,  octangular,  tapering  into  a 
very  long  six-sided  tail.  Head  slender,  short,  with  large  eye;  mouth 
small,  terminal;  jaws  and  vomer  with  villiform  teeth.  Dorsal  fin 
single,  without  spines,  very  small,  inserted  nearly  opposite  the  still 
smaller  anal;  other  ftns  small;  bony  plates  of  body  keeled,  without 
spines;  gill-membraritv.  broadly  united,  free  from  the  isthmus.  (aVrJ?, 
shield;  ^o/>^«i,  to  bea  •;  et^ot,  appearance.) 

a.  Nasal  spines  very  strong.  < 

1109.  A<  monopteryglns  (Bloch)  Storer. 

Brownish,  obscurely  banded  with  darker;  pectorals,  dorsal,  and  cau- 
dal mottled  or  barred.  Head  triangular,  much  narrowed  anteriorly; 
nasal  spines  very  large,  diverging,  inserted  near  tip  of  snout;  no  other 
spines  anywhere;  eyes  very  large,  longer  than  snout;  supraocular 
ridges  very  high;  a  ridge  extending  backward  from  eye  along  tern* 


108  (rt).    AGONIDiE — SIPIIAGONUS. 


725 


poral  region;  lower  jaw  slightly  included;  caudal  peduncle  very  lou^ 
and  slender,  forming  about  two-fifths  the  length;  breast  with  flat 
plates;  dorsal  ridges  high  anteriorly,  the  median  line  of  back  from 
snout  to  dorsal  flu  concave.  Head  oif;  depth  9.  D.  5;  A.  6;  Lat.  !• 
about  50.  L.  G  inches.  Polar  regions,  southward  to  Cape  Cod;  abun- 
dant in  deep  water. 
(Cuttua  monopicrijijius  Bloch,  AusIiindiHche  Fiache,  ii,  ir>(),  taf.  178;  Giintber,  ii,  21().) 

aa.  Nasal  spiuca  obsuloto.    {Anoplagonus  G\\\.) 

1110.  A.  inermis  Glintber. 

Black,  obscurely  marbled  with  grayish  and  brownish ;  dorsal  grayish, 
marbled  with  black ;  caudal  black,  with  a  graj^  band ;  anal  yellowish, 
with  a  black  dot  behird  each  ray.  Body  anteriorly  much  broader  than 
high.  Head  flat,  depressed,  triangular;  nasal  spines  obsolete;  lower 
jaw  projecting;  interorbital  space  grooved,  n9.rrower  than  the  orbit; 
eye  less  than  snout,  5  in  head;  pectorals  shorter  than  head;  ventrals 
small;  breast  with  about  IG  plates.  Head  5  in  total  length;  depth  14; 
width  9.  D.  5;  A.  6}  C.  lOj  P.  10;  V.  2j  Lat.  1.  41.  Vancouver's 
Island.    {Giinther.) 

(Giiuther,  ii,  524:  Anoplagonua  inermia  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1861,  167.) 

383.— SIPHAGONIJS  Steiudacbner. 

(Stoindacbner,  Ichth.  Beitriige,  v,  140,  1876:  type  Syngnathu8  aegalienais  Tilea.) 

Form  of  Syngnathus ;  snout  produced  in  a  tube;  lower  jaw  projecting 
beyond  upper,  with  a  long  barbel  at  the  symphysis;  gill-membranes 
free  from  the  isthmus;  both  dorsals  present;  ventrals  very  short; 
plates  of  body  slightly  keeled,  without  spine.  (Latin,  sipJio,  tube; 
Agonus.) 

1111.  S.  barbatus  Stelnd. 

Brownish,  a  lengthwise  black  band  on  sides  of  head,  becoming  ob- 
solete behind.  Body  very  slender,  subterete;  median  line  of  head  and 
back  concave;  snout  produced  into  a  long  moderately-compressed 
tube,  the  single  barbel  at  the  chin  about  twice  the  length  of  eye;  teeth 
ou  vomer;  snout  and  orbital  rim  without  spines;  eye  in  middle  of  head ; 
suborbital  narrow,  unarmed;  preopercle  with  3  spines;  large  polygonal 
scales  on  the  breast;  pectorals  long,  reaching  dorsal;  ventrals  very 
short,  the  vent  close  behind  them.  Head  4;  depth  =  length  of  snout, 
0.  D.  VI-7;  A.  9;  P.  12;  Lat.  1.  44.  L.  G  inches.  Coasts  of  Alaska 
and  Japan ;  not  rare. 

(Steindacbuer,  Icbth.  Beitriige,  v,  140,  1876.) 


t  4  ■:.' 


,;  rlili 


•.  rjHi 


r 

if 


It  *i 


1*. 


726      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 


«li^^ 


l;l 


l! 


»88.— BRACHYOPSIS  Gill. 
(1  Leptagonuo  Gill.) 
(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1861,  259:  type  Agonus  roatratua  Tilesius.) 

Body  elongate,  fusiform,  low,  covered  with  spinous  plates.  Head  do- 
pressed,  spinous;  mouth  comparatively  large,  very  oblique,  the  low*»r 
Jaw  projecting;  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines  with  small  teeth;  gill-mem- 
brjines  united,  free  from  the  isthmus;  barbels  few;  spinous  dorsal  well 
developed;  ventral  rays  1,  2.    {j3payu^,  short;  o^':?,  face.) 

1119.  B.  rostratus  (Tilesius)  Gill. 

Body  more  fusiform  than  in  other  species  of  this  geniis,  very  robust 

in  front  of  the  middle,  tapering  to  the  slender  tail.    Head  triangular 

and  pointed,  as  seen  from  above,  the  mouth  quite  narrow;  eyes  small 

well  forward;   head  considerably  depressed,  snout  without  spine;  u 

short  flap  at  angle  of  mouth ;  scales  not  very  rough;  gill-membrancvs 

free  from  the  isthmus;  ventrals  quite  short;  breast  with  a  median  row 

of  large  raised  convex  i)late8 ;   a  row  of  similar  plates  bordering  tlie 

edge  of  the  gill-opening,  the  three  series  forming  a  /l\-shaped  flgnre, 

the  interstices  filled  with  very  small  plates.    "D.  VI 11-8;  A.  13";  Lat. 

1.  36.     L.  8  inches.    Alaska  and  Kamtschatka;  here  described  from 

specimens  lately  obtained  by  Dr.  Bean. 

(Agonua  roatratua  Tiles.  Mdm.  Acad.  Petert,!).  iv,  pi.  14:  Phalan giaiea  fuaifomia  Vailas, 
Zoogr.  RosB.-Aniat.  iii,  116:  Agonua  roatratua  Gituther,  ii,  214.) 

1113.  B.  verrucosus  Lockington. 

Olivaceous,  banded  with  darker ;  pectorals  whitish  at  base,  with  a 
dark  spot  above  and  below;  terminal  portion  dark;  ventrals  bright 
orange-yellow  with  a  large  black  spot  inside  of  the  first  ray,  and  two 
small  spots  near  the  tip  in  i ,  the  fin  plain  in  9 .  Body  elongate,  de- 
pressed; mandible  narrow,  not  one-fourth  as  deep  as  long;  maxillary 
reaching  slightly  beyond  front  of  eje,  with  a  short  barbel  at  tip;  lenjjth 
of  barbel  J  that  of  eye;  ridges  on  head  all  rough;  supraocular  ridges 
serrate;  occipital  and  postorbital  ridges  without  spines ;  preorbital  with 
about  six  spines ;  suborbital  stay  with  two ;  preopercle  with  two  spines 
near  its  angle;  opercle  without  sjnnes;  membrane  of  mandible  with 
small  stellate  tubercles;  plates  on  body  rough,  each  with  a  keel  termi- 
nating in  a  strong  spine;  the  dorsal  plates  with  small  prickles  also; 
breast  and  base  of  pectoral  fin  with  large,  striate,  w^art-like  tub^n-Ies; 
plates  of  ventral  series  tubercular  anteriorly;  upper  lateral  serieyof 


108  (o).    AGONIDiE BRACHYOPSIS. 


727 


plates  reaching  head;  pectorals  reaching  the  eleventh  plate;  vontrals 

extending  beyond  front  of  anal  in  <? ,  much  shorter  in  9  ;  the  membrane 

between  the  rays  very  broad ;  anal  papilla  small.    Head  4J ;  depth  8. 

D.  IX-7;  A.  11;  V.  I,  2;  P.  14;  C.  10;  Lat.  1.  35.     L.  8  inches.    Coast 

of  California;  abundant  in  deep  water. 

(Lockington,  Fvoc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  iii,  60,  18H0  (May  6):  Agonus  (Brachyojtna)  bar' 
kani  Steiiul.  Icbth.  Beitriige,  ix,  -^53,  ISfciO  (July  15).) 

1114.  B.  xyosternus  J.  &.  G. 

Light  olive  brown,  finely  reticulated  with  darker,  pale  below;  mandi- 
ble, and  sides  of  head  below  eye  bright  silvery;  pectoral  blackish,  with 
a  large  light  blotch  at  base  below  and  a  broad  pale  tip ;  caudal  entirely 
black;  dorsal  nearly  plain;  ventrals  plain;  anal  white  anteriorly,  ab- 
rnytiy  black  behind.  Form  of  B.  verrucosus,  but  rather  stouter  and 
less  depressed;  breast  covered  with  minute  prickles;  plates  of  body 
with  spines  as  in  B.  verrucosus,  but  without  smaller  prickles ;  ventral 
fins  short,  reaching,  even  in  the  male,  little  more  than  half  way  to  anal; 
the  co*:uecting  membrane  of  the  rays  verj'  narrow;  maxillary  barbel 
long,  three-fourths  the  diameter  of  the  eye;  mandible  verj-  deep,  more 
tbau  one  third  as  deep  as  long;  upper  lateral  series  of  plates  obsolete 
from  front  of  first  dorsal  forward.  Head  4^;  depth  7.  D.  VI-G;  A.  8; 
V.  1, 2 ;  P.  17 ;  Lat.  1.  30.  L.  5 J  inches.  About  Monterey  and  San 
Francisco;  common  about  Santa  Cruz. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  iii,  1.52.  I880(july2):  Agonua  {Brachyopaia) 
annw  Steiudacliner,  Icktli.  BeitrJigo  ix,  254, 1880  (July  15).) 

1115.  B.  (?)  dccagonus  (Bloch  &  Schneider)  J.  &  G. 

Yellowish  brown,  marbled  with  dcarker.  Body  elongate,  compressed; 
hend  dopressed ;  jaws  equal;  a  pair  of  spines  above  the  snout,  a  second 
above  the  orbits,  a  third  on  the  nape,  the  latter  the  largest;  barbels 
very  short  and  thick;  scales  with  very  prominent  spines;  six  series  of 
scales  between  the  ventral  fins  and  the  vent;  four  between  the  vent 
and  thd  anal  fin;  pectoral  fins  much  longer  than  head,  one-fourth  total 
with  caudal.  D.  Vl-7;  A.  8j  P.  14;  Lat.  1. 41.  Greenland  to  Norway, 
(Oilnther.) 

(Agonua  dccagwiua  Bl.  &  Scbn.  1801,  105:  Ago»U8  decagonua  GUntber,  ii;  21^:  Agonus 
decagonua  Collet,  Norges  Fiske,  1875,  40:  Arohagonua  decagonua  Gill:  Aapidophorua  apt- 
noBimnms  Kroyer,  Naturhlst.  Tidsskr.  i,  2.'>0,  1844:  Agonua  apinoaiaaimna  GUutber,  ii, 
214:  leptagonus  apinoaiaaimua  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Pbila.  167,  1801.) 


^    11^ 


!ti 


in  1 


728      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

8§4.—AOOIIIi;«  Bloch  &  Schneider. 
(Aspidophorua  Lacdp^de:  Phalangis1e»  Pallas.) 
(Bloch  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichth.  104, 1801:  type  Cottus  cataphraclua  L.) 
Body  low;  head  broad,  depressed,  about  as  broad  as  long;  mouth 
small,  subinferior,  the  lower  jaw  included;  no  vomerine  teeth;  g\]\. 
membnanes  joined  to  the  isthmus,  forming  a  narrow  fold  across  it; 
plates  on  body  without  spines;  fins  short.    One  species  known.    («, 
without;  y<ov«?,  joint:  i.  e.,  rigid.) 

1116.  A.  cataphractus  (L.)  Bloch  &  Schneider.— j^f^a  PoacAer. 

Brownish,  sides  with  some  dark  bauds;  pectorals  and  upper  fins 
barred.  Body  anteriorly  very  broad,  flattened  below,  tapering  ab- 
ruptly forward  to  the  triangular  snout,  and  slowly  backw.ard  to  the 
long  and  slender  tail;  the  greatest  width  is  half  more  than  the  greatest 
height  and  5  times  the  least  height;  snout  with  four  sharp,  hooked 
spines  projecting  much  beyond  the  horizontal  n-shai>ed  mouth;  lower 
jaw  profusely  covered  with  thickish  barbels,  the  largest  longer  than 
eye;  suborbital  narrow,  with  three  blunt  bony  proj^'ctior^*  preopercle 
and  subopercle  each  with  a  stout  spine,  that  on  sub.  ;»e''  c  the  larger 
and  hooked  backward;  bones  of  head  striate;  orbital  crests  elevated, 
roughish;  interorbital  space  broader  than  eye;  top  of  head  little  un- 
even, without  spines;  two  blunt  occipital  processes;  no  nuchal  depres- 
sion; the  space  between  dorsal  ridges  concave;  plates  on  body  rugose; 
lateral  plates  much  smaller  than  others,  the  upper  lateral  series  obsol"to 
from  middle  of  spinous  dorsal  forward,  in  which  region  the  lower  lateral 
series  is  much  enlarged;  breast  with  four  quadrate  p)ates  forming  a 
square.  Dorsal  small;  pectoral  about  as  long  as  head,  reaching  to 
within  four  plates  of  anal;  ventrals  short,  reaching  little  beyond  vent, 
C§  in  length.  Head  about  as  broad  as  long,  4J;  depth  6.  D.  V  ,  A. 
6;  Lat.  1.  35;  coeca  5;  vertebrje  11  ^- 25.  Northern  Europe;  re<  »  I 
perhai)s  erroneously,  from  Greenland. 

{Coltua  cataphractna  L.  Sysr.  Nat.  i,  451 :  Aapidophorua  aitnatHa  Lac6^,  iii,  222;  GUu- 
thor,  ii,  211;  Day,  Fishes  Gnmt  Britain,  1881,  G7.) 

385.— BOTHRAGONITS  Gill. 

(Gill,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xi,  iiied. :  tyjiG  Hi/paagonua  awani  Steindachner.) 

Body  rather  short  and  deep,  broad  and  depressed  anteriorly,  com- 
pressed behind.;  a  deep  nuchal  pit;  mouth  subinferior,  the  1  >  ver  jaw 
included;  head  and  neck  to  the  dorsal  fin  rhombic  in  outliRf,  ^s  seen 
from  above;  jaws  and  vomer  with  teeth;  dorsals  small,  well  separated; 


108(a).   AOONID^ — PODOTHECUS.  729 

anal  similar  to  soft  dorsal;  ventral  1, 2;  plates  without  spines  or  keels; 
no  spines  on  head.  Gill-membranes  broadly  united  to  the  isthmus. 
North  Pacific.    {/ioOpo^j  a  cavity;  aj'iovoq,  Agonus.) 

1117.  B.  Sixrani  (Steindachner)  Gill. 

Clear  yellowish ;  a  blackish  cross-bar  downwards  and  forwards  from 
base  of  iirst  dorsal;  another  between  the  dorsals,  and  a  third  behind 
dorsal  and  anal;  a  dusky  bar  across  interorbital  space  and  through  eye; 
fins  all  mottled  or  barred.  Nuchal  pit  broader  than  long,  the  plates  be- 
hind sending  three  processes  into  it;  top  of  head  with  two  broad  par- 
allel ridges,  the  space  between  them  transversely  concave;  preopercular 
margin  denticulated;  breast  with  largo  plates,  similar  to  those  on  sides 
of  body.  Head  3J;  depth  3 J.  D.  III-5;  A.  5;  P.  12;  C.  12;  V.  I,  2; 
Lat.  1.  32.    Puget's  Sound;  one  specimen  known.    {Steindachner.) 

(Uypaagonua  awanii  Steindachner,  Ichtb.  Beitriige,  v,  144,  1876.) 

8§6.— ODONTOPYXiS  Lockington. 
(Lockington,  Proc.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  ii,  328,  1879:  typo  Odontopyxia  triapinoaua  Lock.) 

The  genus  differs  from  Podothecm  chiefly  in  the  presence  of  vomerine 
teeih.  The  body  is  very  slender,  and  the  fins  few-rayed.  (o5wv,  tooth  ; 
so^?,  box.) 

111§.  O.  trispinosuM  Lock. 

Olivaceous,  with  six  or  seven  darker  bands;  fins  with  dark  blotches. 
A  sharp,  rather  long,  movable  spine  upon  the  tip  of  the  snout,  its  tri- 
angular base  projecting  beyond  the  jaws;  behind  this  a  pair  of  recurved, 
fixed  spines;  supraorbital  ridge  prominent,  ending  in  a  backward- 
directed  spine;  maxillary  with  two  minute  barbels;  isthmus  broad; 
eye  very  large;  forehead  strongly  convex,  longitudinally  transversely 
strongly  concave;  a  deep  nuchal  cavity  divided  by  a  longitudinal  ridge; 
preorbital  with  a  spine  directed  backward;  eye  large;  a  circlet  of  hori- 
zontal spines  at  base  of  caudal.  Head  5^  in  total  length;  depth  10  to 
12;  eye  ^  in  head.  D.  IV-6;  A.  6;  V.  I,  2;  P.  14;  C.  11;  Lat.  1.  36. 
L.  3  inches.    Pacific  Coast  from  San  Francisco  to  Santa  Barbara. 

(Odontopyxia  triapinoaua  Lockington,  Proc.  U.  S.  NAt.  Mus.  ii,  328, 1879.) 

88T.-PODOTIIECVS  Gill. 

{Paragonua  Gill.) 

(Gill,  Proc.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18151, 959:  type  Podotheoua  periatethua  Gill  ==  ^<7oniM  acipen- 
aerinua  Tiles. ) 

Body  elongate,  fusiform;  head  long,  compressed,  armed  above;  snout 

protruding  much  beyond  the  small,  inferior,  U-shaped  mouth;  teeth 


i-  i-.- 


tm^  \m 


730      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

very  araall,  in  villiform  bands;  none  on  vomer  or  palatines;  lower  parts 
of  head  with  barbels;  gill-membranes  united  to  the  isthmns,  not  form- 
ing a  fold  across  it.  Plates  of  body  armed  with  spines;  spinous  dorsal 
present.  Ventral  rays  I,  2.  {ttou^,  foot;  Orjxij,  box,  from  a  supposed 
groove  for  the  reception  of  the  ventrals.)  ,  f. 

1119.  P.  vnlsus  J.  &,  O. 

Dark  brown,  with  7  to  9  darker  cross-bars,  extending  on  the  fins; 
pectorals  black,  with  whitish  edging  and  a  pale  blotch  near  base;  other 
fins  chiefly  black,  the  anal  with  whitish  edging;  belly  white.  Body 
very  elongate,  broader  than  high.  Head  triangular,  the  profile  irregu- 
lar, the  snout  pointed.  Mouth  fl -shaped,  entirely  inferior,  the  maxil- 
lary reaching  front  of  puj>il;  distance  from  premaxillaries  to  tip  of 
rostral  spines,  about  half  length  of  snout;  maxillary,  interopercle,  and 
branch iostegals,  with  scattered  cirri,  these  fewer  and  smaller  thau  iu 
P.  mipenserinuH ;  none  on  lower  side  of  snout.  Eye  large,  as  long  as 
snout,  '^}  in  head;  the  orbitjil  rim  prominent  all  around.  Spines  of 
head  mote  numerous  than  in  the  other  Agonidae.  Snout  with  two 
strong  spines  directed  forwards,  two  large  ones  behind  them  directed 
upwards,  then  two  smaller  ones;  orbital  ridge  elevated  and  serrated, 
with  a  preocular  and  a  supraocular  spine;  behind  the  latter,  a  ridge 
armed  with  two  spines  on  each  side,  separated  from  the  flrst  ])lates  of 
the  dorsal  series  by  a  deep  quadrangular  pit;  a  row  of  minute,  erect 
spines  on  median  line  of  back  and  top  of  head ;  a  sharp,  serrated,  tem- 
poral ridge,  with  four  spines;  opercle  with  a  strong  rib  and  several 
spines;  suborbital  stay  with  an  irregular  prominent  ridge;  preoperolc 
with  three  principal  spines  and  some  smaller  ones;  suborbital  narrow, 
half  width  of  eye,  extremely  uneven,  armed  with  small  spines  and 
tubercles;  more  than  70  spines  and  tubercles  on  the  head.  Plates  of 
body  all  striate,  those  above  and  on  t.id,e8  ending  each  in  a  sharp 
spine;  breast  with  about  six  polygonal  plates,  on  each  side  of  wbich 
are  the  i)lates  of  the  abdominal  series;  bases  of  caudal  and  pectorals 
with  small  spines.  Ventrals  short,  the  vent  near  the  middle  of  their 
length.  Head  4;  depth  8.  D.  IX-7;  A.  9;  Lat.  1.  40.  L.  ^  inches. 
Deep  water,  off  San  Francisco;  not  common. 

{Agonus  vuUua  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  iii,  SO.*!,  1880.) 

1190.  P.  acipenserinus  (Tiles.)  0\\\,—AlUgalor ph. 

Brown  with  darker  marblings  and  narrow  vertical  streaks;  fins  oliva- 
ceous, more  or  less  marbled  with  dark;  ventrals  plain,  black  in  (f ;  a 


108  (fe).    TRIGLIDiE. 


731 


(lark  bar  at  base  of  pectorals;  belly  white.  Body  elongate,  the  tail  very 
slender,  broader  than  deep;  head  narrow,  the  cheeks  sub  vertical,  the 
snout  long  and  pointed;  mouth  fl-shaped,  wholly  inferior;  distance  from 
premaxillaries  to  tip  of  nasal  spines  less  than  half  snout;  maxillary 
and  lower  side  of  snout  with  dense  tufts  of  long  cirri  as  long  as  eye; 
a  few  on  mandible,  none  on  bri*iiouiostegal  region.  Eye  large,  shorter 
than  snout,  4  in  head;  orbital  rim  prominent  above  only;  snout  with 
two  spines  directed  forward,  then  two  larger  ones  hooked  backward,  far 
behind  which  are  two  smaller  ones  close  togetlier,  directed  upward; 
orbital  bones  rugose,  with  a  strong  supraocular  spine  only;  behind  it  a 
shari)  occipital  ridge  on  each  side,  each  ending  in  a  single  spine;  no  pit 
at  the  occiput,  the  vertex  nearly  plane;  opercle  and  preopercle  strongly 
striate,  the  latter  with  a  ridge  and  a  blunt  spine;  suborbital  very  broad, 
nearly  as  deep  as  eye,  striate,  with  a  double  ridge  at  its  lower  margin, 
the  upper  ridge  with  two  or  three  spines;  head  with  about  18  distinct 
sj)ine8  in  all.  Plates  of  body  strongly  striate,  those  above  ending  in 
strong  spines;  breast  with  about  twelve  polj'gonal  plates;  slight  asper- 
ities at  base  of  pectoral ;  ventrals  very  short,  not  longer  than  eye  in  ? , 
about  half  longer  than  eye  in  i  ;  pectorals  large,  about  reaching  anal; 
caudal  peduncle  long,  about  half  length  of  body  without  head;  dorsals 
high  in  i ,  the  two  fins  closely  contiguous.  Head  3§ ;  depth  0.  D.  IX-7 ; 
A.  8;  I-at.  1.  37;  vert.  12  +  27.  L.  12  inches.  Puget  Sound  to  Alaska; 
common  northward. 

{Agonm aelpenaerinus  Tilesiua,  M^ra.  Acad.  St.  Petereb.  iv,  422, 1813.  Agonm aoipenseri- 
nusGiiuther,  ii,  212:  Podothecua periatcthiia  G\l\,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Philu.  1861,200: 
Paragonua  acipenaennua  Gill,  I.  c.  167:  Agonua  acipenaerinua  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Mat.  Mu8.  iii,  332,  1880.) 


V/  i  .■ 


Family  CVIII  (6).— TRIGLID^.* 

{The  Gurnards.) 

Body  elongate,  usually  more  or  less  fusiform,  covered  with  scales  or 
series  of  bony  plates.  Head  externally  bony,  usually  entirely  cuirassed 
with  rough,  bony  plates,  some  of  which  are  armed  with  spines;  eyes 
high;  mouth  terminal  or  subinferior;  premaxillaries  protractile;  max- 
illary without  supplementpl  bone,  slipping  under  the  preorbital ;  te^th 
very  small,  in  bands  in  '^he  jaws,  and  usually  on  the  vomer  and  pala- 
tines, sometimes  entirely  wanting;  gills  4,  a  large  slit  behind  the 
fourth;  pseudobranchioB  present ;  gill-rakers  various;  gill-membranes 


*  Family  108  (a),  Agonida  is  iucladed  under  TrigUda^  ia  the  key  to  families,  on  page 


79. 


!i 


732      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

free,  or  variously  attached  to  the  isthmus.  Ventral  fins  thoracic,  usu- 
ally wide  apart,  separated  by  a  flat  area,  I,  4  or  I,  5.  Spinous  dorsal 
present,  short;  soft  dorsal  similar  to  the  anal,  which  is  without  spines- 
caudal  narrow,  few-rayed.  Pectorals  large,  with  broad  base,  some- 
times divided  into  two  portions,  sometimes  with  the  two  or  three  lower- 
most rays  detached.  Air-bladder  present;  pyloric  coeca  usually  pres- 
ent, few  in  number.  Singular  looking  fishes,  allied  to  the  Cottida' 
found  in  all  seas.    Genera  5;  species  about  40. 

(Triglida  pt.  GUnther,  ii,  191-210,  216-224.) 

a.  Pectoral  fins,  with  two  or  three  detached  appendages  below ;  ventrala  I,  5,  wide 
apart'. 
i.  Body  mailed;  teeth  none;  pectoral  appendages  2.     (Periatediinw.) 

Peuistedium,  388. 
bb.  Body  Bcaly ;  teeth  present ;  pectoral  appendages  3.    ( Tnglince. ) 

c.  Palatines  toothless Trigla,  1589, 

cc.  Palatines  with  teeth PniONOTt's,  3'.I0. 

aa.  Pectoral  fin  divided  to  the  base,  into  two  unequal  parts ;  veutrals  I,  4,  contigu- 
ous; gill-uiembraues  broadly  attached  to  the  isthmus.    {Dactylo^)terina>.) 

Ckphalacanthus,  391. 

888.— PERISTEDIVni  Lac^pfede. 

{Perlatedion  Lacdp^de,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iii,  3(58, 1802:  type  Periatedion  malarmat  Lac.= 
Trigla  cataphraota  Gmelin.) 

Body  elongate,  fusiform,  covered  with  bony  plates,  each  of  which  is 
armed  with  a  strong  spine;  head  bony;  each  preorbital  produced  into 
a  long  flat  process,  which  projects  more  or  less  beyond  the  mouth; 
mouth  s'^all;  teeth  none;  lower  jaw  included,  provided  with  barbels; 
gill-membranes  separate,  narrowly  joined  to  the  isthmus  anteriorly; 
gill-rakers  slender.  Dorsal  fin  continuous  or  divided.  Pectoral  tin 
short,  with  the  two  lowermost  rays  detached.  Ventrals  I,  5,  separated 
by  a  broad  flat  area.  Air-bladder  simple.  Pyloric  cceca  about  10. 
Warm  seas.  Color  generally  red.  {Ttepc,  around ;  aTsOtovj  diminutive  of 
aT£Oo(;,  breast;  the  breast  being  mailed.) 

1131.  P.  miniatum  Goode. 

Bright  crimson.  Armature  of  body  essentially  as  in  P.  breinrostre;* 
spines  of  abdominal  plates  very  weak  posteriorly;  length  of  preorbititl 
process  3 J  in  distance  from  its  extremity  to  front  of  orbit;  interorbital 
space  deeply  concave;  protuberance  on  the  forehead  very  slight;  a 
pair  of  spines  on  upper  surface  of  snout  behind  base  of  preorbital 
processes;  a  larger  pair  on  preorbital  processes;  ridge  of  preopercle 
ending  in  a  depressed,  short,  sharp-pointed  spine;  about  ten  small 

*See  GUuther,  Cat.  Fiah.  Brit.  Mas.  ii,  218,  1860. 


108(5).    TKIGLIDiE — PRIONOTUS. 


733 


tentacles  on  each  side  of  lower  jaw,  those  near  the  symphysis  smallest. 
Long  tentacles  at  angle  of  mouth  fringed,  extending  to  bases  of  i)ec- 
torals.  Head  2^;  depth  5.  D.  Vll-18j  A.  17;  C.  16;  P.  2-10;  V.  I, 
5;  Lat.  1. 28.  L.  12  inches.  Gulf  Stream,  off  the  coast  of  Rhode  Island. 
(Ooode.) 
(Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1880,  349.) 

889.— TRIGL.A  Linnaeas. 

Gurnards. 

(Artedi;  LinnsBus,  Syat.  Naturae,  1758:  typo,  Trigla  lyra  L.) 

This  gonus  differs  from  Prionotus  chiefly  in  the  absence  of  palatine 
teeth.  The  scales  are  smaller  and  the  pectoral  fins  less  developed;  a 
series  of  bony,  spinous  plates  extend  along  the  base  of  the  dorsal  fins, 
a  pair  of  them  to  each  ray,  the  fin  thus  running  in  a  shallow  groove; 
caudal  fin  usually  emarginate.  Lateral  line  usually  forking  at  base  of 
caudal,  the  branches  running  to  tip  of  fin.  The  numerous  species 
abound  on  the  coasts  of  Europe,  Africa  and  India,  {rpiyka^  classical 
name  of  Mullus  barbatus;  transferred  to  this  group  for  no  evident 
reason.) 

1133.  T.  cnculus  Liun. — Red  Gurnard. 

JRose-red;  profile  of  snout  rather  steep,  slightly  concave;  preorbital 
with  short  denticulations ;  maxillary  nearly  reaching  front  of  orbit; 
lateral  line  with  a  series  of  unarmed  plates,  which  are  deeper  than 
long;  first  dorsal  spine  tuberculated ;  sfc  ond  longest,  §  length  of  head; 
pectoral  reaching  past  front  of  anal.  Head  3J;  depth  5.  D.  IX-18; 
A.  17;  Lat.  1.  75.  Common  in  Europe;  said  by  Cuvier  to  have  been. 
once  brought  from  New  York  by  Milbert. 

(Llan.  Syst.  Nat.:  Trigla pini  GUnthor,  ii,  191);  Day,  Fish.  Gt.  Brit.  1880,  58.) 

« 

390.— PRIONOTIjS  LacdpMe. 

Sea  Bobins. 

{Lac6pfede,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iii,  337, 1802:  type  Trigla  evolans  L.) 

Body  subfusiform ;  profile  of  head  descending  to  the  broad  depressed 
sno.ut,  which  is  much  longer  than  the  small  eye;  eyes  close  together,  high 
ap;  surface  of  head  entirely  bony,  the  bones  rough  with  ridges  and 
granulations;  scales  on  head  few  or  none;  preopercle  with  one  or  two 
sharp  spines  at  its  angle;  opercle  with  a  sharp  spine;  nape  with  two 
strong  spines;  a  spine  on  shoulder  girdle.  Mouth  rather  broad;  bands 
of  small,  almost  granular,  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer  and  palatines;  gill- 


's! 

<■     !'* 

i' 
•I        " 


!H^^~^~"^!~?^»^H» 


1 1: 


$ 


734       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NOPTII   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

membranes  nearly  separate,  free  from  isthmus;  gill-rakers  rather  long. 
Body  covered  with  small,  rough  scales,  which  are  not  keeled;  latornl 
line  continuous;  scales  of  breast  very  small.  Dorsal  flns  dislinct,  the 
first  of  8  to  10  rather  stout  spines;  anal  flu  similar  to  soft  dorsal; 
pectoral  fln  with  the  three  lower  anterior  rays  thickened,  entirely  free 
from  each  other  and  from  the  fln;  ventrals  I,  5,  wide  apart,  with  a  Hat 
space  between  them,  the  inner  rays  longest.  Pyloric  coeca  in  moderate 
number^  air-bladder  generally  with  lateral  muscles,  and  divided  into 
two  lateral  parts;  vertebne  10  or  11  +  15.  Species  sruout  10,  repre- 
senting in  America  the  old  world  genus  Trigla.  {T:f>'.ioy,  saw;  vwro^, 
back;  three  free,  saw-like  spines  being  said  to  intervene  between  the 
two  dorsals.) 

a.  Mouth  Htniill,  nuandilOe  not  reaching  vertical   from  front  of  orbit;  preopercnlar 
spino  without  conspicnons  basal  cusp;  blotches  on  spinous  dorsal  wel!  (k. 
fined,  ocellutcd;  a  transverse  groove  connecting  the  ujtper  jwsterior  angles  of 
orbit.    {Ornichthys*  Sw.) 
b.  Body  very  slender;  sides  with  numerous  round  brownish  spots. 

11*23.  P.  punctatus  (Bloch)  Cnv.  &  Val. 

Dark  olive  brown,  back  and  sides  cov^ered  with  i  amerous  round 
bronze  sjwts,  larger  than  the  pupil;  spinous  dorsal  dusky,  with  lighter 
streaks  and  two  black  ocellated  spots;  second  dorsal  and  upper  half  of 
caudal  spotted;  anal  blackish,  with  a  pinkish  border;  pectorals  black- 
ish, the  free  rays  barred  with  light  and  dark;  ventrals  pale;  branch!- 
ostegal  membrane  pinkish.  Pectorals  short,  reaching  only  to  middle  of 
soft  dorsal,  2J  in  length  to  base  of  caudal;  first  dorsal  high.  Bodj^ 
much  slenderer  than  in  any  of  the  other  species.  Band  of  palatine 
teeth  very  slender,  shorter  than  eye;  maxillary  one-third  length  of 
head;  preorbital  without  spines;  opercle  scaleless ;  gill  rakers  shortivsh; 
about  10  below  angle.  Head  3^;  depth  G.  D.  X-13;  A.  12;  Lat.  1. 
about  7i5.  West  Indies,  north  to  North  Cai'olina;  not  rare  southward. 
Here  described  from  specimens  from  North  Carolina,  perhaps  belonging 
to  a  species  distinct  from  the  true  punctatus,  which  is  described  as  less 
slender. 

(iTriyla  punctata  Bloch,  Ausl.  Fisch.  taf.  352;  TCuv.  &  Val.  iv,  93;  TGiinther,  ii, 
193;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.  1873,  .'^73.) 

hh.  Body  rather  robust ;  sides  of  body  without  conspicuous  spots. 

1134.  P.  palmipes  (Mitch.)  Storer. 

Brownish  above,  clouded  with  darker;  throat  and  branch iostegals 

dark;  a  distinct  black  blotch  above  on  membrane  between  fourth  and 

"Swainson,  Class.  Fish,  etc.,  1839,  262:  typo  Trigla  punctata  Bloch.    {opvii,  bird; 
iX^vi,  fish.) 


V 


■!«i'>*>"6ft»Jml»Wft»MHfe*» 


108(&).   TRIOLID.E — PRI0N0TU8. 


735 


fifth  dorsal  spines,  this  ocellated  below;  2  longitudin.il  light  streaks 
below  dorsal  blotch;  second  dorsal  with  oblique  whitish  streaks.  Head 
comparatively  smooth  above.  Preoi»ercular  spine  strong;  opercle  scale- 
less;  band  of  palatine  teeth  short  and  broad,  shorter  than  eye.  Pec- 
torals short,  not  reaching  middle  of  second  dorsal,  2J  in  length;  pec- 
toral appendages  strong,  more  or  less  dilated  at  their  tips;  veutrals 
loiig,  reaching  anal;  gill-rakers  rather  short,  about  10  below  angle; 
maxillary  3J  in  head.  Head  3;  depth  5.  D.  X-13;  A.  12;  Lat.  1.  58. 
Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States;  common  northward. 

{V  Trifila  Carolina  Liunicus,  MantisBa,  ii,  r)28:  TrU/la  palmipes  Mitchill,  Trans.  Lit. 
&  Phil.  Spc.  N.  Y.  i,  431,  1815:  Prlonotus  pilatua  Storer,  Proc.  Bo»t.  8oc.  Nat.  Hist,  ii, 
77:  rrionotm palmipes  and  /'.  pilaltu  Storer,  Fish.  Mass.  18:  PrionotuacarolinusC&V. 
iv,  IK):  Prionotua  caroliHua  GilntbeT,  ii,  192.) 

aa.  Mouth  IJirge,  mandible  reaching  at  least  the  vertical  from  front  of  orbit;  no  dis- 
tinct transverse  groove  between  and  behind  the  eyes;  preopercnlar  spine 
with  a  smaller  one  at  base;  dorsal  blotch  diffuse,  not  ocellated.    {Prionotua.) 

1125.  P.  tribulus  Cnv.  &  Yal. 

Dark  brown  above,  with  darker  blotches  and  numerous  small,  pale 

spots;   belly  pale;   a  black  blotch  at  base  of  mandible;  membrane  of 

spinous  dorsal,  between  the  third  and  sixth  spines,  with  a  black  blotch 

above;  second  dorsal  with  brownish  spots,  forming  oblique  bars,  and 

with  2  dark  blotches  at  base,  the  posterior  blotch  continued  obliquely 

downwards  and  forwards   to  below  the  lateral    line;    pectoral  olive 

brown,  with  dark  cross-bars,  which  are  more  distinct  towards  the  tip 

of  the  fln;  its  upper  edge  white;  pectoral  appendages  with  dark  spots; 

basal  half  of  caudal  paler.     Pectorals  rather  short,  not  reaching  end 

of  dorsal,  2  in  length  to  base  of  caudal;  pectoral  api)endages  thick, 

tapering.     Body  robust.     Head  shorter  and  broader,  snout  shorter, 

and  bones  more  strongly  striate  than  in  P.  eoolans;  interorbital  space 

deeply  concave;  occipital   and  supraorbital   spines  very  strong   and 

much  comi)ressed;  band  of  palatine  teeth  as  long  as  eye;   gill-rakers 

shortish,  9  below  angle;  membranous  edge  of  opercle  scaly.     Head  2^ 

in  length;  depth  4.    D.  X-12;  A.  11;  Lat.  1.  about  50.    South  Atlantic 

coast  of  the  United  States;  abundant. 

(Cav.  &  Val.  iv,  98, 1829;  Giinther,  ii,  195;  Jordan  &,  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Not.  Mns. 
1878,  374.) 

1126.  P.  evolans  (Linn.)  Gill. 

Similar  to  var.  Uneatus,  but  spotted  also  with  white;  the  pectorals 
plain  black,  with  pale  ed^nngs  above,  longer  than  in  var.  lineatua, 
reaching  usually  past  the  end  of  the  second  dorsal  and  anal,  l^lf  in 


■1  -  ■'.  •  •  *; 


!n«: 


f; 


: 


736      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

length  to  base  of  caudal.    Body  and  head  stouter,  t^  >  plates  rougher; 
scales  somewhat  larger,  iu  about  55  series.    Atlantic  coast;  coiniuou 
southward. 
(t  Triijla  evolana  L.  Syst.  Nat. ;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1878,  .174.) 

Subap.  Ilncatns  (Mitch.)  J.  &  G. 

Olive  brown  above,  mottled  and  spotted  with  blackish ;  whitisli  be- 
low;  a  narrow  dark  streak  along  the  lateral  line,  with  a  broader  oiio 
below  it,  which  terminates  behind  in  a  series  of  spots  and  blotches; 
lower  jaw  and  branchiostegal  membranes  sometimes  bright  orange  y(>l. 
low;  pectorals  blackish,  edged  with  olivaceous  and  orange,  with  numer- 
ous transverse  dark  lines;  membrane  of  spinous  dorsal  with  a  bhiek 
blotch  between  third  and  sixth  spines;  soft  dorsal  plain  or  with  2  blac^k 
blotches  at  base;  ventrals  and  anal  orange;  pectoral  appendages  slen- 
der, dusky.  Gill-rakers  rather  long  and  slender,  15  below  angle ;  band 
of  palatine  teeth  wide,  shorter  than  ej^e;  spines  on  head  moderate  in 
size,  compressed,  the  one  at  upper  posterior  angle  of  orbit  little  devel- 
oped; membranous  edge  of  opercle  scaly;  ventral  reaching  to  front  of 
anal;  pectoral  reaching  to  past  middle  of  soft  dorsal  and  anal,  from  IJ 
to  24  in  length.  Head  2%  in  length;  depth  4J.  Eye  2^  in  snout.  D. 
X-12;  A.  11;  Lat.  1.  about  60.  Cape  Cod  to  Cape  Hatteras;  common 
northward.  Perhaps  a  distinct  species,  but  seeming  to  vary  into  the 
preceding. 

(Trigla  lineata  Mitchill,  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  430,  1815:  Prionotus  lineatu» 
Storer,  Hist.  Fish.  Mass.:  Frionotua  lineatus  Giinther,  ii,  192:  Prionotua  strigatus  Cm. 
&  Val.  iv,  86.) 

119T.  P.  stephanophrys  Lockington. 

Pale  olivaceous,  abruptly  white  at  level  of  pectorals;  back  and  sides 
with  a  few  scattered  dark  spots;  branchiostegals  mostly  saflfron-yellow; 
spinous  dorsal  dusky,  with  a  diffuse  dark  blotch  between  fourth  and 
fifth  spines,  near  edge  of  membrane;  second  dorsal  spotted;  caudal 
with  dark  blotches;  pectorals  da.-k.  with  large  round  black  spots. 
Body  rather  stout;  head  large,  compressed,  broad,  and  very  nearly 
plane  above;  the  interorbital  region  not  concave;  no  transverse  fur- 
row behind  orbits;  orbital  rim  with  a  slightly  raised,  serrated  crest; 
snout  very  short,  two-fifths  length  of  head;  mouth  large,  the  broad 
maxillary  reaching  beyond  front  of  orbit;  bands  of  palatine  teeth  very 
narrow;  gill-rakers  long  and  slender;  head  less  rough  than  usual,  the 
bones  little  striate;  occipital  processes  not  reaching  first  dorsal  spiue; 
preorbital  little  projecting;  preopercle  with  a  strong  smooth  spine, 


mm 


108 (7>).    TRIGLID.li: CHPHALACANTIIUS. 


737 


roaoliiiiff  slijihtly  boyond  membrano  of  oporclc;  opercle  oindiufx  in  two 
{M)iuts,  tho  lower  a  loti^'  spine,  the  iiu'iiibraiie  connectiu};  the  two  scaly; 
s(;;iles  thin,  (uliato,  not  closely  imbricate;  (h'st  ilorsal  spine  {jfratmlate 
in  front;  pectorals  niachin^  beyond  niiddh^  of  anal,  abont  to  base  of 
ninth  ray;  free  rays  very  slen«ler,  the  uppermost  more  than  half  lenj^th 
of  lin;  ventrals  not  reach infj  vent;  caudal  slijjhtly  (unarj^inate.  Head 
L'jl;  depth  4;  eye  1^  in  snout.  J).  X-12;  A.  11 ;  P.  l.J-III;  Lat.  1.  55. 
Deep  water  oil"  San  Francisco;  one  Hi)eciinen  known. 

(Lockington,  rroc.  ♦!.  8.  Nat.  Mils.  18-^0,  .V29. ) 

391.-CEPIIAI.A€AWTIIIJS  L.uri^pMe. 
Flying  Gnrnards. 

{Dm tjitojtlrriiH  hsu'^iu'th',  ui, '.\2ri.)  ,    .    :' 

(La('(5pii(lp,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iii.  'M',i,  1H02:  typi*  GattterosteuH  spinarclUi  Linn.) 

Body  elonjjjate,  sulMiuadranjiular,  taperin<^  behind;  head  very  blunt, 
(|uadraniLjular,  its  surface  almost  entirely  bony;   nasals,  preorbitals, 
suborbitals,  and  bones  of  to[)of  head  united  into  a  shield;  nu(!hal  part 
of  shield  on  each  side  produ(!ed  backward  in  a  bony  ridj;e,  endin;;  in  a 
II  strong  spine,  which  reaches  past  front  of  dorsal;  interocndar  space 
(k'oi)ly  concave;  preorbitals  forming  a  prqje<!ting  roof  above  the  Jaws; 
|)ic()i)crcle  prodtKH'd  in  a  very  long  rough  spine;  cheeks  and  opercles 
with  small  scales;  oi)ercle  smaller  than  eye;  gill-openings  narrow,  ver- 
tical,  sei)arated  by  a  very  broad,  scaly  isthmus;  pseudobranchiie  large; 
gill -rakers  minute;  mouth  small,  lower  jaw  included;  jaws  with  granu- 
lar teeth;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  scales  bony,  strongly  keeled; 
2  serrated,  knife-like  appendages  at  base  of  tail;   first  dorsal  of  4  or 
5  rather  high  llexible  spines,  the  tirst  one  or  two  spines  nearly  free 
from  the  others;  an  immovable  spine  between  the  dorsals;   anal  and 
second  dorsal  short,  of  slender  rays;  caudal  small,  lunate;   pectoral 
fins  divided  to  the  base  into  two  parts,  the  anterior  portion  ((;orro- 
sponding  to  the  free  r.'vys  in  Prionotm)  about  as  long  as  the  head,  of 
about  ()  rays,  closely  connected;  the  posterior  and  larger  portion  more 
than  twice  length  of  head,  reaching   nearly  to  caudal  in  the  adult 
{'•'■Dactylopterus^  Lac);  much  shorter  in  the  young  {'■'•Cephalacanthm^'' 
Lac);  these  rays  very  slender,  simple,  wide  apart  at  tip;  ventrals  I, 
4,  long,  pointed,  their  bases  close  together,  the  inner  rays  shortest; 
air-bladder  with  two  lateral  parts,  each  with  a  large  muscle;   pyloric 
coeca  numerous;  vertebrfe  0  +  l^-    Warm  seas;  the  adult  able  to  move 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  IG 47 


n 


738      CONTKinUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

in  the  air,  like  the  true  flying-fish,  but  for  shorter  (listances.    {x? '  ',j 
head;  axavOdj  spine.) 

a.  Occiput  witlioiit  fllaniont. 

II 28.  C  splnarclla  (L.)  Ln,c. — Fhjing-robin ;  Bat-fiiih  ;   Folador. 

Greenish  olive  and  brown  above,  of  varying  shades;  Im'Iow  jjiilc, 
jnarked  irregularly  with  dusky  and  bright  brick-red,  varying  to  saiiiKni. 
yellow;  ])ectoral  tins  njottled  with  bright  blue  streaks  near  the  has*', 
and  blue  spots  and  bars  toward  the  tip;  their  under  sides  glaucous 
blue,  edged  with  darker;  caudal  fin  with  about  three  trownish-red  bars; 
(;oh)ration  extremely  variable.  First  two  dorsal  spines  free,  slightly  con- 
necte<l  by  membrane  at  base;  preopercular  spine  reaching  beyond  hast^ 
of  pectorals,  not  to  end  of  occipital  spine;  pectorals  reaching  nearly  to 
base  of  caudal.  Head  4^;  depth  5^.  I).  Il-lV,  8;  A.  6;  P.  28,  (i.  L. 
12  inches.    Atlantic  Ocean,  on  both  coasts;  abundant  southward. 

{GmterostcHH  spinareUa  L.  Syst.  N.-vt.  i,  492  (younjj;):  TrUjhi  roVitann  Tjinii.  Syst.  Xat. 
i,  498  (ii(liilt):  Tr\g\a  rolHann  Gmolin,  Syst.  Nat.  1788,  1H4G:  DaclijloptcruH  rolilniii 
Giiutber,  ii,  '<i21:  Dactyloptcnis  voUtans  Liitken  Spolia  Atluutica,  1880,  417;  GUuthcr, 


«.  Vcntr 
h.  Low 

nil-     V«Mlfl 

'.   Vo 

I)ro_ 

cc.  Vt 


■£v.jf    ■!-': 


Il-S''-. 


M 
ll 


;         Family  CIX.—LIPARIDID^.         "  ' 

■,      '  {The  Sea  Stiails.) 

Body  more  or  less  elongate,  subcylindrical  ar        >rly,  comi)ressc(l 
behind,  covered  with  smooth  skin,  which  is  usu.*..^  very  lax.    Head 
broad,  obtuse,  the  snout  short;  suborbital  bone  styliform  behind,  joined 
to  the  preopercle,  as  in  the  Cottidw;  jaws  with  bands  of  small  tectli, 
■which  are  usually  tricuspid;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  ])r('tnaxil 
laries   protractile,  little  movable;   opercular   bones  unarmed;    inter 
opercle  slender,  ray-like,  overlying  the  branchiostegals ;  gill-opeuiiifis 
{small,  the  membranes  joirjed  to  the  broad  istliinus,  and  to  the  Imnieiiil 
arch  below.     Gills  .'3J;  no  slit  behind  the  last;  pseudobrancbiii?  rudi- 
mentary or  wanting;  pyloric  coeca  numerous;  no  air-bladder;  dorsal 
fin  rather  long,  the  spines  feeble  and  flexible,  low,  similar  to  the  soft 
rays;  anal  long,  similar  to  the  soft  dorsal;  ventral  flus  I,  5,  tlie  two 
completely  united,  and  forming  the  bony  center  of  an  oval  snekiiijj 
disk;  ventrals  sometimes  entirely  wanting;  pectoral  fins  very  broad, 
the  base  procurrent ;  the  outline  usually  emarginate,  some  of  the  lower 
rays  being  produced;  tail  diphycercal;  caudal  fin  short,  convex;  ver 
t«brfel2  +  30.    Genera  3;  species  about  20.    Small  fishes,  nearly  all  of 

the  northern  seas. 
{DUcoboli;  group  Uparidina  GUnther,  ill,  158-165.) 


100.    LIPARIDID.E AMITRA.  liV.) 

((.  Vrntral  <liHk  cutin-ly  wanting.     (AmStrhio'.) 

b.   LowtT  jaw  iiuliuU'd ;  .skin  thin,  lux Amitua,  3W. 

,1(1.  Veutrul  <lisiv  jm's«>nt.     {Lipariniv.) 

V.  Ventral  «liHk  very  Ninall,  >ind«r  tli«'  hea<1,  tho  v«*nt  rlcwfi  liohind  it;  lower  jaw 

l»n>j<'ctinn;  ukin  lux,  tiiin I'.vuKi'Hocrrs,  lUr.l. 

tT.  Veutral  disk  well  deVelniiod ;  vent  \vt<ll  behind  head LiPAius,  lUM, 


I 


S09.-AMIf  RA  OcmmIp. 


(Cioode,  Proc.  TT,  8.  Nat.  Mji.h.  1H80,  478:  type  Amitra  Uparina  Ooode.) 

lUxly  elonf^iito,  jittcnnato  backwiir*!,  roveivd  with  hix,  smootli,  slimy 
skill,  which  is  sepjirattMl  from  tlio  body  ami  liiis  by  u  tihny  rniu!ous  iiitei' 
tissue.  Mead  .sinall,  thick,  convex  between  eyes;  snout  convex,  ju-o 
trudinjr;  mouth  small,  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  in<'lu(le«l ;  teeth  small; 
ryes  hiteral;  {^ill-openings  restn<'ted  to  small  slits  above  the  l)ase  of  the 
jioctorals,  covered  by  the  very  small  operitle;  no  barbels;  dorsal  and 
anal  tins  many-rayed;  dorsal  continuous,  almosf  concealed  by  the  skin; 
the  spines  scarcely  diiferent  from  the  soft  n,\vs;  anal  similar  to  dorsal; 
both  connected  with  the  caudal,  whi<*h  is  jjointed;  no  trace  of  ventral 
fliis  or  sucking  disk;  pectoral  fin  verj-  broad,  procurrent,  its  lower  rays 
inserted  nearly  uiulec  the  eye,  the  fin  emarginate;  vent  well  behin«l 
head.  One  species  known;  its  nosition  interniediate  between  the  Cot- 
ti(l(C  [Cottunculus,  Ptfychrolutcs ,  and  Lipar'uJU}(i\  two  groups  much  more 
intimately  related  than  most  writers  have  conceded.*  («,  without; 
/i;7/)«,  stomacher.)  ,      .,  ,    ,,    ,.    ,   ,,  -j. 

11S9.  A.  liparina  Goode. 

Yellowish  white,  dusky  toward  the  tail  and  front  of  head;  perito- 
iK'um  black.  Body  posteriorly  compressed,  the  tail  very  thin;  eyes 
half  width  of  interorbital  space,  5  in  head ;  upper  lip  with  pores.    Doi  - 


*  I  lihonld  put  the  family  of  Gobiesocidw  far  away,  at  least  a  Hiiborder  off,  from  tho. 
(Ujclopteridw  and  Liparidida;  which  are  far  more  closely  unit(!il  to  the  true  Coftidii, 
rcprcsfutod  by  Cottiia  and  Hemitrijiterm,  than  to  oitlu^r  the  (iohicumidw  proper  or  to  the 
Gobios  and  Blennies,  In  fact,  Liparis  has  as  close  atttnitie.s,  as  .shown  by  its  skeleton, 
with  Cottus  and  Hemitripterns  as  with  Cyclopierux ;  and  we  have  in  the  three  groups, 
represented  by  Cottus,  Liparis,  and  Cijclopterus,  well-marked  families  of  the  same  suli- 
order.  The  only  character  by  which  the  Cycloptcridw  and  Liparididw  are  closely  united 
c(msi.st,s  in  the  peculiar  formation  of  the  ventral  disk  by  the  union  of  the  ventral  tins; 
but  as  this  structure  is  simply  brought  about  by  the  modification  of  the  rays  iii  a 
Dianucr  common  to  the  several  genera,  and  not  by  any  marked  anatomical  diflerence  in 
the  stiuctnre  of  the  same  fins  in  Cottus,  J  can  only  look  tipon  it  as  a  generic  character 
coraiiion  to  the  known  ropresentatives  of  both  families  of  Cycloptcridw  and  Liparidida. : 
and  the  discovery  of  a  representative  of  either  fainily  with  veutral  fins  of  the  ordinary 
form  would  not  necessitate  the  establishment  of  a  family  for  its  reception,  an  in  that 
(!a:.o  we  should  simply  consider  the  structure  as  of  generic  value.  (Putnam,  Proc. 
.^m.  Ab8.  Adv.  Sci.  1873,  337.) 


km 


U* 


^  W 


T  ' 

Sk 

m 

1:     . 

■i; 

1 

1 

!,     - 

1? 

'4 

; 

■| 

"ir    ^ 

[M 

^li 


740      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NOllTII    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


i 


1 

i  t 

lit' 


sal  bejifinuing  over  pectoral:  anal  under  ninth  tlorsal  ray      HeadO?- 
depth  o  J.     D.  V,  02;  A.  54;  CO;  P.  23.     L.  5  inches.     Deep  water  oil 
the  coast  of  Khode  Island;   lately  dredged  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Com 
mission. 

(Goodc,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1880,  478.)  .i 

393.~CABEPROCTUS  Kriiyer. 
(Kn'iycr,  Nntiirh.  Tidsskr.  i,  257,  18()2:  tyjio  LipariH  rciiihardi  Kroyer.) 

Body  elongate,  senn-transparent,  covered  with  thin  lax  skin;  month 
oblique,  the  lower  jaw  projecting;  teeth  simple,  hooked;  ventral  disk 
small,  situated  far  forwards,  under  front  of  eye;  vent  a  little  behind  it, 
far  in  front  of  anal  fin.     (««/>«,  head;  ^/>a>zT«^,  vent.) 

1130.  C.  gfClatinosMiL*  (Pallas)  Kvi5y«r.       ;    .  t   *  ,  ^-i  ,^,., 

Kose-colored ;  vertical  flns  violet;  gill-cavity  black.  Ventral  disk  voiy 
small,  supported  by  a  Irihimellate  cartilage  descending  from  the  tliroal; 
vertical  tins  continuous.  Body  oblong,  compressed,  senii-transpaiviit, 
soft,  and  gelatinous;  head  tLfck,  Hat  above;  cleft  of  mouth  nearly  ver- 
tical, 5is  in  Uranoscopiis ;  a  series  of  pores  along  upper  lii);  jaws,  ])alai(', 
and  pharynx  rough  with  teeth;  skeleton  very  wiifik.  D.  more  than  .■)(); 
A.  about  45;  C  0;  P.  30;  cceca  48;  vertebrie  04.  {Gunthcr.)  Alaska 
and  Kamtschafka;  Greenland. 

(CycJopterus  ijdatlnoHUH  Pallas,  8[»i(  ilcf;ia,  vii,  I'J,  l/fii):  TApar'ta  gelaUitonun  VA\\\\\\f\\ 
iii,  163?  f  Liparin  ffelntinostiH  Kciiili.  Ovcrsij^t,  »5tc.  1814,  Ixxvii:  ^  Liparix  rciiiluiidi 
Kniyer,  Naturli.  Tiilsakr.  i,  252:  f  Careproctiin  rdnhunU  Kioyer,  I.  c,  257,  the  Greeu- 
laud  form,  tliouglit  by  Dr.  Krilyor  to  be  diftereut  from  C.  gelalinosus.) 

391.— L.IPARIS  Linnujus. 

.  Sea-Snails. 

(Artedi;  LinnnBns,  Syst.  Nat. :  tyT[Ki  Ct/clopteruii  liparia  h.)  .. 

Body  rather  elong  ite,  covered  with  smootli  skin,  which  is  usually 
freely  movable;  head  sliort,  flattened  above;  mouth  horizontal,  tin' 
lower  jaw  included;  teeth  in  several  series,  usually  tri(usi)id;  maxil- 
lary covered  by  skin  of  preorbitai  region;  ventral  disk  wll  develoiiid, 
on  the  breast,  its  front  below  or  behind  the  middle  of  tl'C  head;  vent 
well  behind  the  head,  about  midway  between  sucking-disk  and  anal  liii. 
Dorsal  fin  continuous  or  divided,  its  spines  hardly  differentiated;  do'Siil 
lin  free  from  caudal  or  not;  pectoral  emarginate,  some  of  the  lower  lays 
produced;  vertical  fins  enveloped  in  skin.  Northern  seas  (one  Bi>c'cios 
known  from  Chili).    (AfTa/^M?,  sleek-skinned,  shining.)  ,, 

a.  Dorsal  (in  continuous.     (Liparin.)  5*?% 

b.  Dorsal  liu  couuected  with  the  caudal.  ^n-  ,;- 


1131. 

Dors 
nostrils 
^■ery  la 

{Cyclop 
Niifiirh.  1 
Wi.) 


109.    LIPARIDlDiE — LIPARIS. 


741 


1131.  L,.  major  (Walb.)  Gill. 

Dorsal  aud  anal  slightlj'  connected  with  base  of  caudal;  anterior 
nostrils  tubular;  posterior  simple.  D.  45;  A.  38;  P.  42;  C.  10.  Size 
very  large.    L.  10  inches.    Greenland.     {Gill.) 

(Ci/clopterHH  Uparis  var.  major,  Wall).  Artodi  Pise.  480,  1792:  Liparix  tnnicata  Kriiyer, 
Naturh.  Tidsakr.  i,'236,  IdG-i:  Actinochir  major  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Niit.  .Sci.  Phila.  1H()4, 
193.) 

li'VI.  1..  pulchella  Ayreq. 

Grayish,  usually  with  wavy  purplish  stripes,  sometimes  marbled  aud 
spotted  with  purplish;  pectorals  si)otted  or  banded  with  grayi'-h  purple; 
lateral  line  with  round  whitish  si)ots.  Snout  broad  aud  blunt,  project- 
in;;  beyond  mouth;  maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  front  of  eye;  teeth 
short,  close-set,  a  broad  band  in  each  jaw,  that  of  npi)er  Jaw  broadest. 
Body  compresJsed  behind,  thick  in  front;  head  almost  globular;  ante- 
rior nostrils  tubular;  skin  very  thin  and  lax.  Dorsal  tin  high,  undi- 
vided, continuous  with  anal  and  caudal  around  the  tail;  tail  tapering 
to  a  point,  api)earing  isocercal,  but  the  vertebrae  essentially  as  in  otliei- 
species;  i)ectorals  very  broad,  the  ba.se  of  lowermost  rays  under  eye; 
ventral  disk  small,  oval,  2.J  in  head;  pseudobrancliiie  well  developed. 
Head  o;  depth  5.  D.  48;  A.  39;  C.  12;  P.  36.  L.  10  inches.  Pacific 
Coast,  from  Monterey  to  Puget  Sound ;  not  rare.  v      . 

(Ayros,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  1855,23;  GUutbcr,  iii,lGl;  Steiudachuer,  Ichtli. 
IJeiliilj^c,  ill,  53,  1875.)  ,  •  .        -r    ■{;.>.  -         -      ■■,>,•.     >.  ,i;  •■ 

1133.  £,.  ifibba  IJcun.  \:i  .^i,-.  ' ;  r  ;v" ':;' - 

I  load  and  body  very  pale  brown  or  gray,  paler  below;    head  and 
anterior  parts  often  with  concentric  brown  rings;  sides  plain  or  marked 
wiili  brown  strii)es  and  rings;  tail  sometimes  witli  dark  blotches;  ver 
tical  tins  usually  with  dark  bands.    Body  abruptly  contracted  near  the 
vent,  covered  with  lax  skin;   interorbital   space  sliallowconcave,  the 
vertex  and  nai)e  somewhat  elevated;  snout  depressed;  head  as  wide  as 
long,  longer  than  deep;  nostrils  tubular,  the  tubes  of  anterior  nostrils 
longest;  eye  sm.all,  4  in  head;  ventral  disk  nearly  circular,  8  in  length; 
verlical  tins  continent;  dorsal  contiinums;   longest  dorsal  ray  half  as 
long  as  head;    i)ectorals  rx'^aching  front  of  anal;  caudal  0  in  body. 
Head  3.^ ;   depth  3^.      D.  42 ;   A.  3<) ;    P.  35 ;   C.  12.      Bering's   Sea, 
Alaska  and  Siberia.     <' Distinguished  fi-om  L.  fahricu  by  its  smaller 
eye  and  its  depressed  snout,"  and  from  " />.  tunicata^''  by  the  larger 
eye  and  fewer  rays  in  dorsal,  anal,  and  pectorals.    {Bean.) 
(IJcan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  iv,  148,  1881.) 


-,  ■   I 


I1*f 


742       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

1134.  £..  arctica  Gill. 

Uniform  dark  ru8ty-bro\vn  or  chestnut.  Snout  rather  lii«jh  and 
tlccurved;  int{?rorbital  space  3  in  head;  forehead  depressed;  anterior 
nostrils  simple,  posterior  tubular.  Vertical  tins  confluent;  caudal  con- 
vex, 7  in  total  length:  pectoral  5J;  ventral  disk  10.  .Head  4  in  total, 
its  width  Gi;  depth  2^.  I>.  42;  A.  34;  C.  11;  P.  35.  Port  Foiilke, 
Greenland.     {Gill.)  .        . 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  191.) 

113't.  It.  tunictita  Kt'iuli. 

Yellowish,  mottled  with  brownish.  Eye  nearly  3  in  snout  or  iuter- 
orbital  space;  posterior  nostril  not  tubular;  pseudobranchiie  reduced 
to  two  lamelhe;  vertical  flus  continuous;  anal  beginning  below  tenrli 
«lorsal  ray;  ventral  disk  longer  than  broad,  half  length  of  head;  skin 
thin,  loose.    D.  42;  A.  34;  O.  12;  P.  34.    Coasts  of  Greenland.    {Giin- 

{Lipari.8  tunicata  Rpinbarrtt,  OverH.  Kong.  Dauske  Vidensk.  Stilsk.  vi,  cxi,  IHiUi,  ''D. 
:i9;  A. :{:?;  P.  30;  C.  14":  Liparii  fabric ii  Kroyor,  Nufurli.  Tidsskr.  ii,  '^74,  1847:  Lipam 
J'abridi  Giiiithei',  iii,  IGl:  Lipar'm  fabrmi  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  ldG4,  ll):J.) 

1136.  I*,  lineata  (Lepechiii)  Kroyer.        -*       ^       «    .^      ;,,.,?,,£.*, 
Yellowish,  striped  with  dark  brown  or  purplish;  the  color  very  vari 

able.  Body  thick,  covered  with  thin,  loose,  slipi)ery  skin;  head  obtuse, 
the  nape  swollen;  snout  broad,  not  depressed ;  li})s  thickish;  posterior 
nostril  tubular;  eye  7  in  head;  gill-openings  reduced  to  a  vertical  slit 
extending  to  upper  i)art  of  root  of  pectoral;  pseudobranchiie  obsolete; 
tail  truncate  at  base  of  caudal.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  united  with  the 
caudal;  ventral  disk  rather  longer  than  broad,  ludf  length  of  head,  its 
jiiargin  with  about  13  papilla}.  Head  4;  depth  3|.  D.  33;  A.  2.S;  1\ 
.")4;  C.  13.  L.  5  inches.  Northern  Europe  and  America,  south  to  Cajjo 
('od. 

(Cycloptentf)  liparia  L.  Syst.  Nat.  i,414:  Cjictoptenin  Ihieatus  Lepecluii,  Nov.  Coniiii. 
l*('tr(t|)ol.  xviii,  52:^ :  Liparii  vulgaris  Giinthev,  ii,  Ifil);  Liitkcii,  Natiiili.  Foreii.  Viileiisk, 
Meddcls.  IHfiO  and  181)1,  243;  Collctt,  Norges  Fisko,  1(375,  65.) 

1137.  !><.  ranula  Goodo  &.  Hean. 

Color  uniform  whitish,  translucent  in  life.  Body  thick,  subcylin 
drical  sinteriorly,  rapidly  tapering  to  the  tail;  skin  thick,  la\;  snout 
broad,  with  prominent  vertical  i)rofile,  its  length  4  in  head;  maxillary 
3  in  head,  not  reaching  front  of  orbit;  ventral  disk  nearly  round,  its 
length  half  its  distance  from  snout.     Head  4;  depth  4.     Pectoral  5. 


smsBs 


109,    LIPARIDIDiE — LIPARIS. 


743 


D.  about  48;  A.  about  48;  P.  27;  V.  14  (papillae).     {Ooode  &  Bean.) 
Halifax. 

(Goode  &,  Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  46.) 
66.  Dorsal  separated  from  caudal  by  a  notch. 

113§.  li.  montagui  (Donov.)  Cuv.  .,;.:■ 

Yellowish,  the  vertical  fins  brighter,  with  darker  margins.  Trunk 
thick;  head  broad;  skin  thin,  loose;  head  flat  Jibove  the  nape,  slightly 
prominent;  snout  very  broad;  maxillary  not  reaching  eye;  po.sterior 
nostrils  simple;  eye  9  in  head,  half  length  of  snout  or  interorbital 
space;  i)seudobranchice  none;  i)osterior  nostril  not  tubular;  pectorals 
notched;  dorsal  continuous,  not  joined  to  the  caudal ;  anal  not  con- 
nected with  caudal;  ventral  disk  circular,  not  quite  half  as  long  as 
head.  Head  4  in  total  length;  depth  5.  D.  28;  A.  24;  C.  14;  P.  30; 
vert.  10  +  25.  {GUnther.)  Massachusetts  to  Greenland  and  Northern 
Europe;  not  rare. 

(Cjiclopterua  montayui  Douovan,  British  Fishes,  iii,  pi.  68;  Giiuther,  iii,  161:  Collott, 
Norges  Fiske,  1875,  67. ) 

1139.  li.  calliodon  (Pallas)  Gthr. 

Olivaceous,  punctate  with  black  dots,  light  below.  Body  depressed 
forwards,  compressed  and  tapering  behind;  head  narrow«Hl  forwards; 
snout  rounded;  eye  small;  interorbital  space  broad  and  nearly  ilat; 
maxillary  not  reaching  eye;  teeth  small,  evidently  tricuspid,  in  broad 
bauds;  skin  lax,  thickish.  Gill-openings  very  small.  Dorsal  and  anal 
barely  joined  to  base  of  caudal  rays;  edge  of  disk  with  12  i)ai)illa); 
diameter  of  disk  about  one-half  1-  ngth  of  head.  D.  28;  A.  26.  Alaska; 
abundant. 

{Cydoplerus  calhjodon  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Ross.-Asiat.  iii,  75,  1811;  Giiuther,  iii,  162.) 

« 

1140.  L.  cyciopiis  Gthr. 

Keddish  olive,  with  darker  specks,  most  conspicuous  on  the  fins;  a 
(lark  bar  at  base  of  caudal;  a  dark  streak  below  eye;  a  pale  streak 
iiloug  side^.  Skin  not  very  thick,  adiierent.  Body  everywhere  com- 
pressed, even  the  head  being  deeper  than  broad;  head  scarcely  convex 
above,  the  nape  not  prominent;  jaws  ecpial;  maxillary  reaching  to 
opposite  middle  of  the  small  eye;  teeth  small,  thrive  lobed ;  ventral 
disk  oval,  three-fifths  length  of  head.  Dorsal  fin  scarcely  emarginate, 
the  si)ines  rather  stiff,  the  first  spine  in  fiont  of  v<'nt;  pectorals  reach- 
ing vent;  caudal  entirely  free  from  dorsal  and  anai.  Head  4;  depth  5. 
1).  VII,  23;  A.  27;  C.  12.    Monterey  to  Puget  Sound.    (Here  described 


If 


-!■'«■  I 


„     :'   i    -  V-- 


,F,t-    -r 


i 


l.'l 


744      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


r 


m 


from  a  small  example  taken  at  Monterey,  perhaps  belonging  to  a 
d liferent  species.) 

(i LijHiria  cyclopua*  Guntlier,  ii,  1G3,  1801.) 

aa.  DoiHal  fin  emarginate,  the  spines  separated  from  the  soft  rays;  skin  firm.    (Xeoli. 
pariah  Steiud.) 

1141i  Ij.  mucosa  Ayres. 

Rose-red  or  brownish,  unspotted.  Body  stronglj*  compressed,  the 
back  somewhat  elevated,  not  much  depressed  forwards,  the  head  not 
wider  than  deep,  longer  than  in  L.  pulchella;  mouth  rather  large, 
termiual,  the  jaws  equal  when  closed;  teeth  bluntly  tricuspid,  the 
band  in  upper  jaw  widest;  eyes  small;  skin  firm,  thick,  little  movable. 
Dorsal  fin  separated  into  two  parts  by  a  deep  enmrgination;  second 
dorsal  rather  low,  entirely  free  from  caudal;  anal  nearly  free  from 
caudal;  pectorals  moderate;  ventral  disk  oval,  2.^  in  head;  vent  iit 
posterior  fourth  of  pectorals;  end  of  tail  trnncate.  Head  4J;  depth 
about  4.  D.  VII,2G;  A.2C;  C.  IG;  P.  31.  L.  G  inches.  Coast  f  Cali- 
fornia; rare. 

(Liparia  mneoaua  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Set.  i,  24,  1855:  Liparia  muccsus  GUu- 
ther,  iii,  559;  Steiudacliuer,  Iclitli.  Beitriige,  iii,  54,  1875.)       'l/:/v.*    ^j  ,,, 

^^  r-  Family  CX  — CYCLOPTERID^.  .  * 

{The  Lump  Suckers.) 

Body  short  and  thick,  more  or  less  elevated,  covered  with  a  thick 
skin,  which  is  smooth,  tubercular,  or  spinous;  head  short  and  thick; 
suborbital  stay  present,  thin  and  liattish;  mouth  small,  terminal;  jaws 
with  bands  of  slender  teeth;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  uill 
openings  narrow,  restricted  to  the  sides,  the  membranes  being  broadly 
joined  to  the  isthmus  and  shoulder  girdle;  branchiostegals  G;  doisiil 
tin  long,  the  anterior  part  of  flexible  spines,  which,  in  the  adult,  aic 
sometimes  hidden  by  a  tieshy  hump,  sometimes  entirely  Avantiny: 
soft  dorsal  small,  opposite  the  anal,  and  similar  to  it;  caudal  iiii 
rounded,  free  from  the  dorsal  and  anal;  ventrals  thoracic,  rudiiiieiitaiv, 
forming  the  bony  center  of  a  sucking-disk;  pectorals  short,  placed  low, 

*Iu  Dr.  Giiuther's  type  of  L.  cyvlojius,  from  KKquimanlt  Harboi-,  the  fiii-fi»nimlii  is 
D.  35;  A.  30;  C.  12;  the  ventral  disk  is  said  to  be  less  than  half  the  leiif;lh  ol  tln' 
head,  and  the  dorsal  is  said  to  begin  behind  the  vent.  The  sjjeeies  is  said  to  ii^jivc 
•  'in  nearly  every  rcapect  with  L,  vulgaria"  (liniata).  Our  Ri)ecimeu  is  much  iieanr 
//.  mticoaa, 

t Steindachner,  Iclith.  Beitriige,  iii,  54,  1675:  typo  Liparia  muooaua  Ayrea.  {veu, 
uewj  Liparia.) 


1 10.    CYCLOPTERID^ — CYC  LOPTERIo'IITH YS. 


745 


tlioir  bases  broad  and  prociiiTeiit ;  pyloric  coeea  numerous;  vcrtebr.T. 
]2  4-l(»,  the  skeleton  feebly  ossified.  Genera  2;  species  4;  inhabiting 
the  northern  seas  of  both  hemispheres.  By  means  of  the  adhesive 
ventral  disk  these  fishes  are  enabled  to  attach  themselves  very  tirmly 
to  rocks  or  other  objects. 
(Discoboli;  group  CyclojHei-ina  Gimthcr,  iii,  154-158.) 

a.  Spinous  dorsal  wantiug;  skin  smooth  or  nearly  so CYCLOPTKiaciiTiiYS,  395. 

aa.  Spinous  dorsal  prest'ut,  soniotimes  disappearing  with  age;  skin  tuberculato. 

,  CVCLOPTEKUS,   396. 

39S.-CYCLOPTERICHTIIYS  Steindacbner. 

(Stcindachncr,   Iihtb.   Beitriige,  x,  14,  183J  :    iype  Cydojttcrichlhys  glabcr  Stt'hi(i.=^ 
Cyclopttrua  rcnlricosns  Pit\\ii».) 

Body  short  and  thick,  rounded,  covered  with  thick  smooth  skin,  des- 
titute of  bony  tubercles  (or  nearly  so?);  tail  slender,  compressed,  the 
body  abruptly  contracted  to  its  base;  head  broad,  obtuse;  mouth  ob- 
lique, the  lower  jaw  prominent;  teeth  rather  small,  sharp,  in  two  rows 
anteriorly;  pseudobranchia?  large;  gills  3J;  suborbital  connected  by  a 
hony  stay  with  the  preopercle;  gill-opening  small,  above  the  base  of 
the  pectoral,  which  is  broad  and  procurrent;  ventral  disk  moderate, 
fringed.  Dorsal  short  and  high,  of  soft  rays  only,  opposite  the  short 
anal,  both  well  separated  from  the  small  caudal,  {xuxhi-refw^,  round- 
linned ;  r/Oi)':,  fish.) 

1112.  C.  ventricosus  (Steindachnev)  J.  &  G. 

Ih'own,  with  numerous  round  dark  spots.  Ilead  broader  than  long, 
the  greatest  depth  a  little  less  than  its  length ;  eye  small,  round,  7  in 
Iioad,  the  maxillary  extending  to  below  its  middle.  Head  '^;  depth  2^. 
D.  0;  A.  7;  P.  20;  C.  11.    L.  12  inches.     {iSteindachno;}    Okhotsk  Sea, 

northward. 

{('jicloptvruit  venMcomtn  Pallas,  Sidcilegia  Zoiil.  vii,  li'>,  f .  '2,  aliout  1770:  {CotyVtHl)  ren- 
triioHux  Giiuther,  iii,  41)8^:  Cyclopterichlhya  (jlaber  Steind.  lehlh.  Beitriige,  x,  14,  1881, 
taf^  viii.)  iV;/,-:--':'-'  V".   "    '-c-:": 

1143.  C.'slelieri  (Pallas)  J.  &  G.         •;   -v  f-  .,  ^  ..,X.^  .w;  ?-r  r.«;^  n; 

Color  blackish.      Body  ovate,  smooth ;    a  single  series  of  osseous 

tubercles  along  the  middle  of  the  back  to  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  fin; 

lower  jaw  longest;  teeth  small,  unequal;  eyes  small,  high;  gill-opening 

reduced  to  a  round  foramen.     Dorsal  fin  ccnnniencing  on  the  middle  of 

tlie  biU'k  Jind  extending  to  near  the  base  of  caudal;  anal  ending  oi)po- 

site  dorsal.    Pet«r  and  Paul's  Harbor,  Bering's  Sea.     {Pallas.) 

{CUjilopierua  stelleri  Pnllas,  Zoogr.  KoBH.-Asint.  ill,  73,  1811:  (Cotylia^)  atelleri  Giiu- 
ther, iii,  499.) 


ij 


■  .1  r- 


\- '  ^ 


■^WWPpPPpPWW! 


)  .^ja/;m«f*.mv,j> 


746      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICIITHYOLOGY — IV. 


396.— CYCL.OPTERIJS  LiuuiBUS. 


(Lumpua  Cuvier.) 

(Artetli;  LinusBiis,  Syst.  Nat. :  type  Ci/c?opfcrit8  ZitmjJMS  L.)  * 

Spinous  dorsal  present,  sometimes  disappearing  with  age;  skin  tliick, 
armed  with  series  of  bony  tubercles;  other  characters  of  the  genus 
included  above.  (zuzA»-,  circular;  Tzrspw^  iin;  from  the  circular  veutrul 
disk.)  •  . 

a.  Dorsal  spinos  not  (lisappearing  with  ago;  gill-opening  a  small  slit  on  level  of  oyc 
ventral  disk  large.     {Juimicrotreinua*  Gill.) 

1144.  C  spinosus  Miiller. 

Color  olivaceous,  the  skin  between  the  plates  thickly  punctate.  Body 
orbicular,  cuboid  anteriorly;  base  of  spinous  dorsal  and  body  beliiud 
vent  abruptly  compressed;  teeth  in  narrow  bands;  gill-openings  on  a 
level  with  eye,  slightly  narrower  than  orbit.  Spinous  dorsal  not  hidden, 
covered  with  rough  tubercles,  similar  to  those  on  body,  but  smaller; 
width  of  ventral  disk  slightly  less  than  its  length,  and  somewhat  less 
than  length  of  head.  Body  covered  with  irregular  roundish  conical 
plates,  varying  much  in  size,  some  of  the  larger  with  a  central  point, 
turned  backward;  all  the  plates  with  small  tubercles  and  slender  Ilex- 
ible  prickles;  small  i)lates  along  bases  of  all  the  fins;  a  series  of  (» larj^e 
plates  extending  backward  from  above  eye  to  opposite  the  interval  ho- 
tween  dorsals;  a  series  of  5  on  each  side  of  middle  of  interocular  space 
from  snout  to  nape,  these  increasing  much  in  size  posteriorly;  a  series 
of  3  along  opercular  margin;  along  base  of  spinous  dorsal,  a  series  of 
4,  not  connected  with  that  of  incerorbital  space;  a  single  large  plate  on 
each  side  of  the  interval  between  dorsals;  two  longitudinal  series  of  4 
large  plates  each,  beginning  above  base  of  pectorals  and  behind  gill 
slits,  terminating  under  the  space  between  dorsals;  the  largest  ])latooii 
body  is  immediately  behind  axil  of  pectoral;  a  smaller  one  below  it,  and 
two  others  between  it  and  origin  of  anal;  two  series  of  smalh  ;  jtlates 
below  eye;  many  small  plates  interposed  between  the  series  of  laryo 
ones;  very  small  plates  on  under  side  of  head  and  middle  of  tail;  no 
jdates  between  ventral  disk  and  vent;  none  in  axil  of  pectorals.  Iload 
3;  depth  nearly  2.    D.  VII-11;  A.  10;  C.  10.     Alaska  to  Iceland,  south 

*Gill,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat.   Sci.   Pliila.  18f)4,  190:    typo  Cydoptenis  spiiims  Miill, 
{EVfitxpoi,  very  small;  rpffna,  aperture,  from  the  small  gill-openings.) 


111.    OOBIESOCID^. 


747 


to  Puget  Sound  and  Maine.    Uere  described  from  an  Alaskan  siK'cinien 
of  "  C.  orbia:'' 

(Mlillor,  Prodr.  Z<m>1.  Dim.  ix,  1777;  F.ibriciiis,  Fauna  GrcDnlandica,  17d0,  i:?4;  Giln- 
tlior,  iii,  157 :  Cyclopteru»  orhis  Giinther,  iii,  IfiH,  18GI,  specimen  from  Vaucouvers  Island. ) 

fl<(.  Dorsal  spines  enveloped  in  a  ilesliy  hump  iu  adult;  gill-opeuiugs  larger;  ventral 
disk  tiuiall.     ( CyelopteruH. ) 

1113.  (J.  lllinpilS  L.—Lump-Sitckcr ;   Lumpfixh. 

Olivaceou.s,  with  darker  markings;  skin  i)unctidate.  Head  heavy, 
ahiiost  round;  interorbital  .space  very  wide,  flattish;  maxilhiry  reiu;hing 
to  or  slightly  beyond  front  of  eye;  gill-openings  extending  from  level  of 
upper  margin  of  eye  to  opposite  middle  of  base  of  pectorals;  length  of 
jlill-opening  about  equal  to  base  of  pectoral,  three-fxfths  length  of  head, 
oqiial  to  length  of  ventral  disk;  a  tleshy  hump  on  the  back,  which,  in 
the  adult,  covers  the  spinous  dorsal;  skin  with  small  tubercles,  and 
iil)oat  7  rows  of  larger  spinous  ])lates;  a  median  dorsal  row,  which 
divides  and  forms  two  series  behind  the  hump;  two  lateral  rows,  of 
which  the  lower  has  larger  plates;  one  abdominal  row  oii  each  side. 
Head  3i;  depth  2.  D.  about  V^ll-lO;  A.  10.  North  Atlantic;  rather 
common  on  the  coasts  of  America  and  l*]urope. 

(LiuniBUS,  Syst.  Nat.;  Giluther,  iii,  153:  Lumjimi angloruniDe^iiy,  N.  Y.  Fauna,  Fish. 

311').) 


(V  ; 


'>l'i 


Family  QXI  — G0J3IES0CID^. 


Bodj"^  rather  elongate,  broad  and  depressed  in  front,  covered  by 
.smooth,  naked  skin;  mouth  moderate;  upper  ja^Y,])rotractile;  teeth 
usually  rather  strong,  the  anterior  conical  or  incisor-like;  ])()sterior 
cauines  sometimes  present ;  no  bony  stay  from  suborbital  across 
cheeks;  opercle  reduced  to  a  small  spine-like  projection  concealed  in 
the  skin,  behind  angle  of  the  large  preopercle;  pseudobranchia;  small 
or  wanting;  gills  3  or  2.\ ;  gill-membranes  broadly  united,  free  or 
united  to  the  isthmus;  dorsal  flu  on  the  po.sterior  i)art  of  th(»  body, 
opposite  to  the  anal  and  similar  to  it,  both  lins  without  spines;  ventral 
tins  wide  apart,  each  with  one  concealed  spine  and  4  or  5  soit  rays. 
Hetween  and  behind  the  ventrals  is  a  large  sucking-disk,  the  ventrals 
iisurtlly  forming  part  of  it.  This  sucking-disk,  which  is  dillerent  in 
structure  from  that  of  Cycloj>t€ru8  and  Liparis,  is  thus  described  by 
Dr.  Giinther: 

"The  whole  disk  is  exceedingly  large,  subcircular,  longer  than  broad, 
its  length  being  (often)  one  third  of  the  whole  length  of  the  lish.    The 


*;»  '*>■!'": 


"m  1 1 


h  -'.  Ill 


748      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — TV 


I 


i| 

in 
U 

i 

II 
il 


contrnl  portion  is  formed  merely  by  skin,  which  is  soparat^'.il  from  ilu> 
IK'Ivic  or  pubic  bones  by  several  hiyers  of  mnscles.  The  peripheric 
portion  is  divided  into  an  anterior  and  posterior  i)art  by  a  deep 
notch  behind  the  ventrals.  Tlie  anterior  peripheric  portion  is  fornied 
b3'  the  ventral  rays,  the  membrane  between  them  and  a  broad  Iriiiffc. 
which  extends  anteriorly  from  one  ventral  to  the  other.  Tliis  tViiiijc 
is  a  fold  of  the  skin,  containing  on  one  side  the  rudimentary  veiitml 
spine,  but  no  cartilage.  The  posterior  j)eripheric  portion  is  suspended 
on  each  side  on  ihe  coracoid,  the  npper  botie  of  which  is  exceedingly 
broad,  becoming  a  free,  movable  plate  behind  the  pectoral.  The  lower 
bone  of  the  coracoid  is  of  a  triangular  form,  and  snjjports  a  very 
broad  fold  of  the  skin,  extending  from  one  side  to  tin  other,  and  con 
taining  a  (xirtilage  wdiich  runs  through  the  whole  of  that  fold.  Fine 
processes  of  the  cartilage  are  continued  into  the  soft  striated  margin,  in 
which  the  disk  terminates  posteriorly.  The  face  of  the  disk  is  coated 
with  a  thick  epidermis,  like  th«?  sole  of  the  foot  in  higher  animals.  The 
epidermis  is  divided  inlo  nany  polygonal  plates.  There  are  no  such 
plates  between  the  roots  of  the  ventral  tins."  (Giinther,  iii,  p.  405.)  No 
air-bladder;  intestines  short;  pyloric  ccBca  few  or  none ;  skeleton  linn ; 
vertebriB  13  to  14  + 13  to  22.  Carnivorous  fishes  of  small  size,  chielly 
of  the  warm  seas,  usually  living  among  loose  stones  between  tide  marks 
and  clinging  to  them  tirmly  by  means  of  the  adhesive  disk.  Genera  10; 
species  25  to  30. 

{GoUcmcidw  (iilnthdT,  iii,  489-515.)  - 

a.  Gill-menibranos  fro«  from  thcistbmus;  gills 3;  lower  jaw  with  incisors;  postiTinr 
jjart  oi"  suckiug-disk,  without  a  free  anterior  margin Gowksox,  oD7. 

397.-OOB1ESOX  Lacdpiide. 

(Laoc^pede,  Hint.  Nat.  des  Poiss.  it,  595,  1800:  typo  Gobiesor  eephahis  'Lac6,\)M{'.) 

Body  anteriorly  very  broad  and  depressed,  posteriorly  slender,  cov- 
ered with  tough,  smooth  skin;  head  large,  rounded  in  front;  mouth 
terminal,  crescent-shaped;  lower  jaw  with  a  series  of  strong  incisors  in 
front;  upi)er  jav^  with  a  narrow  band  of  teeth,  those  of  the  anterior 
series  larger;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  gills  3;  gill-membranes 
broadly  united  under  the  throat,  not  attachul  to  the  isthmus;  snckinjj- 
disk  large,  the  posterior  i>ortion  without  anterior  free  margin.  HpeL-ies 
numerous,  all  American;  mostly  tropical.    {Gohius;  IJnox.) 

a.  Anal  iin  of  10  to  13  rays,  al»out  as  long  as  dorsal.     (Caularclma*  Gill.) 
b.  Inci>orH  of  lower  jaw  entire. 


*Gill,  Pioc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.   1802,  330:    type  Lepadogmtsr  reticulatm  Gti. 
{xavXoi,  stem;  apxo?,  anus;  i.  c,  anal  mauy-rayod.) 


1116.  O, 

Light  ( 

npper  lip 

(ins  dusk; 

nearly  as 

of  iiead;  < 

ieal,  or  si 

hind  then 

ineisordiki 

posterior 

lif  in  leug 

Head  2,^; 

Hoiuid  to  3 

( f-cpadogas 
maaiidricua  G 

1117.  <^.  s 
niuish  pi 
in  total  len 
(ending  fro; 
of  head  dej 
dental  seric 
conceal  son 
oontiiiuatioi 
mnitii]  and 
{(^'ope.)  Hil 
(t'opc,  Proc. 

>il>.  Incisors  of 

I  lis.  G.  riK 

l)i"'.  olivf 

fil'ove;  the  fi 

^vi<le,  across 

•lorsal;  some 

(f.  rcficulatus 

maxillary  ext( 

iimcii  decline( 

^'ctkidatus.      ] 

Head  3.1:  .lej, 

Gulf  of  Oalifo 

(Bosa  Smith,  P 


111.    OOBIESOCIDiE — GOniESOX. 


749 


1116.  G.  rcticulntiis  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

lii^ilit  olive,  everywhere  reticuliited  with  brownisli  onm^jje;  middh'  of 
upper  lip  black;  a  lij^ht  bar  between  eyes  and  across  cheeks;  vertical 
liiis  dusky;  caudal  with  two  faint  brownish  bars  near  its  base.  Head 
iit'iuly  as  broad  as  lon^^;  mouth  wide,  its  wi<lth  uion^  than  half  lenyth 
of  head;  outer  teeth  of  upper  Jaw  rather  stronjj,  close-set,  vertical,  con- 
ical, or  slightly  compressed,  a  narrow  band  of  small,  conical  t*;eth  be- 
hind them;  lower  jaw  with  larger  teeth,  0  or  8  of  the  anterior  broad, 
incisordike,  with  entire  edges,  jdaced  nearly  horizontally;  lateral  an«l 
jiosterior  teeth  small,  as  in  upper  Jaw;  distance  from  vent  to  caudal 
2'|  in  length  of  body;  sucking-disk  as  broad  as  long,  lih  in  length. 
Head  2:|;  depth  C.J.  D.  13;  A.  12;  V.  I,  4.  L.  0  inches.  Tuget 
Sound  to  Monterey;  very  abundant  in  rock-pools. 

(lApadofjantir  riticitlatiiH  Urd.  I'loc.  Aeiid.  Nat.  Sei.  I'liilii.  1854,  If).'):  Lrimdoganttr 
))H(v(/.(/»»ctt«Gi'(l.U.  S.  Puc.  R.  K.  Snrv.  Fiah.  x,  I'.U):  Udnenox  m«'«nrf/'icH»Giiiither,  iii, 

non.) 


>:A:.: 


.V  -;i'-i-: ^^if- 


lli*.  C  struiiiosuf*  C(»i»e.         ;  i^.;        a:  ,.j;i",,:-,/,   .,.,.;,    .,:r.r.'.'«v:5..-'^- V' 

Bluish  plumbeous,  lins  blackish.  Ilead  extremely  wide,  its  width  2^ 
ill  total  length;  this  width  partly  j)roduced  by  a  large  Heshy  mass  ex- 
ii'iuling  from  end  of  maxillary  to  end  of  interopercle;  eye  small;  profile 
of  head  descending  abruptly  from  posterior  line  of  orbits.  Superior 
dental  series  12  on  each  side,  externally,  but  the  three  median  teeth 
conceal  some  series  of  whi(di  the  secoiul  three  external  teeth  are  a 
continuation;  inferior  teeth,  11  on  each  side;  four  median  incisors  hor- 
izontal and  subequal;  no  marked  canine.'  D.  11;  A.  10;  0.  10;  P.  21. 
{€<)])€.)  Hilton  Ilead,  South  Carolina. 
(Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  121.) 

H).  hicisors  of  lower  jaw  tricuspid.  *  ,'-,• 

1118.  O.  rhcssodon  Rosa  Smith,  .v;'.;....^;   /,    :,i::,<r...      —v    ,;.  .,i.;n,-        ..j2«::;'' 

Din- .;  olivaceous,  usually  with  tliree  broad  yellowish  cross-bands 
above;  the  first  across  inter  orbital  space  and  cheeks,  the  second,  very 
wide,  across  back  and  front  of  dorsal  fin,  the  third  below  mitldlo  of 
dorsal ;  some  or  all  of  these  sometimes  wanting.  7'^orm  much  as  in 
(/.  reticulatus ;  distance  from  vent  to  caudal  2f  in  length  of  body; 
iiiaxillary  extending  to  below  eye;  incisors  of  lower  javv  tricuspid,  not 
much  declined,  about  8  in  number;  upper  teeth  essentially  as  in  0. 
rctkiiJdttis.  Dorsal  a  little  longer  than  anal,  coterminous  with  it. 
Head  3i:  depth  0^.  D.  11;  A.  10.  L.  2^  inches.  San  Diego  to  the 
Gulf  of  California;  locally  abundant. 

(Rosu  Smith,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1881,  140.) 


750      COXTRIHUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMKRICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV, 


Family  CXII.— BATRACHIDJi:  * 


'.« 


i:^ 


( The  Toad- fishes.) 

Body  generally  robust,  depressed  anteriorly,  compressed  behind; 
head  large,  <lepressed,  its  muciferons  cluiunels  well  developed;  month 
very  large,  the  teeth  generally  strong;  premaxilluries  protractile;  frills 
3,  a  slit  behind  the  last;  psendobranchiiii  non<^;  gill-openings  restricted 
to  the  sides,  the  membranes  broadly  united  to  the  isthmus;  braiichjos 
tegals  mostly  <);  gill-raJvcrs  present,  moderate;  suborbital  without  lion* 
stay;  post-temporal  bone  simple,  undivided;  scales  small,  cych)id,  or 
wanting.  Dorsal  fins  2,  the  first  of  two  or  three  low,  stout  spines; 
soft  dorsal  very  long;  anal  flu  similar,  but  shorter;  ventrals  rather 
large,  jugular,  I,  2  or  I,  3;  pectorals  very  broad,  the  rays  branched; 
pyloric  co'ca  none;  tail  diphycercal,  the  caudal  fin  distinct,  rounded. 
Carnivorous  coast  fishes,  mostly  of  the  warm  seas;  the  young  of  some 
or  all  tine  species  fasten  themselves  to  rocks  by  means  of  an  adhesive 
ventral  disk,  which  soon  disappears.    Genera  5;  species  about  12. 

:  (Batrachidw  Giiuther,  iii,  1(56-177.)  •  ,  •  y  ,,,       /  v 

«.  Body  naked.  .'<.'.  •  .  .        »    ^,,,.'.     .- 

b.  Lateral  line  obsolete;  dora.al  spines  3 Bathachus,  .W. 

bb.  Lateral  lines  several,  e.ich  formed  of  shining    bodies  imbedded   in  the  skin, 
accomx>aaied  by  iwres  and  minute  cirri;  no  axillary  foramen;  dorsal  s])iius  )>. 

;,..-  .,uj:r<i^;;':>'- ■'-,'>'- ,;-!  ,  '..*■.■.«;.•    ■■■^--■■■^h   tf.;-    ■;>'-      ;/;■,,.  Poiuchtuys,  SDK. 

'•''"-"''  398.— BATRACHIJS  Block  &  Schneider.      ''' 

(Klein;  Bloch  &  Schneider,  Syst.  .chth.  1801,  42:  type  Gadua  tau  L.) 

Body  comparatively  short  and  robust,  scaleless;  head  large,  de 
pressed;  .jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines  each  with  a  single  series  of  stroiiij 
blunt  teeth;  mandible  with  an  additional  external  series  at  symphysis; 
teeth  of  upper  jaw  small;  dentary  bones  forming  an  acute  angle  at 
symphysis;  li[»s  fleshy;  upper  angle  of  opercle  with  2  diverging  spines, 
more  or  less  concealed  in  the  skin;  spinous  dorsal  of  3  stout  slioit 
spines,  the  second  the  longest;  no  lateral  line  nor  conspicuous  pores; 
young  with  series  of  small  tufted  cirri  on  back  and  sides;  branchiostc- 
gals  G;  vertebrae  12  +  22.     {jS ar/xr/ix;,  a,  frog.)  ^' 

rt.  Axil  of  pectoral  with  a  largo  foramen.  -•-     ^ 

1149.  B.  eau  (Liun.)Cuv.  «&  Val.— Toadt-/sA;  Oyater-fish;  Sarpo^^._^._ 

Dusky  olive,  with  black  markings  confluent  on  the  sides  and  forming 
irregular,  indistinct  bars;  belly  and  under  side  of  head  lighter;  tins 


Hi  ! 


Family  "  114"  of  the  key  on  page  80. 


112.    nATRACHID.E — POHICIITHYS. 


761 


rith  black  barH,  tho.se  on  dorsal  and  anal  obli(]U('.  TceMi  in  niandiblt* 
small  anteri(H'ly,  regularly  increasing  in  hIzo  backwards;  those  on  voniei- 
])rominent;  a  broad  llap  above  orbit;  tip  of  maxillary  and  lower  side  of 
mandible  with  conspicuous  cirri;  a  series  of  smaller  cirri  along  margin 
of  preopercle;  subopercle  ending  in  a  long,  sharp  spine;  orbit  about 
t'i|ualling  intcrorbital  width  or  length  of  snout;  j)ectoral  with  a  large 
fonnnen  in  the  axil.  Head  2g;  depth  4^.  D.  111-27;  A.  24.  Massa- 
cliusetts  to  the  W(^st  Indies;  very  abundant. 
Uiadun  tail  Linn.  Syst.  Nut. ;  GiinHier,  iii,  1G7. ) 

Siitisp.  pardus  Goode  &  Bean. 

Very  pale  yellowish-brown,  thickly  covered  with  round  spots  of  dark 
brown;  those  on  head  smaller;  belly  with  numerous  spots,  the  largest 
as  large  as  eye;  back  with  many  oblong  blotches,  besides  small  round 
spots:  tins  blotched,  and  banded;  otherwise  as  in  B.  tau.     Pensacola, 

(Goodo  &  Boan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1879,  336.)    ;      ^:    \^      ^?'^:' ?   ---1^      -■ 


399.— PORICHTHYS  Girard. 


■'-»'ii|:.A^- 


(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18.")4,  141:  type  Porichthi/H  notatus  Grd.=^Batra- 
chua  poroKissimus  C.  &  V.) 

Body  rather  elongate;  head  not  very  broad,  depressed,  the  lower  jaw 
projecting;  skin  naked,  with  several  series  of  mucous  pores;  mouth 
wide,  with  conical  teeth  in  the  jaws,  and  a  canine  tooth  on  each  side  of 
the  vomer;  operde  with  a  single  spine;  first  dorsal  with  2  very  small, 
stout  spines;  pectoral  broad,  without  foramen  in  the  axil;  branchio.ste- 
gals  G;  air  bladder  divided  into  two  lateral  parts;  vertebra)  11+.*U. 
[znonr,  pore;  l/^o?,  fish;  in  illusion  to  the  extraordinary  development 
of  the  mucous  system.) 

llSOt  P.  porosissianas  (Cuv.  &  Vj»1.)  Glintlier. — Midnhlpman. 

Olive  brown  above,  with  coppery  reflections,  the  belly  bras.sy-yellow ; 
sides  with  irregular  broad  vertical  cross-blot(!lies,  most  distinct  in  the 
young;  dorsal  grayish,  with  oblique  dark  bars;  vertical  fins  sometim(\s 
luaifjined  with  black;  pores  of  lateral  lines  bead-like,  shining  silvery; 
a  white  space  below  eye,  with  a  black  crescent  below  it.  Head  nar- 
rowed forwards;  opercle  developed  as  a  strong  spine;  maxillary  reach- 
ing beyond  orbit;  lower  jaw  with  a  single  row  of  about  10  large,  re- 
curved teeth,  behind  which  is  a  patch  of  small  teeth;  sides  of  jaw  with 
a  single  series  of  canines  similar  to  those  in  front,  but  larger;  upper 
jaw  with  an  irregular  series  of  small  teeth;   palatines  with  a  single 


fa 

f 

I, 


752       CONTItlBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

series  of  conical  teeth;  2  larj^e  carved  canines  on  vomer;  head  with 
Kcveral  rows  of  frinjT;ed  ])ore8:  one  row  ah)n;^  lower  line  of  operde  and 
8nl)oi)ercle;  another  alonjif  ni)per  edge  of  cheeks,  this  branchinj;  beliind 
and  below  the  orbit,  one  branch  running  forwards  btdow  the  orbit  and 
around  the  snout,  the  other  vertically  downwards  behind  the  niaxillaiy; 
a  series  of  fringes  behind  the  lower  lip;  behind  this  a  series  of  pons 
vithout  fringes;  a  short  straight  series  of  pores  on  each  side  of  vertex; 
a  row  of  pores  along  the  base  of  the  dorsal  tin,  curving  at  front  of  dor- 
sal,  and  terminating  at  upper  angle  of  opercle;  a  row  below  this,  not 
reaching  base  of  pectoral;  a  thinl  row  does  not  reacii  tlie  base  of  cau- 
dal, and  is  anteriorly  strongly  curved  upwards  to  base  of  pectoral;  2 
concentric  series  on  the  abdomen,  the  outer  extending  forwards  be- 
tween bases  of  ventrals.  The  so-called  "shining  pores"  on  the  sides 
are  not  pores,  but  bright  round  pieces  of  shiny  membrane,  sho\viii;r 
through  a  translucent  skin;  each  of  the  s[)ots  has  above  it  a  ])air  of 
fringed  flaps  with  a  small  pore  between  them;  the  rows  of  flaps  along 
bases  of  dorsal  and  anal  fins  are  without  shining  spots.  V(Mitrals 
reaching  bases  of  pectorals,  which  reach  to  opposite  the  sixth  anal 
ray;  caudal  not  half  length  of  head;  peritoneum  black.  Ilead  Sij; 
depth  G.  D.  11-37;  A.  33;  V.  I,  2;  P.  18.  L.  15  inches.  Pacilic  coast; 
very  abundant  from  Lower  California  to  Paget  Sound ;  occasionally 
isoiithward  to  Panama;  also  in  the  West  Indies  and  on  the  coast  of 
Brazil.     •-    '  -""  ■'--■■■'  '-'■■''  ■        ^'  -^f>vv..  :^'...-"  -■  =-  ,  ;.-r.  ..v>^ 

(Batrachus  porosisaimus  C.  Sc  V.  xii,  501:  Porichihtjs  notatua  Giianl,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.  1854,  141,  and  in  U.  S.  Pac.  K.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  134;  Gunther,  ui,  176.) 

Family  CXlIL-LEPTOSCOPIDiE. 

Body  oblong,  low,  compressed  posteriorly,  covered  with  moderate 
cycloid,  imbricated  scales;  lateral  line  complete,  anteriorly  runnin? 
along  side  of  back,  posteriorly  median;  head  oblong,  nearly  plaue 
above;  ejes  small,  superior,  well  forwaid;  suborbital  bones  enlarj'ed, 
but  without  "stay";  nostrils  double;  opercle  fringed;  month  nearly 
vertical;  premaxillaries  protractile,  not  forming  the  entire  edge  of  the 
upper  jaw;  lips  fringed;  gill-openings  very  broad,  the  membranes  sep- 
arate and  free  from  the  isthmus;  pseudobranchite  present  or  absent. 
Dorsal  fin  very  long,  undivided,  several  of  the  anterior  rays  spinous; 
anal  very  long,  commencing  close  behind  the  vent,  which  is  near  tlie 
breast;  caudal  diphycercal,  free  from  dorsal  and  anal;  pectorals  viiii- 
able,  the  base  procurrent;  ventrals  jugular,  I,  3  or  I,  5;  vertebr.T  more 
than  10-1-14;  pyloric  cceca  none.    Genera  about  6;  species  about  10; 


114.   BLENNIID^. 


763 


inbabiting  the  tropiccal  seas.    This  group  or  family  is  most  nearly  re- 
lated to  the  UranoscopidcCf  but  some  of  the  species  show  Blennioid 

traits. 
{Lcpto8Copoid(B  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  18G2,  503-.')0G.) 

a.  Ventral  rays  I,  3;  pectoral  rays  simple.     (Dactyloacopipu:) 
i,  Pseiulobrancbiie  none;  head  cuboid;  dorsal  coiuiuencing  at  tbo  nape. 

Dactyloscopus,  400. 

400.— DACTYliOSCOPlJS  Gill. 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1859,  i;J2:  type  Dactyloscopus  tridigitatu/t  Gill.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  covered  with  rather  large,  cycloid  scales; 
head  cuboid,  oblong  and  nearly  flat  above;  eyes  small;  interorbita' 
space  broad;  mouth  nearly  vertical;  lower  jaw  not  dilated  beneath  nor 
emargiuate  in  front,  without  barbels;  no  intralabial  filament;  teeth 
vilHform,  on  jaws  only;  pseudobranchise  obsolete.  Dorsal  commencing 
at  the  nape,  with  10-12  spines;  ventral  rays  I,  3.  {SaxroXo^,  finger; 
«(m>?,  short  for  Uranoscopus.)  ^  ,       _ 

1151.  D.  tridig[itatns  Gill.  » 

Whitish;  head  with  coarse  wavy  darker  lines;  fins  immaculate. 
Body  slender,  much  compressed  posteriorly ;  opercular  fringe  of  15 
separate  filaments.  Distance  from  snout  to  dorsal  5  in  total  length  of 
body.  Head  5  (in  total);  depth  7.  D.  XII,  28;  A.  II,  32;  P.  13;  V.  I, 
3;  scales  11  +  4  +  30  =  45.    West  Indies,  north  to  Key  West.    {Oill) 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1859, 132, 1861,264,  and  1862,505;  GUutber,  iii,279.) 


.  V  .     Family  CXIV.— BLENNIIDiE.* 

{The  Blennies.) 

Body  oblong  or  variously  elongate,  usually  compressed;  naked,  or 
covered  with  usually  cycloid  scales;  teeth  usually  well  developed;  sub- 
orbital ring  not  articulated  with  the  preopercle;  dorsal  fin  long,  contin- 
uous, or  divided  into  two  or  three  fins,  the  anterior  portion  and  some- 
times the  whole  fin  composed  of  spines,  which  are  stiff  or  flexible;  anal 
fin  long,  usually  with  one  or  two  small  spines;  ventrals  jugular,  few- 
rayed,  or  wanting;  caudal  fin  present,  rounded;  tail  diphycercal ;  air- 
bladder  usually  wanting;  pseudobranchia?  present;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind 
the  fourth;  vertebrae  numerous.    Genera  about  50;  species  nearly  300. 
As  here  understood,  a  large  and  varied  family,  chiefly  of  small  carniv- 
orous fishes,  inhabiting  rock-pools  and  sea  bottoms  near  the  shore. 
Some  of  them  are  found  in  the  fresh-water  lakes  of  Italy.    Many  of 

"Including  families  112  lilennidce  and  113  Anarrhichadidce  of  tbe  key  on  pages  80 

lad  81. 

Bull.  Nat.  Mu8.  No.  16 48 


i^ 


i 


:\' 


Ml 


754      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NOEIH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

them  {CUmn(e)  are  ovo viviparous.  Professor  Gill  divides  this  group 
into  several  families  {Anarrliiehadidoe^  Blenniido!,  Gebedichthyidre,  Xiphi- 
diontidee,  Stichwidcc,  and  CryptacantMdce,  but  the  second,  third,  fourth, 
and  fifth  of  these  groups  at  least  are  very  closely  allied.  Genera  about 
40;  species  about  250.  . 

(i?fcnniida;  pt.  GUnther,  iii,  206-294.)    r  *■  ,:  '         i^^ 

•  Molar  teeth  none. 

a.  Teeth  long  and  slender,  curved,  hook-like  or  comb-like;  in  front  of  jaws   -oly; 

body  naked;  dorsal  with  many  f         ys; 
'  ,        .:•  ,  ,     .  ,  .    .V    •  ...  ventral    fins    well  developed.       .->>  ecies 

V  ■       ,      carnivorous,  OA'ipai'ous,   chiefly  tropical. 

(Blenniince.) 
I.  Anterior  teeth  canine-like,  unequal;  some  of  the  teeth  movable;  others  angu- 

j.j      .  ;■    .       /        ,.;     larly  bent ;  gill-membranes  free  from  istb- 

mns Ophioblennius,  -iOl. 

ih.  Anterior  teeth  comb-like,  equal ;  teeth  all  fixed, 
c.  Gill- membranes  broadly  united  to  the  isthmus,  the  gill-openings  restricted  to 

the  sides. 

d.  Mouth  large,  the  head  rather  pointed ;  no  canines Chasmodes,  402, 

dd.  Mouth  small ;  the  head  decurved  in  profile. 

e.  Canine  teeth  none , Isestrbs,  103. 

ee.  Canine  teeth  present  in  one  or  both  jaws  potiteriorly. 

Hypleurochilus,  404. 
cc.  Gill-membranes  free  from  the  isthmus,  or  at  least  forming  a  fold  acro.s,s  it; 

posterior  canines  present . .  Blennius,  405. 
an.  Teeth  conic,  not  comb-like.  .  x^  . 

/.  Body  scaly.  ' 

g.  Lateral  line  present  (or  more  or  less  obsolete),  single,  high  in  front, 

abruptly  curved  above  peel  irals,  becom- 
ing  median  posteriorly;  dorsal  fin  with 
!  .        or.e  or   more  soft   raya;    gill-membranes 

free  from  isthmus;  ventruls  well  devel- 
oped.     Species    carnivorous,    ovovivipa- 
rous,  chiefly  tropical.     (CUninw.) 
'.  A,  Soft  dorsal  of  numerous  rays;  scales  small. 

».  Maxillary  greatly  developed,  reaching  far  beyond  ey>:  teeth  on 

vomer  and  palatines Neocunus,  400. 

■  it.  Maxillary  moderate. 

_;'.  Air-bladder  obsolete ;  caudal  fin  rounded Clinus,  407, 

«.  Air-bladder  larjje ;  caudal  forked;  teeth  on  palatines. 

Heterostichus,  408, 
.  ,  hh.  Soft  dorsal  of  a  pinglo  ray;   scales  lather  large;    a  notch  behind 

third  spine  of  dorsal. 

Cremnobates,  409. 
gg.  Lateral  line,  if  present,  straight,  concurrent  with  the  back ;  some- 
times branched  or  duplicated. 
k.  Mouth  horizontal  or  nearly  so. 
-----'  -  I.  Gill-openings  not  continued  forward  below,  the  membranes 

^       .'        ,,  broadly  united,  free  from  isthmrs  or ncJ; 

^  J       .;  ventral  fins  very  small  or  wanting.    Spe- 

'  "      '      '  .  cies  carnivorous  or   herbivorous;  ovipa- 

rous (!)     Arctic  or  subarctic.     (Xiphitit- 


,  40G.     H 

!':■{ 

,407.     1 

'Cf 

,408.    1 

^n*' . 

chind    ^B 

(Kt. 

,409.    1 

''■■•^■,> 

some-    ^M 

'-■;\;i.'. 

)TaneB    ^B 

;  '■' 

met;    H 

fipe-    1 

)vipa-    ^1 

D/lMt«-     H 

114.    BLENNID^,  755 

m.  Dorsal  fin  of  spines  only. 
n.  Lateral  line  none. 

»o.  Gill-membranes  free  from  the  isthmus;  no  pyloric coeca. 
til. >,,.,!  jj.  Anal  spine  none;   ventrals  I,  3;   top  of  head  with 

_     ■■  y\i  tentacles Chiholopiius,  410. 

pp.  Anal  fin  with  2  small  spines;    ventral   fins  rndi- 

ftv^:  ir  mentary MUR^NOIPES,  411. 

-,,r  ppp.  Anal  fin  with  a  large  spine  in  a  sheath;    ventrals 

wanting Apodichtiiys,  412. 

00.  Gill-membranes  joined  to  the  isthmus;   no  ventral 
•  '  fins;  no  anal  spines;  pyloric  cceca. 

AxoPLAncHus,  413. 

'*  '  '    nn.  Lateral  lines  several;    pyloric   coica    pr'^sent;    gill- 

■'    ',  v*  ■  '  '  membranes  free  from  isthmus;    ventrals 

'  none;  anal  spines  small. 

-  '       "  XlPHLSTER,  414. 

j'  '         mth.  Dorsal  fin  with  its  posterior  half  composed  of  soft  rays ; 

'i      '  '  :.  gill-membranes  broadly  united,  free  from 

isthmus;   ventrals  wanting;   lateral  lino 
single,  high;  pyloric  cceca  present 

Cebedichthys,  415. 
ll.  Gill-openings  prolonged  forward  below,  separated  by  a  nar- 
row isthmus;  pectorals  nearly  as  long  as 
,      •  head;   ventrals  well  developed.     Ovipa- 

rous, herbivorous.    Arctic.    {SUchwince.) 
q.  Lateral  line  present. 
-  r.  Lateral  line  forked  or  duplicated. 

EUMESOGRAMMUS,   416. 

rr.  Lateral  line  simple,  median.. .Stich^eus,  417. 
rrr.  Lateral  line  simple,  dorsal. 
^;    ,  NOTOGRAMMUS,  418. 

1  qq.  Lateral  line  obsolete. 

'  8.  Teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines. LuMPENUS,  419. 

(  88.  Teeth  on  jaws  only Leptoblennius,  420. 

kk.  Mouth  nearly  vertical ;  gill-membranes  attached  to  the  isth- 
mus; scales  small;  lateral  line  obe  ^ete; 
no  ventrals;  dorsal  of  spines  only.    {Cryp- 

tacanthodincs) Delolepis,  421. 

ff.  Body  naked;  dorsal  fins  of  spines  only;  ventrals  obsolete. 

t.  Gill- membranes  joined  to  the  isthmus;  lat- 
eral line  obsolete ;   pyloric  cceca  present ; 
mouth  nearly  vertical;    teeth  strong,  on 
■'  '  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines. 

'  Cryptacanthodes,  422. 

Molar  teeth  strong,  on  vomer,  palatines,  and  sides  of  lower  jaw;  dorsal  of  flex- 
ible spines  only;  scales  minute ;  gill-mem- 
;>    *'v.,,s     .  ■  branes  joined  to  the  isthmus;  no  ventral 

_  _^^^-^_   _,.^..t^^^  ,  -     -  -     —     fins;  air-bladder  preseu*:  no  lateral  line. 

(Atuirrhickadince.) 

-   -  «.  Caudal   fin  distinct;    body  moderately 

.      'i  '.  elongate Anarriiiciias,  423. 

.,    .,     '  ^      _  ««■  Caudal  fin  confluent  with  dorsal   and 

anal;  body  eel-shaped. 

Anarriiiciitiiys,  424. 


■ ",  f 


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756       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.' 

'   401.-OPIIIOBL.EN]W1US  Gill. 
'  ( £/en nopftjs  Valencieunea;  preoccupied.) 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.'Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1860,  103:  type  Blennophia  webbii  Val.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  strongly  compressed,  scaleless;  snout 
short,  high,  abruptly  deciirved  anteriorly;  symphysis  of  lower  jaw 
with  4  hooked  canines,  the  outer  strongest  and  beat  backward,  almost 
forming  a  right  angle;  sides  of  lower  jaw  with  2  or  3  still  larger  canines 
the  hindmost  very  large  and  bent  backward;  upper  jaw  with  4  slender 
canines  in  front,  followed  by  a  long  row  of  shorter,  slender,  movable 
teeth,  which  are  set  close  together;  nasal  tentacle  digitate;  a  low  simple 
tentacle  above  eye;  gill-openings  wide.  Dorsal  fin  long,  the  spines 
slender,  separated  by  a  slight  notch  from  the  soft  rays;  caudal  lunate, 
free  from  dorsal  and  anal;  ventrals  moderate,  I,  2;  pectorals  large, 
(o^f?,  snake;  Blennius.) 

11S3.  O.  webbi  (Val.)  J.  &  G. 

Dark  golden-brown,  sometimes  with   a  broad   cross-band  of  dusky 

violet  on  back  and  dorsal  fin;  caudal  with  2  dark  longitudinal  stripes; 

dorsal  and  anal  purplish  or  orange;  an  intense,  round,  dark,  ocellated 

spot  behind  eye.    Head  much  compressed;  eye  3^  in  head;  snout  4 J. 

Dorsal  beginning  above  gill-opening,  ending  just  before  caudal;  its  soft 

rays  somewhat  higher  than  the  spines,  the  highest  spine  If  in  head; 

caudal  and  pectorals  each  about  as  long  as  head;  ventrals  li  in  head. 

Head  4;  depth  4 J.     D.  XI-22;  A.  II,  23;  V.  I,  2;  P.  15.     "Western 

coast  of  Southern  California"  to  Mazatlan,  Barbadoes,  and  Canary 

Islands.    {Steindachner.) 

(Blennophis  wehhiiyalenciennes;  Webb  &  Bertlielot,  lies  Canar,  Poisa.  GO:  Blenno- 
phia webbi  Giiutlier,  iii,  259;  Steiudachuer,  Iclith.  Beitriigo,  viii,  41,  1871).) 

403.— CIIASniODES  Cnvier  «fe  Valenciennes. 

(Cuv.  &  Val.  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  xi,  295,  1836:  type  Blennius  bosqiiianua  Lao.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  naked;  head  triangular  in  profile,  tlie 
snout  somewhat  pointed;  mouth  large,  with  lateral  cleft,  the  maxillary 
usually  extending  to  beyond  eye;  premaxillaries  not  protractile;  teeth 
in  a  single  series,  long  and  slender,  comb-like,  confined  to  the  front  of 
each  jaw;  no  canines;  cirri  very  small  or  wanting;  gill-openings  very 
small,  their  lower  edge  above  the  middle  of  the  base  of  the  pectorals; 
lateral  line  incomplete.  Fins  as  in  Blennim.  American.  {xa(T[iwSsi, 
yawning.)     (See  Addenda.) 

1193.  C.  bosquianus  (Lac.)  Cuv.  &.  Val. 
Color  (in  S )  olive  green,  with  about  nine  horizontal  narrow  blue  lines, 


114.    BLENNIIDiE ISESTHES. 


757 


tliese  somewhat  irregular  and  interrupted,  converging  backwards;  op- 
ercular membrane  and  a  broad  stripe  through  middle  of  spinous  dorsal 
deep  orange-yellow;  anal  fln  dark,  the  rays  with  white  membranaceous 
tips;  ?  dark  olive  green,  reticulated  with  narrow  i)ale  green  lines,  and 
with  several  broad  dark  bars,  which  are  more  distinct  posteriorly;  ver- 
tical fins  similarly  marked;  head  linely  dotted  with  black;  a  dusky  spot 
at  base  of  caudal  in  both  sexes.  Orbital  tentacle  very  minute  or  want- 
ing; maxillary  extending  to  rather  beyond  eye;  interocular  space  very 
narrow,  not  concave.  Dorsal  fln  not  emarginate,  the  spines  slender. 
Dorsal  joined  to  base  of  caudal;  anal  free.  Head  3J;  depth  3 J.  D. 
XI,  19;  A.  20.    New  York  to  Florida ;  chiefly  southward. 

{Blenniaa  hoaqmanun  Lac.  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  ii,  493, 1800 (  9  );  Giinthor,  iii,  229:  Pholia 
noremli  neat  Its  Wood,  Joiirn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Piiila.  iv,  280, 1824  ( <J  ) :  Cliasmodes  novtin- 
Jin<'a<H8  Guutlier,  iii,  229.) 

1154.  C.  qnadrifasciatus  (Wood)  C.  &  V. 

Body  with  4  distinct  brownish  bands,  a  flfth  broader  and  less  marked 
on  the  neck;  four  round  yellowish  spots  along  base  of  anal;  head 
spotted  with  blackish.  Lower  jaw  slightly  longer  than  the  upper. 
Dorsal  fln  free  from  the  caudal;  anal  fln  highest  anteriorly.  D.  27;  A. 
15.  ( Wood.)  Ha'utat  uncertain,  probably  South  Atlantic  coast  of  the 
United  States. 

{I'hoUa  quadiifasciatua  Wood,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PUila.  iv,  282,  1824;  Giiuther, 

iii,  229.)  .^  .  •  * 

403.— ISESTHES  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

(Geu.  uov. :  typo  lilenniua  flcntUia  Girard.) 

Tliis  geinis  differs  from  Blennius  in  the  absence  of  c  *nine  teeth  and 
ill  the  restriction  of  the  gill-openings  to  the  sides,  the  gill-membranes 
being  fully  united  1  the  isthmus  as  far  as  the  base  of  the  pectorals. 
Tlio  known  species  are  American.  (tVo?,  equal;  effOUo,  to  eat;  in  allu- 
sion to  tl  •  uniformity  of  the  teeth.)     (See  Addenda.) 

1155.  I.  n    ntllls  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

Olivaceoi  ^,  bwly  and  flns  marbled  and  spotted  with  darker;  anal 
pale-edged;  a  blue  spot  on  the  dorsal  in  front;  males  with  golden 
stripes  on  lower  parts  of  head.  Gill  openings  extending  downward  to 
lower  edge  of  pectorals.  Head  large,  short  and  blunt,  the  profile  of 
snout  steep;  supraorbital  cirrus  large,  nudtifid,  as  high  as  eye;  inter- 
orbital  8i)ace  convex,  less  than  half  width  of  orbit;  no  canines.  Dorsal 
fin  not  emarginate,  free  from  caudal,  its  spines  stift',  lower  than  soft 
rays,  2^  in  head;  pectorals  reaching  anal;  ventrals  half  way  to  veutj 


<  it 


t"  'a 


iJV..,K 


758    coNruinuTioNs  to  noktii  amkuican  iciiTUVoLoaY — iv. 


'I- 


liitonil  liiH^  jtromMit  luitoriorly,  (Muliii^;  iibovo  uniil.     U^\n^\  3j;  (lopMi  t. 

J).  XII,  15);   A.lil;  P.M.    L.  5  inrlu^s.     (N>iih(.  of  Oalirornia,  troin  Point 

CoiuM>i)('.ioii  NOiilliward, 

( Hli'ttniiiM  iivHlHii  H\iiv\\,  Proc.  Acini,  Niif..  S<'i.  IMiilii.  IK'.I,  1.|!>;  UlniviiiH  ,ir„nu, 
GiliiMuM',  iii,  V.M7:   Itlcnuiun  tiviililiH  Hli\i\u\avAuu'V,  lolilli.  HoilJ'ii^o,  V,  IfiO,  lH7(i.) 

11.10.  I.  IMIHOllllllM  (Wood)  .1.  iV  (]. 

Iii);lit  olivarcoiis,  v/i(li  darUor  loliciiliiliotiM,  roniiiii^  ill  iIcIiikmI  vcr 
tical  bars;  lu>n<l  willi  xory  iliMtJncI  black  «l<it.s;  a  stui<\s  of  bliak  WoIm 
on  oacli  Mi<l(^  of  lattMiil  Iitu>;  doi'.sal  with  a  bliick  blotch  in  front  aiid 
with  th(^  lateral  biii'N  (>\t4Mi«lin}<:oii  it ;  iinal  tin  bl)u;kiHli,  tho  riiys  tippcil 
with  whito;  oiiudal  barriMl.  lUn\y  rathor  dtM^p;  hoad  l)U7>r,  ol»ti;s(>; 
int(>rorbital  spiH'O  coin^avis  halt'  tho  diannMor  of  orbit,;  oil>iial  cinuH 
as  lon^'  as  dorsal  spinos,  bitld  at  tip,  bnuu^hod  bclo'v;  a  niiinttd  niiHu) 
cirrus;  no  canines;  jjill  (»pcnin{;s  i^xtcndinj;-  \o  about,  hnvcr  I'oinili  of 
bnsc  of  pectoral,  thus  narrowtM*  than  in  /.  {fi'utiliN.  Dorsal  fin  liinh, 
littio  notched,  (he  soft  part  hi^^hest,  the  spines  still',  I3'rj  in  hoiid.  ilcad 
IVi;  (h>pth  ;Ji.     1).  XII,  15;  A.  UK     Coast  of  North  and  South  (Jiiroliiiii. 

(Jih'unittH  itiiiii'latiiH  Wood,  .louni,  Acad.  Nut.  Hci.  I'liilii.  Iv,  ^78,  iHiifc  lUiniiiiiH  itiiiw- 
tntiiH  (Jilntlicr,  ill,  'J'iS:  F  lUnniiun  hi'iil:  Lc  KiUMir,  .loimi.  Acad.  Na«.  Hci.  I'lnla.  iv.HtiH, 
IHsJf):  f  Hjipsohli'nitiim  hrndi  (Jill,  Cat.  FIhIi.  Ka-sli  C'ohhI.  N.  Amor.  lH(i|,  vonwn  nuiUm.) 


■■  :P 


\M 


<IOI.-IIVI*l.|]ir|IO<7llll.|IM  Uill. 

(('.ill.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  «ci.  Phila.  lH(il,  KiH:  typo  lUoniUiH  mhIUJIUh  {\vi\.) 

This  oenusditVers  from  lihiiiiiiis  in  the  restriction  of  the  };ill opciiiiijrs 
to  the  sides,  the  nill-ineinbranes  beincj  broadly  and  fully  joiiuul  io  tlic 
isthmus.  (f».  upsilon;  nXsnftov^  side;  x'^^"^}  'iP;  ^^^  allusion  not  evi- 
dent.) 

1157.  II.  iniiltilillM  ((^id.)  (Jill. 

Dusky  brown,  back  and  vertical  tins  with  ronndish  spots,  most  con 
spjcmats  in  the  youns".  Head  short,  the  protlle  blunt ly  dec,urv(>(l;  max 
illary  rt>achin{»-  to  bi'low  middle  of  eye;  four  canine  teeth,  those  in  tlio 
lower  jaw  larjjer  than  those  in  npper;  supraocular  cirri  very  lii{ili,oacli 
^vith  four  smaller  ones  at  base.  Dorsal  tin  not  ennirj;:nat(^,  the  soft;  rays 
rather  hijrher  than  tae  slender  llexible  spines;  membiane  of  last  ray 
almost  reaching;  base  of  caudal;  orijjin  of  anal  in  advance  of  that  of 
soft  dorsal;  i)ectorals  broad,  reachiu};'  beyond  front  of  anal;  veutrals 
long^  nearly  reaching  vent.  Head  'A'l;  depth  about  same.  JJ.  Xlll, 
U;  A.  II,  18;  V.  1,  3.    Coast  of  Te.xas.    {Ord.) 

(liltmuius  mulHjUiM  V,\rr.n\,  IJ.  8.  Mox.  Bound.  Snrv.  1859,  27,  pi.  xil,  f.  (i:  liUnnitu 
multijitio  UUuthor,  lii,  504;  Gill,  Proc.  Aoad.  Nut.  Sci.  Pbilu.  18CI,  IGH.) 


114.    DLKNNIID-i: nFiKNNUIR. 


769 


II5M.  II.  KOIIllnillllM  (WomI)  J.  At.  a. 

Olivo  brown,  ruiiiMy  liitniMl  willi  (hirkcr;   h'uU'h  plain  (in  our  Mpcici- 

iiiciin),  or  Willi  '^Htn'<M')i.l  pairs)  of  Mpol.H  of  u  rcddisli  lirowti  color,  ur- 

riinK:«'<l  pr«'lt,y  n'^iiliirly  in  u  <loiil>ltJ  row"  (  U'of/^/);  \;'rli(',iil  IIiih  <!(1j{(mI 

wilii  <liirluir,  <>Np<M;iiill,v  tlMMiiiiil;  dorsal  black  in  IVont.     Head  not  wry 

Itliiiit,  Mic  anterior  prolllci  HlraiKlit,  obliipK^;  orbilal  cirrim  not  lar/{c, 

sliort(>r  than  oy(^,  braiicluMl  at  tip;  intiMorbilal  h\1'.uw  coiK^avo,  not  half 

(liiiiiH't«irort\vc;  a,  Mli^ht  traiiHvcrsc  ^roov<i  bohinil  vy<r,  ranincH  in  both 

jiiws  very  Hlron^,  hooked  biickwiirdM,  the  Iow«ir  cotiHideraldy  Htronj^er 

Mian  upper;  );ill-openiii);H  extending'  downward  to  opiio.sittMM- Mli;{htly 

Itclow  lower  edf;e  of  peetoral.      I)(U'sai  lln  not  oinar;;iiiate,  the  HpineH 

Ntriuh^',  but  rather  NtilV,  Iowim'  than  the  Nol't  rayH;  peetor.ilH  whortiMh, 

vciitrals  rather  Ioiij;.      Head  •t.\ ;  depth  I.      I).  XI,  15;   y\.  IS.      L.  2<^ 

in(;li(tH.     Hoiilh  AtJanlie>  eoaHtot' the  United  State.s;  abundant  in  empty 

sIioIIh  and  (tliiHters  of  InniealeH. 

(Hloniiim  (jriiniKihrt  W<ii)(l,  ./(tiini.   Aciul.  Nat.  Hri.    I'hilii.  iv,  UTH,  IH'M;   1 1tknnlwi 
ijrmiiialuH  iHluiht^y,  iii,  \!!if^.) 


«  ■  t; 


<105.~nLKNIMIIJM   IJiiiiiiMiH. 
Jil<;nni(;n. 


(Artcdl;  LiniiiMiH,  HyHt.  Nat.;  typo  JUetinhin  ori:llarin  \j.) 

Hody  olilon;;,  <'oiiipreHMed,  naked;  In^ad  nhort,  tho  profile  nHUully 
bhuitly  ronnd(;d;  month  small,  Inni/oiital,  with  a  Nin^le  serieH  of  lon;^, 
NJciider,  ('.llrv^^d,  eloHi^Het  t,«',e,th  in  e,a(;h  jaw,  be.sideH  which,  in  the  lower 
jliw  at  least,  is  a  fau^^^-like  canine  tooth  on  (^acli  sidi;;  preiriaxillaries  not 
pmtracitile ;  /jfill openiiif^.s  wide,  ext(Midinjif  forward  below,  th(»  mem- 
branes fr(H»  from  Wui  isthmuH,  or  at  least  forminj;  a,  fold  aciross  it.  Dor- 
sal fin  entire,  or  more  or  le.ss  <Mnarf,Mnate,  usually  free  from  caudal,  the 
siMiicH  sU^nder;  pectorals  moderate;  v(Mitrals  well  developed,  I,  .'J;  no 
jtyloric  iueca;  latc^ral  line  developed,  anteriorly.  H[)ecies  very  numer- 
oiiH,  lurking  under  rocks  and  al({ie  in  all  warm  seas;  some  species  in 
tlio  lakes  of  Northern  Italy.  {Blennius,  the  ancient  name,  from  [iUwa^ 
Klime.) 

a.  Orbital  rirri  i)nifinnt.     {Wmnim.)  ^^ 

b.  Both, jawH  widi  ranino  tooth.         -"  >  ■         >;       ,.  ...  r<  -  ••- -    -• 

c.  DofBal  little  •'.luurginato.  >     ■■       - 


1130.  B.  fUcorum  Ciiv.  &  Val. 

Olivo  green,  becoming  darker  above,  with  numerous  brown  spots 
oa  tUo  cheeka  and  sides  of  tUo  body;  below  faintly  reddish.    Orbital 


.    t 


■       •     i  "SI 

mi. 


n 


w 


760      CONTUinUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICIITlIVOLOaY — IV. 


I 


If 


I!  , 


Iv   I 


cirri  luiiirly  us  lonj?  as  liond,  lutld  above,  aixl  with  friiiKOs  at  tho  bns(>. 
Dorsal  liu  slij-litiy  cimir^inatti,  IVoo  IVoin  i\\v.  caudal,  the  sijiucs  nitlicr 
stiff".  Iload  vory  short  and  dcop,  ils  prolllc  uoarly  vcrliriil;  bolli  jiuvs 
with  very  sirouf;  caniiu^s.  (lill  uu'uibrancis  fico  IVoiri  istiiuius  posUs 
riorly.  Head  o  in  total  l(Mi;;th.  I).  XI,  17;  A.  IS.  Opru  ocean,  Ckmh 
iHMir  the  Azores;  said  to  have  betui  oiuu>  taken  off"  the  (Miast ol"  ^'(.\v 
York. 

(Oiivi»>r  iV  VivloiiditMUU'H,  xi, '*•(>;{;  (Jlhitlirr,  iii,  !217;  Dckay,  Now  York  I'liiimi,  VMi. 
U\\  itl.  ii-'.  Hg.  (i(i.) 

«(i.  (>rl)i(al  cini  noiio,     {I'liolin"  I'Moining.)  .;■.    a 

1  lAO.  II.  citrolliiiiM  (V:  &.  V.)  .T.  A  (h 

(Jreeuisli,  with  I  or  r»  int^j^ular  dark  s])ots  or  shades  lilowix  the  back; 
dorsal  with  a  lar}>:e  bhutk  spot  in  tVont ;  nnal  brown  tMl^ed.  liody 
rather  lonj;  ami  slcMuler,  more  el(>nJ;at(^  Jhan  in  lihtmiiis  pliolis,  more 
con»presst>d,  the  head  lonj^er;  maxillary  extendiu};'  to  opposite  niiddlc, 
of«\ve;  teeth  l!|,  with  stronjj:  canines  in  both  Jaws.  (Jill membranes  free 
froui  isthmus;  no  tra<'(^  of  tentacles  above  eye.  Dorsal  spines  sicndcr, 
a  liule  lower  than  the  soft  rays,  the  tin  little  iimarfjjinatc;  dorsal  and 
anal  not  J(»ined  to  the  caudal.  1).  XII,  IS;  A.  17.  Scnith  ('aroliim. 
Only  the  ori;;inal  type  in  the  museum  at  Paris  known;  from  tiiis  tlic 
present  (h'seription  was  taken. 

(I'holin  cantlinus  Ciiv.  &  Val.  xi,  '270.) 

400.-lVEOmiVIJS  Girard. 

(Olmrd,  U.  S.  Prtc.  R.  R.  Surv.  I'ish.  x,  III,  IH5H:  tyim  Xvovlinitu  hlanchardi  Oiiard.) 
Body  compressed;  rather  elonj^ate,  covered  with  minute  cycloid  scales; 
lateral  line  i)resent,  in<H)mplete,  hijjh  anteriorly;  head  naked,  the  checks 
tumid;  upper  Jaw  protractile;  maxillary  yreatly  ]>ro<luc('d  backward, 
more  than  two-thirds  leufj^th  of  head,  reachiufj  far  beyond  the  eye; 
both  Jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines  with  stout,  unequal,  conical  teetli  in 
a  sinjjle  series,  besides  which,  in  the  front  of  the  Jaws,  are  smaller 
teeth;  nasal  and  supraocular  rejfion  with  frinjjfcd  tentacles;  s'll"><'"i 
branes  broadly  united,  free  from  the  isthmus;  gill-rakers  weak.  Dor- 
sal tui  lonji',  scarcely  cmarginate,  its  anterior  two-thirds  composed  of 
slender,  tloxible  spines,  which  are  similar  to  the  soft  rays,  all  of  which 
are  simple;  anal  long,  its  rays  all  simple;  ventrals  moderate,  I,  3;  cau- 
dal tin  distinct;  pectorals  rather  broa<l,  rounded;  no  air  bladder;  uo 
pylorio  ccBca.    Pacitic  Ocean,    (v^o?,  new;  xAj'wx;,  Cliuus.) 

•Flemiujj:,  Bril.  Aiilm.  207:  type  Blennim  phol'iH  L.     {OoX)?,  ancient  nanio  of  some 
fi«h  which  wuH  bolievod  to  tthelter  it«eJt'  iu  a  oloud  of  mucous  \vhiuh  it  piuduoed.) 


i 


lit.    IlLENNIIDil! — CLINU8. 


761 


1161.  N.  KntlrlniN  (Hnu<I. 

Diirk  brown,  nciiily  unifonn;  maxillary  fliii)  broadly  ('(1{,'(m1  with 
l)ri}j:lit  y<'llow.  Ih'iul  bliiiiti.sli,  coiivi^x  in  prollh*;  ^'yvH  bir^cc,  liit-li  up, 
well  lorwanl,  Ncpiinitcd  by  a  ratlu^r  narrow  MutliHh  inh^rorliital  Npiuu>; 
top  of  IkmkI  convi^x;  ('.Iu>(>I{m  ion^;;  optrclcM  Hliort.  llca<i  hir^iM',  and 
tccfli  ratlior  Hfron^^rr  tlian  in  A'.  bUtnchardi;  niaxillaiy  rnorrnonsly  dc- 
volopcd,  n^ac.iiin;^  about/  to  ^ill-oprnin^,  itH  icn^rtli  varying  wilii  a^(^; 

ovidcd   at   tip  an<I  inn(M'  margin  witli  a  very  liroad  win^liito  llap, 


pi 

wliiC'li  is  Join<>d  to  tlio  lowrr  part  of  tlit;  <-.li(i<^iv;  (M^  ::i<>!nbraii(>  iH  nioru 
tlian  twicu  tlic  diaincitcr  of  the  cyt;;  below  it  iK  anotlKM'  UKMniirane  eon- 
nt'clin^  tliis  will)  the  low(>r  Jaw;  NUpraorliitai  cirrus  cpiite  Hinail,  but 
])n>sent.  Head  ',\^;  depth  (>;  maxillary  with  llap,  '<S\.  I>.  t.'i;  A.  liO. 
li.  Ili  inctlicH.  Moi  tx-irey,  (Jal.;  a  rare  and  niont  int«'.reHtinj^  Np«MMe8.  ^  ^ 
[NcooUnm  HallricuH  il\\avi\,  I'mo.  Acud.  Nat.  Bci.  185U,  57;  Giitilluir,  ii,  'JUU.) 

11109.  IV.  I»laiicll»r<li  Oiranl. 

Dark  red  or  plum  color,  with  oliv'e-{?reen  blotches  on  the  Hide;  IxOly 
olive,  Hpeckled  with  Holder;  front  of  moid h  red;  litiH  (!olore<l  like  the 
body;  a  black  spot,  ocellated  with  yellow  betAveen  the  Ibnt  and  Hccond 
lonsal  HpincH:  L'  li^jht-yellow  Npt)ts  at  bas(^  of  «;audal ;  dornal  and  can- 
tiiil  tiuficd  behind  with  yellow;  anal  and  jxM'toralH  <'hietly  vermilion; 
color  <pnt«i  variable,  Home  Hpecimens  duller  or  barred.  A  lonj;  (tirrus, 
iniu^li  loufjfer  than  ey«',  above  Mie  front  of  the  eye;  reddiHli  at  base,  itn 
t'riii^'cd  tips  bri/^Md  yellow;  ashort,  mnltilld,  nanal  barlx'l,  and  a  (diiHt<'r 
of  3  or  4  friufi'ed  baibels  behind  supraocular  <'irruH.  Maxilhuy  two- 
thirds  leii}»th  of  head,  (J  in  b<»<ly,  lary:e,  reaching?  nearly  to  opposite 
front  of  dorsal;  lateral  line  endiuf;  opposite  thei  vent,  ordy  its  straight 
anterior  portion  beinjif  develop(Ml.  Dorsal  spines  one-third  leuf^th  of 
hwvd.  Head  4  ;  depth  5.  1).  XXVI,  17;  A.  30.  Coast  of  (Jalifornia, 
north  to  Monterey. 

(Gimrd,  U.  S.  Tiic.  K.  U.  Surv.  FIhIi.  IS-'B,  114;  Gllntht^r,  ii,  259.) 

t 
40T.-CL.INHJS  Cuvicr. 

(Ciivior,  Rt"^}xno  Aniin.  ii,  1817:  typo  CliniiH  acuminatuH  i).  &  V.) 

Body  more  or  less  elonjifate  and  compressed,  covered  with  small 
or  minute  scales,  which  are  usually  cycloid ;  lateral  line  complete, 
abruptly  dccurved  behind  the  pectoral ;  head  obtuse  or  somewhat 
pointed;  stout,  uiiecpuil,  coiucal  teeth  on  Jaws  and  vomer,  and  some- 
times on  palatines;  the  teeth  mostly  iu  single  series,  except  in  front; 


.    ^ 


-Mm 

1  V'<\im 


Ii 


'S'J 


rei 


I  ;: 


762      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

.no  conspicuous  posterior  canines;  maxillary  not  produced  backward 
from  angle  of  mouth;  gill-membranes  united,  free  from  the  istliunis. 
Dorsal  fin  long  and  low,  chiefly  composed  of  spines;  some  of  the  ante- 
rior spines  often  different  from  the  others,  longer  or  shorter,  and  set 
farther  apart;  anal  fin  low,  with  2  spines;  ventral  fins  jugular,  of  i 
spine  and  2  or  3  rays;  caudal  fin  truncate;  branchiostegals  G-,  air- 
bladder  and  i)yloric  cceca  absent;  viviparous.  Inhabiting  rock  pools 
among  algaj,  in  warm  seas.  Our  two  species  are  very  difterent,  and 
represent  opposite  extremes  in  this  large  and  varied  genus.  {xXivuq^  a 
name  of  some  sleepy  fish;  from  xXivr,,  a  bed.) 

a.  Nape  with  a  friugo  of  filamonts;   teoth  on  vomer  and  palatines;  scales  noderftte. 
{Labroaomua*  Swaiusou.) 

1163.  C  nuchipinnis  Quoy  &  Gaimard. 

Eeddish  brown,  sometimes  with  vertical  bands;  a  black  spot  on 
opercle,  which  is  often  edged  with  white;  cheeks  and  fins  retionlate  or 
dotted.  Body  oblong,  rather  robust;  head  naked,  thick,  short,  not  very 
obtuse  anteriorly,  compressed  above;  mouth  rather  large,  the  maxllla- 
ries  not  prolonged  backward,  extending  to  opposite  the  posterior  part 
of  eye,  2 J  in  head;  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  i)alatines;  front  teeth  of 
jaws  conic,  strong;  eyes  large;  interorbital  space  very  narrow;  each 
side  of  neck  with  a  long  series  of  hair-like  filaments,  nearly  as  long  as 
eye;  orbital  tentacle  short  and  broad,  multifid;  nostrils  with  a  tufted 
barbel;  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting,  its  posterior  teeth  sometimes  re- 
curved; pectorals  a  little  shorter  than  head,  reaching  vent.  Dorsal 
spines  rather  slender,  the  three  anterior  spines  scarcely  shorter  than 
the  others;  all  the  spines  lower  than  the  soft  rays;  dorsal  fin  com- 
mencing near  the  nape,  the  spinous  portion  long;  soft  rays  higher 
than  the  spines;  caudal  small;  pectorals  rather  large;  veutrals  mod- 
erate; gill-membranes  broadly  united,  free  from  the  isthmus;  lateral 
line  complete,  high  anteriorly,  then  abruptly  decurved;  membranes 
of  vertical  fins  scaly;  scales  not  very  small,  cycloid.  Head  y^;  depth 
3^.  D.  XVIII,  12;  A.  II,  17;  Lat.  1.  70.  L.  8  inches.  West  Indies; 
occasional  on  our  South  Atlantic  coast. 

{Clinus  nuchipinnia  Quoy  &  Gaimard,  Voy.  Urania  Zool.  255:  Cliiuta  pectinifei-  Cuv, 
&  Val.  xi,  374:  Lepisoma  cin-hosum  Dekay,  N.  Y.  Fauna,  Fish.  1842,  41:  ClinitK  nuchi- 
pinnia Giinther,  iii,  262:  Labroaomua  pectirtifer  Gitt,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila,  18G0, 
105.) 

"Swainson,  Class.  Fish,  ii,  75,  1839:  type  Clinua peetinifer  Cav,  &  Val.  ;=  C/iH««  hu- 
chipinnia  J ,  iSc  G.    {Labrua;  dS)fia,hodj.) 


114.   BLENNIIDJ2 — HETEROSTICHUS. 


763 


aa.  Nape  without  fringe  of  filaments. 

b.  Head  pointed;  no  palatine  teeth;  spinous  dorsal  notched  behind  fifth  spiue; 
scales  minute.    (Gibbonsia"  Cooper.) 

1164.*  C  cvides  J.  &  G.  nom.  sp.  nov. 

Usual  color  of  adult  translucent,  reddish  or  orange,  nearly  plain ;  a 
large  pellucid  spot  on  the  membrane  behind  third  dorsal  spine,  and 
some  small  ones  behind  it;  pectorals  barred;  young  specimens  vari- 
ously variegated,  with  light  and  dark  shades  of  red,  brown,  and  white, 
the  hue  varying  exceedingly  and  dependent  on  the  surroundings;  a 
dark  spot  usually  present  behind  gill-opening.  Body  elongate,  com- 
pressed; head  small,  rather  pointed;  mouth  quite  small,  terminal,  the 
maxillary  about  reaching  pupil,  3^  in  head;  lower  jaw  projecting;  no 
teeth  on  palatines ;  posterior  teeth  not  recurved ;  eye  moderate,  Shorter 
than  snout,  nearly  6  in  head ;  a  small  supraocular  flap,  not  higher  than 
pupil.  First  spine  of  dorsal  inserted  over  preopercle,  its  length  more 
than  one-third  that  of  head;  the  second  nearly  equal;  the  third,  fourth, 
and  fifth  progressively  shorter;  the  sixth  about  as  long  as  fourth;  the 
seventh  longer;  the  rest  nearly  equal  to  the  last,  which  is  lower  than 
the  soft  rays;  pectorals  short,  not  reaching  vent;  ventrals  short;  scales 
very  small,  smooth;  head  naked;  no  air-bladder.  Head  4|;  depth  4§. 
1).  V,  XXXr,  10;  A.  II,  26.  L.  9  inches.  Coast  of  California,  from 
Monterey  southward;  in  rock- pools;  very  abundant. 

{Mjixodes  (Gibhonaia)  elegana  Cooper,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  iii,  109, 1864:  Blakea 
eUgam  Steindachuer,  Ichth.  Beitiliyo,  v,  148,  187G;  not  Clinas  elegants  C.  «fc  V.)        ' 

.^T  40§.— HETEROSTICHUS  Girard. 

'  '  Kelp-fisJiea.  • 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  143:  type  Heterosiichm  roatratus  Grd.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  very  small,  smooth 
scales;  head  long  and  low,  the  snout  conic,  produced,  very  acute;  pre- 
maxillaries  protractile;  mouth  moderate,  terminal;  each  jaw  with  a  row 
of  conical  teeth,  behind  which  anteriorly  is  a  broad  patch  of  villiforni 
teeth;  vomer  and  palatines  with  villiform  teeth;  gill-rakers  feeble; 
gill-membranes  broadly  united,  free  from  the  isthmus;  orbital  cirri 
minute  or  wanting;  cheeks  scaly.  Dorsal  fln  very  long,  the  posterior 
rays  soft,  the  five  anterior  spines  wider  apart  than  the  rest  and  sepa- 
rated from  them  by  a  notch,  the  first  and  second  spines  longest,  rather 
flexible,  the  other  spines  stiff;  caudal  fln  forked;  ventrals  I,  3;  pec- 

'Cooper,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  iii,  109:  type  Myxodea  elegana  Cooper.    (Dedi- 
cated to  Dr.  J.  P.  Gibbons.) 


Lit 


* 


■■•4  tA'ti'*.:.^ 


vW 


i  f4 


L  k  '•-pi'"' 


i 


lift 


764      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

torals  moderate;  lateral  line  simple,  complete,  abruptly  curved  behind 
pectorals;  air-bladder  present,  large.  Size  large,  {'rcpo-,  diflereiit- 
ffT£';ff>?,  rank;  in  allusion  to  the  anterior  dorsal  sjuues.) 

a16iI.  H.  roKtratns  Grd.—Kelp-fitth. 

Translucent  reddish  brown,  varying  to  blackish  or  olive,  with  tracps 
of  shining  pale  bands  on  the  sides,  and  dark  vertica)  bars,  the  hue 
and  pattern  of  color  varyiug  greatly;  young  specimens  most  varie- 
gated; a  translucent  spot  behind  third  dorsal  spine.  Body  mucli  com- 
pressed, deei)est  anteriorly;  head  slender,  compressed  and  itointcd; 
lower  jaw  projecting,  with  thick  lip;  maxillary  reaching  pupil,  2'^  in 
head;  eye  large,  7  in  head;  orbital  cirrus  minute,  usually  entirely  want- 
ing; cheeks  and  upper  edge  of  opercle  with  small  scales,  rest  of  head 
naked;  middle  rays  of  caudal  about  two-thirds  length  tf  outer.  Head 
33;  depth  3^;  B.  G.  D.  V,  XXXil,  13;  A.  11,  34.  L.  15  inches.  San 
Francisco  to  San  Diego.  The  largest  of  the  Blennies  which  are  allied 
to  Clinus. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854, 143;  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish. 
30;  GUuther,  ii,  a64,  and  iii,  aCl.) 

409.— CKEJWNOBATES  Gilnther. 
Aachenopterus  Gunthcr,  prooccupied.) 

(Gilntlier,  Proc.  Zool  Soc.  Loud.  18(!1,  ;»74:  type  Auchenopterus  monophthalmus  Gtbr.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  rather  large 
cycloid  scales;  head  shortish,  naked;  cheeks  full;  mouth  moderate, 
with  a  baud  of  conical  teeth  in  the  jaws  and  about  one  series  on  tbe 
vomer;  none  on  the  palatines;  gill-membranes  united,  free  from  the 
isthmus;  upper  surface  of  head  with  tentacles.  Dorsal  flu  low,  com- 
posed of  stiff  spines,  with  but  a  single  soft  ray,  which  is  lower  than  the 
spines;  first  three  spines  more  or  less  sei)arated  from  the  others;  aual 
fin  low,  with  two  spines;  ventrals  jugular,  well  developed;  pectorals 
broad;  lateral  line  complete,  strongly  curved  anteriorly.  Warm  seas. 
This  genus  differs  from  Cristiceps  in  having  but  one  soft  ray  in  the 
dorsal  fin,  and  in  the  well-developed  scales,  {xprjuvojidrr/':,  one  who 
haui^ts  rocks.)     ^_ ._         __  _    ,.  _,^„  , 

o.  Three  anterior  spines  connected  to  the  others  by  membrane. 

1166.  C.lnteg^ripinnis  Rosa  Smith. 

Color  dark  brown,  variegated  with  different  shades  of  brown  and 


1 14.    BLENNIIDvE — CIIIROLOPHUS. 


765 


reddish;  about  5  indistinct  dark  cross-bars;  a  distinct  ocellated  black 
spot  on  posterior  part  of  dorsal  fin;  caudal  flu  transhicent,  speckled; 
a  black  bar  at  its  base;  base  of  pectorals  violet,  bordered  with  black, 
the  rest  of  the  flu  checkered;  ventrals  bnrred.  Head,  stout,  broad, 
conical;  mouth  little  oblique;  eyes  large;  nasal,  supraocular  and  nu- 
chal regions  with  fringed  cirri,  those  at  the  nape  flap  like.  First  and 
second  dorsal  spines  low,  a  little  higher  than  the  third,  which,  in  turn, 
is  higher  than  the  fourth,  and  separated  from  it  by  an  interspace;  the 
membrane  between  the  third  and  fourth  spines  deeply  emarginate; 
auterior  spines  not  forming  a  separate  fln;  highest  anterior  spine  not 
higher  than  the  highest  of  the  posterior  part  of  fln.  Head  4;  depth  4 J. 
D.  in,  XXVlir,  1;  A.  IE,  20;  V.  1, 3;  Lat.  1.  38.  L.  2J  inches.  Sau 
Diego,  California,  southward  to  Mazatlan;  abundant  in  rock-pools. 
{Cremnobatea  iiUcyripinniH  Rosa  Smith,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1880, 147.)  ' 


410.— CHIROLOPIIVS  SwaitiHon. 

{Blenniopa  Wilsson:  Carclophua  Krnyer.)  , 

{Chiroloph'w  Swaiuson,  Class.  Fish,  ii,  275,  1839:  typo  Blcnnius  yarrclli  C.  »t  V.  =  Blen- 
niu8  aacanii  Walb.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  covered  with  small  scales;  no  lateral  line; 

snout  short;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  teeth  in  jaws  small;  gill- 

meinbranes  united,  free  from  the  isthmus;  nostrils,  orbital  region,  and 

neck  with  dermal  flaps,  the  supraorbital  flaps  high.    Dorsal  fln  long, 

of  spines  only;  ventrals  well-developed,  jugular;  caudal  flu  distinct. 

No  air-bladder  or  pyloric  coeca.      Northern  seas;  one  species  known 

lioiu  Europe;  a  second  species,  imperfectly  described  by  Pallas,  may 

be  provisionally  placed  with  it.    {x-^-p,  hand;  X<i^o<;,  crest;  apparently 

w/>o,  head,  was  intended,  which  would  make  "  Garelojilms.^^) 

> 

1167.  C.  (?)  polyactoccphalus  (Pallas)  J.  &  G. 

Form  of  Zoarcea.  Body  compressed,  covered  with  soft  imbedded 
scales;  head  very  short,  retusc;  lower  jaw  longer;  "both  jaws  without 
teeth"; (?)  eyes  approximate;  interorbital  space  with  2  minute  cartilag- 
inous spinules;  2  large  superciliary  cirri;  vertex  behind  orbits  subex- 
cavated,  with  2  series  of  erect  cirri.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  at  the  neck, 
extending  to  the  caudal;  ventrals  undescribed.  D.  LXX.  Karat- 
scbatka  (Pallas)  and  Alaska. 


ii-iAJl^.* 


Vrti^jt* 


■33 


Wf  I 


{lilenniua polyactocephalua  Pallas,  Zool.  Ro8S.-A8iat.  iii,  179,  1811.) 


766      CONTRITM  TIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOQY — IV. 


>';'*• 


411.— niJR.KMOIDES*  LacdpMe. 

Butter -Jishea. 

(Cenironotus  Bloch:  GunneJlua  Cnvier,) 


lihnniui 


(Lac6p^dp,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  ii,  324,  IHOO:    typo  Muranoides  aujef  Lr 
gunnellus  L.) 

Body  long  and  low,  considerably  compressed,  somewhat  band-sbaped 
the  tail  slowly  tapering;  head  small,  compressed,  naked  or  scaly 
mouth  rather  small,  oblique;  jaws  with  rather  small  teeth  in  narrow 
bands  or  single  series;  vomer  and  palatines  usually  toothless;  gjn. 
membranes  broadly  united,  free  from  the  isthmus;  scales  very  small 

•  Little  known  species  related  to  Murcenoidea,  recorded  from  Kamtscbatka  and 
doubtleHs  occurring  also  in  Alaska,  are  the  following: 

M.  tcBJiia  (Pallas). 

Body  banded;  teeth  obtuse,  subdistinct;  head  subtriangular,  compressed ;  Itodv 
ensiform,  covered  with  minute  imbedded  scales;  vent  median.  Dorsal  fin  extendiii' 
from  near  the  head  to  the  tail,  the  spines  subeqnal;  caudal  subdistinct;  pectorals 


small;  ventrals  represented   by  2  recurved  spines. 
Islands.    (Pallas.) 

{Blennius  tania  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Ross.-Asiat.  iii,  178.) 


D.  LXXXVII ;  A.  47.    Kurile 


Jlf.  rMfteiTtniMS  (Cuv.  &  Val.) 

Bright  red.  Form  of  preceding;  scales  inconspicuous;  ventrals  each  a  fiinffle 
Bcarcely  projecting  spine ;  caudal  broad,  rounded,  distinct.  D.  CXV.  Kurile 
Islands.    (Pallan.) 

(Gunnellua  ruberrimus  Cuv,  &  Val.  xiv,  440,  after  Pallas,  1.  c.  178.) 
M.  7  oceUalua  (Tilesius.) 

Brownish,  marked  with  yellow  and  purple;  six  black  ocellated  spots,  along  tlie 
dorsal  fin.    Caudal  distinct;  ventrals  none.    D.  LXXX;A.  50.    Otherwise  essentially  j 
as  in  M.  gunnellua.    Kamtscbatka.     (Cuv.  <f  Val.) 

(Ophidiiim  ocellatum  Tiles.  Mdm.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  ii,  237, 1811:  Gunnellua  apot  Cut. 
&  Val.  xiv,  426:  Centronotua  apua  Gthr.  iii,  288.) 

GUNNELLOPS  Bleeker. 

(Bleeker:  type  BZcnniiM  roaetts  Pallas. ) 

Apparently  distinguished  from  Murmnoidea  by  the  tapering  tail,  around  which  thej 
vertical  fins  are  confluent ;  palatine  teeth  present. 

(Gunnellua,  Gunnel,  an  old  name  of  Muranoidea  gunnellua;  it^,  eye.) 

6.  roaevia  (Pallas)  Bleeker. 

Intensely  red.     Head  obtuse,  the  lower  jaw  projecting;  eyes  large;  body  ve^ 
long,  compressed,  tapering  into  a  slender  tail;   pectorals  small,  ovate,  hyaline; 
spines  in  place  of  ventrals;  dorsal  extending  from  the  nape  to  the  end  of  the  tnil| 
anal  joined  to  caudal.    D.  ca.  100;  A.  ca.  90;  P.  9;  V.  I.    Kurile  Islands. 

(^Dlenniua  roaeua  Pallas,  1.  c.  177:  Centronotua  roaeua  Gunther,  iii,  290.) 


114.   BLENNIID^ — MURiENOIDES. 


767 


smooth;  no  lateral  line.  Dorsal  fin  long  and  low,  beginning  noar  the 
hejul,  comi»f'"'^;l  entirely  of  stiff",  sharp,  sube(iual  spines;  anal  similar 
iu  f'>';.i,  of  two  spines  au<l  many  soft  rays;  caudal  lin  short  and  small, 
soaietimes  joined  to  dorsal  and  anal;  pectorals  short;  ventrals  very 
small,  of  one  spine  and  a  mdimentary  ray  (obsolete  or  wanting  in 
some  imperfet'tly-known  species  provisionally  referred  to  this  genus); 
intestiiml  canal  short,  withont  coeca.  Shore  fishes  of  the  Northern 
fishes  of  the  Northern  seas,    {iiupatvu^  an  eel;  elSu^,  form.) 

J.  Ventrals  present,  I,  1.     (Murccnoides.) 

lies.  M,  eunneUns  {L.)  GiW.—Butter-fiih. 

Olive  brown;   sides  with  numerous  obscure  darker    bars;   base  of 

dorsal  with  ocellated  dark  spots;  a  dark  bar  below  eye.     Head  short 

and  compressed,  scaleless;  mouth  oblique;  maxillary  reaching  front  of 

pupil;  caudal  fin  distinct;   pectorals  little  more  than  half  length  of 

bead;  ventrals  of  a  spine  and  a  rudimentary  ray.      Ilead  about  8; 

depth  9.     D.  LXXVIII;   A.  II,  38;  V.  I,  1 ;  vert.  85.     L.  12  inches. 

North  Atlantic;  abundant  both  in  America  and  Europe. 

(Blintiias  gunneUus  L.  Syst.  Nat.  i,  443:  Centronotm  gunellus  Giintlior,  iii,  285:  Ophi- 
dium  mucronatnni,  Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  i,  361,  1815:  Gunnellus  macrocephaliu 
Giranl,  Boat.  Jouru.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  263, 1850:  Gunellus  ingena  Storer,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat. 
Hist,  vi,  261,  1850;  perhaps  an  abnormal  specimen  rather  than  a  dill'erent  genus.) 

1169.  JW.  fasciatus  (Bloch  &  Schn.)  Gill. 

Grayish  or  brownish,  marbled  with  darker,  anteriorly  with  several 
irregular  cross-bands,  which  reach  the  abdomen ;  back  with  a  series  of 
10  or  12  subtriangular  pale  spots  along  the  base  of  dorsal,  each  spot 
including  some  brown  specks;  a  brown-edged  pale  vertical  band  be- 
liiud  eye;  a  brownish  band  from  below  the  eye  to  the  throat.  Mouth 
very  oblique,  the  snout  short;  interorbital  width  less  than  diameter  of 
eye;  pectoral  scarcely  half  as  long  as  head;  ventrals  very  small;  ver- 
tical fins  not  joined.  Head  9J;  depth  9.  D.  LXXXVIII;  A.  II,  42; 
V.  1, 1.    Greenland  to  Alaska.    {Giinther.) 

{Centronolua  faaciatus  Bloch  &  Schneider,  165,  1801:  Gunnellus  fasoiahts  and  groen- 
kndicus  Cuv.  &  Val.  xi,  441,  442:  Centronotua  fasciatua  Giinther,  iii,  287:  ICmtronotua 
imelUformia  Giinther,  iii,  288.) 

11»0.  M.  ornatns  (Grd.)  GiU.  ■     .  J  .„^..  U.- .-- 

Usually  greenish  above,  yellow  or  orange  below,  but  varying  to 
browu  and  cherry-red j  traces  of  about  20  darker  bars  along  sides;  a 


■1 1 

■f 

f 
t 


i|: 


1  m\ 


i:!h 


768      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

dark  bar  downward  from  eye;  fins  reddish;  a  V  sbaped  mark  from 
eyes  to  occiput,  grayish,  bordered  by  jet  black;  the  common  form 
{Icetus  Cope)  with  about  14  red  spots  along  base  of  dorsal,  each  with 
a  curved  black  bar  in  front  and  behind,  partly  encircling  it;  others 
{ornatus)  with  about  as  nmny  broad  /^-shaped  darker  blotches,  which 
extend  on  the  fin,  the  lirst  one  or  two  blotches  often  shaped  as  in  the 
form  called  Uctus.  Head  naked,  very  narrow  above ;  nape  nearly  equi- 
distant between  origin  of  dorsal  and  front  of  orbit ;  origin  of  anal 
equidistant  between  base  of  caudal  and  base  of  pectoral ;  pectorul  2 
in  head ;  ventrals  each  consisting  of  a  spine  and  a  ray.  Head  8; 
depth  8.  D.  LXXXVIII;  A.  II,  37.  L.  12  inches.  San  Francisco  to 
Alaska;  very  abundant  northward. 

(Gunnelliis  ornatus  (jtA.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  ISTA,  149:  Centronotufi  vehnlosm 
Gtbr.  iii,  287,  i)arfc,  but  the  Japanese  M.  7iehuIo8U8  is  a  dili'erent  species:  Cciitronotua 
IcBtus  Cope,  Pioc.  Anier.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1873.) 

IIYI.  ]n[.  anaxillaris  Bean. 

Brown;  back  with  a  series  of  11  rounded  or  oblong  prJe  spots,  the 
longest  half  as  long  as  the  head;  all  of  these  spots  include  at  the  top 
,  >  rather  large  brown  spot,  and  below  numerous  little  brown  si)ots; 
between  the  first  and  second  pale  blotches  are  2  very  dark  spots  on 
the  dorsal  membrane,  and  below  the  diirk  spdls  a  pale  one  of  similar 
size;  sides  with  about  2G  pale  bands,  mostly  well  defined,  os[)ecially 
anteriorly;  interorbital  space  with  a  brown  band,  preceded  and  fol- 
lowed by  a  pale  band  half  as  wide;  below  eye  2  whitish  bands,  Avitli  a 
brown  one  betweei?  them.  Head  sculeless;  mouth  little  obliijue,  the 
lower  jaw  on  level  of  middle  of  eye;  width  of  mouth  equal  to  length 
of  pectoral  and  nearly  half  head;  mandible  as  long  as  pectoral.  Eye 
equal  to  snout,  a  little  more  tlian  interorbital  width ;  ventral  spine  § 
eye.  Highest  dorsal  spines  near  front  of  fin,  half  length  of  manilible; 
caudal  half  head;  vent  under  forty-third  dorsal  spine,  not  far  behind 
middle  of  body.  Head  8;  depth  7.  D.  LXXXVIII;  A.  II,  43;  V.  I, 
1.    Saint  Paul  Island,  Alaska.     (Bean.) 

aa.  Ventrals  rednccrt  to  a  rndiniont. 

llia.  M.  dolirhogfa^tor  (Pallns)  J.  &  G. 

Brow^nish  olive,  marbled  with  yellowish;  fins  yellowish;  dorsal  fm 
with  distar.L  p.'le  vertical  bands;  snout  very  short;  cleft  of  mouth 
oblique;  a  pu,i»*  of  small  bony  warts  ("verrucae  o.^sece  e  cute  proui- 
inulaj")  in  place  of  ventrals.     Caudal  fin  well  developed,  the  <lorsal 


Pi  * 


114.    BLENNIIDiE APODICHTIIYS. 


769 


and  anal  joined  to  its  base.    Head  7j  depth  10.     D.  LXXXIII;  A.  II, 
50.    L.  12  inches.    Kamtschatka  and  Aleutian  Ishmds.    {Pallas.) 

{Blenmus  doUchogaster  Pallaa,  Zoogr,  Ko88.-A8i{Vt.  iii,  175,  1811:  Centronolua  dolioho- 
gaster  Giiuther,  iii,  289.) 

aaa.  Ventrals  entirely  wanting.     (.d8<erno/)(eri/x  Rilpiiell.) 

11T3.  M.  gunelliformis  (Ruppcll)  J.  &.  G. 

Keddish  brown,  with  10  brown  cross-bands,  most  distinct  on  base  of 
dorsal  and  anal;  lij?ht  blotches  along  dorsal  fin,  each  between  two  of 
the  brown  cross-bands,  and  each  with  a  brown  spot  in  the  center;  a 
lijv''t,  brown -edged,  vertical  band  below  eye.  Ventrals  none;  snout 
short;  cleft  of  mouth  oblique;  width  of  interorbital  space  less  than 
(lianieter  of  eye;  length  of  pectoral  3  in  head.  Dorsal  spines  short 
and  stiif;  caudal  distinct.  Head  8^;  depth  8.  D.  LXXXIj  A.  II,  41. 
[Oiinther.)    Type  supposed  to  be  from  Greenland. 

{AHteniopkryx  tjuneU{fornna  RUppell  MSS. :  Centronolua  guneUiformia  GUnther,  iii, 
•288.) 

412.— APODICHTIIYS  Girard. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acarl.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  150:  type  Apodichthys  Jlavidua  Girard.) 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  \ery  small  scales;  no  lat- 
eral line;  snout  short;  mouth  moderate,  oblique;  teeth  in  the  jaws 
moderate,  stouter  anteriorly;  vomer  with  teeth;  gill  membranes  united, 
free  fi"om  the  isthmus.  Dorsal  fin  long,  low,  even,  of  spines  only;  anal 
tin  similar,  preceded  by  a  large  spine  in  a  pouch  of  skin;  caudal  fin 
short,  connected  with  dorsal  and  anal;  no  ventral  fins;  pectoral  fins 
small;  intestinal  canal  short,  \vithout  pyloric  cceca.  Small  bright- 
colored  fishes  of  the  Pacific.  («-f;u?,  without  feet;  UOuq,  fish;  in  allu- 
sion to  the  want  of  ventral  fins.) 

a.  Auul  spine  very  long,  pou-shaped,  excavated  or  anterior  surface.     (Apodichthya.) 

11T4.  A.  flavidus  Girard. 

Color  orange,  varying  with  the  surroundings  to  intense  grass-green, 
brown,  and  dark  purple;  a  few  light  round  spots  along  axis  of  body 
iwstoriorly ;  a  narrow  black  bar  downwards  and  backwards  from  eye; 
a  shorter,  less  distinct  bar  from  upper  margin  of  orbit  backwards  to 
(K'ciput;  anal  fin  obliquely  barred  with  brownish.  Ilead  short;  mouth 
very  oblique;  maxillary  reaching  pupil;  upper  jaw  witb  a  series  of  con- 
ical teeth,  behind  which  is  a  patch  of  smaller  teeth;  sides  of  mandible 
with  conical  teeth  in  a  single  series,  forming  a  patch  lu  front ;  vomer 
ivitli  three  conical  teeth;  palatines  toothless;  nape  equidist; '^t  b  t^'oen. 
Bull.  Nat.  Mu&.  No.  IG 49 


:k^li 


.■;•'•',,  t\ 


770      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

front  of  dorsal  and  pupil.    Anal  sj)ine  very  large,  two-fifths  the  length 

of  liead,  sh.aped  like  a  pen,  deeply  excavated  on  its  anterior  side,  and 

very  convex  behind,  very  thin,  flexible,  and  with  Ksharp  edges,  entirely 

included  in  a  pouch  of  skin;   pe('t«)ial  fins  about  t\ro-flfths  lengtii  of 

head,     lie  id  9^ ;  depth  7^.     D,  XOIII:  A.  T,  40.     L.  18  inches.    Poini 

Concepcion  to  Vancouver  Island;  abundant;  usually  found  below  low 

tide-mark. 

(Girani,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  150;  GiUitlier,  iii,  290:  ApodichlhiiH  vinn- 
ccns  Ayre8,  I'roc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1855,  .55:  Jpodichthiis  inornatu8  Gill,  I'roc.  Ac'a<!. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18G2,  279:  Apodichthys  sanguineus  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila, 
181)2,  279.) 

aa.  Anal  .^^  iie  small,  not  pen-shaped  nor  excavated. 

1175^  A.  lucorum  Jor.  &  Gilh. 

Bright  olive-green  or  deep  red,  the  color  varying  with  the  surroniid- 
ings;  a  row  of  dark  spots  along  axis  of  body,  these  sometimes  with 
light-bluish  center,  and  connected  by  a  very  narrow  dark  streak;  gen- 
erally a  dark  streak  downward  from  eye,  but  no  other  markings  about 
head.  Form  and  dentition  as  in  A.  Jiaridus.  Mouth  very  obIi(]iic,  the 
maxillary  rea(;hiug  center  of  i)upil ;  nape  nearer  front  of  dorsal  than 
end  of  snout.  Anal  spine  comparatively  small,  about  one-fifth  1(mi}>1Ii 
of  head,  transversely  very  convex  in  front,  and  slightly  <'on(!a\e  or 
grooved  behind,  the  pouch  of  skin  at  its  base  little  deveh)ped;  pec- 
torals very  small,  shorter  than  eye;  anal  fin  beginning  nearer  tip  of 
caudal  than  tip  of  snout  by  about  3  times  length  of  head.  Head  10; 
depth  &^.  D.  LXXXIII ;  A.  35.  L.  G  inches.  Monterey  to  Piigct 
Sound;  abundant  in  rock-pools  and  bunches  of  Fucus;  renuukahle  iin 
its  active  movements. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nnt.  Mus.  1880,  139.) 

413.— AIVOPLARCIirS  Gill. 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1861,  261:  type  Jnoplarchuii  purpureacenn  Gill.) 

Body  elongated,  compressed,  covered  with  very  small,  iiiibedil'd 
scales;  lateral  line  obsolete.  Head  small,  compressed;  eyes  siiuill;! 
mouth  oblique;  teeth  in  each  jaw  in  one  series,  of  nearly  uniform  siz* ;; 
no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  gill-membranes  broadly  attached  to  tlitij 
isthmus;  branchiostegals  5.  Dorsal  fin  not  very  low;  no  anal  spines; 
ventrals  wanting;  caudal  fin  small,  entire;  pectoral  fins  iuoderate;j 
pyloric  C(eca  pPv-sent,  few.  Pacific.  (avoTr^o?,  unarmed;  a/>/o^,  anii«| 
the  anal  fin  being  without  spines.) 


—IV. 

i  length 
Ulo,  and 
entirely 
engtU  of 
}.    Poini 
lelow  low 


I'roc.  AcimI. 
Sci.  Pbila. 


114.    BLENNIID^ — XIPIIISTER. 


771 


5  surronnd- 
jtinies  with 
treak;  geu- 
kin«i;s  about 
obli<ino,  tlie 
dorsal  than 
-tiftU  lonfiUi 
concave  ov 
eloped;  ppc- 
[leaver  tip  ol' 
Head  10; 
ey  to  rug*'t 
markabl"  foi 


t<rHS  Gill.) 

11,  inibedil'Hlj 
eyes  small;! 

luniforia  siz»';i 

Itachedtotlirtj 
anal  spines; 

us  modenitoj 


liyo.  A.  atropurpurous  (Kittlihz)  Gill. 

Color   grayish  olive,  varying    to  brown,  everywhere   above   finely 
marked  with  blackish  reticulations;  along  each  side  of  back  a  series  of 
small,  irregular,  sharply-defined  grayish  spots;  a  series  of  small  pale 
spots  along  lateral  line;    belly  pale;  crest  and  middle  line  of  back 
rather  pale;  under  parts  of  head  yellowish;  an  oblique,  wedge-shaped, 
pale  streak  extending  downward  ami  backward  from  the  eye,  bounded 
on  each  side  by  a  sharp  light-red  line,  and  then  by  a  dusky  area;  lower 
jaw  mottled;  dorsals  olivaceous,  speckled,  a  blackish  spot  on   front; 
anal  olive,  tinged  with  red;  pectorals  dull  orange,  barred  at  base;  cau- 
dal reddish,  with  narrow  pale  streaks,  and  a  ligh1*bar  at  base;  color 
sometimes  nearly  plain  purplish,  but  more  often  grayish  and  mottled. 
Head  with  a  fleshy  crest,  which  rests  on  a  ridge  of  bone;  its  height  iu 
older  specimcnis  about  equal  to  eye;  mouth  rather  large,  the  maxillary 
reaching  beyond  the  orbit.    Pectorals  about  half  the  length  of  head; 
dorsal  and  anal  comparatively  high,  barely  connected  with  the  base  of 
caudal;  nape  midway  between  origin  of  dorsal  and  imjiil.     Head  G.\; 
depth  G^.     D.  LVII;  A.  41.     Alaska  to  Sau  Francisco;    abundant 
northward. 

{Oi)hi<ruim  atropiirpiireum  Kittlltz,  Denkwiinl.  (miut  R»ms«^,  Russ.-Anior.  i,  22r>,  1858: 
Centrouotus  cristayalU  GUullier,  iii,  289 :  AnophirchuH  purpiirescens  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut. 
Sci.  Phila.  1861,  2G1:  Anoplarvhiis  criatagaUi  GiiiitUer,  iii,  564.) 

1177.  A.  alectrolophus  (Pallas)  J.  &  G. 

brownish-olive,  darker  above;  a  series  of  green  blotches  along  tlw 

dorsal;  dorsal  brownish-olive,  with  indistinct  oblique  bars;  anal  and 

ciuidal  Avith  wavy  lines;  head  with  a  longitudinal  fleshy  crest,  extend- 

iii{j  from  above  eyes  to  nai^e.    Anal  fin  beginning  at  anterior  third  of 

body;  dorsal  and  anal  uniting  with  the  caudal;  po<f*toral8  very  small ; 

noventrals.     Lateral  lino  obsolete.     D.  LXFII;  A.  44;  0.  13.    Island 

tif  Talek,  Gulf  of  Penshin.    {Cuv.  «£•  VaL)    Perhaps  identical  with  the 

preceding. 

{Bkuniuii  alectrolophun  Pallas,  Znogr.  Ro.S8.-A8iat.  ill,  174:  GunneUiis  alectrolophus 
C.  &,  V.  xi,  447:  Centronotua  alectrolophun  Giintber,  iii,  289.) 

414.-XIPIk.STER  Jordan. 
{Xiphidion  Girard;  preoccupieu  in  Orthoptera.) 

(.lordati,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1M79,  241:  typo  Xiphidion  mucoaum  G.rard.) 

Body  elongate,  eel-shaped,  covered  with  small  scales;  lateral  lines 
si'veral,  viz:  one  alonj  the  median  line  of  the  side,  one  above  this,  and 
"110  below  itj  one  ou  each  side  of  the  abdomen,  the  two  meeting  in 


'|!kl 


,1 


'1 


r 
>   k 


::^t  ill 


V:    f^\ 


li 

jii 


.  .11 


772      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN  ICnTHYOLOGY — IV. 

front,  and  one  from  the  occiput  toward  the  base  of  the  dorsal  fin. 
Each  of  these  has  on  each  side,  series  of  short  branches,  placed  iit 
right  angles  to  the  main  line,  those  on  opposite  sides  alternating. 
Each  of  these  branches  has  about  two  open  mucous  pores.  Ilead 
short,  bluntish,  scaleless;  mouth  moderate,  oblique;  jaws  with  rather 
strong  teeth,  the  anterior  canine-like;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines. 
Branch iostegals  6;  gill-membranes  separate,  free  from  the  isthmus.  A 
single  long,  low,  uniform  dorsal  fin,  consisting  of  spines  only;  anal  fin 
similar  in  form,  with  2  small  spines;  caudal  short,  joined  to  dorsal  and 
anal;  no  ventral  fins;  pectoral  fins  very  small.  Intestinal  canal  mod- 
erately elongate,  ^th  4-G  well -developed  pyloric  coeca.  Herbivorous, 
feeding  on  algse.  Active  fishes,  inhabiting  tide-pools  and  crevices 
among  rocks  in  tha  North  Pacific.    {^i^tarTjf),  a  sword-belt.) 

119'§.  X.  chirns  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Color  olive-brown,  yellowish  below;  sides  with  marblings  of  different 
shades  of  brown,  sometimes  with  short  blackish  vertical  bars;  some 
round  black  spots  along  the  back  and  sides;  a  black  spot  behind 
opercles;  numerous  *l)lack  spots  on  sides  of  head,  forming  in  older  spec- 
imens light  and  dark  streaks,  which  radiate  from  eye  across  cheelvs 
and  opercles,  the  pale  streaks  forming  reticulations ;  dorsal  with  black 
spots,  and  a  series  of  bright  reddish-brown  cross-blotches;  pectorals 
and  caudal  plain.  Head  sJiort;  nape  not  constricted;  mouth  small; 
maxillary  extending  to  middle  of  pupil;  teeth  strong,  the  anterior 
canine-like,  bluntish ;  about  4  canines  in  lower  jaw,  5  or  6  in  the  upper, 
similar  to  the  teeth  behind  them,  but  somewhat  larger.  Abdominal 
lines  meeting  on  the  breast,  but  not  connected  with  the  lower  lateral 
line.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  close  behind  pectoral;  nape  midway  be- 
tween middle  of  eye  and  front  of  dorsal;  anal  beginning  about  a  bead's 
length  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal;  pectoral  fin  comi)arativeIy 
large,  longer  than  the  eye,  its  length  about  equal  to  distance  between 
middle  and  lower  lateral  lines.  Head  7;  depth  9.  D.  LXX;  A.  11,50. 
Monterey  to  Alaska ;  smaller  than  the  other  species,  and  livinji  iu 
deeper  water. 

(.Jordau  «&  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880, 135.) 

11Y9.  X.  mucosus  (Girnrd)  Jordan. 

Blackish  green,  pale  on  belly  and  sides  of  head,  marked  posteriorly 
with  olive-green  in  various  pattern;  a  transverse  light-greeuish  bar  at 
base  of  caudal;  3  olive-brown  streaks,  radiating  backward  from  eye, 
paler  in  the  center  and  edged  above  and  below  with  blackish,  outside 


'■» 


\m 


1 14.    BLENNIID.^. CEBEDICIITHYS. 


773 


of  which  ia  sometimes  a  streak  of  pale  olive.  These  streaks  all  merge 
backward  into  the  color  of  the  head;  middle  streak  broadiy  wedge- 
shaped;  the  third  streak  terminating  before  reaching  margin  of  pre- 
opercle;  old  specimens  often  coarsely  blotched  with  yellow.  Lower 
jaw  with  a  series  of  short  stout  conical  teeth;  upper  jaw  with  a  narrow 
band  of  similar  teeth;  2  strong  canines  in  ui>per  jaw,  4  in  the  lower. 
Lower  lateral  line  sending  a  branch  to  the  abdominal  line;  nape  not 
constricted.  Dorsal  beginning  anteriorly ;  distance  from  its  origin  to 
occiput  less  than  that  from  occiput  to  tip  of  snout ;  origin  of  anal  nearer 
suout  than  tip  of  caudal  by  nbout  half  length  of  head;  pectoral  lin  as 
long  as  eye.  Head  8;  depth  7^.  D.  LXXIII;  A.  48.  L.  18  inches. 
Monterey  to  Alaska;  very  abundant  among  rocks  and  alga3. 

(Xiphidion  viHcosnm  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  1858,  IIU:  Xiphidion  mu- 
cosum  GUutlier,  iii,  'Ji)l;  Jordan  &  Gilbert.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  137:  Xiphidium 
iruorcam  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  iSoc.  Pliila.  1873.) 

11§0.  X.  rupestris  Jor.  &,  Gilb. 

Reddish  brown,  uniform  or  variously  shaded  with  lighter;  a  light 
olivaceous  bar  at  base  of  caudal,  extending  on  dorsal  and  anal ;  behind 
this  a  blackish  area;  tip  of  caudal  usually  pale;  3  long,  well-defined 
stripes  radiating  backward  from  eye,  these  stripes  uniform  black,  ab- 
ruptly margined  with  very  light  olive;   the  central  stripe  proceeds 
straight  backward  from  the  eye,  half  the  breadth  of  the  cheeks,  at 
wliich  point  it  is  broadest;  it  is  then  narrowed  and  bent  abruptly 
downward ;  both  the  middle  and  lowc  r  stripes  reach  the  margin  of 
preopercle.    Teeth  essentially  as  in  A',  mucosus.    The  lower  lateral  lino 
sends  a  branch  to  the  abdominal  line.    A  constriction  at  the  nape. 
Distance  from  origin  of  dorsal  to  the  occii)ut  greater  than  tbe  distaiuo 
from  the  occiput  to  the  snout.    Anal  fin  beginning  much  in  advance 
of  uiidille  of  body,  the  distance  from  the  first  ray  to  tip  of  caudal  ex- 
ceeding the  distance  to  snout  by  nearly  twice  length  of  head;  pectoral 
very  short,  its  length  less  than  diameter  of  eye.     Head  8;  dei)th  9. 
1).  LXVI;  A.  50.     L.  12  inches.     Smaller  than  the  preceding,  and 
equally  abundant;  among  rocks  and  algne,  from  Alaska  to  Monterey. 
11  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880, 


(Jc 


.) 


419.-CEBEDICIIT1IVS  Ayres. 


(Ajres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  f)9,  1855:  type  CebiiUvhthya  cristagalli  Ayre8==  Jj)0- 
dichlhya  violaceus  Grd.) 

Body  comparatively  short,  comi)ressed,  covered  with  minute  sca'esj 

lateral  line  dist4uct,  running  very  high,  with  very  sbort  branches, 


1 


■■rm 


'  ■■■■-!'] 


. .  If 


i\ 


i 


t  i;» 


<  ■''' 


"  .1  : 


l!  'I . 


774      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

each  ending  in  a  pore,  as  in  XipJiister,  but  the  branches  more  oblique 
and  less  regular.  Head  short ;  crown  with  a  consjiicuous  fleshy  Ion- 
gitudiual  crest  in  the  adult;  jaws  subeqn  ',  with  conical  teeth;  villi- 
form  teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines;  gill-iii  nbranes  united,  free  from 
the  isthmus.  Dorsal  tin  continuous,  long  and  low,  the  anterior  part 
composed  of  sharp  spines,  which  are  rather  lower  than  the  soft  rays- 
caudal  fin  rounded,  connected  with  dorsal  and  anal;  anal  fin  similar  to 
soft  dorsal,  with  1  or  2  small  si)ines;  pectorals  small;  ventrals  wautiii". 
Intestinal  canal  elongate,  with,  several  pyloric  cceca.  Pacific  Ocean. 
Herbivorous,  similar  in  habits  to  the  species  of  Xiphister.  (z?;/?*)?,  the 
Sapajou.  a  kind  of  monkey;  (><^'J?,  fish;  in  allusion  to  the  "peculiar 
monkey-like"  physiognomy  as  seen  from  the  front.) 

1181.  C.  violaccus  (Ayrcs)  Grd, 

Dull  olive  grayish,  mottled  with  lighter,  sometimes  reddish  tinged- 

vertical  fins   all  edged  with  reddish;  cheeks  with  3  darker  stripes, 

edged  with  jjaler,  one  downward  and  backward  from  the  eye,  close 

behiiul  angle  of  mouth;  another  above  it  to  root  of  pectoral;  another 

running  upward  and  backward  from  the  eye,  and  meeting  its  fellow 

over  the  crest.    Ma>illary  extending  to  or  beyond  orbit.    Dorsal  iscaly 

at  base;  vent  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal;  pectoral  two-lil'tlis 

length  of  head;  nape  midway  between  dorsal    and  eye.     Head  O.i; 

depth  ().     D.  XXIIl,  41;  A.  I,  41.     L.  30  inches.     San  Francisco  to 

Point  Coucepciou;  abundant. 

{Jpodivlilhi/H  riolaccm  Giviivi\,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18r>4, 150:  CfhcdivhthijH cm- 
tagalU  Ayros,  Proc.  Cal.  A>jad.  Nut.  Sci.  i,  58, 1855;  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  K.  Surv.  FisL. 
121;  Giiutlier,  iii,  200. ) 

410.-EIJm£SOOltAiTIITIUS  Gill. 
(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  210:  type  Cllnus  prwcism  Kruyer.) 

Body  comparatively  short,  the  back  somewhat  arched;  mouth  rather 
large,  the  jaws  with  villiform  teeth;    teeth  on  vomer  and  ])alatiiies. 
Scales  small;  lateral  line  present,  median,  with  one  or  more  accessorv 
branches;  pectorals  and  ventrals  well  developed.     Dorsal  moderatelv 
high,  of  spines  only,  slightly  connected  with  the  rounded  caudal;  gill 
openings  continuod  forwards  below,  the  membranes  narrowly  Joined  to 
the  isthmus;   pyloru;  co^ca  i)resent.     (c^;,  well;  alffoq^  middle;  Yi»wa,, 
line;  the  longest  lateral  line  being  the  middle  one.) 
a.  Lower  lateral  line  present. 
ll§a.  E.  pi'BCcisus  (Kriiyer)  Gill. 

An  ovate,  black,  white-edged  spot  between  the  sixth  and  tenth  dorsal 
spines.     Snout  subconical;  cleft  of  mouth  slightly  oldique;  vomerine 


b«.»> 


■^" 


'Hli.«i 


114.    BLENNIID.^5 STICH^US. 


775 


and  palat'ue  teeth  present;  3  lateral  lines  on  each  side,  the  median 
continned  to  the  base  of  the  caudal ;  ventral  fin  half  as  long  as  the  pec- 
toral, which  is  much  shorter  than  head;  dorsal  fin  terminating  just  at 
root  of  caudal.  Head  4;  depth  nearly  C.  D.  XLIX;  A.  34;  V.  3. 
Greenland.     [O'dnther.) 

[CUnua  prcecmia  Kroyer,  N-itnrh.  Tidsskr.  i,  2.',  183G:  CUnus  nnhnaculatus  Reinli. 
Vid.  Solsk.  vii,  114,  1837:  Stivhceus  unimaculatus  Guuther,  iii,  283;  Gill,  1.  c.  210.) 

aa.  Lower  lateral  line  wanting. 

11§3.  E.  stabbifurcatus  (Storer)  Gill. 

Brownish,  with  several  round  paler  blotches  above  at  the  base  of 
the  dorsal  fin;  spaces  between  these  blocches  darker,  appearing  like 
bars;  a  broad  black  bar  crossing  the  opercle  obliquely  from  below  the 
orbit,  and  two  parallel  dark  bars  running  backwards  from  orbit;  belly 
yellowish  white;  dorsal  fin  with  numerous  black  dots.  Mouth  rather 
large;  maxill.iry  reaching  to  below  orbit;  back  somewhat  arched;  ven- 
tral outline  nearly  straight;  eyes  large;  lower  lateral  line  wanting; 
upper  branch  of  lateral  line  about  two-thirds  length  of  head.  Head  4^; 
depth  nearly  5.     D.  XLIV;  A.  30.     North  Atlantic,  south  to  Cape  Cod. 

{PhoUa  subbifurcatun  Storer,  Eep.  Fish.  Mass.  1839,  03.) 


<i, 


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41'7.— STICHiEUS  Reinhardt. 

(Reinhardt,  Dansk.  Videusk.  Natur.  og  Math.  Ai'bandl.  1837, 109:  type  Blenniua  punc- 
<tt<«s  Fabricius.) 

Body  comparatively  short  and  comiircssed,  covered  with  small  scales; 
teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Lateral  line  present,  single,  me- 
dian; i)ectorals  and  ventrals  well  developed.  Dorsal  moderately  high, 
of  spines  only,  free  from  the  caudal ;  gill-openings  continued  forward 
below,  the  membranes  narrowly  united  to  the  isthmus;  pyloric  cceca 
inesont.    {arr/^dw^  to  set  in  rows.) 

Il§4.  S.  puiictatlis  (Fahric.)  Kroyer. 

Scarlet ;  dorsal  with  a  series  of  round  black  spots,  white-edged  pos- 
teriorly; head  below  with  5  brownish  cross-bands;  a  brown  streak 
from  snout  through  eye.  Snout  subconical.  Dorsal  spines  of  mod- 
orate  length.  Eye  half  interorbital  width.  Ile.ad  5;^  in  total  length; 
depth  8.  D.  XL;  A.  1, 35.  {O'dnther.)  Polar  seas,  south  to  Cape  Cod 
and  Alaska. 

[Blmnim  punctaiu8  Fabric.  Faun.  Griin.  153,  1780:  Kroyer,  Naturh.  Tidsskr.  i,  377, 
1837;  GUnther,  iii,  283.) 


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776      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

41§.— NOTOGBAininiJS  Bean. 

(Bean,  Pioc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  iv,  147,  1881:  typo  Sticha-us  rothrochi  Bean.) 

This  genus  ditfers  from  SUclueus  in  the  presence  of  si  single  lateral 
line  along  the  base  of  the  dorsal  fin.  It  is  known,  however,  from  im- 
mature examples  only.  The  caudal  fin  is  emargiuate,  a  character 
unusual  in  this  family.    (vcSto?,  back;  ypapLnij,  line.) 

1183.  N.  rofhrocki  Bean. 

Pale  brown,  with  3  series  of  paler  spots,  those  of  the  median  scries 
usually  longer  and  narrower  than  the  others;  a  series  of  about  10  pale 
spots  on  median  line  of  back,  the  anterior  as  large  as  eye;  a  daik 
strijje  around  snout  to  end  of  opercle;  a  very  narrow  v.ark  stripe 
along  base  of  dorsal,  its  lower  niargia  seeming  to  mark  the  course  of 
the  superior  lateral  line.  Body  covered  with  minute  scales;  lateral 
line  undeveloped  (in  the  immature  specimens  known),  api)arently  run- 
ning close  to  outline  of  back.  Teeth  in  the  jaws,  and  apparently  ou 
vomer  and  palatines.  Gill-membrane  deeply  cleft,  free  from  the  isth- 
mus. Eye  4  in  head,  as  long  as  the  subconical  snout;  maxillary 
reaching  front  of  pupil.  Dorsal  beginning  above  upper  axil  of  pec- 
toral; like  the  anal,  connected  by  a  low  membrane  with  the  caudal; 
caudal  emargiuate  behind;  ventrals  short,  close  together,  3  in  head, 
and  not  half  as  long  as  pectorals;  longest  dorsal  spines  half  height  of 
body.  Head  4^;  depth  C.  B.  G.  D.  XLVIII;  A.  I,  34;  Y.  1, 4;  P.  15; 
C.  2 1.  Northern  Alaska  and  Siberia. 
{Stichwua'i  rothrocki  Bean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mas.  iv,  146,  1881.) 

419.— LiUmPENUS  Reiubaidt. 
(Leptoffunnellua  Ayres:  Leptoolinua  and  Anisarchua  Gill.) 

(Reinliardt,  Dansk.  Vidcnsk.  etc.  1837, 110:  type  lilenniua  lumpenua  Fabr..) 

Body  greatly  elongate,  moderately  compressed,  covered  with  small 
scales;  lateral  line  indistinct  or  obsolete.  Head  long;  snout  short;  no 
cirri;  eyes  large,  placed  high;  mouth  moderate,  with  a  single  row  of 
rather  small,  conical  teeth  on  each  jaw;  teeth  present  on  vomer  or  pal- 
atines; gill-openings  prolonged  forward  below,  very  narrowly  united 
anteriorly  to  the  isthmus,  not  forming  a  free  fold  across  it.  Dorsal 
composed  of  numerous,  sharp,  flexible,  rather  high,  spines;  caudal  fin 
long;  anal  many-rayed;  pectorals  large,  more  than  half  length  of  head; 
ventrals  well  developed,  jugular,  I,  3  or  1,4;  intestir.al  canal  long;  py- 
loric ccBca  present;  no  air-bladder.  Chiefly  herbivorous.  Northern 
seas.    {Lunvpcn,  a  Danish  name  of  some  similar  fish.) 


.  ti- 


ll 4.    BLENNIID^ LUMPENUS.\ 


777 


a.  Teeth  on  vomer  aud  palatines;  pectorals  with  the  upper  and  middle  rays  shortened, 
shorter  than  the  lower    (Leptoclinua*  Gill.) 

11§6.  li.  maculatus  (Fries)  Nilss. 

Yellowish ;  a  series  of  5  large  dark  spots  along  the  base  of  the  dorsal 
tin,  between  which  are  smaller  and  faii^er  spots;  dorsal  and  caudal 
barred.  Caudal  fin  truncate,  free  from  dorsal  aud  anal;  ventrals  half 
as  long  as  head;  pectorals  large,  about  as  long  as  head.  Anterior 
rays  of  dorsal  short  and  free.  Teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines;  lower 
jaw  included;  maxillary  reaching  middle  of  eje.  Head  G.  D.  LX;  A. 
36.  {Collett.)  Greenland  to  Spitzbergen;  occasional  southward,  in 
deep  water. 

(Clinua  viaculatu8  Fries  Kgl.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl.  1837, 49:  Clinus  acuUatus  Reinh.  Dansk. 
Yideusk.  Sclsk.  Natur.  Af  handl.  vii,  114, 122, 194, 1838:  SHchwua  maculatun  aud  aculeatua 
Guuthor,  iii,  281;  Collett,  Norske  Nord-Havs  T£.sp.  1880,  67.) 

aa.  Teeth  on  jawa  and  palatines,  none  on  vomer;   pectorals  with  the  middle  raya 
longest,  the  lower  ones  shortened. 
b.  Anterior  half  of  auaLhu  with  the  rays  shortened.    (Animrchuai  Gill.) 

lliV.  li.  medius  (Reinh.)  Kroyer. 

Yellowish,  nearly  plain.  Lower  jaw  scarcely  included,  the  maxillary 
reaching  front  of  eye;  teeth  on  palatines,  none  on  vomer;  ventrals  slen- 
der, one-third  length  of  head ;  lower  rays  of  pectoral  shorter  than  mid- 
dle ones,  the  tin  shorter  than  head.  Dorsal  and  anal  slightly  joined 
to  the  truncate  caudal;  anterior  half  of  aua^  with  the  rays  shortened. 
Head  6;  depth  10.  D.  LXI;  A.  42;  V.  1, 3.  Greenland  to  Norway  and 
Spitzbergen.    {Collett.) 

{CUnua  meditia  Reinh.  Dansk.  Videusk,  Af  handl.  1838, 114:  Lumpenua  mediua  Kroyer, 
Naturh.  Tidsskr.  i,  377, 1837:  StichauiH  medius  Giinther,  iii,  281:  Aniaarchus  mediua  Gill, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  209;  Collett,  1.  c.  62.) 

lb.  Anal  rays  subeqnal.    {Lumpmna.) 

118§.  L..  ang[uillaris  (Pallas)  Gill. 

OUve  green  above,  pale  below;  sides  marked  above  with  dark  olive 
brown;  a  series  of  more  or  less  distinct  oblong  blotches  of  olive  brown 
along  middle  of  sides;  dorsal  barred  or  spotted:  anal  pale;  opercle 
with  a  dark  blotch;  head  dusky  above.  Cheeks  scaly;  mouth  some- 
what oblique,  the  lower  jaw  included;  maxillary  reaching  front  of 
pupil ;  teeth  on  palatines,  none  on  the  vomer;  sides  of  each  jaw  with 
1  or  2  larger  teeth.  Gill-openings  prolonged  forward  a  distance  greater 
than  length  of  snout;  pyloric  cceca  4,  unequal.    Fins  all  comparatively 

*Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  209:  type  Clinua  aculeaiua  Reinh.  (Ac;rrds, 
Blender;  xXivoi,  Climia.) 

tGill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  209:  +,ypo  Clinua  mediua  Reinh.  {avidoi, 
unequal;  apxo?,  anus.) 


•  .'/'  . 


I 


It, 


778     contributi6ns  to  north  American  ichthyology — iv. 

high;   pectorals  two-thirds  length  of  head,  the  middle  rays  longest; 

ventrals  one-tlurd  length  of  head.    Dorsal  and  anal  distinct  from  tjic 

pointed  caudal,  which  is  nearly  as  long  as  head.     Head  8;  depth  14. 

D.  LXXI;  A.  4G;  V.  I,  4;   13.  7.     L.  18  inches.      Sau   Francisco  to 

Alaska;  very  abundant  northward. 

(BleHnins  atiyiiillariH  PiiUai*,  Zoogr.  Rosfl.-Asiat.  iii,  176,  1811:  Leptogiinndhin  gnuilia 
AyrcH.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  i,  26:  Lumpinm  utujuillaris  Girurtl,  U.  S.  I'ue.  II,  \{, 
Surv.  Fish.  123:  Stichwua  anguiUarw  Giiuther,  iii,  282.) 

1189.  L..  fubricii  (Cuv.  &  Val.)  Kriiyer. 

Light  brown,  clouded  with  darker.    Upper  jaw  scarcely  longer  than 

lower.    Vertical  fius  separate;  pectorals  large;  ventrals  very  slender. 

Depth  14.    D.  LXIII;  A.  41;  V.  I,  3.     Greenland.     {Cuv.  &  Val) 

{Blenniua  lumpenus  Fabricins,  Fauna  GriJul.  151:  Giinnellus  fabrivii  Cuv.  &  Val.  xi, 
431:  StkhcEua  luminnus  Giiuther,  iii,  280.) 

420.— L-EPTOBLERTWIUS  Gill. 
(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1860,  21:  typo  Blennins  aerpi-ntinus  Storer.) 

Body  greatly  elongate,  covered  with  small  scales;  head  rather  .slen- 
der; teeth  very  small,  in  a  single  series  in  each  jaw;  none  ou  the 
vomer  or  palatines.  No  lateral  line;  no  cirri;  gill-openings  somewluit 
prolonged  forwards,  narrowly  united  to  the  isthmus.  Dorsal  tin  very 
long,  continuous,  of  8i)ine8  only;  ventrals  well  developed,  of  1  spine 
and  2  or  3  rays ;  pyloric  cceca  present.  This  genus  is  hardly  worthy 
of  separation  from  Lumpemis.    (^sn^rJ?,  slender;  Blennius.) 

a.  Dorsal  sjiiues  60-65.    (Centroblennius  Gill.") 

1100.  li.  nubilus  (Rich.)  J.  &  G. 

Pale  olive,  marbled  with  darker.     Upper  jaw  slightly  longest;  no 

teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines.    Vertical  fins  not  continuous;  ventrals 

slender,  one-third  length  of  head;  pectoral  fin  ovate,  the  middle  niys 

longest.    D.  LXIII;  A.  43;  V.  I,  4.    Wellington  Sound,    {liichardwii.) 

(Lumpenus  nnhiliis  Rich.  Last  Arctic  Voyage,  Fish.  13,  pi.  28:  Stichceits  nuhilun  Giiu- 
ther, iii,  564:  Centroblenniua  nubilm  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,209.) 

€Ui.  Dorsal  spines  70-80.    {Leptoblenniua  QxiW.) 

1191.  Ij.  serpentinns  (Storer)  Gill. 

Olive  above,  with  lighter  cloudings;  pale  below;  dorsal  fin  brownish, 
with  broad,  oblique,  white  bands;  pectorals  pale.  Head  not  large,  its 
sides  sparsely  covered  with  small  scales;  eye  as  long  as  snout;  max- 
illary reaching  front  of  i>upil;  gill-openings  extending  forward  below, 
for  a  distance  less  than  length  of  snout;  pectorals  long,  seven-eighths 

*  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1860,  21 :  type  Lumpenus  nuhilua  Rick 


114.    BLENNIIDiE DELOLEPIS. 


779 


lenj?tli  of  head;  ventrals  moderate,  2i|  in  liead.      Head  9;  depth  15. 
D.  LXXV;  A.  50;  V.  I,  3.    L.  12  inches.    Cape  Cod  to  rrreciihuid. 

(Illrnniun  serpciitinun  Stor«r,  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  :?0, 1848;  Gill,  Proc.  Acad. 
}(at.  Sci.  Philii.  ldG4,  209.) 

1192.  I.,  laanpotrwforinis  (Wall*. )  J.  •&  0. 

Yellowish,  with  uumeioiis  l)rown  spots  of  different  sizes;  c^uidal 
banded.  No  teeth  on  vomer  or  i)alatines;  maxiUary  reacliinj;  front  of 
eye.  Caudal  free,  acuminate;  first  tliree  or  four  rays  of  dorsal  short 
and  almost  free;  pectoral  convex,  shorter  than  liead ;  vent  M'ell  for- 
ward. Head  9.  D.  LXXII;  A.  50;  V.  I,  3.  [Collett.)  Greenland  to 
Norway  and  Spitzbergen. 

[lilciiiiiuii  himptlra/ormin  Walbanni,  Artedi,  Pise.  1792,  184:  Cliiiux  iiebiiJiMu>i  N'ilss. 
Skiiml.  l'>,iin.  IH.")'),  11)5:  StkhccuH  wlantliciiH  Giinther,  iii,  281:  lileitniiw  uracUis  Ktinvitz. 
Xvo  Miij^itz.  f.  Naturv.  i,  40G,  1838:  CHiiuh  nebulumm  Fries  Vot.  Akad.  Haudl.  IK}?, 
'w:  Liptobletiniuii  (jraciHit  Gill,  1.  c.  210:  Lumpvnus  lampetnvj'ormis  Collett,  Norsko  Nord- 
havsKxp.  1880,71.) 

431.— DELOLEPIS    I5.an. 

(Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1882:  typo  Dvlolepls  rinjatuH  Bt*an.) 

Body  anguilliform,  moderately  compressed  posteriorly,  covered  with 
small,  imbricated,  cycloid  scales;  vent  ninirly  median;   a  small   anal 
papilla;   lateral  line  continuous,  straij'lit,  nearly  median,  composed  of 
open  pores,  witliout  j^rominent  tnbes.     Head  oblong,  sub(puidrangular, 
naked,  the   muciferous   cliannels  well  deve]oi)ed,  tin?  vertex  shallow- 
concave;  snout  short,  obtuse;  nostril  single,  tubular,  close  behind  pre- 
maxillary;  eyes  small,  high,  sei)arated  by  an  interspace  of  moderate 
width,  surrounded  by  a  series  of  shallow  pits;  mouth  wide,  oblique, 
terminal,  the  lower  jaw  projecting  beyond  the  upper;  lips  fleshy;  pre- 
maxillaries  slightly  protractile,  with  2  rows  of  small  conical  teeth;  a 
few  larger  teeth  at  the  symphysis;  vomer  and  palatines  with  a  few 
rather  largo  teeth;  tongue  smooth,  adherent;  mandible  with  a  few 
shallow  pits,  the  series  continued  on  the  posterior  border  of  preop- 
ercle;  oi)ercles  unarmed.    Gill-membranes  attached  to  a  narrow  isth- 
mus; gill- rakers  very  short;  pseudobranchia3  present.     Branchioste- 
gals  0.     Pectorals  short,  placed  low,  their  bases  vertical;   ventrals 
none;    dorsal    beginning    above   gill-opening,  composed    entirely  of 
spines;  anal  with  2  spines  and  many  split  rays;  dorsal  and  anal  con- 
tinuous with  the  caudal,  which  is  rather  long  and  pointed.    Intestine 
sboit,  with  a  few  pyloric  coeca.    ('Jj^Aoc,  visible;  Xi-f;^  scale.) 

1193.  D.  virgatus  Bean. 
Brownish  yellow;  a  brown  stripe  along  lateral  line;  another  along 


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back;  a  third  along  base  of  anal.  Width  of  head  equal  to  greatest 
depth  of  body;  interorbital  area  equal  to  snout,  or  one-third  length  of 
uiandible;  maxillary  reaching  a  little  behind  eye,  its  length  3  in  dis- 
tance from  snout  to  front  of  dorsal;  eye  2  in  snout,  11  in  head.  Be- 
ginning at  a  short  distance  behind  origin  of  dorsal,  small,  obloiiy' 
cycloid  scales,  closely  imbricated,  cover  a  strip  of  the  body  along  the 
lateral  line;  the  scaled  area  gradually  widens  backward  uiitil,  behind 
the  vent,  only  a  very  narrow  strip  along  bases  of  dorsal  and  aiuil  is 
naked.  Dorsal  beginning  over  upper  angle  of  gill-opening;  lirst  spine 
hair  as  long  as  the  seventy-first  or  longest;  caudal  11  ni  length;  pec- 
toral 3  in  head.  Head  C;  depth  10.  D.  LXXVI;  A.  II,  46;  P.  13; 
creca  6.  L.  30  inches.  Coasts  of  British  Columbia  and  Alaska.  {Bean.) 
(i3ean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882  ) 

432.— CRYPTACANTHODJES  Storer. 

Wry-mouths. 

(Steer,  Rept.  Fish.  Mass.  1839,  28:  type  Cryptacanthodes  maculatus  Storer.) 

Body  very  long  and  slender,  compressed,  naked ;  lateral  line  obso- 
lete; head  oblong,  cuboid,  with  vertical  cheeks;  conspicuous  uuieitei- 
ous  channels  in  mandible  and  preopercle;  head  flattish  above,  with 
deep  rounded  i>its  between  and  behind  eyes;  mouth  large,  very  ob- 
lique; lower  jaw  very  heavy,  its  tip  projecting;  premaxillary  not  pro- 
tractile; jaws  with  rather  sharp,  conical  teeth;  larger  teeth  ou  the 
vomer  and  iralatines;  most  of  the  teeth  in  single  series.  Gill-niem- 
branes  jo.ned  to  the  isthmus;  the  gill-openings-  prolonged  forwards 
below;  pyloric  coeca  6.  Dorsal  fin  long,  composed  entirely  of  spines, 
which  are  rather  strong,  but  enveloped  in  the  skin;  dorsal  and  anal 
joined  to  the  caudal;  no  ventral  fins;  pectorals  short.  Size  rather 
large;  one  species  known.    {xpuTzro^,  hidden;  axavOudr^^,  spined.) 

1194.  C.  maculatus  Storer. — Wry-mouth;  Ghost-fmh. 

Light  brov/nish,  with  severjil  series  of  snuillish  dark  spots,  arranged 
in  more  or  less  regular  rows,  from  the  head  to  the  base  of  the  cauihd; 
vertical  fins  closely  spotted  with  darker;  head  above  thickly  speelded; 
body  sometimes  ("  tnorna^Ms")  entirely  immaculate.  Eyes  small,  placed 
high,  not  so  wide  as  the  interorbital  space,  which  has  2  ridges  and  3 
pits;  orbital  rim  raised;  2  deep  pits  behind  eye  at  the  temples;  a 
deeper  pit  on  th<3  top  of  head  between  them;  a  raised  ridt-e  con- 
tinued backward  on  each  side  of  head  behind  orbital  rim;  maxillary 
extending  to  beyond  eye;  pseudobranchiie  small;  pectorals  short,  3  iu 


tl4.    BLENNIID^ ANARRHICHAS. 


781 


head,  their  tips  reaching  beyond  front  of  dorsal;  vent  a  little  in  front 

of  middle  of  body.     Head  C^;  depth  13.     D.  LXXIII;  A.  50.    North 

Atlantic,  south  to  Cape  Cod;  not  very  conraon. 

(Storer,  Rept.  Fish.  Mass.  1839,  28;  Giinther,  iii,29l:  Cryptacanthodea  inornatua  Gill, 
Prcc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  186:},  332,  albino  form.) 

433.— AlVARRHICHAS  Liunieus. 

Wolf- fishes. 

(Artedi;  Linnceus,  Sysv.  Nat.:  type  Anarrhichas  lupus  L,.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  covered  with  rudimentary  scales;  head 
scaleless,  without  ci"ri,  compressed,  narrowed  above,  the  profile  strongly 
decurved;  mouth  wide,  oblique;  premaxillary  not  protractile;  jaws  with 
very  strong  conical  canines  anteriorly;  lateral  teeth  of  lower  jaw  either 
molar  or  with  pointed  tubercles;  ujiper  jaw  with(  ut  lateral  teeth; 
vomer  extremely  thick  and  solid,  with  2  series  of  coarse  molar  teeth; 
palatines  with  i  or  2  similar  series.  Gill-membranes  broadly  joined  to 
the  isthmus;  no  lateral  line.  Dorsal  tin  rather  high,  composed  entirely 
of  flexible  spines,  which  are  enveloped  in  the  skin;  anal  fin  lower; 
caudal  fin  develoi)ed,  free  from  dorsal  and  anal;  no  ventral  fins;  pec- 
toral fins  broad,  placed  low;  air-bladder  present;  no  pyloric  coeca. 
Northern  seas.  {Anarrhichas  (or  Scansor),  an  ancient  name  of  A.  lupus; 
Iroiii  avapfh)(do/ia(j  to  climb  or  scramble  up;  the  allusion  not  evident.) 

1195.  A.lnpnHUnn.—  Wolf-fish. 

Brownish;  sides  with  numerous  (9-12)  very  daik  transverse  bars, 
which  are  continued  on  the  dorsal  fin,  besides  numerous  dark  spots 
a?Ml  reticulations;  fins  dark;  caudal  tipped  with  reddish.  Maxillary 
reaching  beyond  orbit;  band  of  vomerine  teeth  extending  much  far- 
ther back  than  the  short  palatine  band.  Pectorals  hirge,  rounded, 
two-thirds  length  of  head.  Dorsal  high,  beginning  over  the  gill-open- 
ing, its  longest  rays  about  half  length  of  head.  Head  G;  depth  5^. 
D.  LXII;  A.  42.     North  Atlantic;  rather  common  both  in  America 

and  Europe. 

(Linnrous,  Syst.  Nat.  i,  430,  ITliO:  GtlntLer,  iii,  208;  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  ii, 
1879,217:  Anarrhichas  vomerinus  Storer,  Hist.  Fish.  Mass.  1867,  99,  the  American  form.) 

1100.  A.  minor  Olafsen. 

Sides  without  vertical  bars,  but  with  many  large,  round,  black  spots. 
Vomerine  teeth  extending  nearly  o.  quite  as  far  back  as  the  palatines. 
(Bean.)    North  Atlantic. 

(Olafsen,  Reise  i  Island,  1772,  592:  Avarrhichaa  iiantherinua  Zouiew,  Nov.  Act.  Pe- 
trop.  1781,  271;  Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  ii,  217,  1879.) 


*1ltil'-,j 


K  <■"'*,'' ■ 


•■,"'1. 


1  ^  ■'■•''"'i 


'  i-. 


782       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTIIYOLOGV — JV. 

119Y.  A«  latifroiis  Steciistrnp  &  Hallgrirasson. 

Brown,  obscurely  spotted  with  diirker;  tlie  sides  without  dark  bars. 

Ilead  broad,  the  profile  not  strongly  decurved;  teeth  much  sinaller- 

vomerine  teeth  not  extending  nearly  as  far  back  as  the  palatine  scries. 

Pectorals  three-tifths  length  of  bead;  dorsal  tin  not  very  hi<jili,  b('<.j„. 

ning  above  the  giU-opening,  the  longest  spine  less  than  hidf  iiwul- 

caudal  2^  in  head.     Head  5;  depth  i.     D.  LXVII;  A.  45.     {CoUdt.) 

North  Atlantic. 

(Steenstrup  &  Ilallgrimsson,  Forli.  Skand.  Natnrf.  3dioMote,  1842,()47;  IJeaii,  Proc 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  ii,  ai8,  187i>;  Collett,  Meddelsk.  Noiges  Fiske,  187'J,  46.) 

1I9S.  A.  Icpturus  Bean. 

Dark  brown,  without  bands  or  spots;   belly  pale,  clouded  with  very 

dark  brown.     Dead  moderate;  maxillarj'  half  as  long  as  head;  41ar<f(i 

canines  in  the  upper  j[aw  and  5  in  the  lower,  all  of  them  stroiij^ly  n.. 

curved;  behind  the  canines  in  each  jaw  are  a  few  sharp,  conical  teetli 

also  recurved;  palatine  teeth  in  2  series,  4  in  the  outer  and  5  in  the 

inner  series,  those  in  the  outer  series  the  longer;  vomerine  teeth  in  2 

series,  the  vomerine  patch  beginning  in  advance  of  the  palatine,  and 

extending  farther  back  than  the  latter;  head  and  iins  scaleless;  median 

line  of  body,  and  all  of  ta:l  with  small,  widely-separated  scales.    Head 

4^V;  depth  T).    D.  LXXXI;  A.  52.     {Beon.)    Alaska. 

(Hcan,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  ii,  212,  1879:   ti  Anarrhicha»  orienialis  Pallas,  Zoogr. 
Eoss.-Asiat.  iii,  77,  1811.) 


4a4.— ANAKRIUCIITHYS  Ayres. 
(AjTca,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  32,  I^'G.'j:  type  Anarrkivhiltjis  oviUatnn  Ayres.) 

Body  elongate,  tai)eriug  backward  into  a  very  long  and  coini)res.Si'(l 
tail,  around  which  the  dorsal  and  anal  are  continent  with  the  ciuidal. 
Scales  rudimentary;  no  lateral  line.  Dorsal  high,  composed  entirely 
of  flexible  spines;  pectoral  fins  broad,  placed  low;  ro  ventral  tins, 
IFead  very  large,  compressed,  the  snout  rather  short;  month  larjje; 
jaws  with  very  strong,  conical  canines  anteriorly;  vomer  and  ])alatines 
eaoh  with  about  2  rows  of  coarse  molars,  the  palatine  band  slnittiii}^ 
against  similar  teeth  on  the  sides  of  the  lower  jaw.  Gill-nieinbranes 
broadly  united  to  the  isthmus.  No  i)yloric  cceca.  Large  tisheis  of  tiie 
North  Pacitic.     [avapfir^a^y  Anarrkichas ;  ^x^'os;,  fish.) 

1  I5)9r  A.  ocellatus  Ayrcs. 

Dark  grayish  or  greenish,  the  body  and  dorsal  fin  everywhere  cov- 
ered with  round,  ocellated  black  spots  of  various  sizes,  the  light  murk- 1 


115.    LYCODID-^. 


783 


iiigs  forming  reticulations  around  the  spots;  liead  paler,  with  the  retic- 
ulations in  much  finer  pattern;  anal  pale-edged.  Pectorals  broad,  more 
than  half  length  of  head.  Longest  spines  of  dorsal  half  length  of  head. 
Head  11;  depth  15.  D.  CCL;  A.  233;  P.  19.  L.  5-8  feet.  Pacific 
coast,  from  Monterey  north  to  Puget  Sound.  Feeds  largely  on  Ech- 
inoids. 

(Ayros,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  ^"i.  i,  31,  1855:  AnarrhichlhysfeUs  Giranl,  U.  S.  Pao. 
R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  1858,  125:  Anarrhichthys  fiHa  Giintlier,  iii,  211.) 


Family  CXV.— LYCODIDiE.* 

[The  EcJpouts.) 

Body  elongate,  more  or  less  eel-shaped,  naked  or  covered  with  very 

small,  imbedded,  cycloid  scales;  head  large;  mouth  large,  with  conical 

teeth  in  jaws,  and  sometimes  on  vomer  and  i)alatines ;  bones  of  head 

unarmed.     Gill-membranes  broadly  united   to  the  istlunus ;    pseudo- 

bnrjchiai  present;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.    Dorsal  and  anal 

fins  very  long,  of  soft  rays  only,  or  the  former  with  a  few  posterior 

sphies;  vertical  fins  confluent  around  the  tail;   pectorals  small;  veu- 

trals  jugular,  very  small  or  wanting.     Lateral  line  obsolete  or  nearly  so. 

Gill-rakers  small ;  pyloric  c(Bca  rudimentary;  vent  not  near  the  head. 

Genera  about  G ;  species  30,    Bottom  fishes,  chiefly  of  the  Arctic  and 

Antarctic  seas;  some  of  them,  and  perhaps  all,  are  viviparous. 

{Lycodl'lw  Giiutlier,  iv,  319-320:   geuus  'Loarces  Giiutlier,  iii,  295:  Zoarchidiv  Swain- 
son.) 

a.  Dorsal  fin  low  behind,  some  of  its  posterior  rays  short  and  spiue-liko;  ventrals 
small.     {Zoarcinw.) 

h.  Scales  present;  tooth  strotig,  conic,  in  jaws  only Zoauces,  42.'S. 

aa.  Dorsal  lia  coutinnons.     {Lycodiiuv.) 
i:  Ventral  lins  present. 

d.  Vomer  and  palatines  toothless;  scales  present Lycouopsis,  4*26. 

dd.  Vomer  and  palatines  with  teeth. 

c.  Scales  present Lycopes,  427. 

ce.  Scales  obsolete , Lycodalkpis,  428. 

cc.  Ventral  lins  wanting. 

/.  Jawseqnal;  body  scaleless Gymnklis,  429. 

ff.  Jaws  nneqnal,  the  lower  projecting Ukonicctes,  430. 

*The  six  families  following  (L|/co(?irf«!,  Congrogadidw,  ^ierasferidte,  Ophidiidw,  Gadidw, 
Mavniridw)  constitute  the  group  or  suborder  of  Jnnca/if/iini  or  Jugiilarcs,  distinguished 
from  the  other  Acanihopten  by  the  long  dorsal  and  anal  fins,  which  are  composed  of 
soil  rays  only.  Tho  ventral  fins,  if  presont,  arc  jugular.  Tho  present  family  is  called 
Zoam'rfa' in  the  key,  on  page  79.         ^  .    .     ,.        ■    ,,     i,,,  t     /       ,       ^  _ 

:^     ■     ■■-  ■  •     '  ■.■■-■"•■■':; 


'  / 


r 


784      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


495.— ZOARCES  Cuvier. 
Uelnouts. 

(Cuvier,  Rftgne  Anim.  ed.  f?,  ii,  240,  1829:  typo  Blenniua  vivipat'us  L.) 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  tapering  posteriorly;  head  oblong,  heavy, 
narrowed  above,  the  profile  decurved;  month  large;  teeth  strong,  conic, 
bluntish,  in  2  series  in  the  front  of  each  jaw,  and  1  series  on  tLe  sides; 
teeth  in  outer  series  larger;  no  teeth  on  vomor  or  palatines.  Dorsal  fin 
very  long,  low,  some  of  its  posterior  rays  much  lower  than  the  others, 
developed  as  sharp  spines;  pectoral  fins  broad;  ventrals  jnguhir,  of  3 
or  4  soft  rays.  Scales  small,  not  imbricated,  imbedded  in  the  skin. 
Size  large.     (Cto«/>zr^7,  viviparous.) 

a.  Numbers  of  fm  rcays  and  ve-rtebraj  increased.    {Macrozoarcce  Gill.) 

1300.  Z.  ailg:ilillai'is  (Peck)  ^ioiet.—EeJpout;  Mutton-fiah ;  Mother  of  Eels. 

Eeddish  brown,  mottled  with  olive,  the  scales  paler  than  the  skin 
about  them ;  dorsal  fin  marked  with  darker ;  a  dark  streak  from  eye 
across  cheeks  and  opercles;  lower  jaw  included;  maxillary  reachinj?  ^g. 
yond  orbit ;  pectoral  long,  about  two-thirds  length  of  head ;  ventrals 
one-fifth  head ;  highest  ray  of  dorsal  about  equal  to  snout ;  the  poste- 
rior spines  about  one-third  length  of  eye;  first  ray  of  dorsal  abovo  pre- 
opercle.  Head  6;  depth  7.  D.  95,  XVIII,  17;  A.  105.  L.  20  inches. 
Delaware  to  Labrador;  rather  common  northward.  Two  forms,  per- 
haps distin(!t  species  {anguillaris,  ciliatus)  occur,  distinguished  by  the 
size  of  the  jaws. 

{Bhnniua  avffuillariB  Peck,  Mem.  Amer.  Acad.  Sci.  ii,  46;  Storer,  Fish.  Mass.  2G3; 
Giiuther,  iii,  29(5:  Enchehiopus  anguiUaria  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1H(W,  2r)8' 
Zoarcca  labroaua  and  Z,  Jimhriatita  Cuv.  &  Val.  xi,  466,  468:  Blenniua  ciliatua  Mitch. 
Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  37r.,  1815,  the  large-mouthed  form.) 

436.— liYCODOPSIS  Coliett. 
(Leurynnia  Lockington.) 

(Coliett,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1879,  381:  typo  Lycodea pacificua  Coliett.) 

Body  elongate,  eel-shaped,  covered  with  small,  smooth,  imbedded 
scales.  .  Head  large;  snout  broad  and  long;  interorbital  space  very 
narrow;  mouth  large,  horizontal;  teeth  conical,  those  of  the  upper  jaw 
in  a  single  row;  those  of  the  lower  in  a  band  in  front,  the  inner  series 
enlarged,  larger  than  the  upper  teeth;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  pala- 
tines. Ventral  fins  very  small;  vertical  fins  continuous,  without  spines. 
(Aiixto^jj?,  Lycodes;  d^nq,  appearance. 


Ii:ri?;i?l! 


115.    LYCODID.^i: LYCODES. 


785 


1201.  L.  paciiSciis  Collett. 

Light-nHklish  olive,  becoming  lighter  below;  vertiesil  fins  margined 
witli  bl'H'k;  the  scaler  paler  than  skin,  forming  light  spots;  i)eetorals 
dusky.  Head  comparatively  short;  orbital  region  not  constricted,  nor 
clieeks  tumid;  mouth  comparatively  small,  the  maxillary  reaching  (jen- 
ter  of  pupil;  head,  nape,  and  axil  of  pectoral  naked.  Dorsal  and  anal 
tins  enveloped  in  thick  skin,  which  is  covered  with  imbedded  scales  like 
tiiose  on  the  body;  pectoral  half  the- length  of  head;  ventrals  half 
k'ugth  of  orbit;  mandible  half  length  of  head;  distance  from  snout  to 
base  of  dorsal,  4i  in  length.  Head  5.^;  depth  8.i.  D.  100;  A.  85.  L. 
12  inches.  San  Francisco  to  Puget  Sound;  rather  common  in  deep 
water;  the  original  tyi)e  said  to  bo  from  Japan. 

(Lycodes pticijiciis  CoMiitt,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Lomloii,  ld79,  381.) 

1203.  I.,  paiicidcns  (Lockiiiyton)  Gill. 

Vei'y  similar  to  L.  pacificiis,  but  larger,  with  larger  head  and  mouth ; 
snout  very  broad ;  orbital  region  constricted;  cheeks  tumid;  maxillary 
extending  about  to  posterior  edge  of  orbit.  Pe(;toral  two-fifths  length 
of  head;  ventrals  half  orbit;  mandible  three-fifths  length  of  head;  dis- 
tance from  snout  to  base  of  dorsal,  3|  in  length.  Head  4A  ;  depth  10. 
Otf  San  Francisco  in  deep  water;  possibly  a  variety  (u*  state  of  the  pre- 
ceding, corresponding  to  the  'variety"  ciliattisoi'  Zoarccs  anginllarU. 

{Lvurynnis  paueidciifi  Lockiiigion,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1879,  326;  Gill,  Proc.  U.S. 
Nat.  Mu8.  1880,  a48.) 

''  '        4a'».— I.YCODES  Ri'iuhardt. 

(Rciuliardt,  Kongl.  Dansko  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Nat>..  v.  vii,  153,  1838:  ty\>c  Lycodva  valdi 
Reiuh.) 

Body  elongate,  more  or  less  eel-shaned,  tapering  behind.  Head  ob- 
long; mouth  nearly  horizontal ;  lower  jaw  included;  conical  teeth  on 
jaws,  v^omer,  and  palatines,  those  on  jaws  and  palatines  mostly  in  a  sin- 
gle series.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  behind  bases  of  pectorals,  without 
spines;  pectorals  moderate,  inserted  rather  high;  ventral  fins  small, 
of  3  or  4  rays.  Scales  small  and  imbedded,  i)resent  on  part  or  all  of 
the  body,  the  scaly  area  more  extensive  in  the  adult  than  in  the  young. 
No  air-bladder  nor  pyloric  coeca.  Species  numerous,  chieHy  of  the 
Northern  seas.    (ASzaJ'Jrj?,  wolfish.) 

a.  Body  elongate,  its  depth  12-24  times  in  length. 

120'J.  1<.  |>axillUS  Goode  and  Beau. 
Color  probably  hght  brown.    Body  very  elongate;  head  broad,  flat 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 50 


78G      CONTRiniJTIOXS    to    north    AMKUICAN   ICnTlIVOLOGY — IV. 

above,  the  i)iofilc  abruptly  decuived  ;  upper  jaw  exU'iidin;^  far  beyond 
the  lower;  cheeks  very  full  and  protuberant;  teeth  of  both  Jaws  in  ^ 
single  series  except  at  the  symphysis;  a  few  teeth  clustered  at tlu^  liead 
of  the  vomer;  palatines  with  a  single  series ;  teeth  very  stout,  recurved 
and  sharply  pointed  ;  scales  covering  the  entire  body  arid  extending  on 
the  bases  of  the  vertical  fins ;  head  and  ])ectoral  fins  scaleless ;  dorsal  tin 
inserted  at  less  than  one-fourth  the  entire  length  from  the  snout.  Head 
7;  dei)tli  17.  I).  IIG;  A.  100.  {Gooda  tt  Bean.)  Le  Have  Banks. 
(Gootlo  &,  Bean,  I'loo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  44.) 

t 

1304.  L..  vcrrilli  Goodo  &  Bciin. 

Light  grayish  brown  above;  below,  pearly  white;  sides  with  irregular 
brown  patches  bisected  by  the  lateral  line ;  ab<lominal  region  livid  blue; 
a  spot  of  brown  on  the  tip  of  tail.  Body  very  elongate.  Head  nuieli 
depressed;  maxillary  nearly  reaching  posterior  margin  of  orbit;  ujiper 
jaw  much  the  longer;  profile  very  convex,  snout  obtusely  rounded 
above.  Head  ;"»J5 ;  depth  about  l-'J.  D.  1)2;  A.  88.  {Goode  tfe  Bean.) 
Ooast  of  Massachusetts  and  northward,  in  deep  water. 

(Goode  aud  Beau,  Amer.  Jouru.  Sci.  Arts,  xiv,  187S,  474.) 

na.  Body  moderately  elongate,  its  depth  G-10  times  iu  tbo  length. 

I*i05.  li.  valili  Ueiuhiirdt. 

Browjiish  yellow,  with  (>  blackish  cross-bands  extending  on  the  dor 

sal  fin  and  confluent  on  the  belly  ;  the  first  cross-band  on  and  below  tLe 

^interior  dorsal  rays,  the  second  above  the  vent;  adults  nearly  uniform 

blnckivsh.    Head  nearly  twice  as  long  as  high;  snout  long,  the  inaxil 

lary  reaching  to  oi>posite  middle  of  eye;  distance  of  vent  from  ventrals 

nearly  e(pud  to  length  of  head;  ventral  fins  less  than  one-fourth  as  loii}; 

as  pectorals;  vertical  fins  scaly;  body  wholly  scaly.     Head  li;  depth 

8.    D.  110;  A.  93;  V.  4;  vert.  25 -f  87.    North  Atlantic.     {Giinther.) 

(Keiidiardt,  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Sel.sk.  Afhaiidl.  vii,  IM,  1838;  GUnther,  iv,31'J;  Gill, 
Proc,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18G3,  2G0.) 

1206.  li.  esmai'ki  Crllctt.  , 

Brownish  black,  with  a  whitish -yellow  patch  on  the  nape,  and  oS 
transverse  bands  of  the  same  color  across  the  dorsal  and  posteriorly 
across  the  anal,  these  bands  becoming  broken  into  annular  spots,  with 
age.  Body  behind  front  of  dorsal  scaled;  vertical  fins  scaly;  nape 
scaly;  snout  obtuse;  maxillary  not  more  than  half  head;  lateral  line 
indistinct,  divided;  pectorals  8  in  length.    Head  4^;  depth  8.    1).  UO; 


IW^ 


.  i  ,  U  '^ 


115.    LYCODID.i: LYCODKS. 


787 


)in  vi'iitials 


A.  05;  P.  22;  V.  4.     Nova  Scotia  to  Fiiimaik  and  Spitzberj^en.     {Col- 
Mt.) 

(Collott,  NMji.-.s  FiHkc  1H74,  <).-.;  Collotf,  Norskc  NonMlavs  Exp.  1880,  84:  Lycodtx 
nihli  ({(«k1»-  &  IJoiiii,  Proc.  l'.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  If/D,  t>(H»,  not  of  Kciiih.) 

1207.  L.  rcticiilafiis  Kcinli. 

IJrowni.sli,  with  reticulated  black  lines  on  tlie  head  and  body;  those 
on  the  body  disposed  in  5  groups  or  cross-bands,  the  three  anterior 
of  which  emit  1  or  2  vertiial  streaks  on  the  dorsal  fin;  <lorsal  daik- 
(■(l.iied.  .  Body  entirely  scaly;  vc^rtieal  tins  naked.  Head  twice  as  lon;^" 
iis  high;  snout  long;  maxillary  extending  to  behind  miudle  of  eye; 
distance  from  vent  to  ventrals  more  than  length  of  head.  Ilea<l  4 ; 
depth  about  S.  D.  94;  A.  7r>;  V.  4;  cceca  2.  L.  14  inches.  Green- 
aiul,  south  to  the  Grand  Banks. 

(hN^inliiinlt,  1.  c.  KiT  ,  GiinthtT,  iv,  :V20:  Gill,  1.  c.  '2i\0;  ('Dllctt,  1.  o.  84:  Lycodcs  ronKi 
Malinjj;r.  18C4:  J.iicoacngradUx  fSars,  Chri.st.  Vid.  .St-lsk.  Forli.  1866:  Jyi/codcH  pcrspicillitm 
Kiiiyer,  Dan.sk.  Vidciisk.  Sclsk.  Aflianill.  184;"),  2'.l'.\:  Luiodfs  perspivilluin  (jiUuthor,  iv, 
.KO:  Ly codes pernpiciU II m  (Hll,  Proi".  Aia«l.  Nut.  Sui.  Pliila.  18G;5,  260.) 

ViOH,  L,.  sconinndus  Kcinli. 

Color  uniform  pale  grajish  brown,  without  spots  or  bands.  Bo<ly 
naked  in  froni  of  vent,  scaly  behinu;  fins  naked.  Head  large.  Dis- 
tance of  ventrals  from  vent  somewhat  more  than  length  of  head. 
Uoad  3^;  depth  7.  ]>.  !)1;  A.  74;  T.  21;  ca^ca  2.  Greenland  to  Spitz- 
bergen.     {Collett.) 

(Kcinliarrtt,  Kong.  Dausk.  Sclsk.  etc.  1838,223;  Giintber,  iv,  320;  Gill,  1.  c.  260; 

Coiiott,  1.  c.  ii;>.) 

1209.  li.  ncbiilosus  Kn'iyer, 

Ihown,  with  small,  fiiint,  yellow,  transverse  bands  across  the  back 
Body  naked  anteriorly;  the  imsterior  i)art  of  dorsal  fin  scaly;  the  anal 
naked  or  nearly' so.  D.  87;  A.  GS;  P.  19;  Y.  3.  Greenland.  {KriUjer.) 
An  iinperf(H;tly-described  species,  unknown  to  recent  writers. 

(KWiycr,  1.  c.  1844,  140;  Gill,  1.  c.  200.) 

laiO.  £..  coccinous  Bean. 

Ikown,  red  below;  pectorals  reddish  brown  above,  carmine  below; 
9  Itlnish  white  bands  on  the  dorsal;  {i  few  whitish  blotches  on  sides 
and  on  head;  anal  brownish  red;  head  white  below;  a  whitish  blotch 
as  large  as  ej'e  at  upper  angle  of  gill-opening.  Posterior  two-thirds  of 
tail  covered  with  separated  scales;  rest  of  body,  head,  and  fins,  scah- 
less;  lateral  line  visible  only  on  scaly  part  of  body,  consisting  of  a  few 
I'aint,  short,  linear  scratches.  Pectoral  twice  as  long  as  premaxillary, 
falling  short  of  the  vent  by  its  own  length;  dorsal  beginning  over 


!i'4 


."'I; 


'% 


.•(•S' 


i 


*«• 


^j: 


..V* 


f!     -    C.*- 


Evi?- 


788     coNTuiiurxioNS  to  noutii  American  ichthyology — rv. 

jiiiteiior  half  of  ])eftoisil ;  anal  under  twenty-first  dorsal  ray;  tail  stdtit. 
Head  4;  depth  7A;  B.  0.     D.  87  (with  half  <;f  caudal);  A.  87  (with  half 
of  caudal);  P.  18;  V.  3.     L.  20  inches.     Big  Dioinede  Island,  Bering's 
Strait.     (Bean.) 
(Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  iv,  144,  1881.) 

438.— L,Y€ODAL.EPEJS  Blocker. 

(Blocker,  Vcrl.  Akad.  Amst.  od.  2,  viii,  lUI'J:  tyix)  Liicodcs  muconus  Rich.) 

This    genus  differs   from   Lijcodes  in   the    total    absence  of  scales. 
{?.ux(i>or^:;,  Jjl/codes;   aXer:tc^  without  scales.) 

1211.  L..HIMCOSU'  (Rich.)  Bleckor. 

Blackish,  with  irregular  white  markings  in  tlie  form  of  5  narrow  b;ir.s 

across  the  back;  lower  parts  of  head  and  trunk  whitish.    Body  robust; 

head  very  large;  snout  long,  its  length  3  in  head;  mouth  large,  tlic 

maxillary  extending   to  beyond  eye;  distance  from  vent  to  ventnils 

more  than  length  of  head;  eye  very  small,  11  in  head.     A^entrals  xciy 

small;   pectorals  large  and  broad.     Ilead  -3};  depth  8.     D.  HO;  A,  70; 

V.  3;  vert.  2G+GG;  cceca  2.     L.  18  inches.     Arctic  seas. 

(L>)cod('s  mucomis  Rich.  Last  Arctic  Vovayo,  3()2;  Lyvodcs  mucoHns  Giinthor,  iv,  320: 
Zycodes  ihucohus  Bean,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Jllus.  xv,  112,  1871).J 

1212.  I..  tursBcri  (Beau)  J.  &  G. 

Light  brown,  grayish  below;  a  cream -colored  band  on  anal;  a  cres- 
centic  band  of  cream-color  crosses  the  nape,  and  continues  behind  tLe 
pectorals;  10  bands  of  cream-color,  bordered  with  brown,  from  the  tips 
of  the  dorsal  rays  to  the  lower  half  of  body,  becoming  wider,  and 
broken  below  the  middle;  caudal  tii)ped  with  pale.  Head  d{>i)ress('(l; 
maxillary  reaching  to  opi>osite  posterior  margin  of  eye;  distance  from 
ventrals  to  vent  less  than  length  of  head.  Head  4! ;  depth  8.  U.  85; 
A.  G7;  P.  18;  V.  3,  .  Saint  Michael's,  Alaska.     {Bean.) 

(Lijvodes  turiirn  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1878,  463.) 

1213.  li.  pollaris  (Sabine)  J.  &  G. 

''Without  any  scales;  length  of  the  pectoral  exceeding  twice  its 
breadth,  having  15  rays.  Yellowish,  lighter  on  the  belly,  with  11  l:n{,v 
saddle  like  markings  across  the  back,  the  middle  of  these  markings 
being  much  lighter  than  their  edges;  the  whole  back  and. the  sides 
marbled."  [Giinthcr.)  Coast  of  North  Georgia.  An  inii)erlectly  »lo- 
scribed  species,  unknown  to  late  writers. 

{BUnnUiH  poJariH  Sabiu<>,  Parry's  Jouni.  Voy.  181'J-'20,  Suppl.  212:  Lijcoda  polam 
Giluther,  iv,  321.) 


115.    LYCODID.E URONECTES. 


[80 


iliitlier,  iv,  320: 


429.— G¥IfIi\EL.IS   Rciiiliurat. 

(Keiuliardt,  DaiiHk.  Videusk.  Selsk.  AfhaiuU.  vii,  131,  183«:  type  Ophidium  viridp  Fa- 
bricius.) 

Body  elongate,  naked  (see  G.  stUjma).  Vertical  fins  without  spines; 
ventral  fins  none.  Small  conical  teeth  on  the  jaws,  vomer  and  pala- 
tines. Gill-openings  very  narrow.  No  air-bladder;  pyloric  cceca  none ; 
no  anal  papillji.     Size  small.    Arctic  seas.    (^'w/iVM?,  naked;  £v;f£-Jy?,  eel.) 

l-ill.  G.  viridis  (Fabr.)  Keinh. 

Brownish,  sometimes  uniform,  but  generally  with  dark  roundish 
trau'^verse  markings;  1  to  4  rouiul  black  spots  on  anterior  part  of 
dorsal  fin ;  anal  sometimes  blacik-edged ;  lower  part  of  head  with 
sharply-defined  whitish  markings.  Snout  subconical,  longer  than  the 
eye;  jaws  equal;  mouth  oblique;  maxillary  reaching  beyond  eye;  teeth 
rather  small,  conical,  in  a  single  series  on  each  side,  forming  a  patch 
anteriorly;  distance  from  snout  to  vent  2^  times  length  of  head.  Pec- 
toral pouiuled,  inserted  low,  its  length  less  than  half  that  of  head. 
Dorsal  commencing  over  posterior  third  of  pectorals.  Head  about  OA ; 
depth  about  13.  Eye  7  in  head.  D.  100;  A.  80.  Arctic  seas,  Alaska 
to  Nova  Scotia;  abundant. 

{(iphiiUiim  riridv  Fabr.  Faun.  Groenl.  141,  1780;  Guutbor,  Lv,  323;  Collett,  1.  c.  123: 
CymneliH  j)'tctu8  Giiutber,  iv,  324,  1862.) 

Vita.  G.  ?  stigma  (Rennett.)  Gtbr.  ' 

S(!ales  present,  very  small;  no  trace  of  ventrals.  Dilute  brown,  with 
irregular  transverse  series  of  brown  sjicts,  besides  obscure  cross-bands 
("void  swathes");  a  large,  round,  purplish  spot  near  the  origin  of  the 
dorsal.  Vertical  fins  united  into  a  transparent  ridge;  pectoral  rathei- 
large.  Snout  obtuse;  chin  with  a  large  gibbosity;  teeth  small.  Depth 
about  8.  L.  5  inches.  Kotzebue  Sound.  {Lay.)  Probably  the  tyiie  of 
ii  distinct  genus.  •  . 

{OpMdium  stigma  Lay  &  Bennett,  Zool.  Beechey's  Voy.  67;  Giinther,  iv,  325.) 

430.— UROMECTES  Giinther. 

(Giinther,  Cat.  Fish.  Brit.  Mns,  iv,  325, 1832:  type  OpMd'mm parrii  Ross.) 

Body  ensiforra,  compressed;  tail  long  and  tapering;  ventrals  none; 
vent  not  far  distant  from  the  head;  numerous  minute  teeth  in  Jaws  and 
on  palate;  lower  jaw  the  longer;  no  barbel;  scales  and  gill-openings 
unknown.    (oo|r>«,  tail;  vr/zrij?,  swimmer.) 

la  10.  ir.  parrii  (Rosa)  Gtbr.  .  ,;.-,' 

Color  uniform.  Head  very  obtuse,  its  length,  depth,  and  breadth 
equal;  head  broader  than  the  body,  flattened  and  grooved  between  the 


T     \ 


m 


790      CONTRIHUTIONS    TO    NOUTIl    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 

oyes,  which  sire  hitoial  mjmI  rather  larjje;  fjreatest  ihipth  of  body  some. 
wliat  more  than  K'njjth  of  head;  neck  much  arched.     Dorsal  iiiscittd 
Just  hcliind  head;  pectoral  extending  beyond  vent.     Head  4.    1).  ."jO;  A. 
4");  P.  ;}7.     Raflin's  Bay.     {Giinther.) 
((J2)lii(Uiim  parrii  Hosts,  Parry's  Tliinl  Voyaj;e,  App.  1<»U;  (Jiiiitlu-r,  iv,  '.VH).) 

Family  CXVI.— CONGROGADID.E. 

Body  elonjjate,  compressed,  eel-shaped,  naked  or  covered  with  siiinll 
scales.  Mouth  moderate,  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  the  lonjj;er;  teeth  in 
a  single  series  in  the  Jaws  and  sometimes  on  vomer  and  palatines  also; 
no  barbels.  Branchiostegals  4  to  7;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fouilli- 
])seudobranchia;  present.  Gill-membranes  more  or  less  connected,  fn'c 
from  the  isthnuis.  Dorsal  tin  long  ami  low^  of  slender  rays  indx'ddod 
in  the  skin;  anal  similar  to  dorsal,  both  connected  to  the  caudal  lln; 
tail  diphycercal.  Pectoral  tins  small;  ventral  tins  wanting.  Vent  re- 
mote from  the  head,  without  ])a})illa.  Air-bladder  none;  pyloric  cu'ca 
none.     Small  fishes,  chiefly  of  the  East  Indies.     Genera  3;  si)ecies  4. 

{Ophidiidw,  group  Congronadlna  (jriiiither,  iv,  388,  389.) 

a.  Cuuiucs  present;  dorsal  beginning  near  the  middle  of  the  body.  ..Scytauna,  4:iI. 

431.— SCYTAL.IWA  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

(Jor.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  NaT.  Mim.  1880,  266:  type  Snjlalina  cerdale  .1.  &  G.) 

Body  Aery  long  and  slender,  covered  with  small  scales.  I  lead  de- 
l)ressed,  shaped  like  the  head  of  a  snake,  with  tumid  cheeks  and  a  dis- 
tinct neck.  Eyes  small,  superior.  Mouth  rather  large,  the  lower  jaw 
slightly  i)roJecting.  Teeth  conic,  in  single  series  on  jaws,  vomer,  and 
])alatines.  Each  jaw  with  two  canines  in  front.  No  lateral  line;  psou 
dobranchiie  small.  Gill-rakers  almost  obsolete.  Dorsal  tin  very  low. 
its  first  ray  near  the  miuJle  of  the  body.  Anal  fin  similar  to  dorsal, 
nearly  as  long.  Tail  diphycercal,  the  caudal  well  developed.  (Diniiuu- 
tive  of  Scytale,  from  (rxura/.r^,  a  viper.) 

1217.  S.  cerdale  J.  &  G. 

riesh-colored,  with  much  mottling  of  ])nrplish  in  fine  pattern;  holly 
nearly  plain;  caudal  reddish-edged.  Head  broader  than  body;  snout 
depressed,  rounded  at  tip;  cheeks  very  long;  opercle  short;  inteior- 
bital  space  rather  broad,  concave  posteriorly;  eyes  small,  anterior  and 
superior ;  upi)er  lip  separated  by  a  crease  from  the  skin  of  the  lore 
head;  lower  Jaw  projecting;  edge  of  lower  lip  with  pores,  and  small 
•lermal  flaps  and  fringes;  maxillary  extending  a  little  beyond  eye; 
nostrils  with  small  flaps.     Lower  jaw  with  a  series  of  close-set,  even, 


117.    FlliRASFEllID.^^. — FIERASFKK. 


71)1 


conical  tcoth,  lu'sidcs  two  divci-gent  caniiuvs  in  front;  upper  jaw  witli 
similar  teeth  in  several  series  in  front,  the  canineH  Ninallei-  and  closer 
t();,'ether.  Pectorals  little  lonjjer  than  eye;  insertion  of  dorsal  slijihtly 
ill  front  of  anal,  a  little  in  front  of  nnddleof  l)ody;  rays  of  vertii^al  fins 
low  and  .veak,  those  of  caudal  njost  dcveh)ped;  vent  close  in  front  of 
anal,  which  is  sinular  to  dorsal.  Head  8;  <lepth  14.  1).  41;  A.  ,'j(}.  L. 
G  inches.  Straits  of  Fuca;  burrowiu};  anionj?  rocks  near  low  tide-mark. 
(Jordau  &  Gilbert,  I'roc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Miis.  iii,  18^0,  206.) 

Family  CXVII.— FIERxVSFERID^. 

Body  very  elonj;ate,  compressed,  tapering  into  a  long  and  slender 
tail.  No  scales.  Teeth  cardiform  on  Jaws,  vomer,  and  jjalatines;  canine 
teeth  often  present;  no  barbels;  lower  jaw  in<!lu(h'd;  vent  at  the  throat; 
<j;ill-membranes  more  or  less  united,  free  from  the  isthmus;  no  pseudo- 
branchicE;  no  pyloric  coBca;  vertical  tins  very  low,  conrtuent,  without 
spines,;  no  ventral  tins;  pectcral  fins  present  or  absent.  Small  fishes 
of  the  tropical  seas,  parasitic  in  shells  of  mollusks,  in  Evhinodermn,  etc. 
Genera  3;  species  12. 

{Ophidiidw,  group  Fieras/erina  Gilutlier,  iv,  381-384.) 

a.  Pectoral  lius  present ;  caudal  fiu  obsolete Fierasfkr,  432. 

432.— FIERASFER  Cuvier. 

(Cnvier,  Rofrne  Anim.  ii,  1817 :  type  Fierasfer  imberbiH  Cnv.  =  Giimnotua  acus  Briinuich.) 
No  distinct   caudal    fin;    pectoral    fins  developed.     {Fieran/er,  the 
ancient  name,  from  (/mpo^,  sleek  and  shining.) 

121§.  F.dubius"  Putnam. 

Color,  in  spirits,  uniform  light  brown,  with  a  short  silvery  band  along 
the  sides  of  the  abdomen,  made  by  continent  spots.  Maxillary  extend- 
iiiji'  slightly  beyond  orbit;  lower  teeth  larger  than  the  upper,  except  2-4 
front  teeth  of  upper  jaw,  which  are  about  equal  to  lower  teeth ;  vomer 
with  3-G  teeth,  2  or  3  of  these  canine  like.  Pectoral  half  head;  vent 
under  base  of  pectoral.  Dorsal  fin  low,  but  distinct;  anal  much  more 
developed  than  dorsal;  its  longest  rays  about  in  tlie  middle  of  the  fish. 
Air  bladder  long,  slightly  constricted  behind.  Gill-membranes  not  cov- 
ering isthmus.  Head  7^ ;  depth  of  head  15.  {Piitnain.)  Florida  Keys 
to  Cuba  and  Panama.  '  •  '  '  ;      u* 

(Campus  laffinin  Poey,  Syn.  Pise.  Cub.  1808,  402,  not  of  F.  ajginis  Gilutlier;  Putnam, 
Proe.  Bost.  See.  Nat.  Hist.  1874,  344.) 

*Iu  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  is  "  one  valve  of  a  pearl  oyster,  in  wbii^b 
a  specimen  of  Fieranfir  dalnuH  is  beautifully  inclosed  in  a  pearly  covering,  deposited 
on  it  by  the  oyster.''    (Putnam.) 


iVs 


vif. 


n 


!  ".  J. 


792       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


,    Family  CXVIIL— OPHIDIIDi*:. 

!       .  [The  Ophidioids.) 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  more  or  less  eel-shaped,  naked  or  covered 
with  very  small  scales,  which  are  not  imbricated,  but  placed  in  obli(jU(i 
-series  tit  right  angles  with  each  other;  head  large;  lower  jaw  included; 
both  jaws,  and  usually  vomer  and  i>alatines  also,  with  villifonn  or  car 
ditorjn  teeth;  prsmaxillaries  protractile;  gill-openings  very  wide,  the 
gill-membranes  separate,  anteriorly  narrowlj- joined  to  the  isthiuus  be- 
hind the  ventrals;  pseudobranchiai  small  or  obsolete.  Gills  4,  a  slit 
behind  the  fourth;  vent  more  or  less  posterior.  Vertical  fins  low, 
without  spines,  confluent  around  the  tail ;  tail  isocercal ;  ventral  fins  at 
the  throat,  each  developed  as  a  long,  forked  barbel.  Air-bladder  and 
pyloric  coeca  present.  Genera  3,  species  about  12.  Carnivorous  tishcs, 
found  in  most  warm  seas.  ,  . 

{Ophidiidw,  group  Ophidiina  Giiuther,  i\,  376-380.)  , 


a.  Body  scaly. 
h.  Palutinea  with  a  band  of  villiform  teeth  only 


-Ophidium,  433. 


433.-OPHlDll]?I  Linnoius. 

( Op/i jrf jtf n  Artedi;  Liniiious Syst.  Nat.:  type  Ojihidion  harbatum  l.) 

Body  moderately  elongate,  compressed;  scales  small,  not  imbricated, 
but  arranged  in  short  oblique  series,  placed  at  right  angles  with  eiicli 
other,  much  as  in  Anguiila.  Head  naked,  or  somewhat  scaly;  teotli 
villiform,  those  of  the  outer  series  moie  or  less  enlar;]:ed;  teeth  on 
vouier  and  palatines  bluntish,  some  of  them  enlarged.  Vent  well  '.to- 
hind  pectorals.  {Ophidium,  an  ancient  name,  from  oftdur^,  a  small 
snake.) 

((.  Outer  teeth  of  jaws  lixed.     (Ophidium.)  . 

1219.  O' ^iiargiiEiituiii  Dek. 

Co^or  nearly  plain  brownish ;  dorsa'  and  anal  fins  margined  with 
black.  Maxillary  reaching  posterior  margin  of  orbit;  air-bladder  .short 
and  broad,  with  a  foramen  on  the  under  side;  outer  ray  of  ventrals 
about  equalling  length  of  head;  inner  ray  half  length  of  outer.  Gill- 
rakers  4.  Head  o^;  depth  7^.  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America  lioiii 
I^ew  York  southward.  •>; 

(Dekay,  N.  Y.  Fannu,  FIbU.  1842,  315;  Putuam,  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1874,  [Wl.) 


118.    OPIIIDIID^ OPIIIDIUM. 


793 


12tfO.  O.  josephi  Grd. 

I';)le  olive,  sprinkled  all  over  with  brownish  specks;  belly  and  sides 

ot  lieud  i)lain ;  vertical  tins  edged  with  black.     Eye  moderate,  4  iu  head ; 

inaxiMary  extending  to  opposite  its  posterior  margin;  origin  of  dorsal 

ut  some  distance  behind  base  of  pectorals.    Body  shorter  and  pectorals 

more  elongate  than  in  0.  taylori.    Ilead  'J.    Saint  Joseph's  Island,  Texas. 

[Girard.)  ',         . 

[Ophidion  joscphi  GivatH,  U.  S.  Mcx.  Boun»l.  Surv.  Ichth.  1859,  2i).) 

tS'Jl.  O.  holbrooki  Putnam. 

"  Inner  barbel  nearly  two-thirds  length  of  the  outer;  outer  barbel  equal 
to  the  distance  from  the  center  of  the  eye  to  the  point  of  the  operculum ; 
maxillary  reaching  to  the  posterior  border  of  the  eye.  Length  of  the 
eye  e(pial  to  the  distance  from  its  posterior  margin  to  the  ridge  of  the 
preoperculum.  Head  one-sixth  of  the  total  length  of  the  fish.  Dorsal 
and  anal  with  a  black  margin.  Gill-rakers  4.  Air-bladder  long,  pointed, 
without  a  foramen."    L.  C  inches.     Key  West,  Florida.    {Putnam.) 

(riitnam,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1874y  34'3.) 

1222.  O.  taylor*  Girard.  . 

Light  olive;  head  and  upper  parts  covered  with  conspicuous  round 
(lark,  olive-brown  spots;  chin  dusky;  vertical  fins  edged  with  black. 
Head  large,  little  compressed,  naked;  top  of  heod  with  conspicuous 
mucous  pores.  Dorsal  fiii  beginning  over  t)ie  pectorals;  outer  raj'  of 
ventrals  little  more  than  half  length  of  head;  inner  about  one-third. 
Air-bladder  ovate,  not  contracted;  seven  gill-riicers  below  the  angle  of 
tlie  arch;  ^)seudobranchia5  developed.  No  spine  on  the  end  of  the 
snout.  Outer  teeth  in  both  jaws  considerably  enlarged,  the  upper 
largest.  Head  C;  depth  8.  L.  VI  iuches.  Coast  of  California;  not 
rare. 

(Gii-iud,  V.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  1859, 138.) 

fld.  Outer  teeth  iu. jaws  niovablo;  head  scaly  above.    {Leptoph'ulium*  GiW.") 

1223.  O.  piorundoriiin  (Gill)  J.  &  G. 

Light  rufous ;  vertical  fins  margined  wUh  black.    Body  very  slender; 

scales  regularly  arranged  iu  quincunx  order;  scales  on  head  extending 

to  forehead,  opercles,  and  cheeks;  snout  high,  projecting,  armed  with  a 

concealed  spinous  hook;  teeth  villiforu),  separated  by  an  interval  from 

an  outer  row  of  longer,  slemler,  movable  teeth;  eye  longer  than  snout, 

3.J  iu  head;  lateral  line  obsolete  behind  ;  vent  toward  end  of  first  third 

*(iill,  Prr.c.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  IKI?,  210:  type  Lepiophidium  profundorum  Gill. 
(AfTro?,  slender;  ocpiStoy,  Ophidium.) 


«{«  y 


I        i 


704      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

of  length;  ventral  fins  short.     Head  G;  depth  10.    Gulf  Stream,  ofl' the 
coast  of  Florida.     (GUI.)  r •"     ' 

(Leptophidiumprofinidorum  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Pbila.  18G3,  211.) 

Family  CXX.—GADID^.* 

{The  Co(] -fishes.) 

Body  elongate,  more  or  less  compressed  behind;  tail  usually  isoccr- 
cal  (diphycercal  in  Dinematiehthys)',  scales  cycloid,  small,  soinctiinos 
wanting.  Gill-openings  very  wide;  gill-membranes  separated  or  some- 
what united,  commonly  free  from  the  isthmus;  no  spines,  the  lin-niys 
all  articulated.  Dorsal  fin  extending  almost  the  length  of  the  back 
forming  one,  two,  or  three  fins;  anal  flu  long,  single  or  divided;  caud;!! 
fin  distinct,  or  confluent  with  the  dorsal  and  anal;  ventral  fins  Jiignlar, 
but  attached  to  the  pubic  bone,  each  of  one  to  eight  brar.ched  rays. 
Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  No  pseudobranchiae.  Edge  of  pre- 
oper(;le  usually  covered  by  skin  of  ht-ad.  Pyloric  co^ca  usually  nuinor 
ous,  but  sometimes  few  or  none.  Air-bladder  generallj-  well  develoi)e(l. 
Genera  35,  species  about  90;  an  imi^ortant  family,  many  of  its  inenibeis 
being  highly  valued  as  food.  They  inhabit  chiefly  the  northern  seas; 
one  genus  {Lota)  being  conflned  to  the  fresh  waters.  Two  genera  [Sty- 
(jienla,  Lucifuga)  are  blind  and  inhabit  the  cave  st»„;*ms  of  Cuba. 

( fiadida;  Giintlier,  iv,  ;J26-:JG9;  Ophidiidw,  group  Brotulina,  iv,  371-376.) 

rt.  iJody  scaly.  •  '  ■> 

b.  Vertical  fills  united  or  approximated;  pyloric  cojca  two ;  no  barbel.    (lirotitllm:) 

c.  Tcrtical  fiu8  united Byt'hh.s,  4H4. 

cc.  Vertical  fius  separate;  tail  dipby cereal Dinkmatichtiiys,  4;!'). 

hb.  Vertical  fins  well  separated;  pyloric  cccca  mostly  numerous;  tail  isociical. 
d.  Frontal  bone  single,  normal.     (Gadinn:) 
e.  Anterior  dorsal  composed  of  a  band  of  fring"8  preceded  by  a  sUikIit  ia,v; 
baruels  3  to  5. 

/.  Ventral  rays  3  to  5 ;  aiuil  liu  entire Onos,  i%. 

ee.  Anterior  dor.sal  coinjiosed  of  distinct  rays. 
(/.  Cliin  witb  a  barbel. 
h.  Dorsal  tins  two  ;  anal  fin  one. 
i.' Ventral  fins  narrow,  filamentous,  each  composed  of  two  or  llirce 

;.  slender  rays Pincis,  4;i7. 

it.  Ventrals  broader,  each  of  about  six  rays. 
J.  Tail  attenuate ;  anal  liu  notched  ;  mouth  inferior;  deep-sen  iislies. 
"    "^ "  ■""  " ""~~  _  HALOi'oiti'iiYia's,  4;iH. 

j(/.  Tail  normal;  anal  fin  entire ;  mouth  terminal. 

--:---—  ^    Vomer  toothless;  teeth  villiform Physhtms,  i;'.l». 

:"        Ik.  Vomer  with  teeth. 

/.  Vomer  and  Uiundible  with  canines Moi.ya,  44;'. 

Ih  Vomer  and  maadiblu  without  canines L(»ta,  441. 

"Including  family  IIU,  JJroiuUdw,  in  the  key  to  the  famllicB,  pa^o  7!). 


f  v;:  -,   ^:        V2X    GADlD^E DINEMATICIITHYS.  705 

ft/i.  Dorsnlliu  single ;  tual  tin  single ;  ventrals  well  developed. 
,  ,  UllOSMU'8,    142. 

hhh.  Dorsal  tins  three ;  unul  fins  two (Jadi's,  44. t. 

SO-  Chin  without  barbel;  lower  juw  proji^eting;  scales  large ;  dorsiils  two; 

anal  one Hypsicomktks,  444. 

dd.  Frontal  bone  divided;  top  of  head  with  a  triangular  excavated  area;  no 
barbel.     (MeHuciina:) 
p.  Lower  jaw  projecting;  dorsals  two;  anal  one;  anal  and 

second  doi'sal  deeply  eniarginate Mkkux'Uts,  445. 

m.  Body  naked;  month  very  large :  abdomen  greatly  dilatable;  teeth  very  uneciual; 

jaws  with  very   long,  depressible  canines.     {ChiaxiHodoii- 
-  ,  ,  ;r  ;  tinw) Chiasmouon,  44U. 

»■-■■■.     ^    ,'. '  ■■    ,  ■  - 

.  .      434.-BYTHITES  Keiuhardt.  •         / 

(Reinhardt,  Dansk  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Afhandl.  vii,  178, 1835 ;  typo  ButhitcafuHciisJii'inh.) 
Body  elongate,  i'overed  with  ininute  scales.  Head  large,  thick; 
mouth  large;  jaAvs  equal;  no  barbel;  bands  of  teeth  in  the  jaws 
and  on  vomer  and  palatines.  Brauchiostegals  eight;  gill  ineinbraiies 
united,  free  from  the  isthmus;  eye  moderate.  Lateral  line  interrupteil. 
Vertical  tins  united ;  ventral  tins  reduced  to  simple  filaments,  each  com- 
posed of  two  rays  closelj' united.  Air-bhidder  large;  two  pyloric  cgbim. 
A  thick,  conical,  anal  ])apilla  (in  the  male).  Greenland.  (/Sw^/eVry?,  an 
iuiiinal  of  the  depths,  from  ,'iL>Oto<;,  the  deep.) 

Vi*M.  B.  fuscus  Ueinh. 

Uniform  dark-brown.  Head  with  minute  cirri;  snout  obtuse;  maxil- 
l;iry  extending  to  below  eye;  vertical  fins  enveloped  in  thick  skin;  ven- 
tnils  two-thirds  as  long  as  head.  Depth  less  than  length  of  head. 
Greenland.     {Giinther.) 

(Reinhardt,  1.  c.  179;  GUuther  iv,  375.)  * 

433.— DINE]?IATI€HT1IYS  Bleeker. 
( I)ro8mo2)hycia  (iil\:  //aJias  Ay  res.) 
(Blocker,  Batoe,  318;  type  DinemaCwhtlniH  ihjocwtvoides  Blocker.) 

Body  moderately  e'ongatc,  covered  with  minute  imbedded  scales; 
laterjil  line  inconspicuous;  head  moderate,  conical;  opercio  with  a 
spine  i)osteriorly ;  preopt^rcle  unarmed,  usually  with  a  large  mucous 
pore  at  its  angle;  no  barbels;  Jaws  subecpial ;  teeth  in  the  jaws  canli- 
form,  in  bands  anteriorly;  vomer  and  palatines  with  similar  teeth; 
•  nill membranes  little  connected.  D<nvsal  fin  low,  continuous,  its  last 
rays  contiguous  to  the  caudal,  but  nearly  or  quite  free  from  it;  anal 
till  even,  similar  to  dorsal,  but  shorter;  rays  of  vertical  fins  slender, 
much  branched;  veutrals  reduced  each  to  a  filament  formed  of  two  rays 


.1^ 


\ 


1  X 


^Wt 


796       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 

closely  joined ;  caudal  sliort  and  slender;  tail  dipliycercal,  truncate  at 
base  of  caudal;  ana!  papilla  large  (in  S);  stomach  large,  with  two  short 
pyloric  coeca.     (Jt?,  two;  v/7,'/.a,  thread;  r/Ch<;^  Qah.)       ,  ,/: 

a.  Head  nearly  or  quite  scaleless.     {Halias"  Ayrcs.)  ,.    . 

1335.  D.  nia!.';j:inatus  (Ayres)  Gtbr. 

Keddish  brown;  fins  broadly  edged  with  bright  rose  red.  Head  with 
traces  of  very  rudimentary  scales  sunken  in  the  skin ;  eye  well  forward,  l.l 
in  snout,  7  or  8  in  head ;  maxillary  reaching  beyond  eye  a  little  less  than 
half  length  of  head;  teeth  of  jaws  subequal,  in  broad  bands;  pahitiiic 
teeth  in  a  sliort  band,  shorter  than  eje.  Fin-rays  slender,  imbedded 
in  skin;  pectorals  moderate,  a  little  more  than  half  length  of  head; 
ventrals  half  length  of  head ;  nape  nearer  origin  of  dorsal  than  tij)  ol' 
snout;  vent  slightly  behind  middle  of  body;  caudal  as  long  as  eye  and 
snout;  a  conspicuous  pore  above  tip  of  maxillary;  two  pores  at  chin; 
anal  papilla  without  horny  appendages;  lower  lip  with  a  fringe  of 
minute  cirri.  Head  4^  in  length;  depth  about  G.  D.  about  80;  A. 
about  Go.    Coast  of  California,  rather  rare ;  in  deej)  water. 

(Broamius  inarginatua  Ajiea,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  1!?.  1854:  Halias  margi- 
vatua  Avres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1860,  5'2;  Giiutlier.  iv,  375:  Broamophijm  mar- 
ijlnatua  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18S1,  168;  186:$,  253' ) 


.•       /  436.-ONOSt  Ayrea. 

•  Bocklings.  , 

{Motella  Cnv'iQt:  Jl/b ?«e?Za  Kaup:  Rhinonemus  GWl:  Cj7ta<o  Couch  aud  GoHc/iia  Thomp- 
son, yonng  forms.) 

(Risso,  Hist.  Nat.  d'Eur.  Merid.  iii,  211, 1826:  type  Onoa  mitatella  Ri880=6'flrf«»  irkh- 
mtu.1  m.  &  Schn.) 

Body  rather  elongate,  covered  with  very  small  scales;  head  more  or 

less  depressed;  lower  jaw  included;  chin  with  a  barbel;  snout  Avithtwo 

to  four  barbels,  one  on  each  anterior  nostril;  teeth  in  bands  on  Jaws  and 

vomer;  none  on  palatines;  some  of  the  teeth  in  upper  jaw  somctinies 

enlarged  or  canine-like;  dorsal  fins  two,  the  anterior  composed  of  small 

fringe-lilie  rays  concealed  in  a  groove,  in  front  of  these  a  siiiyle  ion;; 

ray;  second  dorsal  long;   anal  similar;  caudal  tin  rounded  or  lanceo 

*Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  ii,  52,  1860:  type  liroaviiua  margiiutttin  A\n'>^. 
(aX?,  flic  sea.) 

tWo  <lo  not  adopt  the  earlier  name  Oaidropsarua  of  Raiinefetine,  because  we  liinl 
11  f tic  evidence  that  the  rouj^h  lij^nro  of  Rondelot,  on  which  Gaidropmriix  munuUaris 
Kaflaes(ino  was  fonnded,  was  intended  for  a  species  of  Onoa  rather  than  of  J'hudK. 
Eiichchiopiia  Bloch  &,  Schnoid<'r  is  a  heteroj^eneous  group,  iucludin;r  spcciee  of  (laduii, 
of  which  genus  it  may  be  considered  a  syuouym. 


120.    GADIDiE ONOS. 


797 


late;  tail  isocercal ;  ventral  fins  of  5  to  7  rays.  Small  fishes  of  the 
iiortherr  seas;  the  species  ditlering  considerably  among  themselves. 
{Onos,  au  ancient  name  of  certain  Gadoid  fishes;  from  oko?,  an  ass.) 

a.  Barbels  four;  head  anteriorly  liigli  and  compressed ;  no  large  canines.     (Bhinone- 
mu9  Gill.) 

1226.  O.  cinibrins  (L.)  Goodo  &  Bean. — Fonr-hearded  RoclcUng.    / 

Brownish,  posterior  part  of  dorsal  and  anal,  and  lower  margin  of  cnu- 
(lal  abruptly  black ;  inside  of  month  black.  Head  oblong,  comi)ressed, 
the  snout  high,  its  anterior  profile  blunt;  month  large,  inferior;  a  barbel 
at  chin,  one  at  end  of  snout,  and  one  on  each  anterior  nostril;  maxillaiy 
reaching  much  beyond  eye;  teeth  in  narrow  bands,  some  of  them  con- 
siderably enlarged;  lateral  line  stitch  like,  developed  at  intervals. 
First  (free)  ray  of  dorsal  as  long  as  head;  ventrals  about  half  length 
of  head;  caudal  somewhat  acute.  Head  5;  depth  G.  D.  50;  A.  43; 
V.  5.    L.  12  inches.    North  Atlantic,  on  both  coasts. 

{tiadus  cimbriiis  Linnaons,  Syst.  Nat.:  Motclla  caudaciita  Storer,  Hist.  Fisli.  Muss. 
;!()!:  Molella  cimbria  Giiuther,  iv,  367:  lihiiwnemus  caudacuta  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Pliila.  186;5,  241.)  ■■  .  .  r    .     , 

(Id.  Barbels  three.     (Onos.)  .     •■  .  ". 

Vi97.  O.  rciiihnrdti  (Kroyer)  Gill. 

Uniform  reddish  brown;  cirri  and  tips  of  fins  red.  Head  depressed, 
but  rather  pointed  anteriorly;  snout  rather  short,  with"  two  barbels; 
chill  with  one;  teeth  in  villiform  bands,  those  of  one  series  in  each  jaw 
longer  than  the  rest.  First  ray  of  first  dorsal  short,  little  longer  than 
snout.  Vent  near  middle  of  length.  Distance  from  snout  to  first  dor- 
sal 1%  of  length.    Heads.    ]).  5G;  A.  45;  V.  8.    Greenland.     {Collett.) 

(^Motella  argentaia  Reinh.  Sclsk.  Nat.  Math.  Afh.  1837,  110:  MoMla  reinhardii 
Kidyor  MSS. ;  Collett,  Norake  Nord-Havs.  Exp.  18S0,  131 :  Onos  reinhardii  Gill,  Proc. 
Ac:i(l.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18G3,  241:  i  Couchia  argentaia  GiiutluT,  iv,  3G3,  the  young  of 
this  or  other  species  of  Onos;  small,  silvery  iishes,  swimming  at  the  surface  in  the 
opeu  8oa. ) 

12a§.  O.  ensis  (Reinh.)  Gill.         ,:, 

Head  small;  snout  with  two  barbels;  chin  with  one;  teeth  feeble, 
uniform,  in  villiform  bands;  palatine  teeth  villiform.  Vent  nearly  me- 
dian; distance  to  front  of  dorsal  |  of  length.  First  dorsal  ray  pro- 
duced, as  long  as  head.  Head  5^;  D.  59;  A.  46.  Greenland.  {Col- 
lett.) 

[Motella  ensiH  Reinh.  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Nat.  vii,  115, 1838:  OnosenaiiiQiW,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1803,  241;  Collett,  1.  c.  134.) 


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798       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV 


437.— PHYCIS*  Bloch  &  Scbneiaer. 
...       V    ;  .  .   :   •   GocUings.  ,  ,  : 

(Bloch.  &  SchiiPiiler,  Syst.  Ichth.  1801,  56:  typo  Phifda  tinea  \Wiw\\  «fe  Schneider.) 

Body  rather  elongate ;  bead  subconie ;  mouth  rather  hir{>('  the 
maxillary  reaching  to  below  eye;  lower  jaw  included ;  chin  with  a  siniill 
barbel;  jaws  and  vomer  with  broad  bands  of  snbeqnal,  pointed  teeth; 
l)alatinea  toothless.  Dorsal  fins  two,  the  first  sometimes  produced  :if 
tip;  second  dorsal  long,  similar  to  the  anal.  Ventrals  wide  apinf, 
iihimentous,  each  of  2  or  3  slender  rays.  Gill-membranes  soinoAvlint 
connected,  narrowly  joined  to  the  isthmus.  {<poxi-,  an  ancient  name  of 
.some  fish  living  in  the  Fucus,  (pux<>^.) 

«.  Dors.al  r.ays  scarcely  produced,     ( Uropli yds  f  Gill.) 
1229.  P.  regius  (Walb.)  J.  &  G. 

Pale  brownish  tinged  with  yellowish,  the  lateral  lino  dark  brown,  in- 
terrupted by  white  spots;  inside  of  mouth  white;  first  dorsal  hirjielv 
black,  this  color  surrounded  bj'  white;  second  dorsal  olivaceous,  with 
irregular  round  dark  spots;  caudal,  anal,  and  pectorals  dusky;  ven 
ti'als  and  lower  edge  of  pectorals  white;  two  vertical  series  of  ronnd 
dark  spots  on  the  sides  of  the  head.  Body  rather  stout;  head  broiul; 
mouth  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  posterior  margin  of  eye.  Eye  k\ss 
than  snout  or  interorbital  width;  first  dorsal  low,  its  height  about  einml 
to  half  length  of  head;  ventral  fiu  longer  than  head,  about  3J  in  length 
of  body;  caudal  fin  subtruncate.  Head  4J;  depth  4 J.  D.  8-43;  A. 
about  45;  scales  rather  large,  about  90  in  the  lateral  line.  Morth 
Atlantic,  south  to  Cape  Fear.     Said  to  exhibit  electric  powers  in  life. 

{ItkiDiins  regina  Wiilh.  Art.  Pise.  1792,  183  :  Phycis piinctatnH  Dek.  N.  Y.  Fauna,  Fisli. 
21>2:  Enchi'lyopuH  regalia  Bloch.  &,  Schn.  1801,  53:  Phycia  reyalia  GUuther,  iv,  ;&">.) 

1330.  P.  earlli  Be.an. 

Brown,  with  some  li;;lit  spots  on  the  second  dorsal  fin  and  on  tlio 
sides;  anal  and  both  dorsals  margined  with  brown.  Body  short  aiul 
stout;  maxillary  extending  beyond  front  of  eye;  barbel  one  third 
length  of  upper  jaw,  which  is  half  length  of  liead;  interorbital  space 
equal  to  length  of  snout;  pectorals  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of  liead; 


"  "  Hypaipteraargentea"  Giiuther  (ii,  380;  iv,  362);  a  very  small  silvery  lish,  occasion- 
ally taken  on  our  coasts  as  well  as  on  those  of  Eurojw,  is  now  supposed  to  bo  tlic  youii}; 
of  species  of  Phycia. 

tGill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philu.  1863,  240:  typo  Gadua  regiaa  Walb.  (oi;/jd,,taiIi 
<pvKiif  Phycis.) 


1-20.    GADID.E PHYCI8. 


799 


v(Mitrals  reaching  nearly  to  vent;  none  of  the  rays  of  first  dorsal  i)ro- 
(Inced,  the  tin  not  higher  tlian  second  dorsal.  Head  .'}5|;  depth  4i.  D. 
10-02;  A.  53;  1M5;  Lat.  1. 155.    L.  14  inches.    Charleston,  South  (3ar- 

olina.    ■  ;.      -  ■    ■   ., 

(lieaii,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  iii,  G9,  1880.)  .  ' 

(irt.  OiKi  of  the  rays  of  the  first  dorsal  more  or  loss  produced.     (Phj/cia.) 

IS.1I.  P.  cliuss(Walb.)  Gill.— 6W/tw<7;  Sg«jrre?-/iafcc. 

Brownish  above,  sides  lighter  and  tinged  with  yellowish;  thickly 
])uuctulate  with  darker;  below  pale;  inside  of  month  white;  vertical 
tins  somewhat  dusky;  aual  tin  margined  with  pale;  lateral  line  not 
(lark.  Body  rather  slender;  head  depressed;  eye  large,  about  equal  to 
iiiterorbital  width ;  maxillary  reaching  posterior  margin  of  pupil.  Fila- 
mentous dorsal  ray  about  two-sevenths  length  of  body,  when  perfe(!t ; 
pectorals  |  length  of  head;  ventral  fins  extending  beyond  the  vent; 
scales  comparatively  large.  Headi.i^;  depth  5.  D.  9-57;  A.  50;  Lat. 
1. 110.    Atlantic  coast,  chiefly  northward. 

(DUnniua  c/iuss  Wiilb.  Art.  Pise.  1792,  18(5:  Enchehjopna  americanuH  Bl.  &  Sehn.  1801, 
n.!:  PInich  amcricanua  Giinther,  iv,  ',V^',i:  Pliycis  filamentosHu  Storer,  Fish.  Mass.  ;-G7; 
Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18G3,  2:17.) 

Vi,i2.  P.  tenuis  (Mitch.)  T)ek.—CodUnfj ;   White  hake;  Squirrel-hake. 

Brownish,  lighter  and  yellowish  below:  fins  very  dark.  Snout  longer 
than  eye,  narrower  and  more  pointed  than  in  P.  chiiss.  Eye  large, 
usually  Avider  than  interorbital  space ;  maxillary  reaching  beyond  pupil. 
Filamentous  dorsal  ray  about  two-thirds  length  of  head ;  ventral  fins 
about  reaching  vent.  Scales  very  small.  Head  4^;  depth  5.^.  D.  0- 
r)7;  A.  48;  Lat.  1.  138.  Distinguished  from  tne  preceding  chiefly  by  the 
smaller  scales,  ^fforth  Atlantic,  south  to  Virginia;  abundant  north- 
ward. ■  .    ' 

(GmhtH  tenuiH  Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  1815,  372;  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
k\.  Pliiia.  18()3,  238:  Phyds  dvkayi  Kaup,  Archiv.  Naturg.  i,  89,  18r)8.) 

1233.  P.  Chester!  Goodc  and  Bean.  .'  ,.:.,: 

Eye  3iV  in  length  of  head;  maxillary  twice  in  head ;  barbel  one  third 
diameter  of  orbit ;  vent  equidistant  from  tip  of  snout  and  end  of  second 
(lor.sal;  distauce  from  snout  to  dorsal  fin  equals  twice  the  length  of  the 
inundible;  the  third  ray  of  the  second  dorsal  extremely  elongate,  its 
length  more  than  twice  that  of  head,  and  more  than  four  times  that  of 
tlie  longest  of  the  other  rays  ;  ventral  fins  with  the  first  ray  one-thinl 
length  of  body,  the  second  abojit  three  times  the  length  of  the  head, 


-J! 


J; 


^ 


wm 


800      CONTKIDUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTIIYOLOC.Y — iv. 

the  third  shorter  than  the  dijimeter  of  orbit;  pectorals  four  tiiiu  s  as 
long  as  the  opercle.    Scales  large  and  thin;  lateral  line  much  broken 
posteriorly.      Head  4:|;  depth  5.     D.  9  or  10,  5(5;  A.  5G;   Lat.  1.  !)o. 
{Goode  and  Bean.)    Coast  of  Massachusetts,  in  deep  water. 
(Goodo  and  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus-  i,  1878,  256.) 


.  43§.— 1IAL.OPORPIIYRUS  Giinther. 

(£epidton  Swainson;  preoccupied  as  Xp/>idja.) 
(Giinther,  Cat.  Fish.  Brit.  Mas.  iv,  3^8,  1802:  type  Gadus  lepidioii  Risso.) 

Body  elongate,  compressed,  tapering  into  a  slender  tail.  Scales  very 
small.  Head  entirely  scaly,  even  to  the  gill-membranes.  Snout  dc 
liressed,  thin  and  flat,  projecting  beyond  the  mouth;  mouth  rather  lai 


»^ ) 


chill  with  a  barbel;  jaws  with  bands  of  villiform  teeth;  a  small  rouiid. 
ish  iiatch  of  teeth  on  vomer,  none  on  jjalatines.  Dorsal  tins  two;  tlic 
first  short,  its  anterior  ray  produced  into  a  long  lilament;  anal  liu 
deeply  notched,  almost  separated  into  two  tins;  ventral  tins  with  six 
rays,  one  of  them  tilameutous;  caudal  truncate.  Branchiostegal.s  7. 
]>eep- water  tishes.  («A?,  sea;  -ofxpufxx;^  i)urijle,  from  the  deep  colora- 
tion.) ''■.:■■-.-. 
1833.  H.  viola  Goode  &  Bean.  *^       '       '  • 

Color,  deep  violet  or  blue-black  ;  inside  of  mouth  and  opercles  blue- 
black;  snout  broad,  pointed  at  tip,  much  depressed,  forming  a  root-like 
projection  above  mouth ;  a  consi>icuous  keel  extending  backward  from 
tip  of  snout  along  the  suborbital  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  eye. 
Mouth  U-shaped,  wholly  inferior;  maxillary  nearly  reaching  posterior 
margin  of  orbit;  interorbital  space  flat,  as  wide  as  the  large  eye,  the 
orbital  ridges  somewhat  elevated;  barbel  about  one-half  diameter  of 
orbit.  First  dorsal  with  its  first  ray  much  produced,  longer  than  liead; 
anal  fin  deeply  notched  near  its  middle.  Caudal  peduncle  as  long  as 
eye;  its  depth  more  than  half  its  length;  longest  ray  of  ventrals  readi- 
ing  about  half  way  to  vent;  pectoral  1^  in  head.  Head  4^;  depths. 
D.  4-53;  A.  40;  V.  G;  Lat.  1.  115.  Banks  of  Newfoundland  and  south- 
ward, in  deep  water.. 

{Haloporphyrua  viola  Goode  and  Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  i,  256,  1878.) 

439.-PHYSIClJI.US  Kaup. 

(Kaup,  Wiegmann's  Arcliiv.  1858,  88:  type  Phyaicuhia  (iahvigkii  Kaup.) 

Body  elongate,  covered  with  small  scales ;  head  entirely  scaly ;  snout 
broad,  obtusely  rounded,  projecting  beyond  the  mouth;  mouth  of  mod- 


120.    GADIDiE — LOTA. 


801 


erato  size;  chin  with  a  barbel;  jaws  with  bands  of  villiform  teeth; 
vomer  an<l  pahitines  toothless.  Dorsals  2;  anal  fin  single,  not  notched; 
ventral  tins  with  5  rays,  the  outer  rays  lilanieritous;  caudal  rounded, 
slender,  free;  branchiostegals  7.     (A  diminutive  of  PhyciH.) 

1334.  P.  dalwi{j^kDi  Kaup. 

Color  uniform  brownish;  pectoral  and  anal  whitish;  axil  of  pectoral, 
chin,  and  belly  blackish;  inside  of  mouth  white.  Head  broad,  de- 
pressed; cleft  of  mouth  oblique;  maxillary  extending  beyond  vertical 
from  pupil;  intororbital  space  flat,  its  width  rather  less  than  vertical 
diameter  of  orbit;  a  concealed  spine  on  each  side  of  nape.  Height  of 
first  dorsal  equalling  half  length  of  head;  second  dorsal  somewhat 
lower,  nearly  uniform  in  height;  nnal  similar  to  second  dorsal,  but 
lower;  pectorals  two-thirds  length  of  head;  filamentous  ventral  ray 
not  reaching  anal.  Eleven  series  of  scales  betweeen  anterior  dorsal 
and  lateral  line.  Head  4  in  length;  depth  5i.  D.  7-G7  ;  A.  69;  V.  5. 
(Giinther.)  Madeira;  lately  taken  in  deep  water  off  the  coast  of  Massa- 
cbusetts. 

(K-up,  Wiegm.  Arch.  1858,  88;  GUnther,  iv,  348.) 

440.— ]»IOL,VA  Nilssou. 

Lings. 

(Nilsson,  Skandinav.  Fauna,  1832,  iv,  573:  type  Gadua  molva  L») 

Body  elongate,  covered  with  very  small  scales.  Chin  with  a  barbel; 
lower  jaw  included;  bands  of  teeth  on  jaws  and  vomer;  lower  jaw  with 
large  canines  which  are  arrow-shaped  and  movable ;  vomer  with  a  curved 
series  of  canines,  mixed  with  small  teeth,  these  mostly  fixed;  no  teeth 
on  palatines.  Gill-membranes  broadly  united.  Two  dorsal  fins,  both 
well  developed;  one  anal  fin;  ventrals  of  several  rays.  ^Northern  seas. 
[An  old  name  of  M.  vulgaris.) 

1235.  HI.  vulgaris  Fleming.— Ztni/. 

Barbel  longer  than  eye;  a  short  barbel  at  the  nostril;  eye  as  wide 
as  iuterorbital  space.  D.  15-66;  A.  G2;  V.  G;  vertebrae  27+ 37.  (Gitn- 
ther.)    Greenland  and  Northern  Europe. 

(Gadus  molva  L.  Syst.  Nat.;  Fleming,  Brit.  Anim.  192;  GUather,  iv,  361.) 

441.— LOTA  Cuvier. 

Burbots. 

(Cuvier,  R^gno  Anim.  ii,  1817:  type  Gadaa  lota  li.  =  Lota  vulgaris  Jenyus.) 
Body  long  and  low,  compressed  behind.     Head  small,^  depressed^ 
Bull.  I^^at.  Mus.  No.  16 51 


^rr^ 


■  i 


802       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

ratlier  broad;  anterior  nostrils  each  with  a  small  barbel;  chin  Mitb  a 
long  barbel;  snont  and  lower  parts  of  head  naked;  mouth  nKxlerate 
the  lower  jaw  included;  both  jaws  with  broad  bands  of  equal,  villifortn 
teeth,  vomer  with  a  broad,  crescent-shaped  band  of  similar  tooth*  no 
teeth  on  palatines.  Gill-openings  wide,  the  membrane  somewhat  cou- 
nected,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Scales  very  small,  imbedded;  vortical 
fins  scaly.  Dorsal  fins  two,  the  first  short,  the  second  long,  similar  to 
the  aiml;  caudal  rounded,  its  outer  rays  procurrent;  ventral s  of  several 
rays.  One  species,  living  in  fresh  waters  of  northern  regions.  [Lota 
the  ancient  name.) 

1236.  L.  maculosa  (Le  S.)  C.  &  V. — Burbot;  Lake  Lawyer;  Ling. 

Dark  olive,  thickly  marbled  and  reticulated  with  blackish;  yellowish 
or  dusky  beneath;  young  often  sharply  marked,  the  adult  bocomin" 
dull-grayish;  vertical  fins  with  dusky  margins.  Maxillary  reaching  to 
posterior  margin  of  eye;  barbel  longer  than  the  very  small  eye;  pec- 
toral If  in  head;  ventrals  reaching  half  way  to  vent.  Head  4|;  depth 
6.  D.  13-7G;  A.  68;  V.  7;  vertebrte  21+38;  cceca  30.  L.  2  feet.  New 
England  and  Great  Lake  region,  north  to  the  Arctic  seas;  abundant 
northward;  also  (var.  vulgaris)  throughout  Northern  Eurojie  and  Asia. 

(Gadus  lota  L.  Syst,  Nat.:  Gadus  maculosus  Le  Sueur,  Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliil.i. 
i,  83, 1873:  Lota  compreasa,  inoriuita,  aud  maculosa  Dekay,  New  York  Fauna,  Fish.  1842, 
283-285:  Lota  vulgaris  Jenyns,  Manual  Brit.  Vert.  448;  Lota  vulgaris  GUather,  iv,  359.) 

442.— BROSMIIJS  Cuvier. 


CusliS. 
(Cuvier,  Rfegue  Anira.  ii,  1817:  type  Gadus.brosme  Mtiller.)  r . 

Body  moderately  elongate,  covered  with  very  small  scales.  Mouth 
rather  large,  with  teeth  in  the  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines,  some  of 
those  on  the  vomer  and  palatines  enlarged;  chin  with  a  barbel; 
branchiostegals  7.  Dorsal  fin  single,  continuous,  not  elevated;  anal 
fin  similar,  but  shorter;  caudal  fin  rounded;  ventral  fins  several-rayed. 
Fishes  of  the  ^Northern  seas.  (A  latinization  of  the  vernacular  name 
brosme.)  - ,,.      ,  .>.  _ 

1231.  B.br08mc(Mmier)  White.— C«»fc.  k:      ; '.^ 

Brownish,  mottled;  young  uniform  dark  slate-color,  or  with  trans- 
verse yellow  bands;  vertical  fins  bordered  with  blackish,  and  with  a 
white  edge.  Head  flattened  above j  upper  jaw  slightly  longer  than 
Iowot;  mouth  large,  oblique  j  maxillary  reaching  beyond  orbit.    Head 


120.    GAPID/E — GADUS. 


803 


4i;  depth  5 J.     D.  98;  A.  71.    {Storer.)    Polar  regions,  south  to  Cape 

Cod  and  Denmark.  -     > 

(Gaditu  broamc  MUller,  Prodr.  Zool.  Dan.  41, 1770:  Gadus  hroame  Ya.hr.  Fann.  Grrenl. 
140;  llroHmiitH  Jlavisccns  GQiithor,  iv,  3G9:  lirosmiua  flavegcena  Storer,  Fish.  Mass.  3C«: 
lUvxmiua  hroame  Gliuther,  iv,  3G'J:  Bronmiua  vulgaris  Dekay,  Now  York  Fauua,  Fish. 
283.) 

443.— GADIJS  LinntBua. 

'  Codfishes. 

(Artcdi ;  Linna.Mi8,  Syst.  Nat. :  type  Gadwa  c'a?/ar/a«  or  «iorr/tua  L.) 

IJody  moderately  elongate,  compressed  and  tajjering  behind.  Scales 
very  small;  lateral  line  present.  Head  narrowed  anteriorly;  mouth 
moderate  or  large;  chin  with  a  barbel,  which  is  sometimes  minute; 
teeth  cardiform,  subequal,  or  with  those  of  one  series  more  or  less  en- 
larged; vomer  with  teeth;  none  on  the  palatines.  Dorsal  fins  three, 
well  separated;  anal  fins  two;  ventral  fins  well  developed,  of  about 
seven  raj's.    Species  of  the  Northern  Seas;  highly  valued  as  food. 

(GarfMS,  tho  Latin  name,  akin  to  the  English  word  Cod.) 


0.  Lower  jaw  inclnded;  barbel  well  developed. 

b.  Vent  below  second  dorsal;  species  of  large  size, 
c.  Lateral  lino  black;  mouth  small,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  eye. 
grammua*  Gill.) 


(Mclano- 


123§.  G.  n;g:lifinus  1..— Haddock. 

Dark  gray  above,  whitish  below;  lateral  line  black;  a  large  dark 
blotch  above  the  pectorals;  dorsals  and  caudal  dusky.  Snout  long 
and  narrow,  overlapping  the  small  mouth;  maxillary  barely  reach- 
ing front  of  orbit;  teeth  subequal,  large,  in  a  cardiform  band  in  upper 
ja;^';  in  a  single  series  on  lower  jaw  and  on  vomer;  occiput  carinated;  a 
ridge  extending  backward  from  each  orbit;  eye  very  large,  two-thirds 
length  of  SD'^ut,  4  in  head.  Anterior  rays  of  first  dorsal  elevated, 
three  fourths  length  of  head,  the  fin  pointed,  higher  than  second  and 
third  dorsals;  caudal  lunate;  vent  below  front  of  second  dorsal.  The 
sknll  in  this  species  is  more  depressed  than  in  Gadus  callarias,  broader, 
and  thinner  in  texture ;  occipital  crest  exceedingly  high,  much  higher 
than  in  Oadus^  the  wing-like  projections  at  its  base  anteriorly  spread- 
ing widely,  raised  above  the  surface  of  the  skull.  Head  3f ;  depth  4 J. 
D.  15-24-21;  A.  23-21.  North  Atlantic,  on  both  coasts;  an  important 
food-lish,  reaching  a  considerable  size. 

(Gadua  wglifinua  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat. :  Gadus  ceglifinus  Gttnther,  iv,  332:  Melanogram- 
liiHs  a'slifnuw  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1863,  237.) 


*Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18€ 
ypafij.li},  line.) 


~*37 :  typo  Gadua  aglifinits  L.    (/ie'Aa?,  black; 


^T 


ij 


I 


.  .■♦■ 


,'■  ■  .; 


•i-'^'-k 


■  -y 


'.^ 


Oji^  /r./&- 


804      CONTRIDUTIOXS   TO   NORTn   AMERICAN   ICnTHYOLOGY — ly. 

cc.  Lateral  lino  palo;  mouth  ratlior  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  past  front  of  eye. 
d.  VertebriB  normal.     {Gadiis.) 

1290.  G.canarinsl^.— Common  Codfish.  ♦ 

Greenish  or  brownisli,  subject  to  many  variations,  sometimes  yellow- 
isli  or  reddish;  back  and  sides  with  numerous  rounded  brownisli  spots- 
lateral  line  pale;  f  us  dark.  Head  large,  but  varying  much  in  size* 
maxillary  about  reaching  middle  of  orbit;  occipital  keel  not  greatly 
developed;  teeth  strong,  cardiform,  in  narrow  bands,  those  of  the  outer 
row  in  the  upper  jaw,  and  of  the  inner  row  in  the  lower  jaw,  somewhat 
enlarged.  Eye  moderate,  about  half  length  of  snout.  First  dorsal 
little  elevated,  its  height  about  half  length  of  head;  vent  under  front 
of  second  dorsal;  caudal  slightly  emarginate;  pectorals  half  length  of 
head.  Head  3J  to4J;  depth  about  4.  D.  14-21-19;  A.  20-18.  North- 
eru  Seas,  south  to  Virginia,  Oregon,  and  Japan,  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant of  all  food- fishes.  The  fish  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  (var.  macrocophahin) 
is  said  to  have  the  air-bladder  ("sounds")  smaller;  it  is  wholly  similar 
externally.  The  Greenland  form  (var.  ogac)  is  very  dark,  with  slender 
caudal  i)eduncle,  longer  barbel,  larger  eye,  broader  interorbital  space, 
longer  i)ectorals,  and  more  advanced  ventrals.  Great  variations  occur 
in  size  of  head  and  in  color  among  individuals  from  different  regions. 

{Gadus  caUariaa  et  viorrhiia  Liun.  Syst.  Nat.;  Glinther,  iv,  328:  Monhiia  ammvana 
Storer,  Hist.  Fish.  Mass.  343:  Gadns  inacrocephalua  Tiles.  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Potersb. 
ii,  3G0,  IHlO:  Gadua  macroceplialim  Giinther,  iv,  330:  Gadm  oi/ak  Richardson,  ¥.  15.  A, 
Fish.  24G:  Gadus  ogac  Bean,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xv,  110:  Gadua  auratuaCoiw,  Proc. 
Am.  Pbilos.  Soc.  Phila.  1873.) 

dd.  Vortebrae  peculiarly  modified,  somewhat  as  in  Merlucius.     (Tileaia*  Swsiinson.) 

1340.  G.  gracilis  Tiles. 

Dusky  bluish  above,  yellowish  white  below,  without  spots.  Foiin  of 
a  haddock,  the  body  subterete,  compressed,  the  belly  prominent.  Head 
oblong,  the  snout  rounded  and  depressed;  upper  jaw  longer  and  broader 
than  lower;  barbel  moderate;  outer  teeth  setaceous;  eye  large.  Scales 
very  small,  little  imbricated.  First  dorsal  subtriangular;  second  dor- 
sal lower;  third  obtusely  triangular;  pectorals  largt^;  ventrals  with  the 
second  ray  produced;  caudal  equal.  Head  4^;  depth  4-}.  D.  14-17-19; 
A.  21-20;  P.  19;  Y.  0;  B.  C.  {Pallas.)  Alaska  to  Japan.  Au  insnlti- 
ciently-described  species,  which,  accoiiling  to  Dr.  Bean,  who  has  htclj 
obtained  it  in  Bering's  Sea,  is  very  distinct  from  the  other  members  of 
the  genus.    It  differs  from  Gadus  callarias  in  the  structure  of  its  ver- 

•Swaiuson,  Nat.  Hist.  Fish.  etc.  1839,  300:  type  Gadua  gracilia  Tiles.  (Dedicated 
to  William  Theophilus  Tilesius.) 


a  americana 


120.    OADID^ OADL'S. 


805 


tebrje,  resembling  the  structure  found  in  Mcrlucius.  Tliis  dift'erence,  in 
Dr.  Bean's  opinion,  may  uecessiti'te  tlie  revival  of  the  genus  TiiiHia  of 
Swiiinson. 

{(iiidun  (jraeUiH  TiloHiiis,  Meiu.  Acad.  Imp.  St.  PftiTHb.  ii,  :i">4,  1810:  (iadun  wachtui 
I'allas,  Zoogr.  KoaH.-A»iut.  iii,  18:i,  1811:  Tilevia  yiavilia  Swaiuuuu,  1.  c:  Tilcsia  yravilia 
Ueaii,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Mus.  1881,243). 

2)6.  Vent  in  i'rout  of  sccuud  uorHiil ;  spcciea  of  HUiull  uizo.     {Mia-ogadua*  0':\l.) 

1811.  O.  proximus  Grd.— Tom-cod. 

Olivaceous  abc  i,  pale,  or  slightly  translucent,  white  below;  dorsal 
lius  dusky,  paler  at  base;  first  anal,  and  ventrals  uncolored;  second 
amil  dusted  with  dark  points.  Head  long,  convex  above,  somewhat, 
compressed,  with  vertical  sides;  eye  moderate,  about  5  in  head;  mouth 
mtber  large;  maxillary  reaching  to  below  ])upil;  barbel  small;  teeth 
in  eucli  jaw  iu  a  band,  the  outer  row  a  little  enlarged.  Gill-miimbranes 
a  little  connected,  free  from  the  isthmus.  First  dorsal  highest,  some- 
what falcate,  its  height  three  fifths  length  of  head;  first  anal  longer 
aud  higher  than  second;  pectorals  moderate,  reaching  anal;  veutrals 
lilamentous,  scarcely  reaching  anal;  caudal  slightly  emarginate.  Lat- 
eral line  very  distinct,  wavy,  high  anteriorly,  slightly  interrupted  pos- 
teriorly. Vent  below  first  dorsal.  Head  4;  depth  4§.  I).  14-18-19; 
A.  21-21;  V.  6  or  7.  L.  1  foot.  Monterey  to  Alaska ;  abundant;  a 
food  fish  of  some  importance. 

The  Tom-cods  {Microgadus)  dilFer  considerably  from  the  true  cods 
{Gudus)  ill  the  structure  of  the  cianium.  The  following  is  Professor 
Gill's  account  of  the  skull  of  G.  projcimnSy  the  italicised  portions  indi- 
cating the  diftercnces  from  Gudus  callarias : 

"The  cranium  is  proportionally  broader  towards  the  front  and  less 
flattened,  while  the  brain-case  is  flattened  below,  decidedly  sicoUen  on 
each  side  of  a  depressed  sphenoidal  groove,  and  has  an  ovate  car<li- 
fonn  shape;  the  paraoccipital  or  epiotic  is  not  produced  into  an  angle 
behind,  but  is  obtusely  rounded,  and  its  posterior  or  outwardly-descend- 
ing ridge  blunt;  the  opisthotic  is  well  developed,  oblong,  and  with  its 
re-entering  angle  high  up,  and,  on  a  line  with  it,  the  surface  is  divided  ' 
iuto  two  parts — a  narroic  aud  flattened  one,  and  a  lower  expanded 
one,  much  swollen;  the  alisphenoid  or  pro-otic  is  oblong,  acutely  emar- 
,  ginate  in  front,  swollen  from  the  region  of  the  high  anterior  sinus, 
and  above  a  little  produced  forwards;  the  grent  frontal  is  a  little  longer 


'Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Set.  Phila.  1865,  69:  type  Gadua  proximua  Qrd.    (fiiKpoi, 
small;  yaSog,  Gadus.) 


'  *i 


,  •"  I 


kii 


W 

■k'. 


Vl. 


■■'*rJ?gi" 


806      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 

than  broad,  with  siipraoccipiial  cr^tst  continued  forwards  on  the  bone 
and  near  the  front  expanded  upwards,  and  with  the  expanded  portion 
behind  dividing  into  narrow  lateral  wings;  the  lateral  testiform  ridges 
of  the  frontal  are  continued  forwards  and  curved  outwards  towards  the 
antero-lateral  angles;  the  anterior  frontals  are  mostly  covered  in  front 
by  the  great  froutal,  and  are  much  developed  in  the  direction  of  tlie 
antero-lateral  angles,  the  inferior  expanded  axillarj'  portion  being  vciv 
narrow;  the  nasal  has  a  rounded  ridge  in  front,  continued  well  below 
and  its  posterior  crest  is  laminar  and  trenchant." 

(Gadus  proximua  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila.  1854,  141,  an«l  in  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R. 
Surv.  142:  Morrhua  califortiica  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  bci.  1854,  9:  Gadua  califor- 
nicua  GilUtb'^r,  iv,  332:  Microgadus proximua  GUI.) 

1342.  O.  tomcod  Wa\h.— Tom-cod;  Froat-fiah. 

Olive  brown,  distinctly  blotched  and  spotted  with  darker,  lighter  on 
the  bellj';  more  opaque  than  in  G.  proximus ;  back  and  sides  profusely 
punctulate;  dorsals  and  caudal  blotched  with  darker;  anals  coarsely 
l)anctulate  anteriorly,  colorless  posteriorly;  ventrals  and  pectorals 
dusky.  Snout  rounded,  less  produced  than  in  O.  proximus;  month 
short;  maxillary  2i  in  head,  reaching  pupil;  eye  large,  3|  in  head; 
barbel  small;  pectorals  reaching  vent,  ventrals  tilamentous,  not  reach- 
ing vent.  Vent  under  interval  between  first  and  second  dorsals. 
Head  3^;  depth  5.  D.  13-17-18;  A.  20-17.  L.  11  feet.  Virginia  to 
Labrador;  common  northward. 

(Gadua  torn-cod  Walbaum,  Artedi,  Pise.  1792,  133:  Mon-hua  pruinosa  Storer,  Fish. 
Masa.  357:  Gadua  iomcodua  Gilnther,  iv,  331:  Microgadua  tomcodua  Gill.) 

aa.  Luv.or  jaw  projecting;  barbel  small,  sometinoes  obsolete.  •   , 

e.  Upper  jaw  witli  its  teeth  anbequal.    {Vollachiua  Nilss.*)  .  ' 

1343.  O.  vircns  1^.— Pollack;  Coal-ftah;  Green  Cod. 

Greenish  brown  above;  sides  and  below  somewhat  silvery;  lateral 
line  pale;  tins  mostly  pale;  sometimes  a  black  spot  in  the  axil.  Body 
rather  elongate,  compressed;  snout  sharp  and  conic;  month  rather 
small,  oblique;  maxillary  reaching  beyond  front  of  orbit;  lower  jaw 
slightly  the  longer;  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  nearly  equal,  the  onter 
series  not  being  especially  enlarged;  barbel  rudimentary  or  obsolete. 
Crill -membranes  considerably  united,  free  from  isthmus.  Vent  and 
first  dorsal.     Caudal  fin  lunate.     Pectorals  short,  scarcely  reaching 


•Nilsson;  Bonaparte,  Catologo  Metodico,  1846,  45:  type  Gadua  pollachm  L. 
(:roXX(i}}x,  uiany-fasbioucd ;  au  oid  uaiiie,  with  uo  obvious  applioatiou;  perhaps 
merely  a  latinized  form  of  the  commou  uamt.) 


120.    QADIDJ', — GADUS. 


807 


anal;  ventrals  short.  Head  4;  depth  4|.  D.  13-22-20;  A.  25-20;  Lat. 
1.  about  150;  vertebrae  54.  North  Atlantic;  coinr.ou  northward  on 
both  coasts. 

{Gadus  lirrns  and  G.  carbonariua  Linn.  Syst.  Nat. :  Merlangua purpureua  Storer,  Fish. 
Mass.  358;  (iadim  rir<w«  Giintber,  iv,  339:  PoUachiua  carbonariua  Gill.) 

1344.  O.  clialcogramnius  Pallas. 

Blackish  above,  with  silvery  luster;  everywhere  puuctulate  W'tTi 
black;  lius  also  puuctulate;  ventrals  and  first  anal  pale.  Snout  conic, 
sLarp,  rounded  in  profile;  mouth  oblique:  maxillary  reaching  middle 
of  pupil;  chin  with  a  minute  barbel;  teeth  small,  those  of  the  outer 
row  above  sliy;htly  enlarged;  eye  large,  wider  than  the  flat  interorbitrl 
space,  4  in  head.  G HI  membranes  somewhat  united,  the  posterior  out- 
line deeply  emarginate;  vent  under  interspace  between  first  and  sec- 
ond dorsal;  first  dorsal  higher  than  the  other'^,  the  second  lowest; 
ventrals  filamentous,  reaching  two-thirds  distance  to  vent;  pectorals 
long,  reaching  i)ast  front  of  anal;  caudal  somewhat  concave.  Head 
4;  depth  5.  D.  12-17-18;  A.  18-18;  V.  7.  North  Pacific,  south  to 
Monterey. 

{Gadua  chalcogrammua  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Ros8.-Asiat.  iii,  198,  1811-1831:  Gadua  periaco- 
j)««  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Pliila.  1873:  Gadua  chalcogrammua  Giiuther,  iv,  340.) 

ee.  Upper  jaw  Avith  an  outer  series  of  rather  larger  teeth.     {Borvogndiia*  Giiuther.) 

1343>>  O.  saida  Lepcchin.    '      ' 

Brownish  above,  silvery  below;  head,  body,  and  fins  minutely  dotted 

with  black;  the  dorsals  and  pectoral  almost  entirely  Mack,  as  is  the 

lower  half  of  the  anal  tins;  lateral  line  pale.    Barbel  minute  or  absent; 

teeth  extremely  minute,  sharp,  those  in  the  outer  series  a  trifle  larger; 

suout  longer  than  eye,  which  is  equal  to  interorbital  space,  and  about 

oue-fourth  head;  body  elongate;   tail  slender;  caudal  deeply  forked, 

the  uppei  lobe  the  longer;  ventrals  long,  1^  in  head;  pectorals  IJ; 

vent  belov/  front  of  second  dorsal.    Scales  very  minute,  non-imbricate. 

Head  3if;  depth  5 J.    D.  13-15-21;  A.  lG-21.    {CoUett.)    Greenland  to 

Alaska  and  Bussia. 

(Gadua  aaida  Lepcchin,  Nov.  Comra.  Acad.  Sclent.  Potrop.  1774,  512:  Gadua  aaida 
Giiuther,  iv,  337;  CoUett,  Norslie  Nord-IIavs  Exp.  1880,  1*2(5:  Merlangua  polaria  Sa- 
lii'ie,  App.  Parry's  Voyage,  ccxi,  1824:  Gadua  fabrieii  Rich.  Fanna  Bor.-Amer.  iii,  245: 
Gadua  fabricii  Giiatber,  iv,  336:  Boreogadua  2)olaria  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 
1863,  233:  Boreogadua  aaida  Beau",  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  iv,  108:  i  Gadua  pygvianta  Pal- 
laH,  Zoogr.  Ross.-Asiat.  iii,  IPO,  1811:  Gadua  aj^iiis Reink.  Kgl.  D.  Vid.  Selsk.  1838,  126: 
Wadua  glacialia  Peters,  Nord-Pol  Exp.  ii,  172,  1874.) 

•GUnther,  Cat.  Fish.  Brit.  Mus.  iv,  336,  1862:  type  Gadua  fabricii  Rich.  {/Sopsoi, 
northern;  Gadus.) 


m 


.1 

-I 


1 .,' , 


80« 


CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


444.— Hl'PSICO]»IETE§  Goodfc. 

(Qoodo,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nafc.  Muh.  1880,  347:  typo  Hypsicometes  (johioidva  Ooode.) 

liwly  t'longate,  covered  w'th  large  scales;  luonth  rather  small,  liori- 
zoiital,  the  lower  jaw  much  projecting;  2  or  3  rows  of  feeble  teeth  on 
jaws  aud  vomer;  uoiio  on  palatines.  Eyes  largo,  snperior,  near  to- 
gether. No  barbel;  no  pseudobranchiiu.  Caudal  lln  separate;  2  dor- 
sal Ihis,  the  first  of  a  few  long  rays,  the  second  with  a  longer  base 
entire,  and  similar  to  the  anal;  ventrals  well  developed,  each  of  G  rays. 
Deep-sea  fishes.    (Svt',  in  deep  water;  zw/yjjDjf,  dweller.) 

1240.  II.  KObloidcs  Goodo. 

Color  gniyish,  clouded  with  darker;  belly  pale;  a  large  dark  blotch 
at  base  of  upper  rays  of  caudal.  Head  rather  broad  ami  d(']>resso(l, 
its  width  about  equal  to  greatest  depth  of  body;  maxillary  reaching 
front  of  orbit;  snout  broad,  rounded,  as  long  as  eye.  Caudal  trnncatc; 
longest  rays  of  first  dorsal  as  long  as  the  snout;  ventrals  wide  apart, 
with  broad  bases,  inserted  far  in  advance  of  the  pectorals.  Head  3; 
depth  8.  ]).  G-17;  A.  IG;  V.  C;  Lat.  I.  58.  L.  2  inches.  Gulf  Stream, 
off  the  coast  of  Ehode  Island.    (Goodc.) 

(Goodo,  IVoc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  iii,  348,  I860.)  .  i 

443.— IVIERIiVCIUS  Rafinesque. 

(Rafinesquo,  Carattcri  di  Alcniii  Nnovi  Gonori,  etc.  1810,20:  typo  Gadus  vierhiciua  L.\ 
Body  elongate,  covered  with  small  deciduous  scales.  Head  slender, 
conical,  the  snout  long,  depressed;  a  well-deflued,  oblong,  trian},'Hhir 
excavation  at  the  forehead,  bounded  by  the  ridges  on  the  separated 
frontal  bones;  these  ridges  converge  backwards  into  the  low  occipitid 
crest;  eye  rather  large;  edge  of  i>reopercle  free;  preopeicle  with  a 
channel  behind  its  crest,  crossed  by  short  radiating  ridges;  mouth 
large,  oblique;  maxillaries  extending  to  opposite  the  eyes;  lower  jaw 
longest;  no  barbels;  jaws  with  slender  teeth,  of  various  sizes,  in  about 
2  series,  those  of  the  inner  row  longer  and  movable;  vonu'r  with  sim- 
ilar teeth;  palatines  toothless.  Branchiostegals  7.  Gill  rakers  long ; 
gill-membranes  not  united.  Dorsal  fins  2,  well  sejjarated,  the  first 
short,  the  second  long,  with  a  deep  emargination :  anal  eniarginate, 
similar  to  second  dorsal;  ventml  fins  well  developed,  with  about  7 
rays;  vertebriB  peculiarly  modified,  the  neural  spines  well  dttveloped 
and  wedged  into  one  anotuer;  frontal  bone  double  and  the  skull  oth- 


120.    GADIDiE — MERLUCIU8. 


809 


erwise  peculiar  in  several  respects.  Species  severul,  very  similar, 
liurge,  voracious  fishes,  little  valued  as  food.  {MerluciiiH,  the  ancient 
name,  meaning  "Sea-Pike.") 

1317.  Ifl.bilinoai'is  (Mitch.,  QiU.—flakc. 

(Irayish,  darker  above,  dull  silvery  below;  axil  and  edj^e  of  ])ectoral 
somewhat  blackish;  inside  of  opercle  dusky  silvery;  inside  of  month 
dusky  bluish;  i)eritoneum  nearly  black.  To])  of  head  with  the  W- 
shaped  ridj^es  very  conspicuous;  eye  shorter  than  snout,  an<l  less 
than  iuterorbital  width;  maxillary  reaching  i)osterior  border  of  pui)ll; 
tectli  not  very  large,  snuiUcr  than  in  M.  Kiniridm.  IS<;al('s  laiger  than 
iu  other  species;  pectorals  and  ventrals  long,  the  latter  reaching  three- 
fourths  distance  to  vent,  their  length  about  thnic-fifths  that  of  head. 
Head  3;|;  dei)th  (J.^.  D.  13-41 !  A.  40;  Lat.  1.  100-110.  Coasts  of  ^ew 
England  and  northward;  rather  common. 

{Stomoilon  biliiirarin  Mitcliill,  liopt.  Firth.  N.  Y.7, 1814:  GaduHnlhithm  Mif chill,  .Toiirn. 
Aoail.  Nat.  Sci.  Phifa.  i,  409:  Mvrliiciun  albidun  Stonsr,  HJHt.  Fish.  Mass.  '.M5(;  Good*)  «fe 
Bean,  bull.  ICshcx  Inst,  xi,  9.) 


; '   :•    r. 


a^fUp-  f,/^  ^ . 


124§.  M.  snifiridMS  Haf. — European  Hake, 

Dusky  above,  silvery  below;  dorsal,  caudal,  and  distal  part  of  pec- 
toral blackish;  inside  of  opercle  black;  inside  of  nu)uth  black  poste- 
riorly, pale  in  front;  peritoneum  black.  Ventrals  a  little  more  than 
half  head;  t 'eth  very  long.  Head  large,  .'5J;  depth  G^.  D.  10-;ii);  A. 
36;  vert.  2,3  4-20;  Lat.  1.  loO.  Coasts  of  Europe;  abundant;  straying 
to  Greenland.  Here  described  from  specimens  taken  at  (Jienoa.  The 
identity  of  the  northern  species  with  M.  HmiriduH  is  perhaps  uncertain. 

(GadiiH  mcrluiciua  L.  Syst.  Nat. ;  Ralinosiiiu),  Carattori  di  Alciuii  Niutvi  (Joiieri,  1810, 
23:  Marliicins  vnhjaris  Flciuiuj^,  Brit.  Ariiiii.  193:  Mcrluc'um  ruhjarh  (iiiulher,  iv,  344: 
Epicopu^  gayi  GMnthm,  ii,  248.)  {:P /f  ^^^^^^-'^  i^.^^y 

1249.  ITI.  produi;tus  (Ayros)  Q\\\.—Merlaccio.    /^ ^' ^  '^f  p^ytj  t  ay^^^'CfU^  A^ 

Silver  gray;  licad  dusted  with  coarse  black  dots;  inside  of  mouth  and  ^Z^^-  ^ 

opercle  jeb  black;  peritoneum  silvery,  with  black  specks.     Head  with  '^^^  ' 

the  W-shaped  ridges  less  strongly  marked;  maxillary  reaching  center ^ 

of  pupil;  eye  large;  pectorals  long  and  narrow,  reaching  vent;  ventrals 

much  smaller  than  in  M.  hilinearis,  reaching  half  way  to  vent;  their 

length  about  f  that  of  head ;  caudal  somewhat  forked.    Scales  quite 

small,  deciduous.    Teeth  moderate.    Head  3^;  depth  7.    D.  11-41;  A. 

43;  V.  7.     Lat.  1.  130.     L.  3  feet.     Pacific  coast,  from  Santa  Barbara 

northward ;  abundant. 

{Merlangus  productm  Ayrcs,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1855,  64:  Uomalopomus  Irotth 
kidgii  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185C,  132:  Gadu«j)rodu<j<u«  Giiuthor,iv,  338; 
Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1863,  247,) 


..i 


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810      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICIITIIYOLOOY — ly. 

446.— ClIIASlVIODOnr  JoIitiB&n. 

(Johnnnn,  Proc.  Zool.  Soo.  Loii«1.  ISG'^,  408:  typo  Vhiamnodon  niger  Johimnii.) 

Body  olongjito,  ooinpressod,  and  tapcrinj;  i)()Hterioiiy,  nalced ;  boHy 
)>ondent,  its  walls  inciiibraiiaccous,  capable  of  great  dilation.  Month 
very  largo;  lower  Jaw  longer  than  upper,  without  barbel;  both  jaws 
with  two  series  of  Jarge,  i)ointed  teeth,  some  of  the  anterior  being  very 
large  and  movable;  vouorine  teeth  none;  palatines  with  teeth  simihir 
to  those  in  the  jaws.  (Jills  -t.  No  pseudobranehiiu.  (Sdl opcniuffs 
very  wide,  the  membranes  joined  to  the  isthmus  for  a  short  distaiue. 
Dorsal  tins  two;  anal  single;  ventrals  inserted  below  peetorals,  ciK-h  of 
five  soft  rays.  Tail  not  isocereal,  truncate  at  base  of  caudal,  ('audal 
fork«»d,  free  from  dorsal  and  anal.  Singular  tlshes  of  the  deep  sea,  rc- 
nuirkable  for  their  ability  to  swallow  llshes  of  many  times  their  owr 
size  by  nutans  of  the  great  distensibility  of  the  walls  of  the  body.  The 
])osition  of  this  genus  in  the  family  Qadidiv  is  doubtful,  {yjaff/ia,  a  ma', 
of  the  form  of  the  letter  X;  odwvy  tootli;  the  two  anterior  canines  cross- 
ing each  other  when  depressed.) 

ISAO.  C  niH^cr  JohiiHon. 

Entirely  black.  Head  compressed,  elongate,  the  crown  flat,  its  depth 
less  than  half  its  length;  maxillary  reaching  angle  of  preo|)eicle;  both 
jaws  armed  with  long,  pointed,  Avide-set  teeth,  nearly  all  of  which  arc 
movable;  two  anterior  teethof  upper  jaw  very  long,  crossing  each  other 
when  (lepressed ;  three  anterior  pairs  of  teeth  in  lower  jaw  likcnvise  pro- 
longed, the  third  pair  the  longest;  palatines  with  a  longer,  fixed  tooth 
in  front.  Eye  moderate,  above  the  anterior  part  of  maxillary,  U  in 
head,  shorter  than  snout,  as  wide  as  interorbital  space.  Lateral  lino  in 
a  longitudinal  groove.  Firs':  dorsal  of  slender  rays,  its  base  2^  in  that 
of  second  dorsal ;  anal  commencing  behind  second  dorsal,  its  anterior 
rays  without  connection  with  vertebral  column;  posterior  rays  of  auiil 
and  d«)rsal  very  feeble;  pectoral  as  long  as  head  without  snout;  ven- 
tral half  as  long  as  pectoral.  Head  3^.  D.  11-28;  A.  27;  P.  13;  V.  5. 
L.  12  inches.  {Giinthcr.)  Deep  seasj  taken  at  Madeira  and  off  tlio 
coast  of  Massachusetts.  ■ 

(Johusou,  1.  c.  408;  Chiasmodn«  niger  GUuther,  v,  435.) 

Family  CXXL— MACRJRID^.  .    ',1' 

^  . ;.;:.;v'ry-- 

{The  Grenadiers.) 

Body  elongate,  tapering  into  a  very  long  contpressed  tail,  whicih  ends 
in  a  point;  scales  moderate,  very  rough,  usually  keeled  or  spinous. 


121.   MACRURIDiE — MACRURUS. 


811 


Tooith  villiform  or  cardiforni,  in  bandH,  ou  tlio  jaws  only;  tip  of  lower 
jaw  witli  a  barbel;  prcMuaxillary  protractibi.  DorHalH  two,  tlie  (IrHt 
sliort  and  bigb,  of  Htiff,  npinoliko  brancbed  rays;  tlio  Hoeond  dorsal 
v«'ry  lon{^,  of  V(>-ry  low  feebb»  rays,  continuo<l  to  tlio  «nid  of  tlio  tail ; 
iiual  lln  siutilar  to  tb()  siHjond  dorsal,  but  much  hij?hor;  no  caudal  tin; 
v«Mitrals  sniall,  subjugular,  each  of  about  8  rays.  Branchiostcgals  0 
or  7.  Lateral  lino  present.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth.  Gill- 
ndcers  very  sniall;  pill-inenibranes  narrov/ly  united  to  the  isthmus;  no 
pHOudobranchiie;  pyloric  cceca  numerous;  air-bladder  present.  Genera 
iihout  5;  species  about  35,  chiefly  of  the  northern  s^as,  in  deep  water. 
(il/acTMnt/ttJ  Gilnth  r,  iv,  390-398.) 

0.  Seal  'H  of  inodorato  hIzo. 

ft.  Snont  iirodiicod,  conical;  cldft  of  mouth  entirely  inferior Mackurus,  447. 

bb.  Snout  Hhurt,  obtiiHO,  trnncatud;  cleft  of  mouth  lateral. 

COUYI'II^NOIDKS,  448. 

'A:;  A'lt.-'WACRrRirs  Biocii. 

!"'v   >'»»?*;  (LepidolepruB  KIhso.) 

{WacrourHS  Bloch,  lohth.  v,  152,  1787:  type  Macrourm  rupeittriH  lilooh,  not  of  Ounner.) 
Snout  broadly  conical,  high,  projecting  beyond  mouth;  moutli  mod- 
erate, its  cleft  horizontal,  U-shaped,  entirelj-^  inferior;  teeth  of  the  outer 
sfiries  not  enlarged;  head  sometimes  with  ronglunied  bony  ridges,  one 
of  which,  on  the  suborbital  and  preorbital,  simulates  the  suborbital 
stay  of  the  Cottoids;  tyes  very  largo;  scales  very  rough,  keeled,  the 
keels  usually  ending  in  spines.  Deep  water  fishes;  mostly  northern. 
Tliis  genus  grades  into  the  next,  and  is  perhaps  uMWorthy  of  retention. 
(naxfxii;,  long;   dijfidj  tail.) 

fl  Siihorliital  rof^ion  wiMi  a  conspicuous  hony  rid^je  extending  from  the  proopercle 
along  tlie  suborbital  and  prourbital  to  the  eud  of  the  projecting  auout. 

Vmi.  m.  fubricii  SundevuU. — Bat-tail;  Grenadier. 

Dusky,  inside  of  mouth  and  gill-openings  black;  peritoneum  black. 
Siiout  sharp,  nearly  as  long  as  oj'c,  3 J  in  head;  an  area  of  loose,  rough- 
isii,  naked  skin  between  the  suborbital  ridge  and  the  mouth ;  supra- 
ociiUir  and  ocijipital  ridges  present,  the  interocular  space  concave. 
Scales  each  with  a  longitudinal  serrate  ridge  ending  in  a  spine;  first 
ray  of  dorsal  denticulated  toward  the  tip;  vent  behind  origin  of  second 
dorsal;  5  rows  of  scales  between  first  dorsal  and  lateral  line.  Head  4^; 
depth  C.  Eye  3  in  head.  D.  12-124;  A.  148;  V.  8;  Lat.  1.  ca.  125. 
Massachusetts  to  Greenland  and  N^orway,  in  deep  water;  not  rare. 

{Coryphwna  rupestris  MJlller,  Zool.  Dan.  Prodr.  177(5,  4i'^  (notof  GunriCr):  Macrourm 
npestria  Bloch,  i,  152:  Maorvrus  rupeatria  Gllnther,  iv,  390:  Macrur'iS  fabricii  Uunde- 
vbU,  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.  1840,  G.) 


I , 


'.•]■ 


.  -^^ 


'<"  -\ 


812      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 


13<(3.  M,  carminatus  Goode. 

Silver-gray.  Body  stouter  than  in  M.  bairdi,  the  tail  less  attehuate. 
Scales  heavy,  covered  with  long  spines  arranged  in  nine  or  ten  rown 
like  wool-cards  {carmen),  those  of  the  middle  row  similar  to  the  otliers. 
Eye  as  deep  as  width  of  interorhital  space,  5  in  head.  Snout  lon" 
sharp,  depressed,  triangular,  3  in  head,  its  lateral  ridges  well  devel- 
oped, running  in  a  straight  line  under  the  eyes;  a  strong  horizontal 
ridge  from  supraorbital  to  gill-openings  parallel  with  subocular  ridges* 
barbel  very  short.  Long  ray  of  dorsal  unarmed;  anal  rather  high,  Its 
longest  rays  equal  to  half  width  of  interorhital  space;  pectoral  not 
reaching  anal;  ventral  behind  pectoral,  its  filament  not  reaching  anal. 
Head  5;  depth  8.  D.  10-80  + ;  A.  76  + ;  P.  13;  V.  7;  scales  ca.  5-100- 
12.  Gulf  Stream,  off  the  coast  of  Ehode  Island.  {Ooode.) 
(Goodo,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  346.) 

aa.  Suborbital  region  without  conspicuous  bony  ridge.  .,  ■...,.. 

1253.  H.  bairdl  Goode  &  Bean. 

Brownish  gray,  bluish  below ;  membrane  of  first  dorsal  and  under 
surface  of  snout  pink;  throat  and  branchiostegals  deep  violet;  front 
of  dorsal  and  anal  blackish.  Snout  sharp,  quadrate,  shorter  than  eye, 
with  4  radiating  ridges ;  bony  ridge  of  preorbital  and  suborbital  obso- 
lete, this  region  unarmed  and  soft  to  the  touch ;  mouth  less  distinctly 
inferior  than  in  other  species.  Scales  keeled;  first  long  ray  of  first 
dorsal  strongly  serrate  anteriorly;  vent  under  middle  of  first  dorsal. 
Head  OJ;  depth  8.  D.  12-137;  A.  120;  scales  6-J 52-20.  Deep  water, 
oflf  the  coast  of  Kew  England.  This  s^v^cies  approaches  CoryplKviwides, 
and  renders  the  distinction  of  the  genus  Macrurus  doubtful. 

(Goode  &  Bean,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  xiv,  471,  1877.)  ^ , 

448.— CORYPHiEMOlDfS  Gunner. 
(Gunner,  Trondhj.  Selsk.  Skrift.  iii,  50,  1765:  type  Coryphwnoides  rupestris  Gunner.) 

Snout  short,  obtuse,  high,  obliquely  truncated,  soft  to  the  touch, 
except  its  bony  cente*. ;  cleft  of  the  mouth  lateral ;  head  without  prom- 
inent ridges,  the  membrane  bones  of  the  side  of  the  head  soft  and 
p{,pery;  teeth  in  the  outer  series  of  upper  jaw  somewhat  enlarged. 
Si^ales  smooth  or  spinous.  Lower  jaw  with  a  barbel,  {xopuipaha,  Corij- 
j^hcena;  ^t'^o?,  resemblance.) 

1334.  C.  rupestris  Gunner. 

Bones  of  front  and  sides  of  head  thin  and  papery;  no  bony  ridges 
on  sides  of  head;  angle  of  preopercle  with  a  conspicuous  four-angled 


122.    PLEURONECTID^. 


813 


proeesa.  Eyes  very  large,  longer  than  snout,  3 J  in  head;  maxillary 
extending  to  below  posterior  o<lge  of  pupil.  Pectorals  inserted  above 
rentrals  and  bolow  first  ray  of  dorsal,  which  is  strong,  compressed, 
and  armed  anteriorly  with  sharp  teeth  directed  upward;  vent  under 
last  ray  of  first  dorsal.  Scales  small,  rough,  but  not  keeled.  Head  4; 
depth  5J.  First  D.  11;  A.  ca.  110;  V.  8.  Banks  of  Newfoundland  to 
Norway,  in  deep  water. 

(Coryphwnoidca  rupeatria  Gunner,  Trondhj.  Sclsk.  Skrift.  iii,  50,  1765:  Coryphanoides 
norvegiais  Giinther,  iv,  390:  Mao'ourus  norKcgicns  NilBsou,  Skand.  Fuuuu  Fiske  600, 
1832:  Macrourua  striiini  Kuiuli.  Dausk.  Vidensk.  Afbaudl.  vii,  129.) 

Order  U.-HETEROSOMATA. 

.    .  {The  Flatfishes.)      "'    /,  :     r;  ■.  ^ 

"Cranium  posteriorly  normal;  anteriorly  with  twisted  vertex,  to  allow 
two  orbits  on  the  same  side,  or  one  vertical  and  one  lateral ;  basis  cranii 
not  quite  simple.  Dorsal  fin  long,  of  jointed  rays.  Superior  pharyn- 
geals 4,  the  third  longest,  much  extended  forward,  the  inferior  sepa- 
rate." (Cope.)  This  order  includes  the  single  family  of  FleuronectidcB. 
{hspo^j  dififerent;  (Tc5//a,  body.) 

{Anacanthini pleuronectoidei  GilutUer,  iv,  399-504.) 

Family  CXXII  and  CXXIIL— PLEURONECTID^. 

{The  Flounders.)      ".  ,         ;^       ,     . 

Body  strongly  compressed,  oval  or  elliptical  in  outline;  head  unsym- 
metrical,  the  cranium  twisted,  both  eyes  being  on  the  same  side  of  the 
body,  which  is  horizontal  in  life,  the  eyed  side  being  uppermost  and 
colored,  the  blind  side  lowermost  and  usually  plain.  In  very  young 
fishes  the  bones  of  the  head  are  symmetrical,  one  eye  on  each  side,  and 
the  body  vertical  in  the  water.  In  some  species  the  cranium  becomes 
twisted,  bringing  the  upper  eye  over  with  it;  in  others  the  upper  eye 
moves  through  the  cranium.  Mouth  small  or  large,  the  dentition 
various;  premaxillaries  protractile;  no  supplemental  maxillary  bone; 
pseiidobranchijB  present.  Gills  4,  a  slit  behind  the  fourth;  lower  pha- 
ryngeals separate;  no  air-bladder;  vent  not  fai  behind  head.  Scales 
various,  rarely  absent,  usually  small.  Lateral  line  usually  present, 
extending  on  the  caudal  fin,  soPTietimes  duplicated  or  wanting.  Dorsal 
fin  long,  continuous,  of  soft  rays  only,  beginning  on  the  head ;  anal 


■  'HA 

\ 


.«*♦, 


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•v 


*.'. 


m 


814      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

similar,  shorter;  :audal  various,  sometimes  coalescent  with  dorsal  and 
anal;  pectorals  inserted  rather  high,  sometimes  wanting;  ventrals 
under  the  pectorals,  usually  of  several  soft  rays,  sometimes  wantiii" 
Fishes  mostly  carnivorous,  inhabiting  sandy  bottoms  in  all  seas,  some 
species  ascending  rivers.  Many  of  them  are  important  food-fishes. 
Genera  about  40;  species  nearly  400. 
(PZeMronec<tdcB  GUntlier,  iv,  399-504.)  i  v 

a.  Pectoral  and  ventral  fiua  both  present ;  caudal  distinct ;  margin  of  prcopcrcle  more 

or  less  free.  • 

b.  Month  large ;  teeth  nearly  equally  developed  on  both'sides  of  the  mouth. 
0.  Ventral  fin  of  the  left  side  inserted  nearly  on  the  ridge  of  the  abdonu'u ;  body 

sinistral. 
d.  Vomer  with  teeth ;  lateral  line  arched  iu  front ;  scales  small  or  obsolete. 
'  *  Both  us,  449. 

dd.  Vomer  toothless;  lateral  line  not  arched;  scales  well  developed,  mostly 

ciliated Citiiaricuthys,  450. 

00.  Ventral  fins  both  lateral;  vomer  and  palatines  toothless. 
«.  Caudal  fin  lunate. 

/.  Lateral  line  arched  in  front ;  scales  cycloid Hippoglossus,  451. 

ff.  Liiteral  line  not  arched. 

g.  Teeth  not  arrow-shaped ;  gill-rakers  few,  short. 

Pl^ATYSOMATICHTHYS,  452. 

gg.  Teeth  arrow-shaped ;  gill-rakers  numerous,  long. 

Atheresthes,  453. 
te.  Caudal  fin  not  Innate,  the  middle  rays  produced. 

h.  Lateral  line  arched  in  front;  body  usually  sinistral. 

Paralichthys,  454. 
hJi.  Lateral  line  not  arched ;  body  dextral. 

HiPPOGLOSSOIDES,  455. 
W.  Mouth  small;  teeth,  if  present,  most  developed  on  the  blind  side. 

j.  Teeth  small,  acute,  in  several  series;  lateral  lino  nearly  straight, 
with   an  accessory  branch;   scales  small,  cycloid; 
eyes  dextral. 
"      1c.  Lips  longitudinally  plicate;  dorsal  fin  beginning  on  the  blind 

side Pleuroxichtiiys,  45G. 

^  v;.  kk.  Lips  simple;  dorsal  flu  beginning  on  the  median  lin<>. 

Hypsopsetta,  457. 
jif.  Teeth  in  one  series. 

i.  Teeth  rather  large,  bluntish  or  trenchant;  eyes  dextral  (some- 
times sinistral  in  one  species) ;  veutrals  (usually)  both 
lateral, 
m.  Dorsal  fin  with  less  than  80  rays;  anal  with  less  than  GO. 

Pleukgnectes,  4.")8. 
mm.  Dorsal  fin  with  more  than  95  rays ;  anal  with  more  than  80; 
body  unusually  elongate, 
n.  Left  side  of  skull  with  strong  mucous  cavities;  anal  spine 

present Glyptocepiialus,  459. 

nn.  Left  side  of  skull  without  conspicuous  mucous  caviticH; 

anal  spine  obsolete C ynicoglossus,  4G0. 

U.  Teeth  small,  acute,  in  one  series;  lateral  line  nearly  straight, 
simple;  scales  thin,  ctenoid;  eyes  sinistral;  left  ven- 
tral on  ridge  of  abdonnMk Etropus,  461. 


aa.  Pectoral 


a.  Scales  deve 


12'i.    PLEURONECTIU.E— B0THU8.  815 

jjj.  Teothnone;  eyes  sinistral ;  camlnl  fin  snbsessilo;  body  translu- 
cent     Tiivnis,  462. 

aa.  Pectoral  fins  one  or  both  reduced  or  wanting ;  margin  of  prcoix^rcle  usually  not  free. 

p.  Vertical  fins  free  from  the  caudal. 
p.  Eyes  dnistral;  caudal  subsessile;  left  pectoral  only 
present;   lateral  lino  present,  arch«!d  on  eyed  side, 

straight  on  blind  side Monolicne,  463. 

pp.  Eyes  dextral;  ventral  of  right  side  continuous  with 
anal;  pectoral  fin  single  small,  or  wanting;  scales 
very  rough ;  lateral  line  siugle.straight ;  teeth  villi- 

form,  on  blind  side  only Achihus,  464. 

00.  Vertical  fins  confluent  around  the  pointed  tail;  body 
sinistral;  no  pectoral  fins ;  one  ventral  present;  eyes 
very  small. 
q.  No  lateral  line;  ventral  free  from  anal;  teeth 
minute,  on  blind  side  only ;  snout  not  hooked ; 
scales  ctenoid Apiiokisti  a,  465. 

449.— BOTHIJS  Rafinesque. 

TurhoU. 

{Rhombus  Cuvier,  not  of  Lac^pbde:  Lepidorhomhua  Gthr. :  Scophthalmiia  Raf. :  Lophop- 

seitaGill.) 

(Rafinesque,  Caratteri  di  Alcuni  Nuovi  Generi,  1810,  23:  type  Bothm  rumolo  Raf.  = 
Flauronecles  rhombus  L. ) 

Eyes  and  color  on  the  left  side.  Body  broadly  ovate,  strongly  com- 
pressed; mouth  large,  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  beyond  eye  5 
teeth  subequal,  in  villilbnn  or  cardiform  bands,  sometimes  in  single 
series;  a  small  patch  of  teeth  on  the  vomer.  Scales  small,  ctenoid  or 
'cycloid,  sometimes  obsolete;  skin  sometimes  with  bony  tubercles.  Lat- 
eral hne  strongly  arched  in  front,  without  accessory  branch.  Dorsal 
fin  beginning  on  the  snout;  anal  fin  not  preceded  by  a  si)inc;  ventral 
of  left  side  free  from  the  anal,  inserted  nearly  on  the  ridge  of  the  ab- 
domen, its  base  broad,  the  rays  well  separated.  Species  sometimes  of 
large  size,  mostly  of  the  Atlantic.    (/9o<?«?,  deep.) 

a.  Scales  developed,  cycloid;  no  bony  tubercles.     {Bothus.*) 

1355.  B.  maculatns  (Mitch.)  J.  &  G.— Sand-flounder ,    Windovc-pane. 

Light  olive  brown,  almost  translucent,  everywhere  marbled  with 
paler,  and  with  many  roundish  irregular  blackish  blotches ;  fins  spot- 
ted. Body  broadly  rhomboid,  very  strongly  compressed;  interorbital 
area  flattish;  eye  rather  large,  about  equal  to  snout;  teeth  in  both 
jaws  in  one  series  laterally,  in  a  very  narrow  band  in  front ;  maxillary 
nearly  half  length  of  head.  Gill-rakers  rather  long  and  slender,  na- 
merons,  about  25  below  the  angle  of  the  arch.    Scales  well  developed, 

*  =  Lophopwtta  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862,  316:  type  Plmronectet  nwtoH- 
latus  Mitchill. 


II 


if 


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I 


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wl 


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•  'X 

S..A 


816      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHVOLOGY — TV. 

cycloid,  loosely  imbricated;  those  of  tiio  blind  side  a  little  smaller-  no 
bony  tubercles;  vertical  fins  scaly.    Anterior  rays  of  dorsal  i'levated 
branched,  with  free  tips.     Head  3|;  depth  If.    D.  0.5;  A.  52;   Lat.  1, 
85.    L.  18  inches.    Atlantic  coast  of  United  States,  verj-  conunon  north- 
ward; size  rather  small. 

{Pleuronecte»  maciilatiis  Mitch.  Rept.  in  Part  Fish.  N.  Y.  1814,  9:  Pleuronrvtm  nquosug 
Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  *  Pliil.  Soc.  i,  :M>,  IHl.'i:  lihomhun  aqitomis  Gllnthnr,  iv,  411:  Louhop. 
»etta  tnaoulata  Gill,  Proo.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.  18ti2,  216.) 


430.  -CITIIARICHTlirS  Bleeker. 
(ffemJrftoni&Mg  Bleeker:  Orthopgetta  a,\u\  Metoponops  GiW.) 

(Bleeker,  in  Giluthor,  iv,  420,  18 J2,  ,T.n(l  in  Conipt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Amsterduiu,  xiii 
18G2:  typo  CUharivhIhys  cayinnenais  Bloekor.) 

Eyes  and  color  on  the  left  side.  IJody  oblong ;  mouth  of  the  !ar;.;e  typo 
but  comparatively  small,  with  one  or  two  series  of  small,  sharp  teeth  in 
each  Jaw ;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines.  Gill-rakers  moderate,  sloiuler. 
Dorsal  fin  beginning  just  in  front  of  eye;  sill  the  fin  rays  simple;  vent- 
rals  of  colored  side  on  the  ridge  of  the  abdomen;  no  anal  spine;  caiulal 
fin  convex  or  double-truncate  behind.  Scales  thin,  slightly  cieiioid. 
Lateral  line  nearly  straight,  simple.  Lower  pliJiryngeals  separate,  each 
with  a  single  row  of  teeth.  {Githarua,  an  allied  genus;  IxOo^,  fish— a 
fish  which  lies  on  its  xiOapo^  or  ribs — that  is,  on  its  side.) 

a.  Teeth  in  npppr  jaw  in  two  rows,     (ffemirhombiui*  Bleeker.)  .  / 

b.  Interorbital  space  broad;  left  pectoral  filamentous. 

1336.  €.  aramaca  (Cnv.)  J.  &  G. 

Light-brown,  with  blackish  blotches;  fins  mottled;  left  pectoral 
barred.  Body  elliptic-ovate,  the  anterior  profile  regularly  decurved, 
forming  an  angle  above  the  snout.  Mouth  rather  large,  arche<l;  max- 
illary 2^  in  head,  extending  to  belo\\  3ye;  teeth  in  upper  jaw  in  two 
series,  some  of  the  outer  forming  small  canines;  lower  teeth  in  one  row. 
Eye  large,  4  in  head ;  lower  eye  in  advance  of  upper,  especially  iu  the 
adult;  interorbital  space  broad,  concave,  as  broad  as  eye  in  adult,  much 
narrower  in  the  young.  Gill-rakers  short,  flattish.  Dorsal  rather  low, 
the  longest  rays  2^  iu  head;  anal  without  spine;  pectoral  of  left  side 
with  two  filamentous  rays,  its  length  IJ  to  2  times  head.  Scales  small, 
thin,  weakly  ciliate,  with  smaller  ones  intermingled.    Head  3§;  depth 

•Bleeker  MSS.  GUnther,  Cat.  Fish.  Brit.  Mas.  iv,  423,  1862:  type  Hemirhomius 
guineenna  Bleok.    (ent,  half;  pofifio?,  Flunnbus.) 


lis.    PLEUBONECTIDiE— CITIIARICUTIIY8. 


817 


Jj.    D.  81;  A.  CJ;  Lat.  1.  53  (Liit.  1.  70,  Giinther).     West  Florida  td 
I  Cuba;  abundant  in  dtM'p  water. 

{ l'le».ntHt<U>4i  aramaca  Cuvior,  Kf'jjiui  Anim.:  Hemirhombitit  aramana  Othr.  iv,  4'22j 
UlttHiihomhu»  fttttcuit  1*(m\v,  Syn.  PifH\  Cub.  18(W,  4<K}. 
I  M.  Teeth  hi  both  juwH  in  aitigle  HorioH  {Cilhariohtkya). 

1«57.  €.  HOrdidn8(('r<l.)0thr. 

Dull  olive  brownish  of  varying  shade,  the  males  with  didl  orange 
sjtots  and  blote.hes;  each  scale  with  a  darker  edge;  dorsal  and  anal 
tins  in  the  male  blackish,  witli  dull  orange  blotches,  and  edged  ante- 
riorly with  yellowish;  female  paler,  the  lins  nearly  i)lain.  Form  ellip- 
tical; interocular  space  concave,  scaly,  a  conspicuous  shari)  ridge  above 
tiie  lower  eye;  mouth  not  large,  the  maxillary  about  3  in  length  of  head ; 
teeth  anteriorly  subequal,  growing  much  smaller  behind.  Gill-rakers 
about  10  below  the  angle.  Lower  pharyngeals  narrow,  each  with  one 
row  of  slender  teeth.  Scales  rather  large,  thin,  and  membranaceous, 
readily  deciduous,  their  edges  slightly  ciliate;  accessory  scales  numer- 
ous. Eye  large,  nuujh  longer  than  snout,  3 J  in  head;  depth  of  caudal 
liediincle  less  than  one-third  head;  pectorals  long,  nearly  two-thirds 
length  of  head.  Head  3^;  depth  2^.  D.  95;  A,  77;  Lat.  1.  70.  Coast 
of  CliUifornia  north,  to  Vancouver  Island;  very  abundant;  a  small,  soft- 
tleslicd,  dull  colored  species. 

{VmtHi'hthyn  aordidus  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18r»4, 142;  GUnther,  iv,  421; 
Lockin}5ton,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mns.  1^79,  HH:  Metoponopa  cooptri  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.  1864, 198:  Orthopsvita  sordida  Gill.) 

PiSS.  C.  8pilopt<>ru8  GUnther.  ' 

Olive  brownish,  usually  with  large  blotches  of  darker;  a  series  of 

distant,  obscure,  blackish  blotches  along  the  basal  portions  of  the  anal 

and  dorsal  fins.     Body  ovate.     Mouth  small,  A'^ery  oblique,  the  gape 

curved;  maxillary  2g  times  in  length  of  head,  reaching  beyond  middle 

of  orbit;  snout  projecting;  eyes  small,  even,  shorter  than  snout,  about 

6  ill  head,  separated  by  a  narrow  ridge,  which  is  concave  and  scaleless 

anteriorly;  teeth  all  small;  front  teeth  of  upper  jaw  wide-set,  much 

larger  th.an  the  posterior,  which  are  close  together  and  very  small: 

teeth  of  lowef  jaw  few,  wide  apart.    Gill-rakers  short  and  strong,  13 

below  angle.    Pectorals  short,  less  than  half  length  of  head.    Scales 

large,  those  on  middle  of  sides  posteriorly  largest.     Head  3J;  depth 

S^L.    D.  80;  A.  61;  Lat.  1.  45.     Size  small.    Tropical  America,  north 

to  Florida  and  Louisiana  (here  described  from  specimens  obtained  at 

Pauania). 

(Glinther,  iv,  421 ;  Giinther,  Trane.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  1666,  471 :  Citharichthya  mioroa- 
tom»  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  223.) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 52 


fiMi 


A,  'J    * 


r^  < 


^''\^^:> 


8»  i^«m 


818      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICIITIIYOLOOY iv, 

la.'SO.  €.  arctifk'ons  Ooode. 

JAl^ht  brown.  IJody  comparatively  elongate.  Scales  cycloid  de- 
ciduous. Lateral  line  sharply  defined,  straight.  Eye  4  in  head-  inter- 
orbital  space  very  narrow,  its  width  4  in  snout;  maxillary  3J  in  head. 
Dorsal  fin  beginning  above  front  of  upper  eye,  its  greatest  h('i<rht 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  head;  anal  beginning  below  axil  of 
pectoral;  caudal  triangular,  subsessile,  as  long  as  head;  rays  of  ver 
tical  fins  all  much  exserted;  pectorals  inserted  very  low,  that  of  the 
colored  side  being  twice  the  length  of  the  other.  Head  4;  depth  lii. 
D.  83;  A.  67;  P.  10  (left),  7  (right);  Lat.  I.  40.  L.  6  inches.  (Uiif 
Stream,  off  the  coast  of  Rhode  Island;  abundant.  {Goode.) 
(Goodo,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  W80,  341.) 

lilOO.  C.  unicornis  Goode. 

Ashy  gray,  with  dark  lateral  line;  eyes  black.  Body  comparatively 
deep,  its  greatest  height  over  the  pectorals.  Scales  thin,  deciduous. 
Eye  3  in  head,  equal  to  stioiit,  and  more  than  twice  the  interorbital 
space,  which  has  a  strong  ridge;  maxillary  less  than  half  length  of 
head;  teeth  minute,  close-set,  in  a  single  scries,  stronger  on  the  blind 
side.  A  strong,  sharp  spine  on  the  snout  at  the  anterior  termination 
of  the  ridge  at  lower  margin  of  upper  eye.  Highest  rays  of  dorsal 
half  length  of  head;  caudal  pointed,  triangular,  subsessile;  pectoral 
of  left  side  twice  as  long  as  the  eye,  not  half  longer  than  right  pec- 
toral. Head  4;  depth  2.  D.  74;  A.  60;  P.  4  (right),  10  (left);  Lat.  1. 
40.    L.  3  inches.    Gulf  Stream,  oft  the  coast  of  Khode  Island.    {Ooode.) 

,(<5oode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  342.) 


491.— HIPPOGIiOSSVS  Cuvier. 
Halihit. 


v'."i 


{Cwvier,  R^ne  Anim.  ii-  ''.817:  type  Pleuronectea  MppoglosBua  L.) 

Eyes  and  color  ov  rae  right  side.  Form  oblong,  not  strongly  com- 
pressed. Mouth  wi  le,  oblique;  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  in  two  series, 
those  below  in  one;  anterior  teeth  in  upper  jaw,  and  lateral  teeth  in 
lower,  strong;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  lower  pharyngeal  teeth 
In  two  rows.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  above  the  eye,  its  middle  rays  ele- 
vated, the  posterior  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  bifid;  caudal  fin  lunate; 
ventral  fins  both  lateral.  Scales  very  small,  cycloid;  lateral  Une  with 
a  strong  curve  in  front.  Gill-rakers  few,  short,  compressed,  wide-set. 
-Vertebree  16  +  34.    Largest  of  the  flounders;  the  single  species  abouud- 


1  IS.  PLEURONECTES — PLATYSOMATICHTH Y8. 


819 


inff  in  tlio  Northom  seas.    (The  ancient  name,  from  Innx;,  horse;  yXwaaay 
tongue.) 

ItiOI.  II.  villKaris  ¥\v>m\r,g.—naUbut. 

Nearly  uniform  uark  brown;  blind  side  white.  Body  comparatively 
elongate,  not  strongly  compressed,  deep  mesial ly,  thence  rapidly  taper- 
ing each  way;  head  broad;  eyes  large,  separated  by  a  very  broad  tlat- 
tish  area;  lower  eye  slightly  advanced;  mouth  large,  the  maxillary 
reaching  middle  of  orbit.  Head  3|;  depth  3.  D.  105;  A.  78.  In  all 
Northern  seas,  south  to  France,  Cape  Cod,  and  San  Francisco.  One 
of  our  most  important  food-flshes,  reaching  a  weight  sometimes  of  400 
pounds. 

[I'leuroneetea  hippoglosHua  L,  Sysfc.  Nat.;  Fleminjj,  Brit.  Anim.  1828,  197;  Glinther, 
iv,  403:  Ilippotjlonaua  amtricanus  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Pliilu.  18G4,  220.) 

459.— PLAT¥SO]?IATICHTHV8  Sleeker. 

(Reinhardiiua  Gill.) 

(Bleaker,  Cotnptes  Rendns  Acad.  Sci.  Anistcrd.  xiii,  1862:  type  Pleiironecies  pingiiia 
Fabricius:=::P/«ttro«et;<e8  hippoglomoidcs  Walbanui.) 

Fjyes  and  color  on  the  riglit  side.  Body  more  or  less  elongate,  com- 
pressed; head  long  and  large;  mouth  large;  maxillary  reaching  be- 
yond eye;  jaws  with  strong,  unequal  teeth;  the  upper  with  2  series  in 
front,  these  converging  behind;  lower  jaw  with  a  single  series  of  strong, 
distant  teeth;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines.  Gill-rakers  few,  short, 
stout,  and  rough.  Fins  rather  low;  caudal  fin  lunate;  Lower  pha- 
ryngeal teeth  in  1  row.  Scales  small,  cycloid;  lateral  line  without 
anterior  curve.  One  species  known.  [TrXaru^,  flatj  aw/ia^  body;  ^;^^y7, 
Ml.) 

1263.  P.  liippog^lossoides  (Walbaum)  Bean. — Greenland  Halibut. 

Yellowish  brown.  Snout  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  orbit,  the 
diameter  of  which  is  one-eighth  the  length  of  the  head;  eyes  even  in 
front ;  Interorbital  spai^e  flat,  scaly,  wider  than  the  orbit ;  lower  jaw 
prominent;  length  of  maxillary  2^  in  head;  teeth  conical,  pointed; 
upper  jaw  with  2  series,  convergent  posteriorly;  those  of  the  outer 
series  gradually  smaller  posteriorly;  a  pair  of  strong  canine  teeth 
anteriorly  in  the  inner  series,  the  other  teeth  of  this  series  being  very 
small ;  lower  jaw  with  a  series  of  strong,  distant  teeth.  Gill-rakers 
short,  thick,  and  strongly  dentate.  Fins  naked.  Longest  dorsal  rays 
one-third  length  of  head;  no  anal  spine;  dorsal  and  anal  rays  all 
simple,  the  dorsal  beginning  over  posterior  third  of  the  eye.    Scales 


'•-   .1' 


(.,'■ 


1       'ta 


« .■_' 

.  '.",.J 

'.- 

^.fih 

p 

m 

Jiy 

820      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NOKTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

very  small,  not  ciliated.     Head  4;  depth  3.     D.  100;  A.  75.    Green- 
land to  Cape  Cod,  common  northward,  reaching  a  very  large  size. 

{Pleuronectea  hippoglosaoidea  Walljanm,  Artedi,  Pise.  1792,  115:  Hippogloaaus  gnrn- 
landious  GUnther,  iv,  404.) 


498.— ATHERESTHE8  Jordan  &  Gilbert.  -,.> 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.  1880,  51:   type  Platysomatichthya  atomias 
J.  &G.) 

Eyes  and  color  on  the  right  side.  Body  very  long  and  slender, 
closely  compressed,  tapering  into  a  long  and  slender  caudal  peduncle' 
head  elongate,  narrow;  mouth  extremely  large,  oblique,  the  long  and 
narrow  maxillary  extending  beyond  the  eye;  both  jaws  with  2  irreg- 
ular series  of  sharp,  unequal,  arrow-shaped  teeth,  some  of  them  long 
and  wide-set,  the  others  short  and  close-set,  sharp;  the  long  teeth 
freely  depressible.  Gill-rakers  numerous,  long,  slender  and  stiff, 
strongly  dentate  within.  Scales  rather  large,  thin,  and  readily  decid- 
uous, slightly  ciliated ;  those  on  the  blind  side  similar,  smooth ;  lateral 
line  without  arch.  Fins  low  and  fragile.  Dorsal  commencing  over  the 
eye,  its  anterior  rays  low,  the  posterior  rays  somewhat  forked ;  no  anal 
spine;  pectorals  and  ventrals  small,  both  of  the  latter  lateral;  caudal 
lunate.    (a/?jj/>,  arrow;  oSwv,  tooth;  from  the  arrow-shaped  teeth.) 

1363.  A.  stomias  Jordan  &  Gilbert.  ftr^n 

Plain  olive  brown,  the  margins  of  the  scales  d/^rker;  blind  side  dusted 
"with  black  points.  Head  long,  the  snout  protruding,  somewhat  truncate 
at  tip ;  mouth  excessi  velj-^  large ;  the  maxillary  more  than  half  the  length 
of  the  head,  and  reaching  behind  the  eye;  teeth  in  upper  jaw  anteriorly 
in  a  single  series,  long,  slender,  and  wide-set,  much  smaller  and  closer- 
set  behind;  on  sides  of  jaw  the  teeth  are  very  small,  and  in  2  distinct 
series,  the  inner  of  which  corresponds  to  the  single  series  in  front,  the 
teeth  thus  gradually  increasing  in  size  forwards;  teeth  in  inner  series  of 
lower  javv  very  sharp  and  slender,  longer  than  the  upper  teeth,  wide- 
set,  alternating  with  shorter,  depressed  teeth;  outside  of  these  larger 
teeth  is  a  series  of  fixed  small  teeth;  all  of  the  long  teeth  in  both  jaws 
depressible  and  conspicuously  arrow-shaped  towards  their  tips;  inner 
series  of  small  teeth  in  upper  jaw  alao  arrow-shaped,  depressible;  eye 
large,  4^  in  head ;  interorbital  space  scaly,  ridged,  not  a  third  the  width 
of  the  eye.  Gill-rakers  long  and  strong,  about  17  in  number  (in  lu.al), 
the  longest  more  than  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  Upper  eye  with 
its  range  entirely  vertical.    Scales  extremely  thin,  irregular  in  size,  not 


113.    PLEURONECTID^ PARALICIITIIYS. 


821 


evenly  imbricated ;  lateral  line  very  prominent.  Dorsal  fin  beginning 
just  bebind  the  middle  of  the  eye;  caudal  peduncle  nearly  as  long  as 
the  pectoral  fin,  about  two-fifths  the  length  of  the  head.  Head  3f ; 
depth  3^.  D.  103;  A.  80;  Lat.  1.  135.  San  Francisco  to  Alaska,  in 
deep  water;  retching  a  length  of  2  feet. 
iPlattjaomaiichthyh  atomiaa  Jordaa  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,301.) 

494.— PARALICHTHYl  Girard. 

[rseudorhomhus  Sleeker:   Ancylopaetta,  Chwnopsella,   and    Uropaetta  Gill:   Xtjatreurya 
J.  «&  G:  Hippogloaaina  Steindauhuer. ) 

(Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Sn'-v.  Fish.  185H,  146:  typo  Paralichthya  maculoaua  Girard.) 

Eyes  and  color  on  the  left  side  (except  in  Paralichthys  maculosns  and 
ParaUckthys  Uolepis,  reversed  examples  of  which  species  are  about  as 
common  as  sinistral  ones).  Body  oblong;  mouth  large,  oblique;  each 
jiiTT  with  a  single  row  of  usually  slender  and  sharp  teeth,  which  are 
more  or  less  enlarged  anteriorly;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines.  Gill- 
rakers  vprious.  Scales  small,  ctenoid  or  cycloid;  lateral  line  simple, 
with  a  strong  curve  anteriorly.  Dorsal  flu  beginning  above  or  before 
the  eye;  both  ventrals  lateral;  caudal  fin  double  truncate,  or  double 
concave,  its  middle  rays  produced;  no  anal  spine.  Species  numerous, 
found  in  all  warm  seas.     (Tra/jaAAsAo?,  parallel;  i-/Oi'j-,  &»h.) 

1364.  P.  cstlifornicus  (Ayres)  J.  &  G. — Monterey  halibut;  Bastard  haUbut. 

Grayish  brown,  uniform,  or  mottled  with  blackish  and  pale,  the  head 
sometimes  sprinkled  with  black  dots;  young  brownish,  with  bluish 
spots.  Body  rather  long  and  thickish;  head  small;  eye  small,  little 
wider  than  the  broad,  flattish  interorbital  space ;  maxillary  as  long  as 
pectoral,  half  length  of  head,  reaching  beyond  eye ;  teeth  slender,  sharp, 
rather  long,  the  canines  moderate.  Scales  shiall,  finely  ciliate,  each 
scale  surrounded  by  narrow,  accessory  scales ;  scales  on  blind  side  simi- 
lar; fins  witb  ctenoid  scales.  Dorsal  low,  beginning  over  front  of  upper 
eye.  Gill-rakers  verj-  long  and  slender,  numerous,  as  long  as  eye,  23 
below  the  angle.  Lower  pharyngeals  narrow,  with  small,  slender  teeth* 
Anal  spine  small,  concealed.  Head  3^  to  4^  ;  depth  2§.  D.  70;  A.  55; 
Lat.  1. 100.  Bodj'  indifferently  dextral  or  sinistral.  Coast  of  Calilbrnia; 
abundant  southward ;  an  important  food-fish,  reaching  a  weight  of  CO 
pounds. 

(Paraliehthyn  maculoaua  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Phil.  1854,  147,  yoniig  (not 
lihomhiiH  maculoaua  Cuvior,  which  is  also  a  spyciesof  Paralichthya):  Paralichlhya  mavu- 
/i»«s  Girard,  IT.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Stirv.  Fish.  147:  Paralichthya  mamloaHa  Gilnthcr,  iv,  4;U: 
I*  Kippoyloaaua  vaUj'omi^ua  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1859,  «9:  Paralichthya  macu- 
I'wiis  ttiid  Uropadia  calijomica  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1864, 197  ixlorhonbits 

talifornieua  GUuther,  iv,  426.) 


•J'  4 

'    '   -  <J 


;-n«'>^ 


:1V 


822      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

126S.  P.  opiiryas  J.  «&  G.  (sp.  nov.) 

Color  brownish  gray,  mottled  with  darker;  fins  dusky,  with  round 
dark  blotches.     Body  moderately  elongate,  thickish ;  mouth  not  very 
large,  oblique,  each  jaw  armed  with  a  single  row  of  large,  sharp,  wide- 
set  teeth,  the  front  teeth  enlarged  and  canine-like,  about  8  on  each  side 
of  lower  jaw;  lateral  teeth  of  upper  jaw  minute,  close-set;  chin  proiui 
ueut;  maxillary  not  reaching  beyond  eye,  scarcely  half  length  of  head. 
Diameter  of  eye  about  equal  to  length  of  snout,  SJ  in  head.    Dorsal  fin 
low,  beginning  over  front  of  eye,  its  first  rays  about  5  in  head;  anal 
fepine  obsolete.    Gill-rakers  rather  long  and  slender,  5  -f  14  in  number 
the  longest  two-thirds  eye,  3^  in  maxillary,  their  length  4  to  5  times  their 
breadth  at  base.    Scales  very  small,  not  ctenoid,  with  few  accessoiy 
smaller  ones ;  curve  of  lateral  line  4J  in  straight  part.    Interorbital  s[)iice 
a  rather  narrow  bony  ridge,  anteriorly  naked,  not  wider  than  pupil  (in 
specimen  8  inches  long),  the  ridge  extending  backward,  forming  a  co:.>- 
spicuous  elevated  rim  behind  upj)er  eye.    Pectoral  about  half  length  of 
head;  caudal  ^.     Head  3^;  depth  2^.     D.  88;  A.  6";  L  >  1.  90.    One 
specimen  known;  from  Charleston,  S.  C. 

1306.  P.  dentatus  (L.)  J.  &  G. — Common  flonndm:  •   ^';  >^ 

Blackish  olive,  mottled  and  blotched  with  darker;  fins  similarly 
marked,  the  pectorals  more  or  less  distinctly  barred.  Body  oblonfj, 
moderately  compressed;  mouth  wide,  oblique,  the  mandible  very  heavy 
and  much  projecting;  8  to  10  teeth  on  each  side  of  lower  jaw,  the  two 
anterior  teeth  very  long ;  anterior  teeth  of  upper  jaw  strong,  but  smaller 
than  those  in  the  lower  jaw;  the  lateral  teeth  very  small  and  close-set. 
Eyes  small,  shorter  than  snout,  about  one  sixth  length  of  head,  and 
in  the  adult  as  wide  as  the  broad,  flatti.sh,  scaly,  interorbital  are-r  ihe 
latter  is  much  narrower  in  the  young.  Scales  small,  cycloid;  a^  i  r 
scales  few.  Gill-rakers  lanceolate,  dentate,  stoutish,  wide-is*)t,  J* 
shorter  than  eye,  the  longest  2^  times  as  long  as  broad  at  base,  5<^  i . 
in  maxillary,  about  2  +  10  in  number ;  pectoral  flu  about  as  long  as 
maxillary,  which  extends  beyond  eye,  and  is  rather  more  than  hiilf 
length  of  head.  Dorsal  low,  its  anterior  rays  somewhat  exserted,  but 
short;  caudal  double  concave,  the  middle  rays  produced.  Anal  spine 
obsolete;  ventials  small.  Fins  all  scaly.  Head  3§;  depth  2.^.  D.  88 
(85  to  1)3) ;  A.  GO  (05  to  73) ;  Lat.  1.  about  100.  New  England  to  Texas 
and  West  Indies;  everywhere  one  of  the  conunonest  species. 

(Pleuronecteadentatus  L.  Syst.  Nat.  i,  4r)H:  Platesm  ocellariii  Dckay,  Now  York  Fiiunii, 
Fisb.  IHW:  FHeudorhombur  dentatus  and  P.  ooeUariii  Gttnther,  iv,  4!i5-430:  ChamopteUa\ 


113.    PLEURONECTir.E PARALICHTHYS. 


823 


ocellaris  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1864,  218:  Pleuronectea  melanogaster  Mitchill, 
Trans.  Lit.  aud  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  (doubled  exaJnple):  Platesaa  oblonga  Dekay,  New 
York  Fauna,  Pish.  1842,  29i),  pi.  48,  f.  156,  not  Pleuronecten  obloiigu8  Mitch. :  Fseudo- 
rhombus  obloiigua  Gtiiithor,  iv,  426:  Vaeadorhombua  dentatus  Goode  &  Beau,  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  187U,  123.) 

1367.  £*.  albiffutta  J.  &  G. 

Dark  olive,  mottled  with  dusky,  and  marked  by  numerous  more  or 
less  distinct  pale  spots,  which  are  sometimes  obsolete.  Body  moder- 
ately elongate,  elliptical;  mouth  large,  the  maxillary  reaching  ])ast 
lower  eye,  its  length  half  head;  teeth  rather  strong,  slender,  about  7 
on  each  side  of  lower  jaw ;  3  or  4  moderate  canines  in  front  of  upper 
jaw;  the  lateral  teeth  being  minute,  clo.se-8et;  interorbital  space  nar- 
row, scaled  posteriorly,  the  ui)per  ridge  prominent  behind  upper  orbit; 
eye  TV\  in  head.  Gill  rakers  broad,  the  longest  2 J  in  eye;  about  10  be- 
low angle.  Fins  low;  anterior  rays  of  dorsal  not  elevated  nor  exserted ; 
the  longest  rays  behind  the  middle,  2^  in  head;  caudal  rounded,  i^  iu 
in  head.  Scales  moderate,  cycloid.  Lateral  line  with  a  high  curve,  its 
length  3^  in  straight  part.  Head  3^;  depth  2f.  D.  77  (75  to  80);  A. 
60  (55)  to  01);  Lat.  1.  00  (pores}.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast,  rather 
common ;  readily  distinguished  from  P.  dentatus^  by  the  smaller  num- 
ber of  fin  rays. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882.) 

t 

126§.  P.  squamiler.  tns  J.  &  G. 

Brownish;  body  and  fins  spotted  with  darker;  caudal  mottled  with 
white;  pectorals  banded,  with  dark  spots.  Body  deep,  strongly  com- 
pressed; caudal  peduncle  very  short.  Head  wide,  the  eyes  large,  wide 
apart.  Mouth  very  large,  oblique,  the  broad  maxillary  reaching  well 
beyond  pupil,  its  length  more  than  half  the  head.  Lower  jaw  project- 
ing; teeth  lew,  unequal,  iu  a  single  row,  about  8  in  each  jaw  canine- 
lilie,  the  two  in  front  of  lower  jaw  longest;  lateral  teeth  of  upper  jaw 
minute.  Interorbital  space  flat,  scaly,  nearly  Jis  broad  as  eye.  Scales 
very  small,  smooth,  adherent ;  curve  of  lateral  line  4J  in  straiglit 
iwi't.  Gill  rakers  short,  3  -f  9  in  number,  triangular,  roughly  toothed, 
little  higher  than  wide,  the  longest  nearly  half  eye.  Dorsal  beginning 
over  front  of  eye,  the  anterior  rays  4.J  in  head;  pectoral  short,  shorter 
than  maxillary.  Anal  spine  obsolete.  Caudal  double-rounded.  Head 
3|;  depth  2.  D.  78;  A.  59;  Lat.  1.  123  (pores).  West  coast  of  Florida 
to  South  Carolina. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882.) 


f'-  \:iM 


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824      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

1909.  P.  oMongus*  (Mitch.)  J.  &  O. 

Grayish,  tbickly  mottled  with  darker  and  somewhat  translucent* 
four  large,  horizoutally-oblong,  black  ocelli,  each  surrounded  by  a 
pinkish  area  j  one  just  behind  middle  of  the  body  below  the  dorsal 
one  opposite  this  above  anal;  two  similar  smaller  spots  below  last 
rays  of  dorsal  and  above  last  of  anal.  Body  comparatively  elongate 
strongly  compressed.  Eyes  large,  nearly  4  in  head,  separated  by  a  prom- 
inent narrow,  sharp  ridge.  Upper  jaw  with  very  numerous  small,  close- 
set  teeth  laterally,  and  4  or  5  canines  in  front;  the  lateral  teeth  abruptly 
smaller  than  the  anterior;  eacli  side  of  lower  jaw  with  7  to  10  teeth. 
Chin  prominent.  Maxillary  narrow,  reaching  past  middle  of  pupil,  2^ 
in  length  of  head.  Gape  curved.  Scales  weakly  ctenoid  or  cycloid. 
Gill-rakers  thick,  rather  long,  few,  about  8  below  angle.  Dorsal  low, 
beginning  over  front  of  eye,  some  of  the  anterior  rays  ex8erted,but  not 
elongal/(';  the  longest  rays  behind  middle  of  fin,  not  quite  half  head. 
Caudal  1:^  iii  head ;  pectoral  If.  Anal  spine  obsolete.  Head  4 ;  depth  2\. 
D.  72;  A.  CO;  Lat.  1.  93.  (D.  79;  A.  59,  according  to  Mitchill;  D.  8G; 
A.  70,  according  to  Storer).    Atlautic  coast,  northward;  not  abundant. 

(Pleuronectes  ohlongus  Mitcliill,  Trans.  Lit.  and  Pliil.  Soc.  i,  31H,  1815  :  Plaitsm  quad- 
roccUata  Storer,  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Not.  Hist.  1847,  242,  and  iu  Hist.  Fish.  Mass.  397,  pi. 
xxjti,  f.  3.)  .  ^, 

1370.  P.  ominatUB  Jor.  &  Gilb.  nom.  sp.  nov.  , 

Brownish  olive,  with  four  large,  oblong,  ocellated  spots,  the  first  above 
the  arch  of  the  lateral  line ;  the  three  posterior  forming  an  isosceles 
triangle,  the  hindmost  being  on  the  lateral  line.  Body  oval,  com- 
pressed, very  deep;  an  abrupt  angle  abov^e  eye.  Mouth  vei-y  small, 
the  maxillary  reaching  to  below  middle  of  orbit,  2^  in  length  of  bead; 
teeth  comparatively  small,  about  14  on  each  side  of  lower  jaw;  no 


•A  specinieu  in  our  collection  from  Wood's  Hull,  Mass.,  provisionally  referred  to 
this  species,  shows  the  following  characters: 

Bixjwnish,  somewhat  mottled,  without  traces  of  ocelli  (possibly  faded);  nnS  similar. 
Body  rather  elongate,  sleuilerer  than  in  other  species  and  more  compressed;  mouth 
rather  large,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  not  projecting,  the  maxillary  2^  in  head,  reaching 
to  opposite  jMisterior  border  of  pupil ;  about  12  teeth  on  each  side  of  lower  jaw,  the  an- 
terior rather  l«)ng,  about  cipial  to  anterior  teeth  of  upper  jaw;  laten.l  teoth  of  upper 
jaw  becoming  gradually  smaller  posteriorly,  much  larger,  less  numerous,  and  more 
widely  set  than  iu  other  species  of  this  genus.  Eyes  large,  longer  than  snout,  4  to4J  in 
head,  separated  by  a  narrow,  elevated,  bony  ridge,  narrower  than  pupil;  anteriorly 
sealeless,  and  curved  behiiul  the  upi>er  eye  posteriorly.  Scales  moderate,  cycloid, 
rather  thin;  curve  of  lateral  line  4f  in  straight  part.  Gill-rakers  2-f  8iu  number, 
rather  long  and  slender,  about  4^  in  maxillary.  Dorsal  beginning  above  middle  of 
eye,  its  anterior  rays  not  longer  than  others;  the  middle  rays  a  little  longer  than 
longest  of  anal,  which  are  about  half  head;  caudal  as  long  as  head;  anal  spine  ob- 
solete; ventrals  small;  pootorall|  iu  head.  Head4J;  depth  2j.  D.  77;  A.  (53;  Lat. 
1.  DO.    L.  about  14  inches. 


1 19.  PLEURONECTID^ — HIPP00L0SS0IDE8. 


825 


strongly  diflferentiated  cauines  in  either  jaw.  Eyes  moderate,  sepa- 
rated bj'  a  very  narrow,  sharp,  scaly  ridge.  Gill-rakers  very  short, 
thick,  few  in  number ;  about  8  below  angle,  the  longest  less  than  one- 
half  diameter  of  pupil.  Scales  rather  small,  very  strongly  ctenoid,  those 
oil  blind  side  also  rough ;  curve  oi  lateral  line  rather  low.  Dorsal  be- 
ginning in  front  of  pupil,  its  anterior  rays  long  and  filiform,  much  ex- 
serted,  the  third  ray  half  head;  caudal  short  and  rounded.  If  in.head; 
ventral  fin  of  colored  side  elongate,  as  long  as  pectoral,  half  length  of 
head.  Anal  spine  wanting.  Head  3§;  depth  1§.  D.  70;  A.  55;  Lat.  1. 
about  85.    South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  ooasts;  not  common. 

{Aicylopsclta  quadrocellata  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1864,  224,  uot  Platessa 
qnadi'ocellata  Storcr,  which  is  also  a  species  of  Paralichthya :  Paeudorhombua  quadrooeU 
la'ua  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1878,  370.) 

137 i.  P.  liolepi^  Jur.  &  Gilb. 

Color  olive  brown,  mottled  with  darker;  sometimes  with  very  distinct 
round  black  blotches;  vertical  fins  blotched  with  dark;  pectoral  of 
colored  side  with  oblique  bars.  Body  elliptical  ovate,  broad  and  com- 
pressed, its  curves  regular;  mouth  small,  very  oblique,  the  lower  jaw 
included;  maxillary  reaching  about  to  pupil,  2§  in  head;  eyes  rather 
large,  4J  in  head,  separated  by  a  very  narrow,  blunt  scaly  ridge ;  teeth 
small,  conical,  blunt,  in  a  single  row;  those  in  lower  jaw  subequal, 
close-set;  those  upper  jaw  more  distant,  decreasing  in  size  backwards; 

teeth  J4^||.  Gill-rakers  very  short,  broad,  and  strong,  minutely  ser- 
rate on  inner  margin,  about  seven  below  angle,  the  longest  scarcely 
one-foi'irth  as  long  as  the  eye.  Scales  small,  <»blong,  cycloid,  the  smaller 
accesfe^ory  scales  extremely  numerous ;  branchial  arches  and  skin  of  the 
shoulder  girtlle  with  small,  cup-shaped,  tubercular  scales.  Dorsal 
rather  high,  firm,  low  in  front,  highest  near  the  middle  of  the  body; 
caudal  peduncle  very  short  and  deep,  its  depth  4  times  its  length. 
Pectoral  of  eyed  side  falcate,  usually  much  longer  than  head,  its  length 
varying  considerably.  Anterior  nostril  of  blind  side  with  a  long  flap. 
Head  3^;  depth  1|.  D.  80;  A.  62;  Lat.  1.  123.  L.  15  inches.  Coast 
of  Southern  Californta;  indiflferently  dextral  or  sinistral. 
{Xyaireui'ya*  iiolepia  Jordan  fi^  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  34.) 

455.— HIPPOOIiOSSOlDES  Gottsche. 
(Paettiohthyt  Girard:  PomatopBetta  Gill.) 

(Gottsche;  Wiegmaun's  Archiv.  1835,  168:  type  Hippogloasoides  limanda  Gottsche  =3 
Pleuronectta  plateaaoidea  Fabricius.) 

Eyes  and  color  on  the  right  side  (except  sometimes  in  H,  elamodon). 
*Jurdan  &  Gilbert  1.  c. :  type  X  liolepia  J.  &  Q.    {^vdrpoy,  raker;  evpvi,  wide.) 


->'',  5 


>'IH 


M 


*   •♦ 


826      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY iv. 

Body  oblong,  moderately  compressed;  mouth  rather  large,  witli  one 
row  of  sharp  teeth  on  each  jaw,  besides  which,  in  the  upper  jaw,  la  ofteu 
an  inner  row  of  small  teeth;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines;  gill-rakers 
rather  long  and  slender;  scales  ctenoid;  lateral  line  nearly  8tiai<'^lit 
simjjle,  or  with  an  accessory  dorsal  branch.  Dorsal  flu  low  in  front 
beginning  over  or  before  the  eye;  ventrals  both  lateral;  caudal  double 
trunciite,  i)roduced  behind.  Species  found  iu  the  Northern  seas. 
(/7r;r»;'^w<;?«7,  Hippoglossus ;  et^w?,  resemblance.) 

a.  Lateral  lino  siniplo;  dorsal  Ixiginning  above  eye. 

b.  Upper  jaw  with  one  Bt'ries  of  teeth.    (Hippogloasoides.)  '  - 

1379.  II.  platessoides  (Fabricius)  G\\\.— Bough  Dab.  ^■ 

Keddish  brown,  nearly  plain.  Body  ovate;  mouth  moderate,  oblique- 
maxillary  narrow,  reaching  to  below  pupil,  2%  in  length  of  head;  teeth 
rather  small,  conical,  larger  anteriorly,  in  one  row  in  each  jaw,  those  iu 
the  lower  largest.  Eyes  rather  large,  the  upper  longer  than  snout,  4.^ 
in  head;  lower  jaw  included,  but  with  a  projecting  knob  at  the  chin. 
Snout  thick,  scaly;  interorbital  space  narrow,  with  a  raised,  obtuse 
ridge,  entirely  covered  with  rough  scales  in  about  C  seric!* ;  mandible 
with  a  series  of  scales.  Gill-rakers  rather  short  and  robust,  not  toothed, 
about  ten  below  angle;  longest  raker  less  thau  one-third  length  of  eye; 
fins  with  small,  rough  scales;  a  strong  pre-anal  spine;  pectoral  not  quite 
half  length  of  head.  Head  3^;  depth  2^.  D.  88  (80  to  93);  A.  70  (04 
to  7o);  Lat.  1.  90  (pores).  North  Atlantic;  abundant  northward  on  both 
coasts.  Southern  specimens  (var.  limandoides)  have,  as  a  rule,  a  smaller 
number  of  fin-rays  than  northern  specimens. 

(Pleuronectea  platcasoides  Fabrlcins  Fauna  Grosnlandica,  1780,  104:  PIcuroneetes 
limandoidca  Bloeh.  Ausl.  Fiselie,  iii,  24,  tab.  106:  Pomatopactta  dentala  Gill,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864;  217:  Hippogloaaoidva  Hmandoidf*  Giiuther,  iv,  405:  Hipim- 
gloaaoidea  dentatua  GUnther,  iv,  406;  CoUett,  Norsko  Nord-havs.  Exp.  Fiske,  1880, 144.) 

1373.  H.  elassodon  Jor.  &  Gilb. 

Brownish,  nearly  uniform,  sometimes  spotted  with  darker;  fins  gray- 
ish, irregularly  blotched  with  dusky.  Body  oblong-elliptical;  caudal 
X)eduncle  about  as  long  as  deep;  mouth  rather  large,  the  gape  curved; 
lower  jaw  projecting,  with  a  symphyseal  knob;  maxillary  narrow, 
reaching  beyond  middle  of  pupil,  2^  in  head;  teeth  small,  close-set, 
nearly  uniform,  in  a  single  row.  Glll-rakers  slender,  smooth,  about 
IG  below  arch,  the  longest  nearly  half  diameter  of  orbit.  Eyes  large, 
separated  by  a  narrow,  knife-like  ridge,  which  is  naked  or  with  a  single 
series  of  scales.    Scales  small,  firm,  rough,  those  on  tail  roughest,  those 


113.   PLEUBONECTIDiE — HIPPOQLOSSOIDES. 


827 


on  blind  side  similar,  mostly  smooth  anteriorly.  Anal  preceded  by  a 
spine;  caudal  long;  pectoral  of  eyed  side  half  length  of  head;  ventral 
reiiching  p.ast  front  of  anal;  pectoral  and  ventral  of  eyed  side  with 
prickle-like  scales.  Head  3A;  depth  2^.  D.  77-84;  A.  50-G4;  V.  6; 
scales  43-100-40.  L.  18  inches,  liody  sometimes  sinistral  Puget 
Sound  to  Alaska;  rather  common.  Very  closely  allied  to  the  preceding 
species. 
(Jonliiii  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  278.) 

aa.  Upper  Jaw  with  2  rows  of  teeth. 
c.  Scales  small,  lirm. 

1374*  II.  Jordan!  Lockington. 

Olive  brown,  nearly  uniform;  membriine  of  dorsal  and  anal  fins 
clouded  with  darker.  Body  broadly  elliptical.  Dorsal  and  ventral 
outline  equally  and  regularly  curved.  Mouth  oblique,  the  jaws  about 
even,  the  symphyseal  knob  but  little  projecting;  gape  curved;  maxil- 
lary broad,  reaching  to  behind  pupil,  2§  in  head;  teeth  in  2  .series  iu 
the  upper  jaw,  the  inner  series  small  and  distant  from  the  outer,  which 
is  considerably  enlarged  in  front;  lower  jaw  with  a  single  series  similar 
to  the  outer  series  in  the  upper  jaw,  but  larger.  Gill-rakers  roughish, 
strong,  about  15  below  angle,  the  longest  about  half  as  long  as  eye. 
Lower  pharyngeals  rather  narrow,  each  with  a  single  row  of  sharp 
teeth.  Eyes  large;  interorbital  space  a  narrow,  blunt,  scaly  ridge. 
Dorsal  beginning  over  anterior  margin  of  pupil,  the  rays  all  simple; 
caudal  fin  Avith  the  middle  rays  slightly  produced ;  anal  preceded  bj'  a 
spine;  pectoral  half  length  of  head.  Scales  of  colored  side  small,  firm, 
strongly  ciliated,  nearly  uniform  over  head  and  body;  lower  jaw  and 
snout  scaleless;  scales  on  blind  side  smooth.  Head  3 J;  depth  2^.  D. 
94;  A.  72;  Lat.  1.90.  L.  20  inches.  Point  Concepcion  to  Puget  Sound; 
abundant;  an  important  food-fish. 

(Lockington,  Scientific  Press  Supplement,  April,  1879,  i,  20;    Lockington,  Proc. 
U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  73.) 
CO.  Scales  rather  large,  thin,  and  deciduous. 

13Y5.  H.  exilis  Jor.  &,  Gilb. 

Pale  olivaceous  brown,  with  dark  points,  forming  edgings  on  each  • 
scale;  bronze  spots  sometimes  present;  fins  mostlj  dusky;  dorsal  and 
aual  edged  anteriorly  with  yellowish;  ventrals  largely  yellow.  Body 
slender,  compressed,  the  flesh  soft;  mouth  not  large,  very  oblique,  the 
gape  curved;  lower  jaw  scarcely  projecting,  with  a  knob  at  symphysis; 
auxiliary  rather  narrow,  reaching  middle  of  pupil,  2|  in  length  of 


*v,i  tr. 


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828      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NOETH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

head;  teeth  small,  slender,  close-set,  nearly  uniform;  above  iu  2  series 
below  iu  1.  Eyes  large,  separated  by  a  sharp,  scaly  ridge;  lower  eye 
advanced.  Scales  comparatively  large,  thin  and  deciduous,  ctenoid 
but  not  so  rough  as  in  the  other  species;  those  on  blind  side  similar 
less  rough.  Lateral  line  prominent.  Fins  low,  fragile;  anal  i)recedt'(l 
by  a  spine;  caudal  flu  long,  rather  pointed;  pectorals  small,  the  rl<'lit 
pectoral  little  more  than  half  length  of  head.  Gill-rakers  short,  slen- 
der, toothed,  9  below  angle,  the  longest  about  one-third  diameter  of 
orbit.  Head  4;  depth  3^.  D.  78;  A.  62;  V.  6;  scales  lG-71-18.  L. 
12  inches.  A  small,  weak  species,  abundant  in  deep  water,  from  San 
Francisco  to  Alaska.  .      . 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Pioc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  154.) 

«o.  Lateral  lino  with  an  accessory  dorsal  branch;  teeth  in  one  row;  dorsal  beginning 
before  eye.     {Paettichthya*  Qrd.) 

1276.  P.  melanostictns  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

Grayish  brown,  finely  speckled  with  darker  on  body  and  fins.  Body 
not  very  deep,  elliptical;  mouth  rather  small,  the  maxil I nry  extending 
to  below  pupil,  2f  in  head;  teeth  large,  in  a  single  series  in  each  jaw, 
those  in  lower  jaw  largest ;  a  few  large  canines  in  the  front  of  each 
jaw.  Eyes  very  small,  separated  by  a  broad,  flat,  scaly  8i)ace,  without 
ridge;  lower  eye  slightly  in  advance  of  upper.  Gill-rakers  rather 
stout,  weak,  hooked  at  tip,  14  below  the  angle.  Scales  very  small, 
ctenoid  on  colored  side.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight,  with  a  long  acces- 
sory dorsal  branch.  Dorsal  commencing  in  advance  of  upper  eye,  the 
anterior  rays  elevated,  slender  and  exserted,  the  longest  about  one-third 
length  of  head.  First  ray  of  dorsal  nearly  free  from  its  membrane. 
Pectoral  fin  short,  2^  in  head ;  anal  fin  preceded  by  a  spine;  caudal  large, 
strongly  convex.  Lower  pharyngeals  very  narrow,  each  with  one  row 
of  sharp  recurved  teeth.  Head  4;  depth  2^.  D.  85;  A.  60;  Lat.  1. 112. 
Puget  Sound  to  Point  Concepciou,  common. 

{Psettichthya  mvlanostictua  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854, 140:  Pseiikhthjt 
meZanosf Jc<M»  Giiuther,  iv,  420:  Paettiokthya  melanoativtuii  Lockington,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat. 
Mus.  1879,  73.) 

45«.-Pl.i:URO.\ICTH¥S  Girard. 

(HeferoproaopoH  Bleeker.) 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854, 139:  type  Pleuronichthya  ccenoaus  Girard.) 
Eyes  and  color  on  the  right  side.    Body  deep;  head  short,  with  very 

•Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  140:  type  Paettichthya  melanostictus 
Girard.    {iperra,  llonuder;  ^^Ou?,  lish.) 


1 13.   PLEURONECTIDiE — PLEURONICIITHYS. 


829 


short,  blunt  snout;  mouth  small,  with  several  series  of  slender,  acute 
teeth,  which  are  most  developed  on  the  blind  side,  and  are  often  want- 
ing in  one  or  both  jaws  on  the  colored  side;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  pala- 
tines; lips  thick,  with  several  lengthwise  folds,  within  which  is  a  series 
of  short  fringes.  Lower  pharyngeals  narrow,  each  with  a  double  row 
of  very  small  teeth.  Gill-rakers  wide-set,  very  short  and  weak.  Lat- 
eral line  nearly  straight,  with  a  dorsal  branch  in  our  species.  Scales 
small,  cycloid,  non-imbricate,  imbedded.  Dorsal  fin  anteriorly  twisted 
from  the  dorsal  ridge  toward  the  blind  side;  anal  fin  preceded  by  a 
spine;  caudal  tin  convex  behind.  Intestinal  canal  elongate.  Herbiv- 
orous species,  feeding  chiefly  on  algje.     Pacific  Ocean.    {^zXevpir^^  side; 

r/Ou;,  flsh.) 

a.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  on  the  level  of  the  lower  lip;  interocular  ridge  with  blunt 
or  sharpish  tubercles. 

Vi77.  P.  decurrens  J.  &  G. 

Color  brownish,  usually  much  mottled  with  chocolate  and  grayish, 
often  finely  spotted  with  brownish  on  body  and  fins.  Eyes  very  large, 
3.J  in  head ;  a  blunt  tubercle  in  front  of  upper  eye,  another  at  each  end 
of  the  narrow  interorbital  ridge,  the  posterior  largest,  but  usually  not 
spine-like;  two  or  three  above  the  latter  behind  the  upper  eye;  some 
prominences  above  the  opercle;  a  band  of  teeth  on  the  right  side  Of 
the  lower  jaw,  similar  to  that  on  the  blind  side,  but  narrower.  Ver- 
tical fins  high,  the  longest  dorsal  and  an^l  rays  two-thirds  the  length 
of  the  head.  Dorsal  beginning  very  low,  on  level  of  end  of  maxillary, 
its  first  nine  rays  on  the  blind  side.  Head  3§;  depth  If.  D.  72;  A.  46 
L.  12  inches.    Coast  of  California;  rather  common  in  deep  water. 

{Plenropichihua  caino8us  Lockingtou,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mne.  1879,  97.  Pleuronichthyt 
qiiadriluberculatiM  Jot.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  50,  ncc  Pallas;  Jordan  Oc 
Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  453.) 

aa.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  on  the  level  of  the  upper  lip. 

5.  Iiiteiocular  ridgo  posteriorly  with  a  strong,  backward-direc'cod  sijine. 

137§.  P.  verticalis  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 

Color  dark  olive  brown,  mottled  with  lighter  and  darker,  sometimes 

with  light  grayish  spots ;  middle  of  sides  often  with  a  dark  spot  ocel- 

lated  with  light  olive,  this  again  surrounded  by  darker;  tins  light,  often 

tiuged  and  margined  with  reddish,  and  mottled  with  blackish.    Eyes 

large,  3J  in  head ;  a  tubercle  in  front  of  each  eye,  and  one  at  anterior 

end  of  interorbital  ridge;  posterior  end  of  ridge  with  a  strong,  sharp, 

backward  directed  spine;  k.  tubercle  behind  upper  eye;  right  side  of 

lower  jaw  without  teeth.    Dorsal  and  anal  fins  lower  than  in  P.  dccur- 


•t 


'A 


\'' 


f  t':* 


\f%* 


830       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHi'OLOGY— iv. 

rens,  the  longest  rays  1§  length  of  the  head;  dorsal  fin  beginning,'  oppo- 
site or  slightly  below  the  premaxillary,  about  five  ra  s  being  on  the 
blind  side.     Head  4 ;  depth  1  J.     D.  65-72 ;  A.  45-48.    Coast  of  Cali- 
fornia; not  rare. 
(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1880,  49.) 

bb.  lutororiiital  ridge  without  distinct  spine. 

1379.  P.  Cflenosus  Girard. 

Color  light  brown,  blotched  with  chocolate  color  and  yellowish  some- 
times nearly  plain,  but  usually  profusely  mottled;  sometimes  with  occl- 
lated  blotches,  sometimes  with  the  light  colors  replaced  by  purplish  rod. 
Interorbital  ridge  prominent,  but  without  spine  or  conspicuous  tuber- 
cles, the  tubercles  of  the  other  species  being  represented  by  slij^ht 
elevations.  Vertical  fins  very  high,  the  longest  rays  of  dorsal  ami 
anal  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  head.  A  narrow  band  of  teeth  on 
tlie  colored  side  of  the  lower  jaw.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  on  the  level 
of  the  premaxillary,  its  first  five  rays  on  the  blind  side;  caudal  longer 
than  head.  Head  4^;  depth  1^.  D.  68;  A.  48-50.  San  Diego  to 
Alaska,  not  generally  common,  but  widely  distributed;  usually  in 
deep  water. 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci,  Phila.  18.>4, 139:  Parophrya  cosnoam  GUntlier,  iv,  456.) 

457.— HYPSOPSKTTA  Gill. 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  195:  typo  Pleuronichthya  guttulatus  Grd.) 

Eyes  and  color  on  the  right  side.  Body  broad,  ovate,  rhomboid; 
mouth  very  small ;  teeth  slender,  equal,  acute,  in  several  series;  lips 
thick,  not  plicate.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight,  with  an  accessory 
dorsal  branch.  Scales  small,  smooth.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  on  the 
dorsal  ridge,  not  turned  to  the  blind  side;  anal  si)ine  present;  caudal 
fin  convex.    Gill-rakers  little  developed,    (wi/'t',  deep;  V's^ra,  flounder.) 

12§0.  H.  gruttuBata  (Grd.)  QUI— Diamond  Flounder;  "  Tiirbot." 

Brown,  with  numerous  pale-bluish  blotches  in  life,  these  disappearing 
in  spirits;  blind  side  white, with  a  strong  tinge  of  yellow  along  i)roflIe 
of  head ;  fins  plain,  sometimes  with  black  specks.  Body  very  deei>, 
somewhat  an (^  Mated  near  middle  of  back  and  belly;  eyes  moderate, 
separated  by  a  flattish,  raised  area;  head  without  spines  or  tuber- 
cles ;  scales  of  opercular  region  little  developed ;  those  of  blind  side 
reduced ;  no  teeth  on  right  side  of  either  jaw.  Accessory  lateral  line 
long,  half  length  of  body.  Anal  spine  small;  pectorals  about  halfj 
length  of  head;  ventrals  rather  short;  caudal  peduncle  much  deeper 


118.   PLEURONECTIDiE— PLEURONECTES. 


831 


thiin  lonfj;  caudal  large,  nearly  as  long  as  head.     Head  3^;  depth  lif. 

D.  f»8;  A.  50;  Lat.  1.  05.     L.  12  inches.    A  variable  species.    Coast  of 

Ciilifornia;  abundant. 

(PleuronichthyH  giittulafus  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8oi.  Phila.  1856, 137:  Pleuroneciea 
guttiilatus  Giinther,  iv,  445:  Parophrya  ayreai  GUntlicr,  iv,  456;  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Pbila.  1864,  195:  Phuronichthya  guUulatua  Lockiugton,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1H79, 
94.) 

43S.— PLEVRONECTES*  LiDucens. 

Plaices. 

(P/o<eMa  Cnvier:  PlatichfJiya  and  Parophrya  GitatH:  Lepidopaetfa,  MyzopaeUa,  lAopaetta, 
and  Euchalarodm  Gill:  CUdodvrma  aad  Paeudopleuroncctea  Bleuker:  Limanda 
Oottsche:  FZcsms  Moreau.) 

(Artedi;  Linnieus  Systema  Naturre:  type  Pleuronectea plateasa  h.) 

Eyes  and  color  on  the  right  side  (except  in  P.  stellatus,  which  is  indif- 
ferently dextral  or  sinistral).  Body  ovate,  elliptical,  compressed;  head 
moderate,  sometimes  tnberculate;  mouth  small,  the  small,  narrow  max- 
illary reaching  front  of  eye  or  beyond ;  blind  side  with  one  (rarely  two) 
series  of  close-set,  conical  or  incisor-like  teeth ;  colored  side  of  both 
jaws  usually  toothless.  Scales  small,  ctenoid  or  cycloid,  often  imper- 
fectly imbricated,  sometimes  tubercular  or  obsolete.  Lateral  line 
nearly  straight,  or  more  or  less  arched  anteriorly,  simple,  or  with  an 
accessory  branch.  Gill-rakers  small,  widely  set.  Species  very  numer- 
ous in  northern  seas.    {-Xsupuv,  side;  vtjxttj^,  swimmer.) 

a.  Lateral  line  with  an  accessory  dorsal  branch,  long  or  short. 
b.  Lateral  line  straight  or  with  a  slight  arch. 

c.  Scales  mostly  cycloid,  small,  imbricated.     {Parophrya \  Girard.) 

12§1.  P.  vetulus  (Grd.)  J.  «&  G.  . 

Uniform  light  olive  brown;  the  young  somewhat  spotted  with 
blackish.  Body  elongate-elliptical ;  snout  very  prominent,  much  pro- 
truding, forming  an  abrupt  angle  with  the  descending  profile;  depth 
of  head  opposite  middle  of  upper  eye  about  equalling  distance  from 
middle  of  orbit  to  snout;  eyes  large,  separated  by  a  very  narrow,  high 

*  "  If  we  were  to  attrib.:to  to  some  of  the  characters  the  same  generic  value  us  in 
other  PleuronecUdcE,  we  should  be  obliged  to  establish  a  genus  for  almost  every  species, 
and  to  separate  lishcs  which  evid<^ntly  form  one  natural  group"  {OUnther,  iv,  438). 
The  curvature  of  the  lateral  line  is  here  subject  to  much  variation ;  the  accessory 
lateral  line,  characteristic  of  so  many  Pacific  species,  disappears  by  degrees,  while  the 
gradations  in  dentition  pud  squamation  are  so  numei-oua  as  to  be  apparently  useless 
for  generic  characters.  We  are  unable  to  follow  Dr.  Giinther  in  referring  to  Plcuronec- 
tm,  the  species  of  Ghjplocephalua  and  Cynivoglossua,  which  seem  to  us  to  represent  a 
well-dilferentiated  type. 

t  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  139:  type  Parophrya  vctuliia  Girard. 
[jtapa,  near  together;  otppvi,  eyebrow;  in  allusion  to  the  narrow  interocular  space.) 


832      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

ridge;  eye  large,  4 J  in  head,  the  upper  with  vertical  range;  month  v  " 

small;  maxillary  not  reaching  pupil;  teeth  trenchant,  small,  and  i 

narrow,  widened  at  tip;  about  45  teoth  on  left  side  of  lower  jaw;  few 

teeth  on  right  side  of  lower  jaw.    Accessory  lateral  line  long,     pec- 

toral  about  half  length  of  head;  caudal  truncate,  1^  in  head.    Fin  rays 

eutii-ely  scaleless.    Scales  on  body  all  cycloid,  those  on  cheeks  often 

slightly  ciliated.    Head  3J;  depth  2 J.    D.  74  to  86;  A.  54  to  68;  Lat.  1. 

105  (tubes).    Santa  Barbara  to  Alaska;  an  abundant  species. 

{Parophrya  vetulus  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  140:  Parophrys  vetiihis 
GUnther,  iv,  455:  Pleuroneeles  digrammus  GUuther,  iv,  445:  Parophrys  hubbardi  Gill 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.1862,  281.) 

cc.  Scales  everywhere  strongly  ctenoid,  well  imbricated.     (laopaetta*  Lock.) 
d.  Scales  closely  inibiicate;  accessory  lateral  lino  long. 

19S9.  P.  Isolepis  (Lockington)  J.  &  G.  > 

Color  brownish,  mottled  and  blotched  with  darker.  Body  elliptical 
much  compressed,  moderately  deep,  the  curvature  very  regular;  head 
moderate,  strongly  compressed,  the  profile  little  depressed  above  the 
eye;  eyes  rather  large;  interorbital  space  broad,  flattish,  with  several 
series  of  scales-  Scales  on  cheeks  similar  to  those  on  body,  rather 
large,  ctenoid,  and  closely  imbricated.  Mouth  comparatively  large; 
maxillary  reaching  pupil,  3§  in  head;  teeth  not  large,  about 


11  +  14 

9  +  24' 


con- 


ical, close-set,  in  one  somewhat  irregular  series,  or  p  Mn  two  series; 
those  on  colored  side  smalh  Lower  pharyngeals  .  ^  ^ith  a  double 
row  of  bluutish  teeth.  On  the  blind  side  the  scales  are  more  or  less 
ctenoid,  sometimes  smooth;  those  on  the  cheeks  weakly  ctenoid;  most 
of  the  opercle,  the  preopercle,  interopercle,  and  subopercle  on  blind 
dide  naked.  Lateral  line  with  a  very  slight  arch  in  front,  the  depth  of 
which  is  less  than  one-fifth  the  length ;  accessory  branch  nearly  as  long 
as  head.  Fins  rather  low,  mostly  covered  with  ctenoid  scales.  Head  4 ; 
depth  2 J.  D.  38;  A.  65;  Lat.  1.  88.  L.  12  inches.  Point  Coucepcion 
to  Puget  Sound;  rather  common  in  deep  water.  This  species  bears 
some  resembrance  to  Hippoglossoides  melanostictus. 

(Lepidopsetta  umbrosa  Lockington,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1879,  106  (not  of  Girard): 
Lepidopselta  isolepis  Lockington,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  325.) 

dd.  Scales  loosely  Imbricate ;  accessory  lateral  line  very  short. 
1383.  P.  ischyrus  J.  &  G. 

Light  olive  brown,  vaguely  clouded  with  light  and  dark;  fins  reddish 
brown;  a  few  roundish  dusky  blotches  on  dorsal  and  anal;  pectoral  and 

*  Lockington  MSS. :  type  Lepidopsetta  isolepis  Lock.    {Idoi,  equal;  Tpsrra,  llouuder.) 


113.  PLEURONECTID^E — PLEURONECTES. 


833 


ctindal  tipped  with  duaky;  blind  side  white,  immaculate,  or  with  small 
round  ruHty  spots;  left  side  of  head  sometimes  rusty  tinged.  Body 
oblong,  robust;  caudal  pedun<;le  rather  long;  snout  projecting;  form- 
ing an  angle  with  the  profile;  mouth  oblique,  the  chin  projecting; 
teeth  jo^lfj  narrowly  incisor-like,  bluntish,  in  a  single,  rather  close-set 

series;  maxillary  reaching  past  front  of  orbit,  5^  in  head;  eyes  large; 
interorbital  apace  rather  broad,  scaly,  continuous  with  a  ridge  above 
opercle.  Head  mostly  covered  with  scales  like  those  of  the  body,  but 
gi,  uUer  and  rougher.  Gill-rakers  feeble.  Lower  pharyngeals  each 
with  two  rows  of  coarse  blunt  teeth.  Scales  thick  and  Arm,  adherent, 
not  closely  imbricated;  those  in  front  well  apart;  all  the  scales  strongly 
ctenoid;  blind  side  with  similar  scales,  almost  as  strongly  ctenoid.  Ver- 
tical fins  mostly  scaly.  Lateral  line  conspicuous,  its  scales  less  rough 
tbau  the  others;  a  distinct  short  accessory  lateral  line  on  both  sides, 
extending  to  about  the  tenth  dorsal  ray,  less  than  one-sixth  head ;  aseries 
of  pores  around  lower  eye  behind.  Dorsal  beginning  over  pupil,  its  ante- 
rior rays  low;  its  highest  rays  nearly  half^  length  of  head;  caudal 
largo,  double  truncate;  pectoral  of  right  side  about  half  head.  Head 
3i;  depth  2.  D.  70  to  76;  A.  52  to  57;  V.  6j  Lat.l.  85.  L.  15  inches, 
Puget  Sound. 
(Parophrya  iachyrm  Jordan  &  Gillx  rt,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  27(5.) 

hb.  Lateral  line  with  a  strong  arch  in  front;  scales  rough.     (Lepidopsetta*  Gill.) 

12§4.  P.  bilaneatiis  (Ayres)  Gthr. 

Yellowish  brown,  with  numerous  round  pale  blotches.  Body  broadly 
ovate,  thickish;  mouth  moderate,  turned  toward  the  left  side;  teeth 
stout,  conical,  little  compressed,  bluntish,  in  one  series,  rather  irregu- 
larly placed.  Lower  pharyngeals  broad,  with  two  rows  of  blunt  teeth. 
Gill-rakers  few,  very  short,  thick  and  weak,  without  teeth.  Snout  pro- 
jecting; eyes  large,  separated  by  a  prominent  ridge,  which,  like  the 
cheeks  and  upper  portion  of  the  opercle,  is  covered  with  rough  stellate 
scales;  lower  eye  advanced;  opercle,  subopercle,  and  interopercle  of 
left  side  scaly;  preopercle  naked.  Scales  rather  small,  mostly  ctenoid, 
Dot  closely  imbricated ;  those  on  the  blind  side  smooth ;  scales  on  the 
cheeks  and  other  parts  of  the  head  very  rough ;  scales  of  body  smoother 
and  less  closely  imbricated  anteriorly,  the  degree  of  roughness  varia- 
ble, northern  specimens  (var.  umhrosu^)  being  roughest.    Lateral  line 

*Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  195:   type  Platichthya  umbroeus  Girard= 
Phtcisa  hilineata  Ayvea.    {Xentdoi,  scaly,  iperra,  founder.) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 53 


if'- 


i'Pm- 


:\'\. 


!L4" 


>t 


m 


-m 


4.  5SV 


m: 


-dim 

\         .    '  i  '■'.•Vt'  .-Si.', 


i 


\ 


'     •■    '■'►1      '■'. 


-^r^*^-*--^  rr 


834      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

moderately  arched  anteriorly,  with  an  accessory  dorsal  branch  which  is 
less  than  half  length  of  head.  Height  of  arch  less  than  one-third  its 
length.  Dorsal  beginning  over  the  eye,  its  anterior  rays-low ;  caudal  con- 
vex; anal  preceded  by  a  spiue;  a  concealed  spine  behind  ventralg;  rays 
of  dorsal  and  anal  all  simpb;  dorsal  and  anal  somewhat  scaly;  caudal 
three-fifths  length  of  head;  pectoral  half  head.  Lower  pharyngeals 
broad,  each  with  two  rows  of  blunt  teeth.  Head  3f ;  depth  2 J.  D.  80- 
A.  60;  teeth  H-^',  Lat.  1,  85.  L.  20  inches.  San  Francisco  to  Alaska* 
abundant  northward.    A  food-fish  of  some  importai^ce. 

{Plalcma  bili'ieata  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1855,  40:  Pleuronectes  bilineatiis 
Gunther,  iv,  444:  Lepidopaetta  bilineata  Lockington,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1879  103; 
Flatichthi/s  umbro8U8  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18.')6,  138:  Pleuronectcg  urn- 
brosua  Gunther,  iv,  ifA :  Pleuronectea  perarcuatua  Coi)o,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  1873. ) 

aa.  Lateral  line  without  accessory  branch. 

e.  Lateral  line  strongly  arched  in  front;  scales  ctenoid.     (Limanda*  Gottsche.) 

13S5.  P.  fcrrugineiis  (Storer)  J.  &  G.—Sand  Dab. 

Brownish  olive,  with  numerous,  irregular,  reddish  spots;  fins  simi- 
larly marked;  left  side  with  caadal  fin,  caudal  peduncle,  and  margins 
of  dorsal  and  anal  fins  lemon  yellow.  Body  ovate-elliptical,  strongly 
compressed;  teeth  small,  conical,  close-set,  in  a  single  series  on  each 
side  in  each  jaw.  Snout  projecting,  forming  a  strong  angle  above 
upper  eye,  with  the  descending  profile.  Gill-rakers  of  moderate  length, 
very  weak,  not  toothed.  Eyes  moderate,  4^  in  head,  the  lower  slightly 
in  advance  of  ujjper,  separated  by  a  high,  very  narrow  ridge,  which  is 
scaled  posteriorly,  and  is  continued  backward  as  an  Inconspicuous  but 
rough  ridge  to  the  beginning  of  the  lateral  lino.  Scales  imbricate, 
nearly  uniform,  those  on  right  side  rough-ctenoid,  those  on  left  side 
nearly  or  quite  smooth^  scales  on  body  rougher  than  on  cheeks.  Cau- 
dal peduncle  short,  liigher  than  long.  Dorsal  inserted  over  middle  of 
eye,  its  middle  rays  hijiuest;  pectoral  less  than  two-fifths  length  of 
head;  caudal  fin  rounded;  anal  spine  present.  Lateral  line  simple, 
with  a  rather  low  arch  in  front,  the  depth  of  which  is  barely  two-fifths 
the  length.  A  concealed  spine  behind  ventrals ;  ventral  of  coLu'ed  side 
partly  lateral,  the  otuer  wholly  so;  anal  spine  strong.  Head  4  in 
length;  depth  2|.  D.  85;  A.  02;  Lat.  1.  100.  Atlantic  coast,  chiefly 
northward. 

( Plotesm  fevruginea  Storer,  Report  Fish.  Mass.  18'"'^  141 :  Plateam  roatmta  H.  R 
Storer,  Boat.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  268:  Myzopaeita  fenuginea  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Naf. 
Sci.  Phila.  1864,  217.)    • 

•Gottsche,  Wiegmann's  Archiv.  1835,  100:  type  Pleuronectee  limanda  L.  =  Z-tmfl«rfa 
vulgaris  Gottsche.  {Limanda,  an  ancient  name  of  L.  vulgaris;  perhaps  fr'>m  Xi/iit/v, 
a  small  bay  or  creek.) 


lis.  PLEURONECTID^ PLEURONECTES. 


835 


13§6.  P.  asper  Pallas. 

Brown,  nearly  plain,  the  blind  side  with  tinges  of  lemon-yellow. 

Form  of  P.  MlineatMS.    Teeth  small,  almost  conical,  on  both  sides  of  the 

mouth;  interorbital  space  narrow,  scaly;  opercle  and  preopercle  naked 

below.    Gill-rakers  very  feeble.   Pharyngeals  not  very  broad,  their  teeth 

bluutish,  not  paved.    Scales  small,  wide  apart,  partly  imbedded,  each 

one  with  1-4  spinules,  which  are  almost  erect;  anterior  scales  with  3-i. 

of  these  spinules;  posterior  mostly  with  1;  scales  of  blind  side  smoother; 

middle  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  only  scaly.    No  accessory  lateral  line. 

Anal  spine  present;  twentieth  anal  ray  and  thirty-seventh  dorsal  ray 

longest;  caudal  double  truncate.    Head  3^;  depth  2.    D.  G9;  A.  53. 

Alaska  to  Kamtschatka. 

{Pleuronectea  aaper  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Ross.-Asiat.  iii,  42r),  1811:  Pleuronectea  aaper  Giia- 
tlicr,  iv,  454 :  Limanda  aapera  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1881,  242. ) 

128?.  P.  bcant  (Goode)  J.  &..  G. 

Grayish,  mottled  with  darker;  a  conspicuous  black  blotch  on  the 
outer  rays  of  caudal  on  each  side.  Body  elliptical,  with  angular  out- 
lines, strongly  compressed;  head  very  short;  snout  abbreviated;  mouth 
small,  subvertical;  teeth  small,  apparently  in  two  rows,  chiefly  on  the 
blind  side  of  lower  jaw;  eyes  large,  as  long  as  mandible;  interorbital 
8pace  very  narrow.  Dorsal  fln  beginning  about  pupil,  its  rays  long, 
wide  apart,  exserted ;  right  ventral  near  the  median  line.  Caudal  broad, 
fan-shaped.  Lateral  line  with  an  abrupt  curve,  the  length  of  which  is 
twice  its  height  and  about  equal  to  length  of  head,  its  scales  highly 
specialized;  lateral  line  on  colored  side  less  developed.  Scales  small, 
strongly  ctenoid  on  the  right  side ;  larger  and  cycloid  on  the  blind  side. 
Head  ^ ;  depth  2*.  D.  64 ;  A.  G3 ;  Lat.  1.  88,  27  scales  in  its  curve. 
Deep  water  off'  the  Ehode  Island  coast.    {Goode.) 

{Limanda  beani  Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  473.) 

ee.  Lateral  line  without  anterior  arch. 

/.  Eyes  and  color  on  either  Hide ;  scales  coarse,  stellate ;  lower  pharyngeals  broad, 
with  paved  teeth.     {PlaUchthya*  GM.) 

188§.  P.  stellatus  Pallas.— C'rt/i/omia  "Flounder." 

Dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  with  lighter  markings;   flns  reddish 
brown;  dorsal  and  anal  with  four  or  five  vertical  black  bands;  caudal 
with  three  or  four  black  longitudinal  bands.    Body  broad  and  short, 
tbe  snout  forming  a  slight  angle  with  the  profile;  lower  jaw  projecting;' 
interocular  space  rather  broad,  with  very  rough  scales.    Largo  rough 

•Girard,  Proc,  Ac.  Nat.  Scl,  Phila.  1856, 136:  type  Platkhthya  rtigoaua  Grd.    {nXarvi, 
flat;  ixOvi,  fish.) 


11  "'    1 

t  "■*■ 


830     roNTKinrTioNs  to  noutii  amkku^an  inrniYOLooY — iv. 

Hcnk's  at  buHO  (►!' doi\sMl  and  anal  niyts  and  on  NitUvs  of  hisul ;  siniiliir 
Imt  Nnuillcr  Ncah's  McatliUHMl  t)v«'r  tlio  body,  hairral  lini^Ntnootli.  V'\us 
witluiut  HoaU's;  a  dustor  of  bony  )>roniin(nic(vs  abovo  oihu'cU>.  '\W[\\ 
in«'i8orliko,  truncato,  railuu*  broad,  ]J||J.  Lowor  pharyngcalH  broad, 
with  conrso,  ]myv\\  tooth.  IToad  3|{ ;  dopth  2.  1).  58;  vV.  4'J.  L.  .;<» 
inohoH.  Han  Lnis  Obinpo  (o  K!iin«<^haiUa;  V(My  abnn^biid.  ntutliwiird; 
one  of  (ho  hupvst  and  most  important  of  \h{\  llonnthTN  of  tlio  I'acific 
o«»aNt. 

(rulhiH,  Nov.  Act.  lVtn»|tol.  I,  :M7:  I'hni'hthiis  niinmiit mrnnl,  U.  H.  I'lic  |{.  K.  Sniv. 
VM\.  I'lH;  (Jihithcr.  .v,  41:1:  /V.»/i«7t//ii/.t  »h'll<ilHH  Lockliiglon,  I'roo,  11.8.  Nal.  Mim. 
1H?J»,  in.) 

//'.   KyoN  iiinl  color  striotly  on  tlio  rljtlit.  Hido. 

y.  .S'lilcH  »iu».  iniltricatr*!,  UHimlly  rlt'ooiil  in  Mio  niiilo,  oycloitl  In  tb«  rcinalc;  lo\vt>r 
jiliiiiynffciilM  Itrond,  wllli  jiiivtMl  (coth.     {I'lcHronectvH.) 

I4NO.  I*.  qiiii«liitul»orriilnliiN  I'hIIuh. 

(Jrayish,  njottU'd  with  \mWv  and  with  round  bhiolc  spotH;  (bis  vory 
diirk.  Vovm  of  /'.  ijUihvr.  Mouth  vory  .snuill,  with  niiuiII,  inrisor  liko 
tooth,  n)uiul<'d  at  tip.  I'^yo.**  soparatod  by  a  narrow  ridgu;  ab«)ut  tlvo 
.saiall,  promiuiMit,  oonioal,  obtuso  bony  tuboroh^H  in  a>  row  ab«)v<>i  tlio  op. 
orok»,  t'ontinuouM  with  tho  diroo.tion  of  tlH^  hit«'ral  lino,  which  is  wlraij'lit, 
without  aooossory  dorsnl  brauoh;  tuboioUi  abov(M)j)orolo  hirjfost.  Hoid<\s 
HUiall,  oyoh)id  in  all  spooinuMis  oxaininod.  Anal  .spin(^  pr(>s<Mit.  lload 
3fj;  depth  2.  I).  (18;  A.  50;  liat.  1.  78.  Coa^sts  of  Alaska  and  Kani- 
t-sohatka. 

(riillits,  Zoojir.  RoHs.-AHint,  iii.  ^Vl'^,  IHtl:  I'nrophviiH  qnndritHhvrc.HlniHit  CiWwWwv,  iv, 
4."i<i:  Hrun,  rro(>.  (T.  S.  Xal.  Mum.  1S81,  211:  VlvuronvvUs  palhm  Hlniniiuehnor,  IclHli. 
l«iMtriif>«'.  viii,  •^.^.  IHT'.I.) 

I400.  I».  tflMlMT  (.Sl.iivr)  (iill. 

(irayish  brown,  uiottlod  with  dark«>r  brown;  tins  with  blackish  spots. 
Ilody  obhtujj,  ovato.  Eyos  ratlu>r  small,  soparatod  by  a  nakc^l  olovatod 
ridjyo.  .laws  somotimosoi'.oh  with  twodistiuot  rows  of  tooth;  thointor- 
ru|)to«l  outor  sorios  of  truncato,  oloso-sot,  thi(!kish  incisor-lik»^  tootli, 
which  aw  somotimos  movablo;  tho  inner  row  of  similar  tooth  nioro 
witloly  sot  and  rathor  distant  from  tln^  outor  row  (and  often  or  {ronorally 
wautino);  about  20  tooth  in  outor  row  In  lower  Jaw;  \'v^\\t  side  of  bolii 
jawa  toothless;  intororbital  ridjje  continuous  with  a  broad,  iiakod, 
smoothish,  tuborcnloso  rid}<o,  which  Joins  the  lateral  line.  Scales  smsiil, 
distant,  non-ind)ricato,  smooth  in  tho  fenuile  and  moro  or  loss  ctenoid  ia 
the  male;  those  on  blind  side  smaller.  Fins  nu)derate,  somewhat  scaly; 
anterior  rays  of  dorsal  low;  pectoral  a  little  moro  than  half  h(>ad;  bases 
of  vertieal  tins  not  tuboreuhvte.   Anal  spine  present.   Lower  pharyngeals 


113.    riiKTinONKCTID;K — flT-YPTOrKrtlAIJrS. 


8.".7 


Bcpnnito,  brojul,  wiHi  roaiHii  ivi^ih.     Iloiul  .'4;  dcpMi  L'.     I).  55;  A.  tO^ 
J/iii.  I.  70  (pon^H).     \j.  10  iiicJicH.    Atlii.iili<',  coiiHt;  cliiclly  innMiwanl. 

(I'MvHna  yUihr'%  Htorcr,  rioc.  Il«mt.  Hoc  Niii.  Hint.,  i,  IHO,  lH4:i,  luiil  riHli.  Mhim.  'M\, 
pi,  :il,  f.  I :  I'Uii'hnUtroiim  }iu(nami  (illl,  I'nm.  Anul.  Nut..  Hrl.  riiilii.  iMfil,  i.",W-innlc ; 
ll.im,  I'nii'.  ir.  H.  Nut.  R3n».  1H7H,  ;J47:  lAtqiHMa  f/luhra  (Jill,  I'loc.  A«!ImI.  Nat.  Hfi. 
i'iiila.  IH(14,  «I7.) 


ri1>l.  IMrliMlitlln  Pall 


aH. 


Dark  brown,  Mni  niiHHp(»t<t<^(l.  1'  )rin  of  I'.fflahcr.  A  roii^lieiicd  ri<|;;e 
iibovji  llio  «',li('(ikH  and  oprrrlow  on  Um^  «'.y«nl  Ni«l(\  l'>yi'.s  M«ipiinit<Ml  by  a 
iiiii't'ow  HniooUi  bony  riilf;<%  HciilcH  minute,  itnlu'ildcd,  non  imbricate., 
clenoid  in  tlio  nnihvs,  Htnoolli  in  tlie  femaJcH;  H<;ale>«  on  blind  Hi(b>  Him- 
iliir,  IciHH  developed;  NealeH  of  Ia(«^ni.l  line  a  Utile  laif^er.  TeeMi  eol- 
ored,  hieiHor  like,  t'ormin^  a.n  even  ed^e,  moHtly  on  blind  Hide.  An 
iiiiiil  Npiiie;  peetorids  Hliort.  IJuad  L;  depth  12^.  1).  o(>;  A.  42.  AlanUu 
t()  Xortliern  Hibetia.. 

(I'allaN,  IMii,  111,  App.  70(1;  PallaH,  Zoo^r.  Hohh,  Afilatu  Hi,  424:  I'lmronirttm  (ilntinllH 
HicliiiMlHon,  l''iinnn,  IWir.-Amcr.  KIhIi.  vr»H;  Mraii,  Pror.  II.  H,  Nat.  Miih.  |hH|,  i»4l :  f'hn- 
ronirl>'n  vlvalririiHUH  PallaH,  /(lo^r.  KoHN.-AHiat..  Hi,  4'J4  ( ,/ ,  1).  5!>;  A, 'M):  t'lrnronuilm 
fmnkUid  (Hliitlior,  iv,  44^,  mvi  (9,1).  50;  A.  :»7). 

ijg.  Si'iih'H  well  iinlMiraiod,  ntnmKl.V  <'toiioi(l;   lower  pllaryll^^!alH  narrow,  with  touio 
tooth.     {I'miuiUiplviiriniiuUcH  Hlfokor.*) 

tW*2.  I*.  llllK'rIcllllllN  WnWmutn—iyintn'JIoiinUrr;  Miiddah. 

Miirk  riiNty  brown,  M[>otted  or  nearly  plain;  yonti^  olive,  brown,  nioro 
or  le.sH  spotted  and  bloteluul  with  red<liMh.  l>ody  elliptieal,  an  tni^le 
;ii)(>V(M\V(^  Head  eovcM-e*!  abov<'  with  imbric^aied,  Htron|.jly  ctenoid  HcalcH 
similar  to  thoNe  on  the  body;  blind  side  of  lu^ttd  nearly  naked;  iider- 
orltital  N|>iic,e  rather  broa<l,  Htron/^Iy  convex,  it.s  width  Inilf  eye;  tho 
spiMte  (Mdirely  Hcaled;  teeth  <  nnpr«'Hsed,  inciHorlik<^,  a.nd  widened  to- 
wiirdH  tipw,  eloH(!-Met,  Ibrtnin^  a  conlinnon.s  ciittintf  <'dK<';  Nome  of  teetli 
ol'lcn  einarj;iinite>,  HometitneH  moviihle;  ri^lit  .side  of  Ixjth  jaw.H  tooth- 
less. lli;;liest  donsal  ntys  Icks  tlutn  l(Mi({th  of  pe<;t<)tiiiH,  tmd  mon;  than 
half  h^n^th  of  In'ad;  aiuil  Hpine  ])res(Mit.  Mead  4  in  length;  depth  L'^, 
I).  (15;  A.  48;  Lat.  I.  H,'i.     ('oiiHtofNew  York,  northward;  abundant. 

(Wiiiliaiini,  Art.«'(li,  Piw,.  I7'.>2,  li:t;  (Jlliillnir  iv,  4'tl{:  I'laU.ma  plana  Htorer,  Fi.sli. 
MiiMH.  37;j.) 

<|.11>.-»I.VI*TOCI^I*ll>il.lIN  (i<»ttHc.ho. 

((iottHc!i«>,  Wicfrtiianii'H  Arc  hi  v.   IKl,';,  l.^ifi;    typo  (HyplowphaluH  mxicola  GottHcho  .= 
rteuvunvcIcK  cyiioj/liiMHUH  L.) 

Kyes  jind  color  on  tlio  riffht  Hide.  IJody  extremely  elonj^jate,  more 
tliiin  twice  aw  lon^  as  deep;  nuudi  compnvsse^l.     Head  very  huuiII  and 


{tl>i 


HU-eker,  CoiiitoH  KoikIiih.  Arad.  8ci.  Amnt.  xiil,  liU'tZ:  tyita  J'latrma  plana  Htovct. 
.C6oi,  falho;  irActyj6»'j/^r;/?,  I'leuronectes.) 


tti^  ^,! 

■: 

HK^<^ 

. 

^Hb^  ^ 

t.  ' 

^^Bv'4^ 

.^ 

^^^^s 

"K.   ,1 

*  f> 

■'"1 

*}  \ 

i 

^      ta 

i. 

fl^Kn*^  ' 

.  -i 

Hy ,'', 

'^\ 

j^BS 'f 

'i^ 

i^B^  >' 

'   ? 

w. 


*ji 


^fj 


838      CONTUinUTIONS   to   NOUTll   AMEUICAN    ICllTllYOLOaV — IV. 

ahort;  ItH  blind  nido  wlHi  mmiy  oxciivatloiiH  niul  inucons  cuviticM  in  (|ir 
sknll,  nuindiblo,  and  luooporido.  Montli  vor.y  snmll ;  iootli  ui<)doiiili> 
incJHOi' liko,  broad,  cqniil,  cIoscNot,  in  \i  Nin^lo  wrii'iH;  no  t('«Mli  on 
vonu'r  or  pidatinos.  OillnilituH  Hliort,  w«Mili.  Lowor  plmrynjicalfs  niir 
row,  witli  one  or  two  rowH  of  conical  tcctli.  Lateral  line  nciirly 
Ntraigid,  siniplo;  Hcahss  vcryHniall,  Hniootli;  dorsal  and  anal  very  lon^r 
thoro  \mujf  more  than  UO  rayn  in  ilio  dorsal  and  nior«^  lliaii  HO  in  the 
anal;  candal  Hn  roniulcd;  anal  s|»inc  jncscnt.  Vertebra)  in  increased 
number.    JSorthurn  ueaM.    (jAurrOc,  Hculpturc«l ;  zjy«A)j,  head.) 

1903.  CJ.  cyiioifloswusC'laa.)  Gill.— (7m///-/foH »«/»•»-. 

Grayish  brown;  membranes  of  the  Ibis  with  dark  spots;  pecloral  of 
the  coh)red  side  dark,  about  half  as  hmjj  as  the  lutad.  Upper  Jaw  wilh 
about  ;U)  teeth;  eyes  large,  separate*!  by  a.  narrow,  scaly  ridges;  opt^r<'l(( 
a<buite  to  shoulder  girtlle  for  a  short  distaiu'e  only.  INu'torals  v(>iy 
short,  not  falcate,  that  of  right  side  about  half  length  of  h(>ad.  Head 
5  in  length;  dei)th  Ujf.  1).  105  (101  to  ll'J);  A.  1)5  (87  to  00).  bat.  I. 
1U5.  North  Atlantic,  on  both  sides;  ubun<hint  in  deep  water  .ortli 
waitl. 

(I'lt'in(>ncct<>!>  cjiniufhuisiis  \,'nu\,  SyH).  Nut.  i,  yW,  175H:  (UmttoirphaltiH  avadiniiHH  iiWl, 
Pii»o.  Aciid.  Nat.  Sfi.  I'liilii.  IH7U,  'MM:  riviiroiitu^tcM  ('hiioi/Iokhidi  {iiinlhcr,  iv,  Hi);  /'/(k- 
rotivt'ti'n  vIoHijiiluM  (Mlntlior,  Iv,  450:  Collott,  NorsUo  Noid-lIiiVH.  lOxp.  2(KK) 

Iftllf .  U.  Xtl4*lltil'IIN  liOckiiiKton. 

ITniform  brownish,  tins  darker;  blind  side  everywhere  dusted  with 
dark  points.  Ibniy  elongate;  snout  very  bbiut;  interorbital  space  a 
very  narrow,  scaly  rulge;  nionth  somewhat  twisted  toward  the  l>Iiii(l 
vside;  teeth  o«i  both  sides  of  jaws,  broad  and  com[>resse.d,  in  a  siii;;I(i 
WW,  forming  a  blunt,  «'ontinuous  (nlgc;  about  .'M  in  the  lower  Jaw. 
Eyes  very  large,  3s  in  head.  0|)ercle  nearly  free  from  shoulder  ;>irdl('. 
Pectoral  of  the  eolon'<l  side  falcate,  longer  than  the  head,  more  than 
t.wice  as  long  as  the  pectoral  of  the  l)lind  side.  Body  not  slimy.  Head 
i}]  depth  a.  1).  5)4  to  lOlJ;  A.  70  to  80;  Lat.  I.  I'M.  L.  15  inches.  Coast 
of  California;  in  deep  water. 
(Lockiuglon,  Proc.  II.  S.  Nat.  Muh.  1871),  88.) 


460.— €YNICO«JI^OSSlJS  noiiaparto.  " 
(ilfjcnw/omiM  (Jotitscho,  prcoccnpiod  by  MicroHtoma:  nrachyproHoiMH  Ulcck*"!.) 

(Bonapai<o,  rauiia  Italioa,  18;J7,  faso.  xix;  typo  Vleitronrcte»  mic^•OHtomu^^  Don.) 

This  genus  agrees  with  Olyptoccphalm  in  the  elongate  body,  lon^j 
lius,  and  numerous  vertebnc,  difl'ering  in  the  absence  of  the  cavernous 


mi  isJ 


1 13.    rLKlTRONKCTFPiV- — KTROI'lIS. 


839 


Htnicturo  of  t\ni  lioiwl.     Aiiul  Hpinc  obHoUttu.     (xmvui/;,  dog  hkr;  y'^ihiraay 

lilOA*  4i>.  puclflcun  liOckitiKion. 

Olivo  brown,  with  (linker  blotrJicH;  fhiH  blackish;  blind  MJd<>  more  or 
IrsH  dii.sky.  Ilody  (>longitt<^,  i^lliptirul ;  Nnont  nof.  blunt;  infrrorbital 
Hpiuio  a  narrow,  .s(ialy  ridgi^;  oyj^n  larjfc,  .'{  in  IhmuI;  month  vory  Hniall; 
t«><>lh  liirgci  ujmI  v(^ry  broad,  forming''  acontinn<MiH  cutting  (>dg(Mni  blind 
Hidn  only  of  (>acJi  jaw;  about  l()  tei^th  in  lowttr  Jaw.  ()pcn;h^  abovtt  itis 
iniglo  wholly  adnato  to  Hhoidd<M'  girdl(\  Dorsal  and  anal  Hiih  low. 
l'(M;toral  fbiH  niod<irat<«,  that  of  tln^  colored  Hide  a  liltlo  th<!  longitr, 
iiboiit  two  thinlH  liMigth  of  IkmwI;  vcMitralH  very  Hniall.  iJody  <'xc,eM- 
sively  Hliniy  in  life.  IIea«l  IjJ;  depth  \\\.  J).  102;  A.  85;  F.at.  1.  140. 
]i.  12  ineliOM.    Alaska  to  Mont/onw;  abnndant  in  d(Htp  water. 

((ihiptoci'iilittliiH  piKiJIfKH  liOckiiiKton,  Hcioiilillr.  I'niHHHiiinil.  i, '^1,  April,  IWO;  Oljipln- 
cfl>haluH imvijU)HH  i^wMn\^Ut\\,  I'roc.  U.  H.  Nat..  Mtm.  lH7i).) 

46 1 .-KTItOPUS  J«.nl(iri  A.  (llllMrt. 

(Jordan  A.  Gllbort,  Proo.  IT.  H.  Nat.  MtiH.  18HI,  'M\:  iypo  /ilropim  crnnnnliiH  J.  A  (1.) 

lOyeH  and  <;olor  on  the  h^ft  side.  Hody  regidarly  oval,  deep  and 
C()ni|>ressed.  Head  Mniall;  niontli  very  Htnall,  the  teeth  <tlose  set,  Hle.n- 
(|<-r  and  pointed,  Noniewhat  inenrved,  inoHtly  on  the  blind  side;  no  teetli 
oil  vomer.  I'iye.s  small,  Heparatc.d  by  a  narrow,  Hctah'less  ridge;  margin 
of  pn^opeic.U^  free.  VentralH  free  from  anal,  that  of  <'.olored  side  in- 
Hci'ted  on  ridgeof  abdomen,  its  baH(>,  rather  long.  Dorsal  (in  beginning 
iihovuuye;  caudal  double  truncate;  anal  without  Hpim;.  Hitales  thin, 
ii(M'iduonH,  ctenoid  on  left  hU\v,  cy<'loi<l  on  l)lind  side.  Lateral  lino 
Hiiiiple,  iK^arly  straight.  Hi/(^  small.  This  genus  is  appan^ntly  alli<Ml 
to  (!illi((ri<;litlii/}<^  altho'igh  the  mouth  iH  very  small,  {trfjou,  aixloim-.n; 
nohi;,  foot;  in  allusion  t(»  the  iuHi^-tion  of  the  vontrals.) 

ittfto.  i:.  croMMotiiM  J.  Si.  a. 

Light  brown,  with  some  darker  blotches;  Hns  mottled  and  spott^'d. 
Teeth  in  lower  jaw  on  both  sides,  in  upper  on  blind  side  only.  JOycM 
liirg<^,  separated  by  a  narrow  scaleh^ss  ridge,  whij'h  extends  abovf?  the 
opcnsle;  edge  of  preop<M«'le  and  esi»<^cially  of  o[»(a'cle  on  blind  siclc 
friiigiul  with  white  cilia,  (laudal  one  tbnrth  longer  than  head;  pectoral 
of  left  sidit  three-tlfths  head;  ventral  of  blind  side  longest,  inNert(>d  in 
iulvance  of  the  other,  llitad  4  J ;  depth  3.  I).  80;  A.  01 ;  V.  0;  Lat.  1.  OS. 
L.  5  inches.  (Joast  of  Louisiana  and  Texas  to  Mazatlan  and  Panama; 
locally  abundant. 
(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1881,  364;  1882,  — .) 


I  :•-':;  3 


%. 


>  1      '  Hi  . 

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840      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — ^IV. 

463.— T11¥RIS  Uuode. 
(Goodo,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  344:  type  Thyris pdlucldu8  Goode.) 

Body  elongate,  soft,  and  translucent.  Head  very  short ;  mouth  small 
toothless.  Eyes  sinistral,  close  toj»ether,  the  lower  slightly  advanced. 
Pectorals  of  blind  side  smallest ;  ventrals  crowded  together  on  luediau 
keel  of  body,  their  bases  i)rolonged  on  this  keel.  Kays  sim[)le;  dorsal 
begiiuiing  on  the  snont;  caudal  subsessile,  almost  continent  with  dorsal 
and  anal.  Scales  very  thin,  easily  detached,  probably  cycloid.  Lateral 
line  well  marked,  straight.  One  species  known,  from  deep  water. 
{Oupi^,  window,  from  the  translucent  body.) 

1907.  T.  pelliicidiis  Goodo. 

Ooh)rless,  translucent;  three  conspicuous  dusky  longitudinal  lines  on 
left  side,  the  middle  one  faintest.  Two  streaks  on  right  side;  eyes 
black.  Body  thin,  ])ellucid,  divided  into  three  longitudinal  tracts  by 
dei)ressions  at  the  bases  of  the  rows  of  interspinous  processes.  Scales 
small,  thin,  caducous.  Head  very  small;  eyes  small,  protruding,  Micir 
diameter  ecpial  to  the  interorbital  space  ami  half  the  length  of  the 
snout;  nu)uth  small,  formed  as  in  the  soles,  the  upper  jaw  soiuewhiit 
hook-shaped.  Dorsal  fin  beginning  in  advance  of  the  eye,  of  long, 
flexible,  simple,  rays,  the  tips  of  which  are  much  exserted.  rectorals 
inserted  far  below  lateral  line,  that  on  blind  ^ide  as  long  as  (U'bit,  the 
other  as  long  as  snout;  ventrals  reaching  i)a8t  front  of  anal.  Head  5; 
depth  3.  1).  100;  A.  80;  P.  12  (left),  4  (right).  L.  3  inches.  {Goodc.) 
Gulf  Stream,  oil"  the  coast  of  Khode  Ishind.  Perhai)s  a  larva  of  some 
species  of  which  the  mature  form  is  as  yet  unknown. 

(Goodo,  Pioo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  :I44.) 

463.— inOWOLEME  Goodo. 
(Goodo,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  338:  t.vpo  Mwwlene acamUcamla  Goode.)  ;m 

Body  thin,  elongate;  eyes  on  the  left  side,  very  close  together,  near 
the  i)rofile;  mouth  moderate,  the  length  of  the  nuixillary  less  than  one- 
third  that  of  the  head;  teeth  minute,  in  a  single  series,  nearly  equal  on 
both  sides;  no  teeth  on  vomcu*  or  i)alatines.  Scales  rather  large,  tenoid 
on  colored  side,  cycloid  on  blind  side.  Lateral  line  well-marked,  lliat 
of  colored  side  strongly  and  ang-.ilarly  curved  anteriorly;  that  of  blind 
side  nearly  straight.  Pectoral  of  blind  side  wholly  absent;  dorsal 
beginning  on  the  snout,  its  rays  all  simple.  Caudal  tin  sessile,  almost 
confluent  with  dorsal  and  anal.  Ventral  fins  normal.  Gill-r,iker.s  few, 
feeble.    Vertebra}  43.    Deep-sea  flshes.    (//ow>?,  single;  wA6ij,  aim.) 


119.   PLEUBONECTIDiE — ACHIRUS. 


841 


129§*  M,  sessilicauda  Gonde. 

Ashy  brown,  with  (hirker  brown  spots;  blind  si<lc  white;  pectoral 
blackish,  with  traces  of  darker  transverse  bands.  Body  thin,  its  thick- 
ness not  i^reater  than  the  diameter  of  the  eye ;  depth  7^  times  the  diame- 
ter of  the  eye;  head  everywhere  closely  thatched  with  scales  even  to 
the  edges  of  the  lips.  Vertical  fins  mostly  scaly.  Lateral  lino  on  left 
8id(5  arched,  its  direction  pecnliar,  the  curve  having  two  angles;  lateral 
lino  on  blind  side  nearly  straight.  Dorsal  beginning  on  the  snout, 
highest  posteriori^',  its  longest  rays  half  the  head;  anal  beginning  close 
to  the  vent.  Caudal  rounded.  Pectoral  three-fourths  lengtli  of  head. 
Ventrals  on  the  median  line,  equal.  Head  5;  depth  2§.  D.  1)0  to  103; 
A.  70  to  84;  scales  2.*{-02-25,  20  in  the  anterior  curve.  L.  0  inches. 
Gulf  Stream,  off  Newport,  Rhode  Island.    {Ooode.) 

(Goodo,  rroc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua,  1880,  :i:iH.) 

'164.-ACIIBRIJS  Lae<^i)(Jilo. 

Soles. 

(Laci^pfcdo,  TTiHt.  Nat.  dcs  Poisa.  iv,  059,  1802:  typo  Pleuronectes  achirus  h.  ^^  dchirus 
faHciatuH  hue.  =^  l'l<;iiroii(;etc-8  Untatus  L.) 

Eyes  and  color  on  the  right  side.  Body  oblong,  bluntly  roun<led 
anteriorly.  Head  small ;  eyes  small,  close  together,  the  upi)er  eye  in 
advance  of  the  lower;  mouth  small,  somewhat  turned  toward  the  colored 
side;  nasal  flai)s  present,  the  nostril  of  the  blind  side  fringed;  lip  of  the 
colored  side  fringed;  teeth  very  small,  on  blind  side  only ;  gill  openings 
jiarrow;  the  branchiostegal  region  scaled.  liead  closely  scaled  every- 
where, the  scales  on  the  colored  side  similar  to  those  on  the  body,  those 
of  the  nape  and  chin  much  eidarged;  scales  on  the  l)lind  side  anteriorly, 
have  their  pectinations  more  or  less  produced,  forming  cirri ;  scales  of 
both  sides  extremely  rough,  extending  on  the  tins.  Lateral  line  straight, 
simple;  edge  of  preoperde  covered  by  the  scales.  Dorsal  beginning 
on  the  snout,  low  in  front  and  thickly  scaled,  its  rays  divided;  anal  tin 
shnilar,  without  spine;  caudal  flu  free,  convex;  caudal  peduncle  very 
short  and  deep;  pectoral  flu  of  left  side  wanting,  that  of  right  sido 
small  or  obsolete;  ventral  rays  3  or  4,  the  ventral  flu  of  tlu5  colored  side 
long,  connected  with  the  anal  by  a  membrane,  {ux^if,  without  hands; 
L  e.,  without  pectoral  fins.) 
a.  Pectoral  fins  botli  obsolete.     (Achirua.) 

1300.  A.  lincutiis  (L.)  Cnv. 

Olive  brown,  usually  with  about  G  narrow  vertical  black  cross-lines 
usually  not  broader  than  x)upil  and  with  numerous  black  spots  and 


*.  .••■■,; 


'r"a( 


\ 


842      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

cIoiuIh;  fliiH  with  dark  spots,  some  of  which  form  hars  parallel  with  tlio 
rays;  left  sido  white,  usually  more  or  less  mottled,  sonietinieH  banvd. 
Form  oval,  the  outliues  regular.  Eyes  small,  8eparat«!d  by  a  llattisli 
space  witler  than  eye.  Acoucealed  spine  in  front  of  upper  eye.  Scjalcs 
on  na])e  and  chin  3  or  4  times  size  of  others.  Fins  moderate,  scaly  on 
both  sides;  caudal  about  as  long  as  head.  Head  3^;  depth  I'g'.  I). 
55;  A.  41;  V.  4;  Lat.  1.  75.  L.  0  inches.  Atlantic  coast,  connnon  from 
Cape  Cod  soutinvard;  ascending  rivers. 

{Plevroim'Ua  aahirun  }j.  Synt.  Nat.  «m1.  10,  i,  2(58:  Plcuroneetes  linmtuH  L.  Synt.  Niit. 
ed.  12,  i,  45^:  AohiruH  moUia  Stor«r,  Fish.  Muss.  400:  Solea  avhirun  Giiuther,  iv,  47tJ,) 

Siibsp.  browni  (Oflir.)  J.  &  G, 

Cross-bands  broader,  as  broad  as  eye;  left  side  immaculate.    Gulf  of 
Mexico  aiul  southward. 

{Solta  browm  GUiithcr,  iv,  477.) 

403.— APIIORISTIA  Kanp. 

(Kaiip,  Wiojjniann's  ArcUiv.  IB.'jS,  IOH;  typo  Archirua  ornatna  Lnc^pMe.) 

Eyes  and  color  on  the  Lift  side.  Body  elongate,  lanceolate  in  out- 
line, rounded  forward,  tapering  to  a  point  behind,  strongly  compressed. 
Mouth  small,  unsymmetrical,  twisted  toward  the  colored  side;  teeth 
small;  eyes  very,  small,  close  together;  snout  short,  not  produced, 
with  a  hook ;  lips  conspicuous,  not  evidently  fringed ;  one  nostril  pres- 
ent, with  a  slight  barbel, .just  before  lower  eye.  Scales  ctenoid,  of  mod- 
erate size,  covering  the  whole  body  nearly  uniforudy;  edge  of  preop- 
ercle  covered  by  the  scales;  no  lateral  line  on  either  side.  Dorsal  liii 
low,  beginning  just  behind  the  snout,  confluent  with  the  anal  around 
the  tail;  pectoral  tins  obsolete;  ventral  flu  of  colored  side  only  pres- 
ent, not  continuous  with  the  anal.  Gill-openings  very  narrow.  Warm 
seas.    {d<pofna,  a  dearth;  f(TT«c,  a  limb.) 

1300.  A.  atricauda  .Tor.  &  Gilb. 

Olivaceous,  with  very  distinct  dark  streaks  along  the  rows  of  scales, 
and  with  numerous  vertical  half-bars;  those  above  lateral  line  alter- 
nating with  thos«»  below,  anteriorly,  nearly  meeting  them  behind;  ver- 
tical fins  black  posteriorly.  Body  oblong-lanceolate,  comparatively 
slender,  not  very  blunt  anteriorly.  MoutL  reaching  to  opposite  the 
eye;  lips  large;  teeth  small,  present  on  both  sides.  Scales  small,  unieh 
smaller  on  the  head;  those  on  blind  side  similar.  Dorsal  beginning  on 
the  head;  ventral  well  separated  from  anal.  Hea».  6^;  depth  3 J.  D. 
100;  A.  80;  Lat.  1.  105.    L.  6  inches.    San  Diego,  CaU 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  23.) 


PEDIt'ULATI. 


843 


'I 


1301.  A.  pluKiuHU  (L.)  J.  &  O. 

Dark  brown,  with  nix  or  seven  obHcnro  darker  crosK-bandH,  and 
DUin<u'otis  dark  Hpeeks  and  niottlin^.s,  forinin^j;  indistinct  Htripes;  i\un 
all  H|M!ekled,  the  caudal  not  darker  than  the  other  fins.  Teieth  very 
small,  i)re8ent  on  both  sides  of  tlu^jaw;  eyes  very  small,  ch^se  to;;etlier, 
tiie  upper  in  advance;,  the  lower  just  above  an^le  of  month.  Ventral 
till  moderately  devejojjed,  barely  r^>achin|>:  anal,  to  which  it  is  connected 
by  a  low  membrane.  Head  5;  <lepth  '.i\.  I).  05;  A.  HO;  liat.  1.  0;{. 
South  Atlantic  and  Gtilf  coast  to  the  West  Indies;  abundant  in  sandy 
bays. 

(I'hiurnnecteH  plaffiuHa  J  Awn.  Rv«t.  Nat.:  I'laflwiia  plafiiima  CAW,  Cat,  FIhIj.  E.  cowt, 
794:  AvhiriM  oriialuH  Lac.  iv,  051):  AphurtHlM  uniala  Gtlu'.  iv,  4*JU.) 

Order  V.-PEDICULATI. 

{The  rediculatc  FiHheit.) 

Carpal  bones  notably  elonjiate,  forminj?  a  sort  of  arm,  which  sup- 
ports the  broad  ])e(5torals.  trill-openings  r»Mlu(!ed  to  a  larjjci  or  small 
foramen,  situated  in  or  near  the  axils,  more  or  less  posterior  to  the 
pectorals.  No  scales.  Ventral  fins  juj^ular,  if  present;  first  vertebra? 
united  to  the  cranium  by  a  suture;  epiotics  united  behind  sui)raocci- 
l)itid;  elon};ate  basal  p<;ctoral  radii  reduced  in  inimber;  no  intcaclavi- 
des;  posttemporal  broad,  Hat,  simple;  superior  pharynj^eals  two,  sim- 
ilar, sjiatulate,  with  anterior  stem  and  transverse  blade;  basis  of 
iianium  simple.  No  air-duct  to  the  swim-bladder.  Anterior  dorsal 
reduced  to  a  few  tentacle-like,  mostly  isolated,  sjiines.  This  jjrou]*  is 
considered  as  a  modified  ollshoot  from  Batrachoid  or  BUmnioid  forms. 
(Latin  pediculutufi,  ])rovided  with  a  little  foot  or  i)eduncle,  in  allusiou 
to  the  peculiar  pectoral  fins.) 

(iVdic«/n<iGliuther,  iii,  17e-20r).) 

ANALYSIS  OK  FAMILIES  OF  PEDICULATI. 

a.  Gill-ojM'niiiKH  in  oi  >i(tliiiul  tlio  lower  axilnof  tlio  pectorulH;  mouth  largo,  terminal. 
h.  PHUudobranchiii)  preHout;   pHeiulobrachiu  with  two  actiuosth;    head   broad,  de- 

pre.sse(l LoiMlilD/K,  124. 

l»6.  PHeudobranchiai  none  ;  pHendobrachia  with  three  actinostH. 
V.  Ventral  lins  doveloi[jed ;  pectoral  members  j;eiiiculated,  with  elongate  pHom'u 

brachia   ^NTiONNAitiiOyi:,  125  (» 

CO.  Ventral    fins  obsolete;    pectoral    members   not    geui«;iilate,   with  moderate 

pseudobrachia CERATiiDiE,  125  (b). 

aa.  Uill-openiugs  iu  or  behind  the  upper  axils;  mouth  small,  usually  interior. 

Maltueiu.^,  12C. 


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844    contributions  to  north  american  ichthyology — iv. 

Family  CXXIV.— LOPHIID^. 

{The  Fishing  Frogs.) 

Head  wide,  depressed,  very  large.  Body  contracted,  conical,  tai)er- 
ing  rapidly  backward  from  the  shoulders.  Mouth  exceedingly  larfjc, 
terminal,  opening  into  an  enormous  stomach;  upper  jaw  inotnutihv 
maxillary  without  supplementary  bone;  lower  jaw  projecting;  both  jaws 
Avith  very  strong,  unequal,  cardiform  teeth,  some  of  the  teeth  canine- 
like,  most  of  them  depressible;  vomer  and  palatines  usually  with  strong 
teeth.  Gill-openings  comparatively  large,  in  the  lower  axil  of  the  pecto- 
rals. Pseudobranchia3  present.  Gill-rakers  none.  Skin  mostly  smooth, 
naked,  with  nuiny  dermal  flaps  about  the  head.  Spinous  dorsal  of  three 
isolated,  tentacle-like  spines  on  the  head,  and  three  smaller  ones  behind, 
which  form  a  continuous  flu ;  second  dorsal  moderate,  similar  to  the  anal ; 
pectoral  members  scarcely  geniculated,  each  with  two  actinosts  and  with 
elongate  pseudobrachia;  ventrals  jugular,  I,  5,  widely  sei)arated.  Py. 
lori(!  cojca  present.  A  single  genus,  with  three  or  more  species,  living 
on  sea-bottoms;  remarkable  for  their  great  voracity. 

(Pediculati  part,  geuus  Lophiua  GUather,  iii,  178-182.) 


406. -liOPHIIJS  LinniEus. 
Fishing  Frogs. 

(Artedi;  Linnffiiis,  Syat.  Nat.  1758:  ty^ie  Lophiua 2naeatoriuii  1j.) 

Characters  of  the  geuus  incltded  abo\'C;.  {Lojthius,  the  ancient  name 
of  L.  imcatorius^  Irom  /«f  o?,  a  crest.) 

1309.  Ij.  pascatorius. — Fiahing-frog ;  Monlc-fiah;  Gooac-fah;  All-mouth;  Bellows- 
Jiah ;  Angler. 

Brownish,  mottled,  below  white;  mouth  behind  the  hyoid  bone  im- 
maculate; pectorals  and  caudal  black  at  tip ;  peritoneum  black.  Body 
depressed,  tapering,  scarcely  longer  than  head.  Humeral  spine  with 
three  points,  of  which  the  posterior  is  the  longest.  Head  surronndod 
with  a  fringe  of  barbels;  top  of  head,  in  young,  with  many  strong- 
spines.  Anterior  dorsal  spine  elongate,  fleshy  at  tip.  D.  I-I-I,  HI — 
10;  A.  9.  L.  3  feet.  North  Atlantic,  on  both  coasts;  generally  com- 
mon, from  North  Carolina  northward.  A  fish  of  singular  uglmess  of 
appearance. 

m 

(Lian.  Syat.  Nat.;  GUntTier,  iii,  179:  Lophiua  americanua  Cuv.  &  Val.  xii,  380.) 


125  (a).    ANTENNARIID^ ANTENNARIUS. 


845 


Family  CXXV  (a).— ANTENNARIID^. 

{The  Frog-fishen.) 

TIead  and  body  more  or  less  compressed.  Mouth  vortical  or  very 
oblique;  lower  jaw  prqjectinjjf;  jaws  with  cardifonu  teeth;  ju'eiiiaxilla- 
rics  protractile.  Gill-openings  small,  pore-like,  in  or  behind  the  lower 
axils  of  the  pectorals.  No  pseudobranchije.  Skin  naked,  smooth,  or 
prickly.  Pectoral  members  forming  an  elbow-like  angle.  Pseudo- 
Itrachia  long,  with  three  actinosts.  Ventral  fins  present,  jugular,  near 
together.  Spinous  dorsal  of  one  to  three  separated,  tentacle-like  spines ; 
soft  dorsal  long,  larger  than  anal.  Pyloric  (iojca  none.  Genera  al)out  5; 
species  nearly  40.  Inhabitants  of  tropical  seas,  "living  on  Uoating  sea- 
weed, and  enabled,  by  filling  the  capacious  stomach  with  air,  to  sustain 
themselves  on  the  surface  of  the  water" ;  therefore,  widely  dispersed 
by  currents  in  the  sea. 

(I'ediculati  pt.  Guuther,  iii,  182-200.) 

a.  Head  compressed;  a  rostral  spine  or  tentacle,  followed  by  two  larger  spines;  pala- 
tine teeth  developed. 

/(.  Dorsal  spines  disconnected Antennarius,  467. 

aa.  Head  cuboid ;  a  sinj^le  rostral  spine  or  tentacle;  soft  dorsal  low.  ..Chaunax,  408. 

46Y.— AIVTEJKNARIIJS  Lacdpede. 

(Chironcctea  Cuv.) 

(Commerson;   Lac<i[)ede,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  i,  421,  1793:    typo  Antennariua  chironectca 
Conunerson.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  very  deep  through  the  occipital  region, 
tapering  behind;  breast  tumid.  Mouth  rather  large,  more  or  less 
oblique,  or  even  vertical ;  cardiform  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  pala- 
tines. Eye  small.  Skin  smooth,  granular  or  spinous,  with  numerous 
fleshy  slips.  First  dorsal  spine  developed  as  a  small  rostral  tentacle; 
second  and  third  dorsal  spines  strong,  covered  with  skin,  with  nu- 
merous fleshy  filaments;  soft  dorsal  high  and  long;  anal  short  and 
deep;  caudal  fin  rounded;  pectoral  fins  moderate,  with  a  more  or  less 
slender  wrist,  at  the  lower  posterior  angle  of  which  are  the  very  small 
gill-openings;  ventral  fins  well  developed.  Fantastic-looking  fishes; 
very  numerous  in  warm  seas.    (Latin  antenna,  a  feeler  or  tentacle.) 

a.  Ventral  fins  long ;  &kin  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  mouth  oblique.    {Ptcrophri/noides*  Gill. ) 

1303.  A.  histl'io  (L.)  J.  &  G.—Mome-fiah;  Toad-fish. 

Yellowish,  marbled  with  brown;  3  dark  bands  radiating  from  eye; 

'  Pkrophrync  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1803,90:  typo  Chironcctea  boufjainvillei 
C.  &  v.;  preoccupied  as  Pterophri/nua:  Phroplininoidca  Gill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
l!i78,  2l(>.  (Ttrsfjov,  wing;  <ppvvr/,  toad;  eidui,  resemblance.)  This  gcuus  is  per- 
Lups  worthy  of  retention. 


1  ^ 


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1^         '1 


1    '.' 


••■■•i 


846       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

vertical  fins  barred  with  brown;  belly  and  sidea  with  small  white 
spots.  Skin  of  head  and  body,  as  well  as  dorsal  tins,  with  fleshy  tags 
which  are  most  numerous  on  the  dorsal  spines  and  abdomen.  Wrist 
slender;  ventrals  large,  nearly  half  as  long  as  head.  Dorsal  and  anjil 
with  the  posterior  rays  not  adnate  to  caudal  peduncle.  Head  L':J; 
depth  IJ.  D.  III-14;  A.  7;  V.  ."5.  Tropical  parts  of  the  Atlantic; 
abundant  on  our  Gulf  coast  and  occasional  northward. 

(LophinH  Imtrio  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10,  2:17:  Chiruiievies  Iwvif/atus  Cxw.  Mom.  Mim. 
iii,  12:J:  Antennariua  marvtoratua  GUiithtT,  iii,  1H5:  I'terophryne  hUtrio  Gill,  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mu8.  1,216,  1878.) 

««.  Ventral  fins  short;  skin  spinous;  mouth  vertical.     (Antennariua.) 

1304.  A.  aiinulatus  Gill. 

Fawn-color,  lighter  below;  many  black  spots  ocellated  with  white 
both  on  the  body  and  flns;  body  with  several  pink  areas,  one  of  which 
forms  a  triangular  saddle  in  front  of  the  dorsal  and  another  a  broad 
ring  around  the  base  of  the  caudal  tin;  angles  of  mouth  with  a  pink 
spot.  Mouth  large,  vertical.  First  dorsal  spine  slender  and  straiglit, 
terminating  in  three  simple  tentacles;  third  dorsal  spine  partly  im- 
bedded in  the  skin ;  wrists  and  pectorals  widened ;  ventrals  short. 
Skin  covered  with  bifld  spines.     {QUI.)    Garden  Key,  Florida. 

(Gill,  Pioe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18G3,  1)2.; 

1305.  A.  pleurophthaflinus  Gill. 

Brown,  marbled  with  lighter,  and  with  scattered  black  dots;  each 
side  with  three  large  black  spots  ocellated  with  brownish;  one  on 
dorsal  near  its  base,  a  second  immediately  below  it  on  the  sides,  and  a 
third  in  the  middle  of  the  caudal  tin ;  mouth  behind  tongue  black,  with 
yellow  lines.  Skin  covered  with  minute  bifurcated  spines.  First  dor- 
sal spine  terminating  in  a  fringed  lobe;  second  spine  longer  than  the 
first,  its  membrane  extending  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  third  spine, 
the  lattep  nearly  free.    {Gill.)    Key  West,  Florida. 

(Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1863,  92.)  .,.         . 

46§.— CHAUNAX  Lowo. 

(Lowe,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  iii,  339,  1846:  type  Chaunax pictus  Lowe.) 

Head  very  large,  depressed,  cuboid.  Mouth  large,  subvertical ;  jaws 
and  palate  with  cardiform  teeth.  Skin  with  minute  spines.  Spinous 
dorsal  reduced  to  a  small  tentacle  above  the  snout;  soft  dorsal  mod- 
erate, low;  anal  short.  Muciferous  channels  conspicuous.  Atlantic. 
(;fayvaf,  one  who  gapes.)  " 


I 


125  (6).    CERATIID.f: — CERATIAS. 


847 


1306.  C.  plctus  Lowe. 

Blight  orange  above;  sides  rosy;  fins  vermilion.  Kostral  tentacle 
short,  pedicellate;  umciferous  cihannels,  appearing  as  chain-like  rows 
of  pits.  Uead  U;  depth  5.^.  D.  I-ll;  A.  5;  P.  11;  V.  4;  C.  7.  Deep 
wa;  taken  at  Madeira  and  off  the  coast  of  Khode  Island. 

(Lowe,  Trans.  Zoiil.  8oc.  Load,  iii,  331),  1346;  Gilnther,  iii,  200;  Goods,  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nut.  MuB.  laaO,  470.) 


■■  '  u  {\ 
.  .-"I"   i 


Family  CXXV  (&).— CERxVTIID/E. 

Head  and  bo<ly  iompressed.  Mouth  terminal,  more  or  less  oblique. 
Gill  openings  small,  in  the  lower  part  of  the  axils.  No  i)seadobrauch;3B. 
Spinous  dorsal  repn'sented  by  one  or  more  tentacles.  Pectoral  mem- 
bers not  geniculated,  with  short  pseudobrachia  and  three  actinosts. 
No  ventral  fins.  Fishes  of  the  oi)eii  seas,  usually  inhabiting  consid- 
erable depths;  about  6  genera  and  7  or  8  species  known.  All  are 
uniform  blackish  in  color. 

(I'ediculati,  geuus  Ceratias,  GUuther,  iii,  205:  Ceratilda;  Gill,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mu8. 
187H,  216.) 

a.  Month  moderate. 
b.  Gill-arches  imanned;  gills  2|  pairs, 
c.  Cleft  of  mouth  nearly  vertical;  skin  prickly. 

d.  Second  dorsal  spine  developed Ceratias,  469. 

dd.  Second  dorsal  spine  obsolete Maxcauas,  470. 

cc.  Cleft  of  mouth  nearly  horizbntal ;  skin  smooth ;  second  dorsal  spine  developed. 

Oniuooes,  471. 

hb.  Gill-arches  armed  with  dentigerons  tnbercles;   gills  in  i  2^  pairs;  skin  with 

scattered  tubercles;  second  dorsal  spine  obsolete Himantoluphus,  472. 

469.— CERATIAS  Kroyer. 

(Kroyer,  Naturhist.  Tidsskrift.  2  raekke,  i,  639, 1844:  type  Ceraiiaa  holboUi  Kroyer.) 

Head  and  body  much  compressed  and  elevated,  covered  with  ])rickly 
skin.  Mouth  wide,  its  cleft  nearly  vertical;  teeth  in  jaws  conic,  mov- 
able, of  moderate  size;  no  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines.  Gills  2 J;  gill- 
arches  unarmed.  Spinous  dorsal  reduced  to  two  spines,  one  on  the 
head,  the  other  on  the  back,  the  basal  element  of  the  second  spine 
exserted ;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  short ;  pectorals  very  short,  broad,  of 
about  20  rays.  Pyloric  coeca  2,  small.  Skeleton  soft,  fibrous.  Green- 
land,   {xspa-iai;,  oiie  that  has  horns.) 

1307.  C.  holbOlli  Krdyer. 

Bhick.  Caudal  fin  very  long,  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  trunk  (ex- 
clusive of  head).    Cephalic  spine  reaching,  when  depressed,  beyond 


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848       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

base  of  caudal;  membrane  behind  dorsal  and  anal  extending  nearly  to 
base  of  caudal.    D.  I,  I,  4;  A.  4;  C.  8;  P.  10.    Greenland. 

(Kriiyer,  Naturb.  Tidsskr.  18J4,  031);  Guuther,  iii,  205.) 

470.— MANC ALIAS  Gill. 

(Gill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  i,  2'27,  1878:  type  Ceratlas  uranoacopus  Murray. 

General  characters  of  Ccratias,  but  with  the  sjunous  dorsal  reduced  to 
a  rostral  spine,  and  two  fleshy  claviform  tubercles  behind  it.     Pectora! 
fins  narrow,  with  about  10  slender  rays.    (Latin  mancus,  defective,  "  v 
a  quasi  diininutive  termination  to  correspond  with  Ceratimsr) 

1  SOS.  M.  urainoscopus  (Murray)  Gill. 

Uniibrm  black.  Antei'ior  spine  of  first  dorsal  produced  in  a  lon<^ 
filament,  ending  in  a  pei>r-shaped  bulb,  terminating  in  a  semi-trans- 
parent whitish  si)ot,  this  spine  originating  on  i)osterior  part  of  head 
and  reaching,  when  depressed,  nearly  to  the  tip  of  tail;  far  behind  this 
are  two  short,  fleshy  tubercjles,  lying  in  a  depression  in  front  of  second 
dorsal.  Teeth  moderate,  depressible.  Skin  everywhere  with  niinnh', 
imbedded  conical  si)iues.  Eyes  very  small,  jilaced  high  on  the  middle 
of  the  head.  J3.  1-3  or  4;  A.  4;  C.  8;  P.  10.  (Murray.)  Deep  seas; 
taken  at  Madeira  and  off  the  coast  of  Southern  New  England. 

{Cctaiim  vranosrotmH  Murray,  iti  Wyville  Thonii)>i'Jii,  The  Atlautic,  ii,  67,  187'^;  Gill, 
1.  c.  228;  Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,409.) 

471.— ONIRODES  Llitkeu. 

(Oncirodes  Tiiltken,  Overs.   Kong,  ranak.  "Videnak.  Selak.  Forlinndl.  1871,  56:  type 
Otuirodcs  each  rich  Hi  LUtkcu.) 

Head  and  body  compressed,  oval,  covered  with  smooth  skin.  IMouth 
moderate,  almost  horizontal;  vomer  with  teeth.  Gill  arches  nnarnu'd; 
gills  in  2.}  pairs.  Spinous  dorsal  represented  by  a  rostral  spir'.e,  tlie 
basal  element  of  which  is  procun^.bent  and  subcutaneous,  and  a  second 
spine  about  midway  between  the  rostral  spine  and  the  soft  dorsal. 
GreeulaQd.  {wstitwSr^q^  dream-like,  in  allusion  to  the  sn»all,  almost 
covered,  eyes.) 

1300.  O.  cschrichti  T.utken. 

Black;    terminal   half  of  the  bulb  of  the  cephalic  sjjine  wliitisli. 

Cephalic  spine  with  a  bulbous  termiuation,  surmounted  by  slender 

filanfjuts,  in  several  transverse  rows.    Caudal  fin  shorter  than  trunU, 

without  head.    D.  11-4.    Deep  sea,  off  Greenland.    [QUI.) 

(Liltken,  Dansk.  "iJensk.  Solsk.  Forb.  1871,  67;  Gill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.  1878, 
218.) 


126.    MALTHIDiE.  849 

4T2.-HIlIAWT01.OPHf IS  Reinhardt. 
*     '  '  {Corynolophua  Gill.)  '  ^;, :  ->^  v 

(Reiuliardt,  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Nat.  1837,  74 :  type  Himantolo^hua  grwnlandious 
Eeinhardt.) 

Body  and  head  oval,  compressed.  Skin  more  or  less  prickly.  Mouth 
moderate,  the  cleft  oblique,  the  joint  of  the  mandible  below  the  eyes. 
Gills  in  ^2|  pairs;  gill-arches  armed  with  dentigerous  tubercles.  Spin- 
ous dorsal  represented  only  by  a  single  long  rostral  spine,  the  basal 
element  of  which  is  procumbent  and  subcutaneous.  Greenland,  (f/xa?, 
a  iliong;  A<>v?«?,  tuft.) 

1310.  H.  g[roenlandicus  Reinh. 

Body  oblong-oval.    Cephalic  ray  i>rovided  with  about  11  tentacles. 
Depth  2;^.    D.  1-9;  P.  12.    Greenland.     {OUl.) 
(lidiiliardt,  1.  c.  74;  Gill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  187S,  218.) 

1311.  H.  rciiiliardti  Liitken. 

Body  short-oval.  Cephalic  ray  §  length  of  head,  with  about  8  ten- 
tacles. Skin  Mparsely  covered  with  thoru-like  prickles.  Depth  IJ. 
D.  1-5;  P.  17.    Greenland.    (OUL) 

(Liltkon,  Kong.  Dansl:.  Videusk.  Sulsk.  1878,  321:  Corynolophus  rciiihardti  Gill,  1.  c. 
2iy.) 

Family  CXXVI.—MALTHIDiE. 

{The  Bat-Jishes.)  :'■       ■     . 

Head  very  broad  and  depressed,  the  snout  more  or  less  elevated,  the 
trunk  short  and  slender.  Mouth  not  large,  subterminal  or  inferior,  the 
lower  jaw  included;  teeth  villiforra  or  cardiform.  Gill-openings  v<»ry 
small,  above  and  behind  the  axils  of  the  pectoral  iins.  Body  and  head 
(jovered  with  bony  tubercles  or  spines.  Spinous  dorsal  reduced  to  a 
ismall  rostr.il  tentacle,  which  is  retractile  into  a  cavity  under  a  promi- 
iK'ut  process  on  the  forehead;  in  one  genus  the  rostral  tentacle  is  ob 
solotc;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  Iins  small  and  short;  ventrnls  well  devel- 
oped; pectoral  fin  well  developed,  its  base  strongly  angled,  with  long 
pseudobracliia  and  3  actinosts.  Branchiostegals  5;  no  i)seu(lol)ninchiiu. 
Genera  3;  species  about  10;  chieHy  American.  z  >t_i  .:   -  iM-«- 

{I'cd'n'iilali  yiart;  gcuora  il/a/</ic  and  i/rt/ic«tort  Giiuther,  iii,  200-20'.)  '  ■  ■    '' 

a.  Snout  produced;  tooth  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatini's;  mouth  small. 

h.  Kostial  tontaclo  present Malthe,  473. 

ail,  Snout  ohtUHo;  disk  orbicular. 

e.  Mouth  Hnuiil;  rostral  tentacle  obsolete;  teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines. 

Haueutioiitiiys,  474. 
cc.  Mouth  wi«le;  rostral  tentacle  present;  uo  teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines. 

llALIKUTililA,   475. 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  IG 54 


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850 


CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 


473.— MALTHE  Ciivier. 


Sea  Bats.  !  * 

(Cuvier,  R^gno  Animal,  ii,  1817:  typo  Lophiua  rcspertilio  L.) 

Body  stoutisli;  head  very  broad  and  depressed,  trianguhir  in  form 
the  forehead  elev-ated  aud  produced.  Mouth  rather  small,  sub-inferior- 
villiform  teeth  in  bands,  on  jaws,  vomer,  and  palatines.  Skin  with  con- 
ical, bony  protuberances.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  very  small;  rostral  ten- 
tacle present,  retractile  into  a  cavity  under  a  bony  prominence  on  the 
forehead;  ventrals  i)re8eut,  I,  5,  well  seiiai-ated.  Ho  air-bladder'  no 
pyloric  cojca.  Coasts  of  America.  (/i«A</ij,  a  name  of  some  soft-bodied 
fish.)  ;   . 

1313.  m.  vosportilio  (Linn.)  Cnv. —Bat-finh. 

Pale  grayish  brown  above,  reddish  below.  Distance  bctwcou  tlic 
anterior  angles  of  orbits  much  less  than  that  between  the  posterior 
angles;  forehead  produced  in  a  sub-conical  process,  w' i(;h  is  variable 
in  length  but  longer  than  in  the  other  species,  about  iV  «f  total  length; 
rostral  groove  longer  than  broad.  D.  4;  A.  4.  L.  C  inches.  Atlantic 
coasts  of  America,  chiefly  southward. 

(Lophiiia  resperlilio  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.;  Giiuther,  iii,  200.) 

Subap.  nasuta  (Cuv.  &  Val.)  J.  &  G. 

Dusky  above,  with  round,  black  spots,  edged  with  whitish.    Rostral 

process  short,  about  one-thirteenth  of  the  length  of  the  body;  cavity  of 

rostral  tentacle  higher  than  broad;  vent  behind  middle  of  body;  widtli 

across  arms  about  half  length  of  body.    Head  2.    D.  4;  A.  4.    South 

Atlantic  coast  of  th3  United  States. 

{Malthcva  vasnta  and  notata  Cnv.  &  Val.  xii,  452,  453:  Mallhc  iiotata  LUtken  Naturh. 
Foren.  Videusk.  Meddela.  18G5,  4.) 

1313.  M.  ciibifrons  Rich. 

Rostral  cavity  somewhat  broader  than  high  ;  distance  between  ante- 
rior angles  of  orbits  about  equal  to  Ihat  between  the  posterior  angles; 
snout  not  produced  beyond  the  rostial  cavity,  but  with  a  cylindrical 
button-like  tubercle  slightly  contracted  at  base,  pointing  obliquely  up- 
wards aud  forwards;  caudal  peduncle  very  thick  and  heavy.  Jlead  L'; 
width  across  arms  2.  D.  4;  A.  4.  Coast  of  Florida;  the  original  type 
said  to  have  come  from  Labrador.  Ileaches  a  length  of  more  than  a 
foot. 

(Richards,  Fauu.  Bor.-Amcr.  Fish.  p.  103;  GUnthor,  iii,  S03.} 


126.   MALTHID^— HALIEUT^EA. 


851 


474.  HAL.IEVTICIITIIYS  Poey. 

(Pooy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1863,  89:  type  Ualmitichthi/a  reticulatus  Poey.) 

Disk  suborbicjilar,  about  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the  body  (including 
caudal  fin);  forehead  with  a  transverse  bonj-  ridge,  the  cavity  beneath 
it  being  without  a  tentacle;  mouth  rather  small,  inferior,  the  lower  jaw 
nearly  semicircular;  teeth  fine,  on  jaws  and  palate.  Dorsal  and  anal 
fins  with  four  rays  each,    {dkuu-rj^,  lisher;  i'/On^,  fish.) 

1314.  H.  aciileatus  (Mitch.)  Goode. 

Color  gray,  reticulated  with  blackish;  caudal  with  three  blackish 
bands.  Disk  longer  than  wide  and  somewhat  narrowed  anteriorly ; 
ridges  armed  with  simple  spines;  five  bicuspid  spines  on  each  lateral 
margin  of  the  disk,  and  between  them  smaller,  simple  ones;  five  spine.s 
forming  a  pentagon  before  interorbital  area;  one  over  each  orbit,  and 
4  on  a  ridge  behind  each  orbit.  D.  4;  A.  4.  {Gill.)  Cuba  to  Southern 
Florida. 

< LophiuH  aciileattm  Mitch.  Amor.  Monthly  Mafj.  ii,  325, 181H;  ffalieutichthifii  rMculatiii 
ro(\v  MSS.,  Gill,  Proc.  Acatl.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  iBGJ,  Dl;  Goodo,  Proc.  U.  !S.  Nat.  Mu«. 
ii,  109,  1879.) 

475.  HAIilEIJT^A  Cuvior&  Valenciennes. 

(CnvieriSc.  ValoncienncH,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  xii,  45.'j,  1H37:  type  Lophius  HteUatus  Wahl.) 
Head  very  large,  broad,  depressed,  its  outline  nearly  circular;  cleft 
of  the  mouth  wide,  horizontal;  jaws  with  small  cardiform  teeth;  no 
teeth  on  vomer  or  palatines.  Skin  everywhere  covered  with  small,  stel- 
late spines.  Forehead  with  a  transverse  bony  ridge,  beneath  which  is 
a  tentacle,  retractile  into  a  cavity,  the  only  rudiment  of  the  spinous 
dorsal  fin;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  very  short,  far  back.  Gills  2 J,  the 
anterior  gill-arch  without  lamina'.  Ii  ranch  iostegals  6;  vertebrae  17. 
Warm  seas.    {dhsuTrj^y  one  who  fishes.) 

1319.  11.  scnticosa  Goode. 

Kedn  >h  gray,  whitish  below.  Disk  orbicular,  nearly  as  broad  as 
long,  its  titlines  i)rolonged  on  eacdi  sid(^  in  a  strong  spine,  armed  at  tip 
with  a  group  of  spinelets;  skin  above  with  numerous  stout,  conical  stel- 
lated spines,  largest  posteriorly  ;  a  marginal  series  of  dose-set  spines, 
besides  5  to  7  on  each  carpal  pe<luncle;  outside  of  the  rasirginal  spinea 
is  a  row  of  5  depressed,  knifcvlike  spines,  each  with  a  crown  of  three 
spinelets;  these  two  rows  of  marginal  spines  coalesc/ing  on  the  front 
edge  of  disk  forming  a  bristling  row,  pointing  in  different  direo- 
lions;  small  stellate  prickles  in  the  interspaces  of  the  larger  spines 


■.  '         .  1  q 

*  A. 
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852       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

and  on  the  ventral  surface.  Snout  somewhat  projecting,  with  three 
niultifld  spines  J  a  ridge  armed  with  spines  across  front  of  eyes  over 
top  of  snout;  four  of  these  spines  larger  than  others;  rostral  tentacle 
club-shaped,  trilobat:5  at  tip;  width  of  mouth  equal  to  distance  between 
centers  of  eyes.  Head  2.^;  width  of  disk  2.  D.  1-6;  A.  4;  C.  8-  P. 
14;  V.  5.  Deep  water  oft"  southern  New  England.  {Goodc.) 
(Goodc,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.  1880,  467.) 

Obi>er  W.-PLECTOGNATHI. 

{The  riectognaths.) 

Scapula  suspended  to  the  cranium  by  a  posttemporal ;  premaxillaries 
usually  coossified  with  the  maxillaries  behind,  and  the  dentary  bones 
with  the  articular;  pharyngeal  bones  distinct;  posttemporal  coiissified 
with  the  epiotio  Jiud  undivided ;  interoperculum  a  slender  rod ;  siiperior 
pharyngeals  laminar,  usually  vertical  and  transverse;  skin  with  rouj-h 
scales  or  covered  with  shields  or  spines,  sometimes  naked;  skeleton 
incompletely  ossified,  the  vertebra)  in  small  number;  ventral  fins  re- 
duced to  a  single  spine  or  wanting;  air-bladder  without  pneumatic  duet. 
This  group  is  a  modified  offshoot  from  Acanthopteri,  its  nearest  rela- 
tives being  the  Gh(vtodontid(e  and  the  Acanthuridce.  (rrAezro?,  braided  or 
plaited;  yvdOo^, y,iw.) 

(riccto(/natlii  Gihither,  vin,  207-220.) 

ANALYSIS  OP  FAMILIES  OF   PLECTOGNATHI. 

o.  Jaws  with  distinct  teeth.  '  :■.      '    ■ 

b.  A' t'ntnil  lins  obsolete.  - 

c.  Tootli  narrow;  body  with  an  immovable  carapace  of  hexagonal  plates;  no 

spiuons  dorsal : Osri! aciid.k,  W, 

CO.  Teeth  incisor-lilio;  body  with  scales  or  movable  plates;  spinony  dorsal  prosont. 

Balistidj^,  128. 
at?.  Jaws  each  modified  into  a  soit  of  beak,  withont  distinct  teeth;  no  sj)ii)ous  dorsal. 

rf.  Body  little  compressed;  vertical  fins  distinct TKTKonoxrin.K,  I'id. 

dd.  Body  much  compressed;  vertical  lius  more  or  less  confluent  around  llic  fiiil. 

OUTUAGOKISCIIhE,   130. 

Famil"  CXXVII.— OSTRACIID^. 

{The  Trunkfislies.) 

Body  short,  cuboid,  triquetrous  or  pentagonal,  covered  by  a  carnpaeo 
formed  of  firmly  united  six-sided  plates,  the  jaws,  bases  of  the  This,  and 
caudal  peduncle  free  and  covered  by  smooth  skin.  Mouth  small ;  Ciicli 
jaw  with  a  single  series  of  long,  narrow  teeth.    Gill  opening  a  nearly 


127.    OSTRACIIDiE OSTRACIUM. 


853 


vertical  slit,  below  aud  behind  tlie  eye.  Dorsal  tin  single,  short,  with- 
out spine;  anal  short,  similar  to  dorsal;  caudal  rounded;  no  ventral 
fins;  vertebrae  14,  the  anterior  elongate,  the  last  five  extremely  short; 
no  ribs.  Genera  two;  species  about  20;  chiefly  of  the  tropical  seas. 
"Tlie  locomotion  of  the  trunk-fishes  is  very  peculiar.  The  propell- 
ing; force  is  exerted  by  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins,  which  have  a  half 
rotary,  sculling  motion,  resembling  that  of  a  screw-i)ropeller;  the  cau- 
dal fin  acts  as  a  rudder,  save  when  it  is  needeel  for  unusually  rai>id 
swimming,  when  it  is  used  as  in  other  fishes;  the  chief  function  of  tlie 
broad  pectorals  seems  to  be  that  of  forming  a  current  of  water  through 
the  gills,  thus  aiding  respiration,  which  would  otherwise  be  diiiicult  on 
account  of  the  narrowness  and  inflexibility  of  the  branchial  apertures. 
When  taken  from  the  water,  one  of  these  fishes  will  live  for  two  or 
three  hours,  all  the  time  solemnly  fanning  its  gills,  and  when  restored 
to  its  native  element  seems  none  the  worse  for  its  experience,  except 
that,  on  account  of  the  air  absorbed,  it  cannot  at  once  sink  to  the  bot- 
tom" {Ooode). 
{Solerodenni,  group  Oatraciontina,  Glinther,  viii,  255-268.) 

a.  Carapace  forming  a  contiuuous  bridge  behind  anal  lin ;  ventral  surface  not  cari- 
uatcd OsTUACiu.M,  475. 


I'V, 


-m'- 


476.— OSTRAClVJfl  Linnieus. 


{Ostracion,  Aric^i;  Linnicus  Syst.  Nat.  x,  X\0,  1758:  type  Ostracion  enhieus  Liniirens.) 
Trunk-fishen  with  trigonal,  tetragonal,  or  pentagonal  carapace,  the 
ventral  surface  never  carinated;  carapace  closed  behind  the  anal  tin. 
Temperate  and  tropical  seas ;  the  trigonal  species  confined  to  the  west- 
ern Atlantic,  {dfrrpaxtov,  diminutive  of  vffTfidxovj  any  hard  object,  like  the 
shell  of  a  mollusk.) 

a.  Body  three-angled.     (Lacfoplirya  Swaiuson.) 
h.  No  snpraocnhir  spine. 

1316.  O.  trlgonuin  Linn.— rrMHA;-/«/(. 

Uniform  brown,  with  numerous  irregularly  gronpinl  whitish  spots, 
most  abundant  on  caudal  peduncle;  young  specimens  with  a  black 
blotch  on  sides  behind  gill-openings.  Body  three-angled;  no  spine 
before  eyes.  Each  ventral  ridge  with  a  large,  flat  spine ;  dorsal  ridgo 
bigh  and  sharply  compressed,  descending  rather  rapidly  forward  and 
ending  opposite  posterior  margin  of  orbit;  carapace  open  behind  the 
dorsal  fin.  Head  4  in  length;  height  of  sides  2.  D.  10;  A.  10.  West 
Indies;  occasional  on  our  coast  southward. 

(Linntcus,  Syst.  Nat.  x,  330,  1758;  Gilnther,  viii,  256;  Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
1879,  270:  Lactoiihrys  irigonus  Pooy,  Mem.  Hist.  Nat.  Cuba,  ii,  362,  18()1.) 


Si:- 
.. ■■'  ''if'-  >i 


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■  ■  •"'t-i  •  ft 


,,-:!, 

1-S^i  ii 


^:■     ^1 


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y::m 


m 


u 


i  i 


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'il 

i 

■4 

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854      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

bh.  Supraocular  spiuea  present,  strong,  directed  forward.     {Acanthoatraciuvi  Blocker.) 
1317«  O*  quadricorne  L. — Cow-fish;  Cuckold. 

Color  brown,  yellow,  blue,  or  green,  with  irregular  blue  blotches  •  the 
centers  of  the  scutes  often  lighter  than  the  margins.  Carapace  trigonal  • 
adults  with  a  broad  low  ridge  on  each  side  of  the  back,  the  dorsal  ridge 
more  elevated  than  in  the  young,  which  are  somewhat  tetragonal.  Ven- 
tral surface  nearly  flat;  angles  of  body  carinate;  a  stout  spine  directed 
forwards  over  each  eye;  abdominal  spines  flat,  directed  backward;  me- 
dian dorsal  spine  seldom  present,  never  persistent;  bridges  behind  dor- 
sal and  anal  each  ending  in  a  flat  spine;  under  side  of  caudal  peduncle 
with  a  free  plate;  carapace  closed  behind  dorsal  fin.  Head  4^;  d(»ptli 
2jV.  D.  10;  A.  10.  Tropical  parts  of  the  Atlantic;  common  on  our  coast 
southward. 

(Linnieus,  Syst-  Nat.  x,  331,  1758;  GUnther  viii,  257;  Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
1p79,  278.) 

Family  CXXVIIL— BALISTID.E. 

{The  Trigger -fishes.)       ,;,.... 

Body  oblong,  or  ovate,  more  or  less  compressed,  covered  with  rough 
scales  or  scutes  of  varying  structure,  the  scutes  not  forming  a  carapace. 
INIouth  small,  terminal,  low ;  jaws  short,  each  with  one  or  more  series  of 
separate  incisor-like  teeth ;  eye  near  the  occiput ;  preorbital  very  deep. 
Gill-openings  small,  slit-like,  above  or  in  front  of  the  pectoral  fins. 
Dorsal  fins  two,  the  anterior  of  one  to  three  spines,  the  first  spine  high- 
est; second  dorsal  remote  from  the  first,  of  many  soft  rays;  caudal  fin 
rounded  or  forked  j  ventral  tins  wanting,  their  jdace  sometimes  occu- 
pied by  a  single  spine  at  the  end  of  the  very  long,  usually  movable, 
pubic  bone.  Genera  about  8;  species  about  100.  Carnivorous  fislies; 
inhabitants  of  the  warm  seas.  ,  ;  , 

(ZiaZi«<ido),  group /JttiJ8<ina,  GUutber,  viii,  211-25.5.) 

a.  Dorsal  sjunes  three ;  body  covered  with  thick  scales  or  plates.    (Baliatinai.) 

Bali8Tp:s,  477. 
aa.  Dorsal  spine  single  or  followed  by  a  rudiment;  skin  with  minute,  rough  scales. 
{Alonacantliina!.) 
b.  Ventral  spine  present;  gill-slit  short,  nearly  vertical;  anal  rays  about 30. 

MONACANTUUS,  478. 

bb.  Ventral  spine  obsolete;  gill-slit  long,  oolique;  anal  rays  about  40  to  50. 

' ■      ■ _^  ,,  ;    ,,      ■.::^.,.:_.-< ':  Alutera,  479. 

477.— BAlilSTES  Linnajus. 

,  ,       Trigger-fishes.  t-r-'  ■  ■ 

(Artedi;  Linnieus,  Syetema  Naturie,  1758:  tyT^o  lialistea  vetulua  Tj.) 

Body  compressed,  covered  with  thick,  rough  scales  or  plates.    Both 


128.   BALISTIDJE — BALISTES. 


855 


jaws  with  iticisor-like  teeth,  usually  four  on  each  side,  in  each  jaw. 
First  dorsal  of  three  spines,  the  anterior  of  which  is  much  the  largest 
(the  third  rarely  minutt  or  obsolete);  second  dorsal  and  anal  rather 
long,  similar  to  each  other,  often  falcate  or  filamentous  in  front;  caudal 
fin  usually  rounded,  with  the  outer  rays  produced;  })elvic  bone  very 
long,  with  a  blunt,  usuallj^  movable  spine  at  its  end;  no  barbels; 
brunch iostegals  G;  vertebraj  7  +  10.  Species  very  numerous  in  the 
tropical  seas.    (/5«AcD,  to  shoot.)  ^       ,  • 

a.  Caudal  peduncle  compressod  ;  teeth  white,  unev<!ii,  more  or  less  notched  ;  cheeks 
without  naked  stripes;  larger  bony  plates  behind  gill-opening. 
6.  A  groove  in  front  of  the  eye;  tail  without  sxiiues  or  tuberclea.    {Balistes,) 

131§.  B.  vctuliis  L. 

Two  curved,  bluish,  dark-edged  bands  on  the  side  of  the  head,  the 
lower  from  the  angle  of  the  mouth  towards  the  throat,  the  upper  from 
above  the  snout  to  the  root  of  the  pectoral ;  a  black  light-edged  line, 
similarly  curved  below  the  eye;  several  other  similar  lines  radiating 
from  the  eye;  caudal  fin  margined  above  and  below  with  bluish,  and 
with  an  intra-marginal  bluish  band ;  dorsal  and  anal  tins  wath  trans- 
verse bluish  bands;  young  with  some  irregular  oblique  black  lines  fol- 
lowing the  rows  of  scales.  Scales  on  head  much  smaller  and  more 
icrowded  than  those  on  body;  third  dorsal  spine  shorter  and  weaker 
than  second;  caudal  fin  widely  forked,  the  lobes  filamentous  and  about 
equal.  Head  3;  depth  1^.  D.  111-29;  A.  27;  Lat.  1. 03.  Tropical  parts 
of  the  Atlantic;  occasional  on  our  coast. 

(Linn.  Syst.  Nat. ;  Giinther,  viii,  215.) 

1319.  B.  capriscus  Gmelin. — Leather-jacket. 

Uniform  brownish;  second  dorsal  and  anal  chequered  or  marked 
with  interrupted  longitudinal  brown  lines ;  caudal  mottled ;  young 
with  numerous  small  dark-brown  dots.  Third  dorsal  spine  shorter  but 
stouter  than  the  second;  plates  on  head  similar  to  those  on  the  body; 
caudal  lobes  produced  in  the  adult;  soft  dorsal  high,  its  longest  rays 
li  in  head.  Head  3^;  depth  1^.  D.  III-27;  A.  25;  Lat.  1.  51  to  57 
(G2  in  specimens  from  Italy) ;  about  35  scales  in  an  oblique  series  from 
vent  upward  and  forward.  Warm  seas;  occasional  northward;  com- 
mon on  our  Gulf  coast  and  in  the  Mediterranean. 

(Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.  i,  1471, 1788;  GUntlier,  viii,*217:  lialistes  fulujinosus  Dekay,  Now 
York  Fauna,  Fish.  1842,  339.) 

*       "■■'■'■'"  -'^■'  -N   '   *    .    .'  ■  ..  "  '-.-f 

1390.  B.  powcli  Copo.       .  v,.,^  _  ,.^.„Ar.    -..,„.:,,' . 

Ashy  above,  pale  below;  sides  everywhere  with  series  of  longitudi- 
nally oval  azure  spots j  dorsal  and  anal  fins  marked  with  smaller  blue^ 


--^,^-,-,-1- 


'm 


856      CONTRIBUTIOXS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

spots.  Form  elevated,  profile  convex;  scales  without  prominent  spines* 
two  or  three  scapxilar  plates;  first  dorsal  spine  rugose,  1^  in  muzzle- 
third  dorsal  spine  well  developed.  Head  3^  in  total  length;  depth  l^J  • 
D.  III-2G;  A.  22.  (Cope.)  Newport,  Rhode  Island;  a  doubtful  species 
(probably  strayed  from  the  West  Indies). 
(Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  120.) 

478.— ]fIONACAWTHUS  Cuvier. 
(Ciivier,  Rbgne  Animal,  ii,  1817:  typo  Monacanthua  chinenaia  Cuvier.) 

Body  short  and  deep,  very  strongly  compressed,  covered  with  minute 
rough  scales.    Moutli  very  small ;  upper  jaw  with  a  double  series  of 
incisor-like  teeth,  usually  six  in  the  outer  and  four  in  the  inner  series* 
lower  jaw  with  about  six  incisors  in  a  single  series ;  teeth  conuiveiit 
unequal ;  gill-opening  a  small  slit,  shorter  than  the  eye,  nearly  vertical 
below  the  posterior  part  of  the  eye,  and  just  in  front  of  upper  edge  of 
pectoral.    Dorsal  spine  large  or  small;  second  dorsal  and  anal  fins  simi- 
lar to  each  other,  of  about  30  rays  each;  caudal  fin  moderate,  rounded • 
l)elvic  bone  with  a  blunt  si)ine;  the  bone  connected  by  a  movable  flap 
of  varying  size;  side  of  tail  often  with  a  patch  of  spines,  especially  in 
the  males ;  no  barbel.    Vertebrre  7  -f  11  to  14.    Species  very  numerous 
in  warm  seas,    (/zwco?,  one;  ^zav<?a,  spine.)     *^ 

a.  Ventral  spine  movable ;  dorsal  spine  with  retrorse  bai'bs.  • 

b.  Abdominal    flap    greatly  developed,  extending    beyond    the  ventral   spine. 
(Monacanthua.) 

1321.  HE.  occidcntalis  Giinther. 

Brownish,  mottled  with  lighter;  a  broad  brown  band  across  the 
middle  of  the  ventral  flap.  Scales  very  small,  without  median  crest. 
Spines  becoming  longer  on  caudal  peduncle,  which  has  in  addition  2 
or  3  pairs  of  strong  spines  curved  forward,  these  prominent  only  in 
adults;  ventral  flap  longer  than  head,  about  ^  length  of  body.  Scales 
on  ventral  flap  developed  as  flat  plates,  with  their  free  margins  pecti- 
nate. Snout  pointed,  the  upper  profile  concave.  Dorsal  spine  strong, 
nearly  as  long  as  head,  armed  behind  with  2  rows  of  retrorse  barbs; 
ventral  spine  small,  rough.  Head  3^;  depth  1^.  D.  1-30;  A.  30. 
West  Indies;  occasional  on  our  southern  coasts. 

--  (Giiuther,  viii,  237.)   -4^--^-.,;.  --■-.^..-r-r'--.-:'-:--' :---'--        .:.:  ..:^-:- :.:.;„-;,--, - 

lih.  Abdominal  flap  moderate,  not  extending  beyond  the  pelvic  spine.    (Stephanolepis' 
•     Gill.)    -      ■      „.  ,.:  V      ■     -'■ 

1322.  M,hvoccns(Mitch.)Dek.— Fool-fiah;  File-fiah. 

Dull-greenish,    mottled    with    darker;    fins    olivaceous,    soniewbat 

*Gill,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.   Phila.  1801,  78:   tyjie  Monacanthua  aetifer  Bennett. 
{6rr'f(plivo?,  crown;  Xenti,  scale.) 


128.    BALISTID^ MONACANTHUS. 


857 


blotched.  Body  rather  deep.  Jaws  subequal ;  eyes  large,  more  tlian 
J  length  of  snout.  Gill-opening  about  as  long  as  eye,  separated  from 
tli<o  eye  by  an  interspace  nearly  equal  to  its  length.  Anterior  profile 
slightly  concave.  Dorsal  spine  somewhat  shorter  than  snout,  inserted 
above  posterior  part  of  eye,  stout,  rough,  armed  behind  with  2  rows  of 
retrorse  barbs.  First  ray  of  soft  dorsal  said  to  be  sometimes  filament* 
0118  (not  so  in  our  specimens) ;  pectorals  small.  Pelvic  bone  long,  end- 
ing in  a  short,  blunt,  movable  spine,  beyond  which  the  abdominal  flap 
does  not  extend;  length  of  free  edge  of  flap  when  expanded  not  greater 
than  diameter  of  eye.  Scales  minute,  each  with  a  crest  of  about  3 
prickles,  those  on  caudal  peduncle  villous,  those  on  the  ventral  flap 
larger,  elongate;  no  naked  areas;  no  recurved  spines  on  tail.  Head 
3|;  depth  IJ.  D.  1-32;  A.  32.  L.  6  inches.  Cape  Cod  to  Tropical 
Seas;  abundant  on  our  South  Atlantic  coast. 

(BaliHtea  broccua  Mitch.  Trans,  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  i,  407,  1815:  Monaoantliua  hroccua, 
masaaehiiaeUenaia,  and  aetifcr  Dek.  N.  Y.  Fauna,  Fish.  1842,  3U5-H37:  Monacanthna  maa- 
mthuacttensia  Storer,  Fish.  Mass.  426:  Monacanthua  aelifer  (iu  imrfS  Giiuther,  viii,  240: 
Stephanolepia  aeti/cr  Gill.) 


m 


1333.  M.  davidsoiii  Cjpe. 

Brown,  with  5  longitudinal  bands  with  pale  centres,  the  upper  and 
lower  forming  3  dark  blotches  at  the  base  of  dorsal  and  anal;  head 
unspotted;  caudal  with  a  brown  cross- band.  Scales  with  3  scutes  on 
a  common  base;  longer,  slender,  recurved  spines  on  tail,  in  2  clusters 
of  3  each;  sides  with  slender  scattered  filaments.  Dorsal  spine  with 
strong  teeth,  its  height  one-half  depth  of  body.  Pelvic  plate  elongate, 
spinous  all  aronnd.    Depth 2|.    D.  1-30;  A.  28.    Florida  Reef.    {Cope.) 

(Cope,  Trans.  Auier.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  xiv,  470,  1870.) 


1324.  ]fl.  spilonotus  Cope. 

Light-brown;  some  longitudinal  lines  just  below  the  dorsal  fin,  the 
median  developing  a  dark  spot  below  the  middle  of  the  soft  dorsal. 
Scales  each  sui)porting  a  pedicle,  whose  summit  divides  into  4  or  5  rad- 
iating spines.  Body  elongate;  outline  of  front  straight.  Dorsal  spine 
long,  with  simple  teeth,  4.[  in  lengtli  of  body;  dorsal  and  anal  fins  me- 
dially elevated;  no  brush  or  spines  on  caudal  peduncle.  Pelvic  shield 
elongate,  spinous  all  aronnd,  the  movable  portion  x>i'*J8ent.  Depth  2^j 
I).  1-32;  A.  31.    Gulf  of  Mexico.    {Cope.) 

(Copo,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  xiv,  47G,  1870.)  :•  *-" 


■i 


858       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

aa.  Ventral  spine  fixed;  dorsal  spine  weak,  without  barbs ;  abdominal  flap  moderate 
(Cantherinea*  Swaiuson.) 

133<S.  m.  pullus  Ranz. 

Coloratiou  variable,  generally  with  a  whitish  spot  behind  tlie  last 
dorsal  ray.  Body  moderately  elevated.  Snout  moderately  produced 
with  the  upper  profile  slightly  concave.  Posterior  margin  of  eye  di- 
recti/  above  axil.  Adults  with  two  pairs  of  strong  recurved  si)in('8 
on  each  side  of  tail;  caudal  short.  Dorsal  spine  nearly  straight  rather 
shorter  than  head,  without  barbs,  situated  above  the  front  of  eye.  Skin 
with  a  velvety  appearance;  the  scales  minute.  Depth  about  2.  D.  I- 
35;  A.  31.     {Oiinther.)    Tropical  Seas,  north  to  Southern  Florida. 

(Rauzani,  Nov.  Connn.  Act.  Sci.  Inst.  Bonon.  v,  4, 184'.J:  f  Monacanlliua  pardalia  Rilp. 
pell,  N.  W.  Fish,  1855,  57:  Monacanihus pardalia  Giiutber,  viii,  230.) 

..    479.— AL.UTEBA  Ciivier. 
;  File-Jishes.  ; 

(Cnvier,  Regne  Anim.  ed.  2,  ii,  829,  1829 :  type  Baliates  monoceroa  Osbeck.) 

Body  oblong  or  rather  elongate,  strongly  compressed,  covered  with 
minute,  rough  scales.  Mouth  and  teeth  essentially  as  in  Monaeanthus 
but  the  lower  jaw  more  ]n<  ;tiug,  so  that  the  lower  teeth  are  directed 
obliquely  upward  and  backward.  Gill-opening  an  oblique  slit,  longer 
than  eye,  situated  below  and  in  advance  of  eye,  its  posterior  end  be- 
hind base  of  pectorals.  Pelvic  bone  long,  fidcate,  movable  under  the 
skin,  without  spine  at  its  extremity.  Dorsal  spine  small,  inserted  over 
the  eye,  rough,  but  without  barbs;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  long,  each  of 
36-50  rays;  caudal  fin  convex;  pectorals  small.  Species  numerous. 
(?  u?.(iuTo<;,  unAvashed.) 

1326.  A.  schOBpffi  (Walb.)  Goode. 

Dull-greenish,  marbled  with  lighter  and  darker ;   lower  lip  dusky. 

Eye  small,  about  4  in  snout.    Gill-slit  nearly  twice  as  long  as  eye,  its 

upper  posterior  edge  nearly  under  the  middle  of  the  eye.    Pectoral  fins 

scarcely  half  longer  than  eye.    Dorsal  spine  slender;  dorsal  and  aual 

fins  low;  caudal  very  long  in  the  young,  becoming  shorter  in  the 

adult.    Scales  minute,  shagreen-like,  uniform  over  the  body.     Head 

3§    -  length;  depth  2^.    D.  1-36;  A.  38.    L.  16  inches.    Cape  Cod  to 

West  Indies;  abundant  southward. 

{Baliates  achocpffi  Walbaum,  Artedi,  Pise.  1792,  461:  Baliatea  aurantiacua  Mitchill, 
Trans.  Lit.  &  Pbil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  468,  1815(adnlt):  Alutera  cmpicauda  Dokay,  New 
York  Fauna,  Fisb.  1842,  .338  (young):  Ceratacanthua  aurantiacua  Gill  (adult).) 

•  Swainsou,  Class.  Fisb.  etc.  ii,  327,  18391  type  Cantherinea  naautita  Swainson:  Balis- 
tea  aandwichenaia  Q.  &  G.    {navOoi,  ass j  piv,  snout.)    {=^Liomonacanihua  etc.  Bleeker.) 


129.  TETRODONTIDiE LAGOCEPHALUS.  859 

139T.  A.  scripta  (Osbeck)  Bloeker. 

Head  and  body  with  irregular  blue  spots  and  lines,  and  small,  round 
black  spots.  Skin  finely  velvety.  Body  oblong,  its  depth  equal  to  dis- 
tance from  snout  to  posterior  margin  of  orbit.  Snout  produced,  the 
upper  profile  concave.  Dorsal  spine  very  feeble,  above  middle  of  orbit. 
Piirt  of  gill-opening  in  advance  of  orbit.  Pectoral  fin  inserted  below 
orbit;  caudal  elongate,  about  as  long  as  head;  dorsal  and  anal  low. 
Depths.  D.  46;  A.  50.  {QUnther.)  Tropical  seas;  occasionally  north 
to  ^outh  Carolina. 

{BalUtea  acriptiia  Osbeck,  Itin.  i,  144,  1771:  Monacanthus  acriptm  Giiiither,  viii,  ^52.) 

Family  CXXIX.—TETRODONTIDiE.  ' 

{The  Puffers.) 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  usually  little  compressed,  and  sometimes 
very  broad;  belly  capable  of  great  inflation;  skin  scaleless,  usually 
more  or  less  prickly,  sometimes  with  strong  spines.  Teeth  in  each  jaw 
wholly  confluent,  forming  a  sort  of  beak  which  in  each  jaw  is  some- 
times divided  by  a  median  suture ;  lips  full;  nostrils  various.  Fins  of 
soft  rays  only ;  dorsal  flu  posterior,  opposite  and  similar  to  the  anal; 
caudal  fin  distinct;  no  ventral  fins;  pectoral  fin  short  and  broad,  its 
upper  rays  longest.  Pelvic  bone  undeveloped.  Gill-openings  small, 
close  in  front  of  the  pectorals;  air-bladder  present.  Genera  about  10; 
species  80;  inhabiting  warm  seas;  noted  for  their  habit  of  filling  the 
stomach  with  air.  When  inflated,  the  diameter  of  the  belly  is  often 
greater  than  the  length  of  the  body. 

((Ji/mwofioHfes,  group  Te<ro(foM<i»a  Giinther,  viii,  270-3ie.)  ^  ^ 

a.  Both  jaws  divided  by  a  median  suture.    (Tetrodontinw.) 

b.  Nostril  on  each  side  a  single  tube,  with  two  openings,  » 

c.  Dorsal  and  anal  falcate,  of  12  to  15  rays  each Lagocephalus,  480. 

cc.  Dorsal  and  anal  of  6  to  8  rays  each Tetrouon,  481. 

aa.  Both  jaws  entire,  without  median  suture.     (Diodontinw.) 

d.  Spines  very  small,  flexible,  bristle-like,  mostly  two-rooted. 

TlUCHODIODON,   482. 

dd.  Spines  strong,  stiff,  erectile,  mostly  two-rooted Diodon,  483. 

ddd.  Spines  very  strong,  immovable,  mostly  three-rooted. 

:;.-'>••-,.        ,■  ■-i»>v    '';''     ;'-  '■       ^  ■'=.  1    "■■:-..-'-.'  i.  'J -^  CHILOMYCTERUS,   484. 

^^  ■  4§0.— LAGOCEPHALUS  Swainson.  v?     -    ^ 

— -- —     ( Gaatrophysua  MilUer. )  ~  " ""  ~ 

(Swainson,  Class.  Fish.  etc.  1839,  328:  type  Tetrodon  lagocephalus  L.) 

Body  comparatively  elongate;  skin  smooth  or  variously  prickly,  the 
prickles  most  developed  on  the  abdomen  j  abdomen  capable  of  very 


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860      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

great  inflation.  Dorsal  and  anal  flus  rather  long,  falcate,  of  12  to  15 
rays  each;  caudal  limatt\  A  siuglo  nasal  tube  on  each  side  with  two 
openin},'s  near  its  tip.  Jaws  each  with  median  suture.  Lower  side  of 
tail  with  a  fold.     (A«^»?,  hare;  ze^axyj,  head,  from  the  incisor  teeth). 

1328.  I,.  liKvluatUS  (Linu.)  Gill— Tambm- ;  Smooth  Puffer. 

Olive  green  above,  sides  and  below  silvery  white.     Body  elongate 
the  tail  slender.     Back  and  sides  smooth ;  belly  prickly,  the  spinous 
region  oblong,  extending  from  the  throat  backwards  nearly  to  the  vent 
and  on  sides  nearly  as  high  as  base  of  pectoral  fins;  spines  couipara 
tively  large,  three-rooted,  well  separated  and  with  no  smaller  ones  in- 
termixed.    Eye  large,  silvery,  2  in  snout,  1^  in  the  flat  interorbital 
space.    Gill-opening  midway  between  snout  and  front  of  dorsal.    Dor- 
sal and  anal  fins  large  and  falcate,  the  last  rays  rajmlly  shortened- 
height  of  dorsal  1^  in  head;  caudal  fin  lunate,  the  longest  ray  li  in 
head;  fold  of  skin  on  sides  of  tail  very  distinct,  ridge-like.     Head  3.;. 
D.  14;  depth  4J.    A.  12.    Tropical  seas,  north  to  Cape  Cod. 
{Tetrodon  lavigatua  L.  Syst.  Nat.  i,  411:  Tetrodon  Icevigatua  Giiuther,  viii,  274.) 


4§1.— TETBODON*  LinnoBUB.  f-?lk^»    "li-     ( 

(Tetrodon,  Leisomua  and  Cirrhiaomus  Swainson:  Cheilichthya  Miillcr:  Anchiaomus  Kaup.) 
{Tetraodon  Jjiniioivis,  Syst.  "Nat. :  tyj)e  Tetraodon  teatudineua  Jj.) 

Body  oblong,  usually  little  elongate;  skin  variously  prickly  or  smooth, 
sometimes  with  cirri.  A  single  nasal  tube  on  each  side,  with  two  open- 
ings near  its  tip.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  short,  little  falcate,  of  6  to  8  rays 
each;  caudal  truncate  or  rounded.  Jaws  each  with  median  suture. 
Species  numerous,  in  warm  seas,    (^er/ja,  four;  ddiuv^  tooth.) 

a.  Tail  without  fold  below. 
b.  Skiu  almost  Hmootb. 

1329.  T.  politus  Girard.  '  "^         > 

Brown,  with  very  numerous  small,  round,  dark  spots  above;  usually 
pale  curved  cross-bars  i)resent,  in  the  form  of  concentric  rings,  one  on 
middle  of  back  in  front  of  dorsal,  inclosing  a  dark  area,  another  sur- 
rounding this,  the  remainder  appearing  as  bars,  anteriorly  running 
downward  and  backward,  posteriorly  downward  and  forward.  Skin 
smooth;  spines  rudimentary  or  obsolete,  on  belly  only,  imbedded  in 

*  The  earliest  subdivision  of  the  genus  Teti-odon  seems  to  be  that  made  by  Swainaou 
in  1839.  But  one  Linntean  species  (teatudineua')  is  retained  in  the  genus  by  Swainson. 
The  section  to  which  it  belongs  contains  numerous  species,  and  may  well  retain  the 
original  generic  name.  The  value  of  the  subdivisions  is  doubtful,  but  they  may  be 
retained  for  the  present  at  least. 


129.  TETRODONTin^ TETRODON. 


861 


wrinkles  of  the  skin;  no  caudal  fold;  naaal  tentacles  distinctly  per- 
forate. Interorbital  area  flat;  sides  without  cirri.  Head  3;  depth  4J. 
D.  7;  A.  0.     San  Diego  to  Panama;  very  common  southward. 

(Tetrodon  poUtuH  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  Fish.  1858,  340:  Telrodon  polUu$ 

Giiuther,  viii,  281.)  v  ,^v 

jift.  Skin  prickly,  more  or  less.        '*  »  >  ',  y^ 

,'■•,«■  ■■,■■■'■' 

1330.  T.  testudineus  L. 

Dark  brown  above,  marbled  with  lighter;  sides  to  below  pectoral 
fins  yellowish  brown,  marked  with  many  ronnd  dark  spots;  belly  and 
fins  immaculate;  back,  from  interorbital  region  nearly  to  base  of  dorsal 
fin,  axils  of  pectoral  and  belly  nearly  to  vent  covered  with  minute, 
imbedded  spines.  Snout,  sides,  and  tail  naked ;  snout  rather  produced, 
the  eye  being  nearer  the  root  of  pectoral  than  tip  of  snout.  Interorb- 
ital area  generally  concave;  sides  sometimes  with  cirri;  length  of  cau- 
dal equal  to  its  distance  from  dorsal.  Head  3.  D.  8j  A.  6.  West 
Indies;  occasional  on  our  cgasts.  ? 

{Tetrodon  testudineua  Linu.  AmoBU.  Acad,  i,  309,  and  Syst.  Nat  i,  309:  Tetrodon  tealu- 
rfijie*//*  GUuther,  viii,  282.) 

1331.  T.  speng^lcri  Bloch.        >-.*«?*  -: 

Dark  brown  above  and  on  sides  to  base  of  pectoral  fins ;  sides  below 
yellowish,  with  a  series  of  about  twelve  round  dark-brown  blotches 
about  as  broad  as  eye;  belly  white;  caudal  fin  with  a  brown  bar  at  its 
base  and  a  broader  one  at  its  margin.  A  patch  of  minute  spines  from 
the  occiput  half-way  to  the  dorsal  fin;  belly  spinous  to  near  the  vent; 
head,  tail,  and  most  of  sides  smooth;  sides  usually  with  numerous 
small  cirri.  Snout  produced,  the  eye  nearer  root  of  pectoral  than  tip 
of  snout.  Head  compressed,  narrow;  interorbital  space  slightly  con- 
cave, very  narrow,  about  half  as  broad  as  eye.  Head  3.  D.  7;  A.  6. 
West  Indies;  occasional  on  our  coast. 

{Tetrodon upenghri  Blooh,  Ausl.  Fischo.  i,  135:  Tetrodon  spengleri  GUnthor,  viii,  284: 
Cirrhi8omit8  apenglcri  Swainsou,  Class.  Fisb.  ii,  328,  1839. ) 

1332.  T.  tiirg^idus  Mitch.— Pw^er;  Stvell  Toad;  Blower. 

Olivaceous  above,  marbled  with  black;  belly  light  orange;  sides  of 
body  and  tail  with  narrow  irregular  black  cross-bars ;  an  inky  blotch 
below  and  behind  pectoral  fin ;  flns  plain.  Body  about  as  wide  as  deep 
when  not  inflated;  interorbital  space  slightly  concave;  profile  not  very 
steep,  depressed  in  front  of  the  eyes.  Caudal  peduncle,  lips,  and  bases 
of  flns  smooth;  skin  everywhere  else  rough  with  small  three-rooted 
spines,  which  are  largest  on  the  back  and  belly.     'No  cirri.     Eyes 


:i/-ru 


,..,,,.:Ji 

■;■•.  4: 

■   .sis 


II 


862 


CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY ^^IV. 


rather  small.     Head  2%;  depth  3.    D.  7;  A.  6;  0.  7,  slightly  rounded. 
L.  12  inches.    Atlantic  coast.    Massachusetts  to  Texas ;  very  abundant. 

{Tetrodon  turgidua  Mitchill,  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  i,  473,  1815:  Tetrodon  turgidtia 
Dukay,  New  York  Fauna,  Fishes,  327:  Tetrodon  turgidua  GUnther,  viii,  285.) 

1333.  T.  trichocephalus  Cope. 

Brownish  above,  faintly  vermiculated  with  lighter;  sides  yellowish 
becoming  white  below;  tins  uniform  light  yellow;  a  brown  spot  at  base 
of  pectoral.  Profile  suddenly  descending  from  prefrontal  region  to  pre- 
maxillary,  arched  from  the  former  point  backward  ;  belly  spinous  to  near 
vent;  dorsal  region  from  a  little  behind  the  nares  to  above  the  ends  of 
the  pectoial  fins  spinous;  spines  on  the  head  long,  close-set,  like  seal 
bristles ;  caudal  tin  truncate,  with  prominent  points.  Head  3 J  in  total 
length;  eye  3.^  in  length  of  head.  D. 8;  A.  7.  {Cope.)  Newport,  lihode 
Island. 

( Tetraodon  irichocephalus  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  120. ) 

4§3.— TRICHODIODOIV  Bleeker. 

Hairy  Box-Jishes. 
l^loeker,  Ad.  Ich-  Gymnodontes,  49:  type  Diodon piloaua  Mitch.) 

Body  oblong,  little  depressed ;  nasal  tentacle  present ;  dermal  ossifica- 
tions very  small,  each  with  a  pair  of  lateral  roots,  and  each  terminating 
in  a  fine  flexible,  bristle-like  spine,    {rpf/iov,  hair;  dtoi^wv,  JJlodon.) 

1331.  T.  pilosus  (Mi^ch.)  Bleekor. 

]*>rownish  above,  ashy  below;  spines  of  a  metallic  golden  color;  sides 
and  back  with  a  few  oblong  blackish-brown  spots.  Body  oblong,  cuboid ; 
the  skin  entirely  spinous,  except  a  small  space  around  the  mouth  and 
eyes  and  another  on  caudal  peduncle.  D.  12;  A.  14.  {Delay.)  i^Iorth 
Atlantic;  rare;  said  to  reach  a  large  size. 

{Diodon piloH-M-  Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  &  Pliil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  471,  1815:  Diodon  jnlosus  De- 
kay,  New  York  Fauna,  Fishes.  3-26;  GUnther,  viii,  31G.) 


483.~DIODON  Linnteus. 
Porcuptn  e-Jish  es. 

(Liuiiii'us,  Syst.  Nat.  1758:  type  Diodon  hysirix  L.) 

Body  robust,  the  belly  moderately  inflatable.  Dermal  spines  strong, 
stift",  n)Ost  of  them  two-rooted  and  erectile,  a  few  three-rooted  and  tlicrc- 
fore  immovall<*  both  jaws  entire;  nasal  tube  simple,  with  two  lateral 
openings.  1  e'-torals  broad,  their  margin  undulaie,  the  up])er  lobe 
longest;  vertical  flus  rounded.    Warm  seas,    {di';,  two;  dJwk',  tooth.) 


■iKi  i' »    129.    TETRODONTID^ CHILOMYCTERUS. 


863 


1335.  D.  hystrix  L. 

Back,  sides,  and  fins  with  nuraeroas  small,  round  blackish  spots. 
Spines  strong,  dilated  at  the  base,  w:th  a  pair  of  basal  grooves;  post- 
pectoral  spines  the  longest,  about  as  long  as  the  pectoral  fln,  those  of 
the  posterior  part  of  the  back  and  tail  short  and  broad,  three-rooted 
and  therefore  not  erectile ;  upper  and  lower  part  of  the  tail  with  two 
or  three  pairs  of  three-rooted,  immovable,  recumbent  spines;  frontal 
spines  moderate.  Head  3;  depth  3.}.  D.  13;  A.  13.  In  all  tropical 
seas,  north  to  Lower  California  and  Florida.    L.  about  3  feet. 

(L.  Syst.  Na.t. ;  Gihither,  viii,  306:  ^  Diotlon  sjnnosiasiimta  Giiiitber,  viii,  307.) 

1336.  D.  novcininaculatus  Ciivier. 

Olivaceous,  variously  spotted,  usually  a  broad  blackish  brown  band 

between  orbits,  extending  downward  behind  the  eye ;  a  second  parallel 

to  it  across  the  napej  a  large  transv^erse  subtriangular  spot  in  middle 

of  back;  a  kidney-shaped  spot  above  pectoral;  all  these  spots  usually 

pale  edged;  back  and  sides  with  small  black  spots.     Spines  varying  in 

length ;  upper  part  of  tail  without  ossifications,  but  a  pair  of  spines 

lying  along-side,  their  base  on  the  side  of  the  dorsal;  some  tentacles 

usually  present  above  eye  and  on  throat,  abdomen,  and  back ;  14  to  19 

transverse  series  of  spines  between  snout  and  dorsal.    Tropical  seas, 

north  to  San  Diego. 

{'^Diofloii  lachi'tv"  Lacdphdo,  ii,  13:  Dlodon  novemmaciilafun,  nexmariiJafiis.  quadrimnv- 
ulatiitt,  and  miillimaculnih»  Cuvier,  M6111.  Mns.  Hist.  Nat.  iv,  13fi,  137,  1818:  Dioilon 
maculatits  Giintlier,  viii,  307:  Diodon  maculatus  Streets,  Dull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  vii,  43.) 

1841.— ClIILOITIYCTEKVS  Bibion. 

Bahbitjishes. 

(Bibron  (ChUonujetdrr,  Rovno  Znol.  1840,  140);  Kaiip,  Wiogra.  Archiv.  18.').'),  2.T2 :  typo 
Diodon  qcometr'icufi  Blodi  &  Scliii.) 

Body  broad,  depressed,  moderately  inflatable.  Dermal  spines  short, 
stout,  immovable,  triangular,  each  with  three  roots;  nasal  tube  simple, 
with  two  lateral  openings;  caudal  peduncle  short;  fins  small,  formed 
iis  in  Diodon:  jaws  without  medi.an  suture.  {■/j'(^»^,  lip;  /'"^^i?'/',  nose. 
"Narines  non  closes  an  sommet,  mais  chacune  siyant  I'apparence  de 
deux  levres,  on  form<'^e  de  deux  tentacides  r6unis  A,  la  base.") 

1331.  C.  gvonictrncus  (Bloch  &  Sctin.)  Kaui^.—RahUt-fiah ;  SwvU  Toad. 

Greenish;  belly  i)ale;  a  round,  black,  wiellated  spot  above  i)eetorala, 
Dot  as  large  as  eye,  a  larger  one  behind  pectorals,  another  at  base  of 
dorsid,  with  a  smaller  one  below  it;  back  and  sides  fith  psirallel  black 
stripes  of  uniform  width  about  as  wide  as  the  interspaces,  those  on  the 


I-'' 


864      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

back  running  longitudinally,  those  on  the  sides  obliquely  downward  and 

backward,  those  on  the  front  of  the  head  running  crosswise;  a  dark  bar 

at  base  of  dorsal;  other  fins  plain.     Body  a  little  broader  than  deep  at 

the  gill-openings;  interocular  space  broad,  concave;  eyes  large,  lateral 

nearly  as  long  as  snout,  each  with  a  cirrus  above  it,  longer  than  the  i)u. 

pil;  gill-opening  about  as  wide  as  eye,  opposite  upper  anterior  part  of 

pectoral.    About  9  spines  between  eye  and  tail,  their  height  equal  to 

diameter  of  pupil;  spines  on  belly  much  smaller,  partly  imbedded  in  skin  • 

some  of  the  posterior  with  cirri;  spines  on  caudal  peduncle;  anterior 

root  of  each  spine  little  if  any  larger  than  the  others.     Pectoral  fin 

deeper  t)     i  long,  the  margin  undulate,  the  upper  lobe  longest.    Head 

2f;  depths.    D.  12;  A.  10;  L.  Cinches.    Massachusetts  to  West  Indies- 

very  abundant  southward. 

•     {Diodo7i  ueomelricus  Hloch  &  Schneider,  1801,  513:    Diodon  maculoatriatus  Miteliill 
Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  470,  1815;  Guuther,  viii,  310.) 

Subap.  (?)  faliginosus  (Dek.)  Goode  &  Boan. 

Dark  brownish  olive  above,  with  wavy  dusky  lines;  belly  black,  the 
bases  of  its  spines  bright  oratige.  Entire  l)ody  covered  with  large 
three-rooted  spines,  which  are  very  numerous  and  close  sot,  especially 
on  the  belly;  spines  of  the  belly  as  large  or  even  larger  than  those  on 
back;  not  imbedded.  D.  12;  A.  10.  Atlantic  coast,  from  Cape  Cod 
southward;  not  common;  probably  a  young  form  of  the  preceding. 

{Diodon  fuliginoaua  Dckay,  New  York  Fauna,  Fish.  324.) 


Family  CXXK.— ORTHAGORISCIDtE. 

{The  Head- fishes.) 

Body  more  or  less  short  and  deep,  compressed,  truncate  behind,  so 
that  there  is  no  caudal  peduncle.  Skin  rough,  naked,  spinous  or  tes- 
sellated. Mouth  very  small,  terminal;  teeth  completely  united  in  each 
jaw,  forming  a  bony  beak  without  median  suture,  as  in  Diodon.  Dorsal 
and  anal  fins  similar:  posterior,  more  or  less  perfectly  confluent  around 
the  tail;  no  si'iums  dorsal;  no  ventral  fins;  pelvic  bone  undeveloped; 
pectorals  present.  Belly  not  inflatable;  gill  opening  small,  in  irontcf 
jieccorals;  an  accessory  opercular  gill;  no  air  bladder.  Fishes  of  the 
open  seas,  apparently  composed  of  a  head  to  which  small  fins  are  at- 
tached.   Genera  3;  species  4.     B'ouud  in  most  warm  seas. 

{Gymnodontes,  group  Molina  QUtitber,  viii,  317-320.) 


130.   ORTHAGORISCID^ MOLA. 


^trt  /V-V 


865 


a.  Skin  thiu,  armed  with  stout  8pine94  vertical  fins  not  confluent;  body  deeper  thau 
long  (Molacanthince) Molacanthus,  485. 

aa.  Skin  thick,  granular  or  tessellated ;  vertical  fins  falcate^  confluent  behind.    {Of- 

thagoriscince.)  '•■•  1  ;,;:,■.•':  .,/.  s^f     .'V     ' 

i.  Body  not  twice  as  lung  as  deep;  skin  without  hexagonal  plates Mola,  486. 

485.— mOIiACANTIIVS  Swainson. 

( Pa??a«ia  Nardo:  Jcan/Ao«o>na  Dekay.) 

(Swainson,  Class.  Fish.  etc.  ii,  .329, 1839:  type  Diodon  mola  Fa,ilas= Molacanthus paUasi 
Sw.=^Diodon  nummularis  Walb. ) 

Body  suborbicular,  mucli  compressed,  deeper  than  long,  covered  by 
a  thin  silvery  skin  on  whicli  are  many  strong  spines.  Dorsal  and  anal 
fins  high  and  short,  not  confluent,  the  space  on  the  tail  between  them 
occupied  by  a  row  of  small  spines;  pectorals  moderate.  These  small 
fishes  have  been  generally  considered  as  the  young  of  Mola.  The  fact 
that  they  are  not  so  Avas  llrst  conclusively  shown  by  Prof.  Putnam  (Am. 
Nat.  Dec.  1870).  The  s^iecies  inhabit  the  open  seas.  (Mola;  axdvOa^ 
spiue.) 

133S.  M,  nuin'iniilaris(Wulb.)Gill. 

OUve  brown  i  bove;  sides  and  below  iridescent  silvery.  Body  verti- 
cally oval,  higher  (liRn  long;  spines  on  body  scattered,  striated  on  sides. 
Head  more  tiian  half  length,  which  is  little  moi*e  than  ||  depth.  D.  25. 
(Dekay.)    Atlantic  Ocean;  rare  on  our  coast.    L.  about  2  in(!hes. 

[Diodon  nummularis  Walbanm,  Artedi,  Piac.  1793,  fiOO:  Acanthosoma  cahnatum  De- 
kiiy,  New  York  Fauna,  Fish.  330:  Molacanthus pallasi  Putnam,  1.  c.) 

-1§6.— IVIOLA  Cnvicr. 

(Orthaffonscus  liloch  &  Schneider.) 

(Cnvier,   Legons  d'Anat.  Comjt.  1800  (fide  Gill):    type  Orlhagoriscus  mola  Bloch  & 
Schneider  =  J/o?a  rotuhda  Cnvier.) 

Body  ovate,  strongly  compressed,  covered  with  a  tiii«;k,  rough,  leath- 
ery, elastic  skin,  which  is  without  bony  i)late8.  Profile  forming  a  pro- 
jecting fleshy  nose  above  the  mouth.  Dorsal  ftn  beginning  not  far  be- 
liind  pectorals,  short  and  high,  falcate,  confluent  with  the  anal  around 
the  tail;  no  large  spines  on  tije  body.  Clumsy  flshes,  found  in  most 
warm  seas,  leaching  a  great  size.    ^Latin  molttj  a  millstone.) 

1330.  1!I.  rotunda  Civ. — Sun-flsh;  ITead-Jiah;  Mola, 

Dark  gray;  sides  grayish  brown,  with  silvery  reflections;  belly  dusky;. 
a  broad  blackish  bar  running  along  the  bases  of  the  dorsal,  caudal,  and 
Bull.  Nat.  Mu  .  No.  IG 55 


Mi'i^f 


866      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV, 

anal  fins.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  high  in  front,  rapidly  decreased  back- 
wards; caudal  fin  low,  and  with  a  wavy  outline.  Depth  always  more 
than  half  length,  and  in  the  young  the  vertical  diameter  exceeding  tlie 
longitudinal.  Form  varying  much  with  age,  the  body  becoming  more 
elongate,  the  fins  comparatively  shorter,  the  eye  much  smaller,  and  a 
hump  li  ,ing  developed  above  the  mouth,  topped  by  an  osseous  tubercle. 
Head  3;  depth  If .  D.  17;  A.  16.  Pelagic,  inhabiting  most  temperate 
and  tropical  seas,  swimming  slowly  about  near  the  surface;  common 
northward  to  Cape  Cod  and  Point  Concepcion.  It  reaches  a  weight  of 
about  500  pounds. 

(Tetrodon  mola  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.:  Orthagoriacm  mola  Bloch  &  Schneider,  1801,  510: 
Orihagoriscus  mola  Storer,  Fish.  Mass.  420:  Orthagoriacm  analis  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal. 
Acad.  Nat.  Scl.  ii,  31,  f.  54.  ''Mola  rotunda  Cuvier,  180(.") 


>'  I     ■( 


.'^ '«.?.**      ,'"     -'' 


ADDENDA  ET  COERIGENDA.    . 

Page  3  (57).  Brancliiostoma  lanccolatnni. 

To  the  synonymy  of  species  No.  1,  add: 
('^  Limax  lanceolatus  Pallas,  Spicilegia  Zool.  x,  19,  about  1770.") 
Until  the  Lancelets  are  more  fully  compared,  neither  our  Atlantic 
nor  our  Pacific  coast  form  can  be  distinguished  from  the  European 

species. 

Page  5.    Instead  of  Bddlostoma  read : 
3.  Polistotrenna  Gill. 

The  generic  name  Heptatrema  Dumc'iril  (Cuvier,  B^gne  Anira.)  has 
priority  over  Bdellostoma  Miiller.    Species  3  may  be  named — 

3.  P.  stouti  (Lockington)  J.  &  G. 

The  identity  of  this  species,  thus  far  known  only  from  tiie  coast  of 
California  from  Santa  Barbara  northward,  with  the  Chilian  K.  dombeyi 
is  doubtful.  The  description,  on  page  57,  is  taken  from  California  speci- 
nieus.  The  genus  Folistotrema  Gill  (Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  30)  is 
distinguished  by  the  presence  of  11  t<  14  gill-openings  instead  of  G  or  7, 
the  buse  of  the  tongue  being  between  the  seventh  and  eighth  (not  an- 
terior) pair  of  branchiae. 

Page  7.  A  better  generic  arrangement  of  our  Lampreys  than  that 
given  in  the  text  would  be  as  follows  (omitting  the  character  of  the 
division  of  the  dorsal  fin,  which  is  subject  to  much  individual  varia- 
tion): 

(I.  Maxillary  tooth  single,  crescont-shapod,  with  a  cusp  at  each  end. 

b.  Lingual  teeth  pectinate 4.  Ento8PHENU8*  Gill. 

bh.  Lingual  teeth  obscurely  tricuspidate 5.  AMMorcETESt  Dumdril. 

aa.  Maxillary  tooth  of  2  or  3  pointed  cusps  close  together;  lingual  teeth  pectinate. 

6.   PETROMYZONt  L, 


'Species  E.  tridentatiu  (Gairdn.)  Gill. 

t Including  Lampetra  Gray.  Species  A.  plumbeus  (Ayres)  Bean:  A.  aureus  Bean:  A^ 
tiii/rr  (Raf.)  .lor. :  A  appendix  (Dek.)  J.  &  G 

{ IiK'Uiding  Ichthyomyson  Grd.  Species  P.  argwtfua  Kirt. :  P.  nattan^ut  (Grd.)  Bean: 
P,  marinua  L. :  P.  doraatM  Wilder. 


m 


I  I 


868       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

Page  7.  The  genua  4  (a)  Entosphenus  should  probably  be  admitted 
and  its  species  should  be — 
4.  E.  tridcntatus  (Gairdner)  Gill. 

It  ranges  from  Monterey  to  Vancouv*  's  Island,  and  Nos.  '^5"  and 

"6"  are  not  distinct  from  it. 

■i,,  . 

On  page  8,  after  AmmocaeUs ylumhem^  add: 
V  (ft).  A.  aureus  Bean. 

Plumbeous  above,  golden  yellow  below;  under  side  of  head  and  neck 
silvery.  Maxillary  tooth  single,  bicuspid;  mandibulary  with  7  cusps 
the  outer  largest.  Head  shorter  than  chest;  distance  from  eye  to  first 
dorsal  thrice  base  of  first  dorsal;  base  of  second  dorsal  twice  as  loiiff 
as  that  of  first,  the  fin  twice  as  high;  interspace  between  dorsals  ? 
length  of  head;  tail  (from  vent)  4  in  total  length.  Head  lOJ  (5^  iu 
distance  to  first  dorsal).  L.  15  inches.  Yukon  Eiver,  Alaska;  abun- 
dant.   {Bean.) 

(Ammocaeiea  aureus  Bean,  Proc.  TJ.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  iv,  1881,  159:  1  Petromyzon  marinut 
camtsehaticua  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Eosso-Asiat.  iii,  1811.) 

On  page  9,  after  Ammocoetes  niger,  add: 
'§(/»)•  A.  appendix  (Dekay)  Gill. 

Dusky  brown,  sometimes  tinged  with  bluish;  fins  pale  amber.  A 
ring  of  irregularly-shaped  corneous  processes  within  the  mouth,  and  a 
large  isolated  double  tooth  of  the  same  texture  on  the  inferior  portion 
of  the  mouth.  Origin  of  dorsal  in  advance  of  middle  of  body  (behind 
middle  in  A.  niger).  Vent  near  posterior  third  of  body.  Anal  papilla 
("appendix")  conspicuous  in  males  in  spring.  Streams  of  New  York 
and  Southern  New  England.  [Bekay.)  Not  lately  recognized,  but  fip 
parently  differing  from  A.  niger  in  the  less  posterior  dorsal. 

{Petromyson  appendix  Dekay,  New  York  Fauna,  Fish.  1842,  381:  Avmocatcs  uvkohr 
Dekay,  1.  c.  383;  larva.  Of  the  remaining  species  described  by  Dekay,  Ammocaki 
hiiiolnr  Lo  Sueur,  1.  c.  383,  seems  to  bo  the  larva  of  Petromyzon  marinna,  and  P.  lamot 
teni  Lc  Sueur  MSS.  1.  c.  862,  is  probably  Petromyzon  argentcua.) 

Page  10.  Petromyzon  cantaneus  has  been  lately  received  from  Loiii 
siaua.  It  is  considered  a  valid  species  by  Dr.  Bean,  as  is  also  9  (/>), 
P.  hirvuo  (Grd.)  Bean.  Both  these  species  have  the  maxillary  tooth 
tricuspid,  not  bicuspid  as  in  P.  argcniem. 

Page  II.  The  mandibulary  teeth  in  Petromyzon  marinus  are  usually 
7  in  number.  The  plates  of  the  anterior  lingual  pair  are  couUuent,  and 
not  their  serrations  as  stated  in  the  text.  -*-.-.,  r  .^^.. 


ADDENDA — 6.    SCYLLIID^E — SCYLLIORHINUS. 


869 


Page  11.  Instead  of  P.  nigricans  Le  Sueur,  read:       ^         ,     . 
1!|.  p.  marinus,  subsp.  dorsatus  Wilder,  sp.  nov. 

The  ^^Petromyzon  nigricans^  of  the  Atlantic  coast  streams  seems  to 
be  the  young  of  P.  marinus.  The  Caynga  Lake  Lamprey  described  in 
the  text  on  page  11  is  apparently  a  distinct  subspecies,  diflfering  from 
p.  marinus  in  the  longer  head  (snout  1^  in  chest;  head  half  longer 
than  chest;  in  P^marinus  snout  1^  in  chest;  head  one-third  longer  than 
cbest) ;  maudibulary  teeth  usually  8  or  9.  Males  with  the  hack  before 
^rsal  Jin  compressed  in  a  long,  hard,  fleshy  ridge.  Interspace  between 
dorsals  variable  in  length,  shortest  in  males,  J  to  |  base  of  first. 
Tail  3|  in  length.  Coloration  of  P.  marinus,  and  size  not  much  less. 
Abundant  in  Cayuga  Luke,  New  York;  not  yet  observed  elsewhere. 
The  differences  above  noted  are  not  very  constant. 

(Wilder  MSS. :  Pclroinyzon  nigricans  J.  &  G.,  pa^e  11  of  this  work.  ) 

Page  14.  Under  Echinorhimis  the  reference 
(Blainville,  Bull.  Sci.  Philomath.  1816,  121) 
should  be  supplied. 

Page  18  (and  59).  Instead  of  genus  13  (6)  Scyllium  Cuvier  read: 
13  (&).— SCYL.ig[ORHINrS  Blainville. 

(Blainville,  Rnll.  Sci.  Philom.  1816, 121:  type  SeifUiorhinua  catulua  Blainville  =  5(jfM«?M« 
canicula  L.) 

The  generic  diagnosis  of  "  Scyllium,^^  on  page  59,  applies  to  Scyllio- 

rhhius,  with  the  exception  of  the  clause  "nostrils  separated  by  a  broad 

isthmus",  which  is  true  of  part  of  the  species  (subgenus  Catulus  Smith) 

ouly.    Species  18  (6)  should  be  "  S.  ventriosus  (Garman)  J.  &  G." 

After  18  (6),  S.  ventriosus,  add: 
1§  (c).  S.  retifer  (Garman)  J.  &  G. 

Light  brownish,  crossed  at  irregular  intervals  by  groups  of  2  to  4 
narrow  black  lines,  which  are  joined  by  other  lines,  forming  a  network 
of  polygonal  meshes;  belly  uniform  yellowish,  iiody  moderately  elon- 
gate, the  vent  in  front  of  its  middle.  Head  depressed,  its  width  nearly 
equal  to  its  length  in  front  of  spiracles;  length  of  snout  from  mouth 
less  than  distance  between  outer  margins  of  nostrils;  nasal  valves 
broader  than  isthmus  between  them,  not  reaching  mouth,  without 
free  cirrus;  length  of  arch  of  mouth  a  little  more  than  half  its  width; 
lower  labi.il  fold  reaching  one-fourth  distance  to  symphysis;  teeth 
small,  each  with  a  central  cusp  and  two  small  ones  on  each  side.    Pec- 


870      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

torals  short  and  broad.    First  dorsal  inserted  near  middle  of  length  of 
body  5  caudal  not  large.    ( Oarman.)    Deep  water,  off  the  coast  of  Vir 
ginia;  one  specimen  known. 
{ScylUum  rctiferim  Garmau,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  xi,  2;J3, 1881.) 

Page  18.    Instead  of  Galeorhinida;,  read:  ^  '  •      :  ;  •     ;.   ♦ 

^        Family  VII.— CARCHARIID^. 

On  page  19,  instead  of  Mustelus  Mnnulus,  Te^d:  " 

19.  jTI.  canis  (Mitch.)  Dek. 

Add  to  the  synonymy; 

("SqualuM  canis  Mitch.  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  i,  486,  1815:  Mustelus  asterian 
Cloquet,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  xiv,  407,  1820:  Muslelua  plebejua  Bouap.  Fauua  Italica,  Iftto 
49.") 

Page  20,  species  20:  • 

The  Mustelus  canis  of  our  Atlantic  coast  seems  to  us  to  be  perfectly 
identical  with  the  European  species,  the  American  name  having  prior- 
ity of  date.  Mustelus  cali/ornicus  Gill,  is  however  a  diflerent  species. 
It  may  be  thus  compared  with  M.  canis,  the  difierential  characters  of  the 
latter  species  being  interposed  in  parenthesis:  In  No.  20,  M,  mlijhrni- 
cus  Gill,  the  dorsal  fin  is  comparativefy  small  (large),  its  anterior  lobe 
obtuse,  and  wheu  depressed  not  reaching  so  far  as  (reaching  well  be- 
yond) the  posterior  lobej  height  of  anterior  lobe  less  (more)  than  the 
base  of  the  fin,  which  is  little  (considerably)  longer  than  snout  and  less 
(more)  than  one-third  the  interspace  between  dorsals j  the  pectoral  is 
comparatively  short,  not  reaching  to  anterior  third  (reaching  nearly  to 
middle)  of  dorsal,  or  about  half  way  to  the  beginning  of  the  slit  be 
tween  veutrals  (half  way  to  the  base  of  the  daspers).  The  snout  in 
M.  cali/ornicus  is  more  ])ointed,  the  mouth  narrower,  its  anterior  angle 
more  acute  (obtuse);  breadth  between  angles  of  mouth  |  (|)  snout. 
Mustelus  cali/ornicus  reaches  a  larger  size  than  M.  canis.  In  MiiHtelus 
cali/ornicus  the  embryo  is  attached  to  the  placentae.  It  therefore  be- 
longs to  the  subgenus  '•'•  Pieuracromylon'"  Gill. 

Page  20.  The  genus  '■^ RMnotriads,^  introduced  on  page  59,  may  be 
suppressed,  ''iJ.  henleV^  being  a  species  of  Triacis,  as  given  on  page  20. 

Page  20  (60).  20  (&),  '■^  Rhinotriacis  laivis^^  (or,  better,  Mustelus  Imis 
liisso)  should  i)robably  be  suppressed,  as  the  evidence  of  its  occurrence 
lu  OW.  wafers  is  iusu^cieut*  .  .  .   > 


ADDENDA — 7.    CARCHARIID^ — GALEORHIN  US. 


871 


Prtgo  21.  After  Galeorhimia  add  tlie  reference : 

(IJlainvlllo,  Prodromo  Fauno  Fran^aise,  Poisa.  i,  85,  1S16.) 
It  is  probable  tbat  our  species  is  really  distiuct  from  the  European. 
It  may  be  characterized  as — 

23.  G.  zyopterus*  J.  &  G.  sp.  uov.—Oil  £hark. 

Dusky  grayish;  most  of  pectoral,  tip  of  caudal,  and  anterior  jiortion 
of  both  dorsals  black.  Snout  depressed,  rather  long,  but  rounded  at 
tip;  nostrils  considerably  nearer  mouth  than  tip  of  snout;  the  anterior 
lobe  with  a  small  pointed  tip;  interorbital  space  a  little  less  than  length 
of  snout;  teeth  abo  it  35,  the  four  or  five  teeth  nearest  the  middle  of  the 
jaw  much  smaller  than  the  others;  median  tooth  of  each  jaw  smallest, 
subtriangular,  without  basal  cusps;  lateral  teeth  of  both  jaws  similar, 
with  their  poinVa  strongly  directed  outwards;  a  sharp  angle  near  the 
middle  of  the  outer  margin,  below  which  are  2  to  5  sharp  (lusjis  or  ser- 
rations; labial  folds  moderate.  Eye  large,  the  small  spiracles  sepa- 
nitod  from  it  a  distance  about  efjual  to  its  diameter.  Head  with  many 
mucous  pores.  Distance  ^between  angles  of  mouth  nejjrly  twice  length 
of  mouth,  and  equal  to  length  of  snout  from  mouth.  Pectoral  fin  mod- 
ciate,  reaching  somewhat  beyond  front  of  dorsal,  its  tip  somewhat 
pointed,  its  free  edge  concave.  Middle  of  first  dorsal  nearly  midway 
between  pectorals  and  ventrals,  its  anterior  lobe  rounded,  posterior, 
acute;  second  dorsal  scarcely  one-fourth  as  large  as  first,  a  trifle  larger 
than  anal,  which  is  inserted  slightly  farther  back. 

Meaanrementa  of  a  large  exo.mpie,  63  incliea  in  length,  from  San  Pedro,  California. 


Lensth -• 100. 

firi'iitpst  depth 14. 

L('ii';tliof  head 18. 

Leiij;! h  of  snout  (from  mouth) 7. 5 

Length  of  suout  (from  eye) 8. 

Width  of  mouth 7. 

Length  of  spiracle 0. 7 

Length  of  oyo 2.5 

Distauce  from  snout  to  first  dor- 
sal   3.3 


Length  of  base  of  first  dorsal 7. 3 

Height  of  first  dorsal 7. 5 

Distance  octweea  dorsala 2.5 

Length  of  second  dorsal 4.5 

Height  of  second  dorsal 4; 

Length  of  anal 3. 5 

Length  of  caudal 21. 

Distance  from  pectorals  to  ventrals.  25. 

Length  of  pectorals 15. 

Length  of  ventrals 4.5 


Coast  of  Southern  California,  from  San  Francisco  to  Cerros  Island, 
extremely  abundant.  Valued  for  the  oil  in  its  liver,  and  for  the  fins, 
which  are  nmch  prized  by  the  Chinese,  the  gelatinous  tin-rays  making 
a  fine  soup. 

{Galeorhinua  galena  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  42,  and  1881,  18: 
tjpical  specimeus  have  been  distributed   by  the  National  Museum  as  Nos.  2()927, 

* 2*^05,  soup;  nrepoy,  fin,  '.      '  "        " 


872      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

2G973,  27100,  and  27391.  Tlie  European  species,  G.  galeus,  is  paid  to  have  the  middle 
tueth  of  the  jiiv  s  not  reduced  in  size,  the  median  tooth  in  each  jaw  wit',  '/asal  cusps- 
the  second  dorsal  half  smaller  than  the  iirst;  the  fins  plain,  etc.) 

Pages  22,  23,  24,  GO.  The  groups  called  Carcharinm  and  Eulamia 
should  rather  be  considered  as  subgeneric  sections  of  a  single  genus 
which  may  stand  as — 

..^^  .        1§.— CARCHARIAS  Rafinesqne. 
(Rafinesqne,  Indice  d'lttiol.  Sicil.  1810,  44:  type  Squalus  glaucua  L.) 

The  species  of  Carcharias  should  stand  as  follows: 
24.  C.  gl'aMCUS  (L.)  Cuv.     . 
26.  C.  obscurus  (Le  Sncur)  Milllcr  &-  Ilcule. 

In  this  species  the  very  long  pectorals  extend  beyond  the  end  of  the 
dorsal,  and  their  outer  ra;irgiii  is  four  times  as  long  as  the  inner. 

26  (ft).  C.  pBatyodon  (Poey)  J.  &  G. 

Slaty-blue,  white  below;  caudal  blackish,  other  fins  with  dark  tips. 
Body  stout.  Head  very  short,  broad,  depressed,  and  bluntly  rounded. 
Mouth  twice  as  broad  as  long,  its  breadth  about  half  more  than  length 
of  sno?it;  inner  lobe  of  nostril  very  blunt;  nostril  a  little  nearer  eye 
than  tip  of  snout;  upper  teeth  very  broad,  triangular,  erect,  coarsely 
serrate,  not  notched;  lower  teeth  narrower,  more  finely  serrate.  First 
dorsal  beginning  close  behind  pectoral,  a  little  higher  than  long,  not 
falcate,  its  base  2J  in  interspace  between  dorsals;  second  dorsal  very 
small,  its  base  5  in  interspace;  caudal  moderate,  2§  in  body;  anal  a 
little  longer  than  second  dorsal,  and  ]>laced  a  little  farther  back;  pec- 
torals rather  small,  not  falcate,  G  in  total  length,  reaching  a  little  past 
dorsal;  width  of  pectoral  nearly  two-thirds  its  length.  L.  10  to  15  feet. 
Cuba  to  Texas;  abundant  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  the  specimen  here 
described  being  from  Galveston. 

26  (c).  €.  plunibeus  (Nardo)  J.  «&  G.  >-     - 

Bluish  gray,  whitish  below.  Fir^t  dorsal  rounded  above,  inserted 
immediately  above  the  base  of  the  pectoral;  second  near  the  middle 
of  the  base  of  the  anal;  pectoral  one-third  longer  than  broad,  its  ex- 
ternal angle  rounded.  Mouth  arched,  its  breadth  equal  to  its  distance 
from  tip  of  snout;  snout  short,  rounded,  a  little  longer  than  in  C.  laiuia; 
eyes  small;  ui>per  teeth  scarcely  notched  on  the  outer  margin.  {Doder- 
kin.)    Mediterranean;  said  to  have  been  once  taken  at  New  York. 

{Squalua  jthimbeua  Nardo,  Prodr.  Ichth.  Venice,  18-27,  9:  Carcharias  (rrioiiodoii)  mil- 
herti  Valeucieuues  MSS.  in  MUUer  &  Henle,  Plag.  :J8,  l'i41:  Eulamia  milberti  Gill, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  18G4,  262,  in  part:  Carcharias  milberti  Doderleiu,  Mauualo  Ittio- 
log.  Mediter.  1881,  44.) 


ADDENDA — ^7.    CARCHARIID^ CARCIIARIAS. 


873 


This  species  sboiild  probably  be  omitted  from  our  lists,  as  there  is  uo 
Ijood  evidence  that  any  of  our  sharks  are  identical  with  the  plumbeus  or 
the  milberti  of  the  Mediterranean.  Probably  C.  cocrukiis  was  originally 
coufonndod  with  it.  The  Eulamia  milberti  of  recent  American  writers 
is  probably  the  following  species,  which  may  bo  substituted,  as — 

87.  C.  cOBruleiis  Dekay.  * 

This  8i)ecies  differs  from  C.  platyodon  chiefly  in  the  following  respects: 

Head  longer,  the  snout  much  less  obtuse,  its  length  from  mouth  equal  to 

breadth  of  mouth ;  distance  between  nostrils  ^  less  than  length  of  snout. 

Teeth  and  fins  as  in  C.  platyodon.    Pectorals  rather  small,  not  falcate, 

(1^  in  body;  caudal  4,  rather  narrow.    New  England  to  Florida;  not 

rare. 

{Carcharias  cocrulcnn  Dekay,  Now  York  Fauna,  Fishes,  354,  G2;  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  18"<2:  Lamna  caudata  Dok.  1.  c.  354:  Eiilamin  milberti  Gill,  Pioc, 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1864,  262;  probably  not  Carcharias  milberti  M.  &  II.) 

37  {b).  C.  lamia  Raf. 

To  the  description  on  page  23  add  the  following: 

Head  broad,  depressed;  snout  short  and  rounded,  nostrils  midway 

between  its  tip  and  the  front  of  the  mouth;  breadth  of  mouth  greater 

than  preoral  length  of  snout.     First  dorsal  very  large,  commencing 

close  behind  the  base  of  the  pectoral,  its  height  a  little  greater  than 

the  length  of  its  basv.,  its  anterior  margin  convex,  its  upi)er  angle 

rounded,  its  posterior  border  nearly  straight,  its  lower  angle  pointed, 

its  height  about  equal  to  greatest  depth  of  body ;  second  dorsal  much 

smaller  than  first;  pectorals  at  least  twice  as  long  as  broad;  upper 

lobe  of  caudal  one-fourth  the  total   length,  twice  the  inferior  lobe. 

Grayish,  fins  rarely  darker  at  tip.    Coasts  of  Europe,  etc.    The  claim 

of  this  species  to  a  place  in  our  fauna  is  extremely  questionable. 

{^Carcharias  lamia  Ratinesque,  Indice  d'lttiol.  Sicil.  1810,  44,  no  descr. :  Carcharias 
vulgaris  Cuvier,  Rigne  Aniin.  ii,  126, 1817:  Carcharias  lamia  Kisso,  Hist.  Nat.  Enr.  Mer. 
jii,  119, 1826:  Squalia  carcharias  of  Bomo  early  authors,  not  of  Liunajus,  whose  account 
J8  based  chiolly  on  Carcharodon.) 


87  (c).  C.  lamiella  Jor.  &,  Gilb. 

The  species  described  as  U.  lamia  on  page  GO  is  probably  distinct 
from  the  European  species,  and  has  been  described  by  us  (Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  1882)  as  Carcharias  lamiella.  In  this  description,  on  page 
61,  tenth  line,  for  height  read  size.  In  the  thirteenth  line,  read  "in  not 
having  the  fijst  dorsal  higher",  etc. 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

Sciaices 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4S03 


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874      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

Page  24.  Instead  of  Aprionodon  punctatus  read :  , 

29.  A.  isodon  (MUU.  &  Hcnie)  Gill. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  this  species  has  ever  been  taken  on  our  coasts. 
The  name  punctatus  is  very  doubtfully  applied  to  this  species,  as  the 
Squalus  punctatus  of  Mitchill  is  as  likelj*  to  have  been  G.  terrccnovce.  A. 
isodon  should  be  suppressed  from  our  lists  until  its  alleged  occurreiiao 
in  our  waters  is  verified. 

Oii  page  25,  the  genus  Eeniceps  is  probably  unworthy  of  retention 
and  it  should  be  reunited  to  Sphyrna.    The  characters  to  be  assigned  to 
the  genus  Sphyrna  are  included  under  the  account  of  the  family.    Spe- 
cies 31  should  be — 
S.  tiburo  (L.)  Raf.    v   '  : 

The  correct  reference  to  the  description  of  )8|pAyrw  a  is — 

(Ralinesque,  Indice  cl'Ittiol.  Sicil.  1810,  46.) 

On  page  27,  family  X  should  be  Odontaspididce.    Its  single  genus  may 

sti  nd  as — 

.25.-ODONTASPIS  Agas8iz. 

(Agassiz,  PoissonsFossileS;  iii,  87,  1836:  type  *S<jr«aZ««/eroxRi680.) 

The  American  species  should  stand  as — 
34.  O.  littoralis  (Mitch.)  J.  &.  G. 

The  prior  name  americanm  (Mitch.)  was  the  result  of  an  error  of 
identification. 

Page  2  i.  Instead  of  JsMrM«  (/ZaMCM«  read : 
39.  I.  dekayl  (Gill)  J.  &  G. 

Dark  bluish-gray  above,  white  below, ' -le  color  abruptly  changing  on 
the  tail;  upper  fins  dusky,  lower  pale.  Head  5  in  length  to  tip  of  cau- 
dal ;  pectoral  as  long  as  head,  a  little  longer  than  npper  caudal  lobe. 
Dorsals  and  pectorals  falcate ;  first  dorsal  inserted  behind  pectoral  at  a 
distance  equal  to  one-fourth  head ;  base  of  dorsal  2^  in  head,  its  height 
If.  Middle  teeth  very  long,  much  longer  and  narrower  than  lateral 
teeth.  Length  10  feet.  Cape  Cod  to  West  Indies.  The  American  spe- 
cies seems  to  differ  from  the  Asiatic  I.  glaucus  in  its  longer  pectorals 
and  higher  dorsal. 

(Lamna  punctata  Dekay,  Now  York  Fauna,  Fishes,  1842,  352  (not  Squalus  jmnctains 
Mitch. ) ;  Isuropsia  dekayi  Gill,  Am.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1858, 153 :  lauropais  glaucua  Poey,  Synops. 
Pise.  Cubens,  not  x?j^yrhina  gtauca  M.  &  H,  1)  • 

Page  29.    lustend  ot  Is urus  o.vyrhynchus  read:  -~ — - 

36.  I.  spallanzanii  Raf.  •        . 

This  species  should  bo  erased;  as  there  is  no  evidence  of  its  occurrouce 


ADDENDA — 17.   PRISTIDiE — PRISTIS. 


875 


fccurreuce 


ill  our  waters.  ^^Lamna  punctata^^  Storer  is  doubtless  based  on  Lamna 
cornubica.  with  which  species  Rafinesque's  description  of  I&urus  ox- 
yrhynchics  is  identified  by  Doderlein.  This  species  should  jirobably 
stand  as  I.  spaUanzanii  Raf.  (Indice  d'lttiol.  Sicil.  45, 1810). 

Page  .30.  The  reference  to  the  generic  description  of  Carcharodon 
should  be — 

(Smith  MSS. ;  Bonaparte,  Mem.  Soc.  Neufch.  ii,  9, 1839 :  type  Carohardon  smithii  Bon, 
■j:z  C,  carcharias. ) 

Page  30.  Instead  of  G.  rondeletii  read: 

38.  C.  carchaHas  (L.)  J.  &  G. 

To  its  synonymy  add: 

{SqnaJns  carcharias  L.  Syst.  Nat.  i,  400,  ercl,  ayn.  para:  Carcharias  verus  Agasaiz, 
Poiss.  Foss.  iii,  91,  1836.) 

Pago  .31.    The  reference  to  CetorMnns  should  be —  ;/      ' 

('•Blainville,  Bull.  Soc.  Philom,  1816,  121.") 

No.  39  should  be — 

39.  C.  maxflilius  (Gunner)  Blainv.  *   f  b,      /  v    ;■ 

and  to  the  synonymy -should  be  added:  ,'.:     w    :;^,:, 

{Squalns  maximua  Gunner,  Trondj.  Selskschr.  iii,  33,  1765.)  ''      ■'._':/:% 

Page  31.  The  family  Rhinodontidcv  and  its  species,  Micristodun  punc' 
tatus,  should  be  omitted,  as  they  do  not  belong  within  our  faunal  limits. 

Page  32.  Instead  of  3 1,  Gyropleurodus,  read:  :    ' 

31.— HETERODONTUS  Blainville. 
(Blainville,  Nonv,  Bull.  Scienc.  1816,  121:  type  Squalus phillipi  Lac.) 

The  characters  of  the  genus  are  equivalent  to  those  of  the  family.    The 
American  species  should  stand  as — 
41.  II.  franoisci  (Gnl.)  Gill. 

It  is  abundant  on  the  coast  of  California  from  Point  Concepcion  south- 
ward. 

On  page  37,  instead  of  Pristis  antiquorum.  read: 
441.  P.  pectinatus  Latham. 

Ancl  read  in  the  description,  "rostral  teeth  in  25  to  28  pairs"  (instead 
of  IG  to  20,  the  number  found  in  P.  antiquorum ;  we  find  no  authentic 
record  of  the  occurrence  of  the  latter  species  in  our  waters).  P.  pecti- 
ncUta  occurs  in  the  Tropical  Seas,  north  to  our  South  Atlantic  coast; 
abundant  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  ascending  the  Lower  Mississippi. 

(Latham,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  il,  298,  1794;  GUnther.  viii,  437.) 


I 


5i-- 


876       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

On  page  37.  The  Rhinohatidce  are  all  ovoviviparous,  a  cliaracter 
which  distinguishes  them  from  the  oviparous  Raiidce. 

On  page  3S.  Ehinobatus  leucorhynchus  Gunther  is  not  identical  with 
R.  prodvctus,  and  should  he  erased  from  the  synonymy  of  the  latter 
species,  which  does  not  extend  southward  from  California.  In  R.  pro- 
ductus  the  rostral*  ridges  are  armed  ;\'ith  small  spines  aLove,  and  are 
largely  confluent  anteriorly,  not  "separated  along  their  entire  length,'' 
as  stated  in  t)ie  text;  anterior  nasal  valve  not  dilated  laterally  and  not 
extending  to  the  inner  edge  of  the  nostril;  first  dorsal  well  behind 
tips  of  ventrals,  not  reaching  nearly  to  the  second.  Females  with  a 
small  digitate  flai),  free  behind,  above  tip  of  snout.  Color  grayish, 
without  pale  spots;  snout  paler,  a  black  blotch  beneath  it.  San  Fran- 
cisco to  San  Diego.  The  description  quoted  in  the  text,  from  Dr. 
Streets,  was  taken  from  a  specimen  of  R.  leucorhynchus.  R,  productus 
and  R.  lentiginoftus  belong  to  the  subgenus  Rhinohatus,  distinguislu-d 
from  "  Syrrhiiia^^  bj'  the  long,  sharp  snout  and  narrow  nasal  flaps.  Oui- 
two  species  of  ^hSynhina^^  have  each  recently  been  made  the  types  of 
new  generic  names,  viz:  ^^Zapteryx^'  (Jor.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis. 
1880,  53 .  type  Platyrhina  cxasperata  J.  &  G.)  and  ^^Flatyrhinoidin'-  (Gar- 
man,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Alns.  1880,  522:  type  Platyrhina  triseriata  J.  &  G.). 
Flatyrhinoidls  is  "  distinguished  from  Syrrhina  and  Tryonorhina  by  the 
labial  fold,  nasal  valves,  and  umrginal  series  of  sjvines,  and  from  Platyr- 
hina by  the  fold,  valves,  separation  of  pectorals,  and  viviparity."  Trygo- 
norhina  alveata  Garman,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  1880,  1G9,  is  identical 
with  Rhinohatus  exasperatus. 

In  R.  exasperatus  the  dorsals  are  well  forward,  the  origin  of  first  dorsal 
being  nearer  hinder  part  of  root  of  ventrals  than  front  of  second  dorsal. 
In  J^.  triseriatus  the  origin  of  first  dorsal  is  nearer  root  of  caudal  than 
the  hinder  part  of  root  of  ventrals.  In  the  latter  the  rostral  ridg'is  are 
strongly  convergent,  in  K.  exasperatus  they  are  parallel. 

On  page  39,  add  to  description  of  47,  Torpedo  californica  Ayres: 

Color  very  dark  brown,  with  small  round  black  spots,  which  are  some- 
times obsolete.  Eyes  small,  the  spiracles  at  a  distance  behind  them 
more  than  twice  diameter  of  eye  and  more  than  length  of  spiracle;  edges 
of  spiracles  not  fringed;  breadth  of  mouth  about  equal  to  its  distance 
from  tip  of  snout.  Teeth  small,  sharp,  in  few  series.  Tail  a  little 
shorter  than  disk.  First  dorsal  fin  more  than  twice  as  large  as  secoiid; 
half  of  it  opposed  to  the  ventrals.  Coast  of  California;  thus  far  seen 
only  about  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Cruz. 


APDENDA 20.    RAIID^E RAIA. 


sri 


On  page  39,  after  description  of  Torpedo  calif  or  nica^  add: 


36  (6).— NARCINE  Ilenle. 
(Henle,  Ueber  Narcine,  31:  type  Torpedo  hraailiensia  Olfera.)  ■  ,, 

Disk  more  or  less  roiij?.ded,  not  emarginate  in  front;  spiracles  ex- 
tremely close  to  the  eyes,  their  edges  tuberculate  or  smooth ;  mouth 
narrow,  surrounded  by  a  circular  fold  of  skin,  which  forms  the  frenum 
of  the  nasal  valve;  teem  in  quincunx,  not  occupying  the  whole  of  the 
jaw,  following  the  edge  of  the  jaw  outward,  so  that  most  of  them  are 
visible  when  the  mouth  is  closed.  Tail  about  as  long  as  disk.  Second 
dorsal  larger  than  first.  Tropical  Seas,  (va/jzij,  numbness,  an  ancient 
name  of  the  Torpedo.) 

4T  (6).  N.  brasilicnsis  (Olfera)  Henle. 

Subsp.  corallina  Garman. 

Orange;  a  dark  brown  band  ficross  the  head  in  front  of  the  eyes,  inter- 
rup^^ed  on  the  forehead;  a  large  triangular  space  of  the  light  color  on 
the  snout  in  front  of  the  dark  band;  rest  of  body  with  faint  dark  mark- 
ings and  small  round  spots.  Posterior  borderii  of  dorsals  and  caudal 
truncate ;  otherwise  as  in  IS.  brasiliensis  (Olfers)  Henle,  of  which  species 
this  is  thought  to  be  a  local  variety.  {Garman.)  iV.  brasiliensis  has  the 
disk  oval;  the  first  dorsal  smaller  than  the  second;  the  teeth  pointed 
and  the  spiracles  very  close  to  the  eye,  surrounded  by  a  ring  of  small 
tubercles.    Pensacola,  Florida,  to  Brazil. 

(Torpedo  hraailienais  Oliers,  Torped.  19:  Giinther,  viii,  453;  Garman,  Bull.  Mus. 
Comp.  Zool.  xi,  234,  1881.) 

On  page  43,  after  ^aia  </ra?iM^ato,  add :  .  ;.  , 

53  (b).  R.  ornata  Garman. 

Allied  to  B.  eglanteria.  Light  brownish,  freckled  with  paler,  marked 
with  a  few  groups  of  small  darker  spots;  several  spots  on  the  tail;  one 
At  base  of  each  dorsal.  Disk  little  broader  than  long,  the  anterior  mar- 
gins convex;  tip  of  snout  obtuse;  snout  not  produced;  rostral  cartilage 
obtuse.  Width  of  mouth  three-fourths  its  distance  from  end  of  snout. 
Teeth  in  upper  jaw  in  44  series.  A  media  !  series  of  spines  on  back  and 
tail;  a  lateral  series  on  each  side  of  this  on  back,  and  two  on  tail;  a 
series  on  each  orbital  ridge ;  a  single  spine  on  forehead  between  eyes . 
several  above  tip  of  snout;  a  group  on  hinder  angle  of  pectoral  and  on 
its  anterior  extremity ;  besides  these  the  entire  upper  surface  is  rough 
with  small  asperities;  lower  surface  smooth.  Tail  a  little  longer  than 
disk.    Deep  water  j  off  the  coasts  of  South  Carolina  and  Florida.    (Gar- 


tit  . 


87.8      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTIIYOLOGY- 


-IV. 


man.)    Perhaps  a  local  variety  of  R.  acTcleyi  Garman,  a  species  described 
from  Yucatan  Banks. 

(Garmau,  Bull.  Mas.  Coiup.  Zool.  xi,  236,  1881.) 

<S3  (c).  R.  pluionia  Carman. 

Brown,  the  adults  purplish,  with  irregular  transverse  series  of  ill- 
defined,  often  conlluont  brown  spots,  besides  some  white  spots ;  tail  with 
light  and  dark  bands;  dorsals  dark;  lower  surface  white.  Disk  broader 
than  long,  subquadrangular,  rounded  in  front;  snout  forming  a  very 
blunt  {ingle;  tail  half  longer  than  disk;  rostral  cartilage  short,  not  ex- 
tending to  the  tip  of  the  snout.  Width  of  mouth  half  its  distance  from 
snout.  Teeth  in  32  series.  Eyes  large,  their  length  more  than  intor- 
orbital  width.  Back  and  tail  covered  with  small,  close-set,  stellate 
spines,  the  points  slemler,  compressed,  directed  backwards.  A  close 
series  of  large  spines  along  the  middle  line  of  back  and  tail;  a  supra- 
orbital row,  and  a  single  spine  on  each  side  of  back  of  head ;  a  series 
of  about  five  on  each  side  of  shoulder-girdle,  in  front  of  which  are  one 
or  two  more;  two  series  on  each  side  of  tail.  J^ower  parts  smooth. 
Deep  water;  off  coast  of  South  Carolina.     {Garman.) 

(Garman,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  xi,  23G,  1881.)  ;.     , 

On  page  42,  instead  of  l^aia  coopm,  read: 
54.  R.  binoculata  Grd.  ...  ,.. 

The  synonymy  given  to  "  R.  hinoculata  "  on  page  44  should  be  trans- 
ferred to  this  species,  the  original  ^^hinocidata"  being  the  young,  and 
"coopen'"  the  adult,  of  the  same  Ri)ecies. 

On  page  43,  instead  of  Rata  hinoculata,  read: 
A6.  R.  inornata  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 
For  the  synonymy  given  on  page  44  substitute  the  following: 
(Raia  inornala  Jor.  &  Gilb,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1880,  457  and  1881,  74.) 

Var.  inermis  is  also  described  in  loc.  cit.  1881,  74. 

On  v^ae  45,  ciiter  Raia  stellulata.  add:      .    ,  ,„    - 

57  Kb).  R.  parmifcra  Bean. 

Olive  brown  above,  rith  numerous  faint  light  blotches,  two  of  which 
are  larger  than  the  rest.  Disk  considerably  broader  than  long;  tip  of 
snout  slightly  projecting;  interorbital  width  3^  in  distance  from  snout 
to  eye;  tail  as  long  as  distance  from  its  root  to  eye.  Teeth  in  27  rows. 
Snout,  supraocclpital  region,  and  whole  margin  of  pectorals  and  ven- 
tralB,  oovered  with  small  prickles,  as  is  also  an  area  on  tail;  back  and 


ADDENDA — 22.    MYLIOBATID.E — STOASODON. 


879 


tail  with  a  median  row  of  22  to  29  large  spines;  tail  with  a  marginal 
row  of  large  spines ;  rest  of  disk  mostly  smooth.    Lower  surface  smooth, 
exciept  an  elliptical  area  below  tip  of  snout.     L.  3  feet.    Unalashka, 
Alaska.    (Bean.) 
(Bean,  Proc.  U,  S.  Nat.  Mus.  iv,  157,  188i.) 

On  pages  47  and  05,  instead  of  ^^Basyatis  Eaflnesque"  or  ^^Dasibaiis 
Walbaum,"  read : 

,,,,,,-.,,,.    40.— TRYGON  Adanson.'  ■:.■;■.',;■•,■,:;■: ,.;^.,, 

(Adaiison  MSS.;  Gcoffroy  St.  Hilaire,  Deacr.  Eg.vpte  Poiss.  1809,  219:  typo  Trygon 
hjmma  St.  Hil.  =  Raia  pastinaoa  L.) 

The  name  Trygon  seems  to  be  j)rior  to  Dasyatis  liaf.  (1810);  the 
earlier  Dasybatiis  of  Walbanm  included  all  the  rays,  and  is  therefore 
properly  a  synonym  of  Baia  L.  The  name  Trygon  is  from  rpoyar^^  a 
turtle-dove.  ^'■Ab  alarum  expansarum  similitudine.  Sunt  qui  columbam 
mnrmamappellai f^  (Eondelet,  de  Piscibus,  332,  1554), 

The  Korch  American  species  of  Trygon  should  stand  as  follows : 

61.  T.  centrura  (Mitcb.)  Linsley. 

61  (ft).  T.  hastata  (Dckay)  Storer.     '    :    -  "'     '  "^ 

64.  T.  sayi  (Lo  Sueur)  M.  &  H.  :       ,       '-   '  -  -^     <    ■  ■    '   : 

The  specimen  described  on  page  48  as  ^^Basyatia  aayV  is  the  young 
of  T.  sabina. 

63.  T.  dlptcrura  Jor.  «fe  Gilb.  .   ...^ 

61.  T.  tuberculata  (Lac.)  Dum. 

.;  •  >;,.:■•  ■■'.■   •     ■     ■-■■■■  ■  ■■  i    \:'i' 
6.1.  T.  sabina  Le  S. 

Page  50.    Instead  of  Aetoftaf/s  read : 


41.— STOASODON  Cautor. 

{AetohatiH  MUllor  &  Henle,  Plagiostomcii,  1841,  179:  not  of  Blainvillc,  Bull.  Soc.  Phl- 
lom.  1816,  112  {= MyUobatia) :  Stoaeodon  Cantor,  Catalogue  Malayan  Fishes, 
1850,  1416:  type  ^aJa  ?jannfflrt  Euphr.) 

As  the  type  of  Aetobatis  Blaiuv.  was  Raia  aquila  L.,  the  use  of  the 
same  name  for  a  diflPerent  genus  is  not  allowable,    (tfroac,  arch;  68ou<:, 
tooth.)    Our  species  should  stand  as — 
66.  S.  narinarl  (Euphraseu)  Cantor. 

Stoasodon  latieeps  (Gill)  J.  &  G.  {Aetobath  laticeps  Gill,  Ann.  Lyo. 
Nat.  Hist.  N.  T.  1865,  im^Aetohatii  latirostris  GUnther,  Fish.  Centr. 


I 


880      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV 

Amer.  18G0,  401),  dcacribed  from  a  Hpecimon  sent  from  Siui  Prsmcisco 
Bhould  probjibly  not  bo  inchulcd  in  tluH  work.    Tho  Hpecics  is  abuiidanr 
on  the  west  ooast  of  Mexico,  from  which  region  the  tyi»icsil  specimen  wass 
most  likely  obtained. 

Page  50.  An  earlier  reference  to  MyliohatiH  is — 
(Duuidril  MSS.;  Geoffr.  St.  Hiluiro,  Doscr.  Poiss.  Egypte,  IbOa,  336.) 

Page  53.  To  synonymy  of  "  Manta  &tVo«^rw"add: 
(Raia  birontris  Wulbaum,  Artecli  Pise.  1792,  535.) 

On  page  77,  last  line,  and  page  78,  forty-fourth  line,  for  VrisUpoma- 
tidWj  87,  read :  Sr auid^e,  88. 

On  page  78,  seventh  line,  for  Tcuthydiclw,  read:  Acantiiurid;^,  99. 

On  page  78,  thirtieth  line,  for  TrachinidcVj  read:  LATiLiDiE,  102. 

On  page  78,  nineteenth  line,  for  Centrarchidcv,  81,  road:  Elassoma- 

TID^E,  83  (/>). 

On  page  70,  seventeenth  and  twenty-ninth  lines,  for  Triglida;,  108 
road:  Agonidtk,  108  {a). 

On  page  80,  twenty-first  lino,  for  TrachimdcCj  read:  TRiciiODONTiDiE, 
102  {b.) 

On  page  80,  thirty-fourth  line,  for  "B,"  read  "A  A." 

On  page  81,  after  YYY,  add: 

YYYY.  Dorsal  fin  single,  the  anterior  half  spinous,  the  posterior  soft. 

Blennhdje,  112. 

Page  02.  The  group  here  called  Litholepis  is  to  bo  considered  as  a 
section  of  Lepidosteua  rather  than  as  a  distinct  genus.  Tlie  name 
Atractosteus  (Raf.  Ichth.  Oh.  1820,  73)  should  i)robably  be  adopted  in- 
stead of  Litholepis.  The  name  Litholepis  admnantintts  was  given  to  a 
drawing  by  IMr.  Audubon.  A  copy  of  this  drawing  was  preserved  by 
Rafinesquo  in  his  field-not©  book,  which  we  have  examined.  It  is  evi 
dentlj  a  fancy  sketch,  like  the  ^^  Pogostoma,'"  "Aplocentrus,'''  ^'Eurysto- 
WM«,"  and  other  ichthyological  myths,  which  the  humorous  artist  im- 
posed on  the  credulous  naturalist.  Usox  viridis  L.  was  undoubtedly 
intended  for  Lepidosteus  ossem. 


I 


ADDENDA 29.    SILURID.*: — ICTALURUS. 


881 


ineu  wuH 


3DONTID7E, 


Pafi;c  101,   Instead  of  Pilodictis  read: 

.18.— LEPTOPS  KiUhieHquo. 

(Uiifinesquf,  lolifli.  Oli.  iH'id,  (M:   lyi>«  Pinu}oditn  visconuH  Unf.^^SiluruH  oUrarh  \iiif, 
Xmroi,  Hiiiall;  f.';i/'i  •'y*'-) 
The  species  Hliould  stand  as — 

91.  L.  olivuriK  (Hal'.)  J.  &■  (i- 

^' I'iliKiiefis  UmoHus^^  Rat",  was  likewise  baaed  on  a  "drawing  by  Mr. 
Anduboji,"  wlii<!h  drawing?,  as  shown  by  Kafinesfine's  copy,  is  merely  a 
fancy  sketch  of  an  imaginary  eat  fisli.  The  name  sliould  therefore  bo 
disregarded.  Of  the  remaining  synonyms  of  this  type,  Leptopn  stands 
next  in  date. 

On  page  105,  after  Amiurvs  catus,  add: 
9§  (/<).  A.  braciiyucantlius  Cope. 

BIa(!kish,  yellowisli  below.  Body  robnst.  Head  not  depressed ;  eye 
small,  7  in  head,  4  in  interorbital  width.  Maxillary  barbels  reaching 
middle  of  pectoral  spine;  mental  barbels  to  beyond  the  brancihioste- 
ijals;  Jaws  equal.  Dorsal  and  pectoral  spines  small,  a(!ute,  not  con- 
cealed in  the  skin,  equal  in  length,  less  than  the  interorbital  width, 
and  not  one-third  distance  from  snout  to  dorsal;  ])ectoral  sj)ine  weakly 
serrate  behind  only ;  caudal  not  described.  Head  .'i|;  depth  4|.  1).  1, 
(i;  A.  22;  P.  I,  0.    Medina  Kiver,  Texas.     [Cope.) 

(Cope,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  xx,  35,  1880  ) 

On  page  105,  after  Amiuriut  natalisj  add: 
lOO(ft).  A.bolli  Copo. 

01iva(!eous,  belly  and  lower  barbels  pale.  Body  very  slender.  Head 
tiat,  one-flfth  longer  than  wide;  jaws  subequal;  base  of  anal  as  long  as 
liead.  Pectoral  8i)ine  finely  serrate  i)osteriorly,  more  than  half  length 
of  head;  dorsal  spine  long,  smooth,  a  little  shorter  than  pe(!toral,  its 
base  a  little  nearer  muzzle  than  adipose  fln;  longest  anal  rays  half 
liead;  caudal  rounded,  its  upper  rays  longer  than  lower.  Head  3§; 
depth  5J.  A.  25.  Little  Wichita  River,  Texas.  {Cope.)  Perhaps  a 
variety  of  A.  natalis. 

(Copo,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  xx,  35,  1880.) 

Page  lOG.    The  genus  Ictalurus  has  been  heretofore  usually  distin- 

^'uished  from  Amiurus  by  the  connection  of  the  supraoccipital  process 

with  the  second  interspinal.    In  all  the  species  with  truncate  or  rounded 

laudal  fln,  there  is  a  considerable  interval  between  these  bones.    In  the 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 56 


1^' 


«82       CONTRIBUTIONS    T3    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOUY—iv. 

fork-tailed  species,  commonly  referred  to  AmiuriiH,  the  two  boiu's  jnc 
more  or  less  close  tofifether;  in  some  species  apparently  Joined  in  the 
yonnj;,  bnt  separated  in  the  ».dnlt;  in  others  apparently  slitjlitly  sepn- 
rated  at  the  surface  and  joined  nnder  the  skin.  In  bnt  two  species 
/ureatiis  and  punctatuK,  is  there  a  continuous  bridfje  formed  at  all  a<'('s. 
In  view  of  tln^  complete  intergradation  of  this  character,  we  have  re 
tained  the  name  Amiurits  for  the  species  with  truncate  csindal  and  the 
interspinal  and  su])raoccipital  wholly  separate,  and  Ictalurns  for  tliosit 
with  forked  caudal  and  the  two  bones  in  question  joined  or  a[)proxi 
inated.  The  only  other  alternative,  and  a  not  unreasonable  one.  is  t(» 
refer  all  these  species  to  one  genus,  Ictalurus. 

On  page  108,  instead  of  letaliirus  lacustris  read: 
lOG.  I.  nig[ricans  (Lc  S.)  Jor. 

The  ^^Gadm  lacustris''*  (Walb.  Artedi,  Pise.  1792,  144)  can  hardly 
be  identified  with  any  fish. 

Page  110.  To  the  description  of  Arius  felis,  the  following  may  he 
added : 

Bands  of  palatine  teeth  large,  not  prolonged  backward  over  tlic 
pterygoid  region;  fontanelle  prolonged  backward  in  a  narrow  groove; 
occipital  process  long,  narrow,  keeled.    Pectoral  rays  1,  0. 

Arms  equestris  U.  &  G.,  is  not  distinct  from  A.fclis,  and  should  lie 
•erased.  >■ 

Page  111.  Instead  of  P  lectospondyli  read  Order  L.  Eventognathi. 
The  latter  name  is  unobjectionable,  and  has  priority  of  date. 

Page  113.  Wo  do  not  believe  that  Ictiohus,  BuhaUchthys,  and  Carpi 
'inles  can  be  maintained  as  distinct  genera,  and  think  it  preferable  to 
unite  the  three  under  the  earliest  name,  Ictiohus.  In  its  dentition, 
Ictiohus  is  intermediate  between  Carpiodes  and  BuhaUchthys^  and  in 
structure  of  mouth  BubnUchthys  stands  between  the  others. 

We  have  examined  the  original  raanuscrii)t  note-book  of  Eatinesqiu', 
containing  the  descriptions  which  were  afterwards  jirinted  in  the  leli 
.thyologia  Ohiensis.    In  this  book  is  a  drawing  of  his  '■'■  Ictiohus  bukdus," 

*  It  is  described  as  follows: 

"  Gadits  lacustris,  Americaiiis  Mathemefj,  Anglis  Land  Cod,  Pennant,  Aict.  Zool. 
Introd.  p.  191.  Corpus  tripedale,  superne  sub  spadieeum,  inferne  griseuin;  cirri  tres 
in  maudibula  iufciiore,  quorum  medius  longitudine  duos  alios  vincit." 

The  "Mathomeg  or  Land  Cod"  of  Pennant  is  said  by  Richardson  to  be  a  caWisli, 
and  it  may  have  been  /.  nigricans,  but  the  description  is  wholly  iusuiUcieut. 


ADDENDA — 30.    CATOSTOMIDiE — CAT08T0MUS. 


883 


i^IBi 

n 

f-T!f5f  ?<•' 

i 

i 

ones  ai'»' 


[TOGNATllI. 


from  which  it  is  evident  that  the  species  intended  was  the  CafoHtomm 
bnhaluH  of  Kirtland — the  BuhaHchihyH  altun  of  this  work  (p.  IHJ).  If 
this  identification  bo  accepted  in  our  noinenchitnre,  the  si)e(ilic  nann^ 
huhnlm  shouUl  take  the  phice  of  altns,  and  eifprinella  that  of  hubaliis. 
11"  KafineH(pie's  species  be  considered  uni«UMitifiable,  the  same  chanjje 
shoidd  be  made,-  as  Kirtland's  use  of  the  name  huhalm  foHowcd  next. 
As  liafinesque's  I.  huhaluH  was  the  type  of  his  Tctiohm,  in  strictness  the 
nnine  Buhalichthys  should  be  superseded  by  Ictiohus  as  a  subgeneric 
name,  while  the  group  heretofore  called  Ictiobus  would  be  called  Sclc- 
nxjnathuH  C.  &  V. 

In  this  view,  the  species  should  stcand  as  follows: 
113.  I.  cyprinclla  (C.  &  V.)  Ag.     {Sderognathiu.) 
111.  I.  urus  (Ag.)  J.  &G.    (Ictiolua.) 

115.  I.  Itubaius  Raf.    {Ictiohus.) 

116.  I.  carpio  (Rjif.)  Nels.    (Carpiodes.) 
111'.  I.  «lamalis*  (Grd.)  J.  &.  G.    {Carpiodes.) 
IIS.  I.  thompsoni  (Ag.)Nels.    (Carpiodes.) 

119.  I.  bison  (AgONel*    {Carpiodes.) 

120.  I.  cyprinus  (Le  S.)  J.  &  G.    (Carpiodes.) 

121.  I.  difformis  (Cope)  NelH.     (Carpiodes.) 

Of  these  species,  117, 118,  119,  and  121  are  of  doubtful  validity. 

Page  126.  The  following  species  of  Catostomus  may  be  added: 
130  (c).  C.  iiebulifcr  Garman. 

Brownish,  clouded  and  blotched  with  darker;  a  blackish  lateral 
shade;  belly  pale;  lower  half  of  iireopercle  abruptly  silvery.  Body 
stout,  little  compressed.  Head  nearly  as  broad  as  eye;  eye  small, 
about  half  snout;  mouth  small;  lips  with  considerable  free  margin. 
Dorsal  inserted  midway  between  snout  and  caudal;  caudal  deeply 
notched;  anterior  rays  of  dorsal  longest.  Head  5;  depth  .5.  D.  0; 
A.  8;  scales  14— 90-14.  Nazas  Eiver,  Coahuila.  {Garman.)  Very  close 
to  C.  gusmaniensisj  if  not  the  same. 

[Catostomus  nebuliferua  Garman,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  viii,  89,  1881.) 


*  It  is  better  not  to  adopt  the  name  tumidus  for  any  species  of  Carpiodes,  an  the 
"ri}!;inal  Carpiodes  tumidus  is  not  certainly  identified.  The  description  agrees  well 
with  young  specimens  of  /.  lubalus,  a  species  lately  obtained  by  us  in  Texas. 


r 


884      CONTUinUTIONS   to    N0RTI[    AMERICAN    ICIITHYOLO(JY — iv. 

Pii^jfO  145.  "Tt'eth  one-rowed  [Chondroittomina;)''''  belout^n  ufter  t, 
not  tt. 

Pago  148,  thirtieth  line,  in.stead  of  Alburnus,  read:  JticiiAHnsoxurs 
108. 

Pajjfe  150.  nyhorhynelmH  Jlavipinnis  is  described  by  Professor  Cope  in 
Hull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xx,  ;i(),  18SI,  and  H.  nigrotccniatus  and  Cochloij 
iiathiit;  hiputtatiis,  on  page  ^{7  of  the  same  paper. 

Page  157.  After  Jl.flumatilw  ad<l: 

188  (/>)•  II*  puiK-tifcr  Guruiaa. 

Brownish,  paler  below;  cheeks  silvery;  scales  punctulate;  a  black 
spot  at  base  of  caudal.  Body  little  compressed,  the  anterior  proliUi 
regularly  curved.  Head  moderately  broad ;  snout  rounded,  little 
longer  than  eye;  mouth  small;  maxillary  reaching  half  way  to  eye. 
Ventrals  short,  not  reaching  vent,  inserted  a  little  in  advance  of  dorsal. 
Pectorals  short,  reaching  little  more  than  half  way  to  ventrals;  caudal 
deeply  notched.  Lateral  line  slightly  decurved.  Head  4;  de])tli  4. 
D.  8;  A.  8;  scales  5-40-3.  "Distinguished  from  D.couchii  Grd.  by  the 
size  of  the  scales  and  a  stouter  form."  Tributaries  of  Lago  del  Muerte, 
Coahuila.    {Garman.) 

(HyhognathuK  (Dionda)  punctifer  Garraan,  Bull.  Mns.  Comp.  Zool.  viii,  89, 1881.) 

Page  17G.  After  C.  hubalina  add: 

236  (.b).  €.  rubripinna  (Garni.)  .T.  &  G. 

Brownish  above,  sides  rosy  or  silvery;  cheeks  silvery;  a  brownish 
band  from  najje  to  i)ectorals;  lower  fins  salmon  color;  caudal  reddish; 
dorsal  dark  brown.  Body  deep,  much  compressed,  the  back  anihed. 
Head  small;  snout  shorter  than  eye;  maxillary  not  reacliing  eye.  Pec 
torals  not  reaching  ventrals,  the  latter  to  anal;  caudal  deeply  forked. 
Scales  much  deeper  than  long.  Head  4^ ;  depth  2§.  D.  8 ;  A.  11 ; 
scales  7-38-3.  L.  3  inches.  Tributaries  of  Lago  del  Muerte,  Coahuila. 
{Garman.)  ' 

(CyprineUa  rubripinna  Garman,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  viii,  91,  1881.) 

Tage  206.  Bhinichthys  Ag.: 

Professor  Garman  giv'es  in  Science  Observer  (1881,  vol.  iii,  No.  8,  p. 
67)  a  detailed  account  of  the  genus  Bhinichthys,  in  whic^  15  species 


ADDENDA — 31.    CYPRINID.E RHINICIIT1IY8. 


885 


nre  rocognized.     These  are  distinguished  by  the  characters  «,'i^etl  in 
the  following  analytical  key: 


mm 


u.  Month  inferior,  snout  produccil  beyond  it. 
b.  Fi'Ht  dorsal  ray  midway  between  end  of  Hnout  and  bune  of  eundal. 

c.  Lateral  lino  ()0-(>4;  1.  triinH.  lO-j-  l-j-^ nasiUun. 

cc.  Lateral  line  70 cataracta. 

bb.  First  doruul  ray  midway  between  anterior  iJon(ril  and  base  of  caudal. 

d.  Lat.  1.  T.'i-aO ;  1.  tranH.  10  +  14-10 marmoratuti. 

dd.  Lat.  1.  70;   1.  trans.  10  +  1  +  10 lulcux. 

bbb.  First  dorsal  ray  midway  between  front  of  month  an<l  base  of  eaudal. 

c  Lat.  1.  70;   1.  trans.  11  +  1  +  10;  snout  narrow occlla. 

ee.  Lat.  1.80;  1.  trans.  1«  +  1  +  12 dulcin. 

eec.  Lat.  1.70-72;  I;  tranrf.  12  +  1  +  IIJ tiansmontanun. 

hhbb.  First  dorsal  midway  between  middle  of  eye  and  base  of  caudal. 

/.  L.  trans.  25 maxilhsus. 

aa.  Mouth  subinferior,  snout  not  prodneed. 

g.  First  dorsal  midway  between  nostril  and  base  of  caudal;  lut.  1.  bO; 

1.  trans.  14  +  1  +  10 badiiix. 

gy.  First  dorsal  midway  from  eye. 

h.  Lat.  1.  58-()0;  1.  trans.  U  +  1  +  7 simiiH. 

hh.  Lat.  1.  70;  1.  trans.  11  +  1+8 ohtusm. 

hhh.  Lat.  1.  Oil ;  1.  vrans.  12  +  1+9 aironmuH. 

i.  Stout,  black  baud  obsolete. ,.... lunatu«. 

aaa.  Mouth  anterior. 

A;.  First  dorsal  midway  from  front  of  eye. 

I.  Lat.  l.Gy-7t;;  1.  trans.  11+1  +  10 mehagris. 

II,  Lat.  1.  64;  1.  trans.  9  +  1  +  7 'irenatas. 

Most  of  these  species  we  are  unable  to  recognize.  They  seem  to  us 
to  be  merely  local  varieties,  or  even  individual  variations,  of  the  two  or 
three  most  widely-distributed  types  in  this  genus. 

The  following  may  jjerhaps  be  inserted: 

Page  207.  After  JB.  transmontanus  add: 

316  (6).  K.  dulcis  (Grd.)  Jor.  &  Copel. 

Keddisli  brown,  clouded  with  darker;  lateral  band  very  faint;  a 
dark  caudal  spot.  Snout  blunt,  projecting  beyond  mouth,  which  is 
small  and  inferior.  liarbel  small,  sometimes  absent.  Ventrals  reach- 
ing vent.  Scales  small.  Head  4J.  D.  9;  A.  3;  scales  12-80-12.  Platte 
Valley.     {Garman.) 

{Argyrevs  dulcis  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philn.  IS'iG,  Sweetwater  River;  Gar- 
man,  Science  Observer,  1881,  59,  Cheyenne:  lihimehlhya  ocella  Garmau,  1.  c.  59,  from 
N.  E.  Wyoming  and  Montana,  has  the  snout  narrow,  the  barbel  conspicuous,  the 
scales  11-70-10:  IlhinlchtUya  hdeus  Garman,  Hull.  Mas.  Comp.  Zoiil.  1881,  87,  and 
Science  Observer,  1881,  59,  from  Ogden,  Utah,  has  the  snout  long,  more  than  twice 
eye,  the  barbel  small,  and  the  scales  10-70-10:  Jihinivhthya  marmoratiw  Ag. ;  Garman, 
1.  c.  58,  from  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  has  the  scales  10-78-10,  and  is  i)ossibly  distinct  frouj 
li.  cataructw.) 


I!  I 


886       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICUTllYOLOGV — iv. 

Page  208.  After  BMnichthys  aU'onasm  mid:  j  - 

81C?  (ft).  Ik.  ImdiHS  GariiiiHi.  :        *  v..  •    v.    « 

Brownish,  mottled;  sides  and  belly  silvery.  Front  of  dorsal  iiiiriwa, 
between  nostril  and  eye.  Scales  14-80-10;  otherwise  as  in  Ji.  obtuiux. 
Clinch  Riv3r.     [Qarman.) 

(Garmau,  Science  0))sorver,  18H1,  60.) 

31§(c).  R.  siiiiiiiii  Garmau. 

Clouded  brown;  a  dark  lateral  stripe,  bounded  above  by  a  silvorv 
line.  Head  depressed  above  and  in  front  of  eyes;  snoui  rather  bioad, 
thin,  little  projecting.  First  dorsal  midway  between  eye  and  base  of 
caudal.  Head  4^.  D.  9;  /.8;  scales  9-60-7;  teeth  2,4-4,  2.  Coa- 
huila,  Mexico.     {Garman.)  *, 

(Garnian,  Science  Observer,  1881,  61.) 

318  (({)•  K.  inelcagrii^  A^. 

S'luilar  to  R.  oMusm,  but  with  the  jaws  nearly  equal.     Head  broii'l, 

narrowed  anteriorly;  lips  small;  teeth  2,  4-4,  2.     Head  3^.    D.  D;  A. 

7;  scales  11-70-8.     Western  Illinois  and  Iowa. 

(AKassii!,  Am,  Joiu'u.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  3.57;  Garman,  Bull.  Mua.  Comp.  Zool.  1881, 8li, 
and  Science  Observer,  1881,  62.) 

31§  (e).  R.  arenatus  Garman. 

Similar  to  B.  melcagris,  but  with  larger  scales,  and  the  teeth  1.  4-4, 1. 
Head  4J;  depth  5 J,  D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  9-G4-7.  Sand  Hill  liiver,  Min 
nesota.     {Garman.) 

(Garman,  Br.ll.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  1881,  87,  and  Science  Observer,  1881,  62.) 

Page  235,  tenth  line,  read:  "nearly  reaching  vcntralsy 

Page  241.  The  S)>ociniens  described  in  the  text  as  Squalius  atrariu,^, 
are  the  ^oung  of  the  species  described  on  page  240  as  Squalius  rlumd- 
leus.  Siboma  atraria  Cope  is  also  identical  with  the  latter  spiuios. 
Whether  Siboma  atraria  Grd.  is  the  same  is  very  doubtful.  The  follow- 
ing are  the  characters  assigned  to  it,  and  nuiy  be  substituted  for  those 
given  ir  the  text: 

3C?.  S.  atrarius  (Grd.)  J.  &  G.  .,,.-       -       — 

Blackish  above,  mottled  with  dark;  paler  below.  Body  somewhat 
elongate,  subfusiform;  caudal  peduncle  stout;  head  larger  than  m  IS. 
gibbosus;  the  fins  lower;  profile  of  head  gently  sloping  forward,  tlie 
snout  aubconical.  Mouth  small,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  to  oppo- 
site eye.    Eye  small,  5^  in  head.    Dorsal  inserted  over  veutrals,  uear<3r 


ADDENDA 38.  DOR08MATIDA DOROSMA. 


887 


base  of  caudal  than  Hiiout.  Head  nearly  4  (with  c...:dal).  D.  9;  A.  8; 
scales  11-7.  Teeth  1, 4-5, 2,  without  griiiUing-  surface  properly  so  caUed. 
\j.  7  inches.    From  a  si)ring  iu  Utah,  near  the  desert.     {Girard.) 

(Siboma  alraria  Grd.  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Soi.  Phiia.  18r>(i,  208,  and  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  K.  Siirv. 
X, '297:  1  Siboma  atraria  var.  longicepa  Co\w  &  Yarrow,  Zoiil.  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th 
Mir.  \  ()67,  1H7(),  from  Nevada;  a  small  lish  with  the  scales  12-5G-5,  the  head  4,  the 
(l(pth  4i  ill  length.)  ,   .:       >  .:.  ^  ,      ' 

rage  244.  Numerous  specimens  of  Fkox^mus  phlegcthontis  from  Provo 
iJiver  examined  by  us  are  full-grown  at  a  leugtli  of  barely  2  inches;  the 
lateral  line  is  almost  wholly  wanting  iu  all. 


<»* 


Page  244.  If  the  generic  name  Leucos  be  considered  as  preoccupietl, 
this  genus  should  stand  as — 

104.— MYLOIiEUCUS  Cope. 

Page  203.  Instead  of  Msgalops  thrissoidcs  read: 
136.  in.  stllanticus  C.  &  v. 

And  erase  the  synonym  "  Glupea  thrissoidcs  Bloch  &  Schneider,  1801, 
424,"  inserting  instead  '•'-Megalops  atlaniicus  G.  &  V.  xix,  398." 

Glupea  thrissoidcs  Bloch  &  Schneider  is  based  on  Broussonet's  descri])- 
tiou  of  his  Vlupea  cyprinoides,  which  is  the  East  Indian  Mcyalops  eypri- 
noides  (Brouss.)  Bleek.  On  our  Gulf  cojist,  Mcgalops  atUiiiticus  reaches 
a  length  of  about  0  feet,  and  is  known  as  "Grande  Ecaillo." 

Page  205.  After  Glupea  sagax  add: 

441  (ft).  C  pscudoliispaaica  (Poey)  Gthr.--5'2;a»us/t  Sart^iwe. 

Plain  bluish,  silvery  or  golden  below.  Body  slender,  little  com- 
pressed, Mie  belly  scarcely  carinated,  its  scutes  weak;  mouth  small,  the 
maxillary  extending  a  little  past  front  of  pupil,  2?-  in  head;  lower  jaw 
and  tongue  with  a  few  feeble  teeth;  cheeks  much  longer  than  deep,  the 
depth  below  eye  ^  t*ye>  which  is  3^  in  head;  opercle  without  stria?.  Gill- 
rakers  long,  very  slender,  30  to  40  below  angle.  Caudal  as  long  as  head; 
ventriils  below  middle  of  dorsal;  peritoneum  pale.  Head  4,^;  depth  5|. 
1).  18;i\.17;  Lat.l.  about 45.  L.O'J  inches.  Cuba  to  Pensacola,  Florida. 
Closely  allied  to  the  lOuropean  Sardine  [Glupea  pilchardus  Walbaum), 
which  is  best  distinguished  by  the  strongly  striate  opercle.  ;.  ""X^ 

{Sardinia  pactidohixpatiica  Pi'-'y,  Moraorias  Cuba,  ii,  311,  1860;  Giliither,  vii,  442.) 

Page  271.  After  i>.  cy^erf iawM/n  add: 
431^  jS>.  nscxicaniim  (Othr.)  J.  &  G. 

Silvery,  a  snmll  ron.nd  dark  spot  at  the  shoulder.  Maxillary  reaching 
front  of  eye;  jaws  even  in  front;  eye  as  long  as  snout,  four  in  head 


.■  -i. 


888       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV 

Insertion  of  dorsal  fin  mediau,  immediately  behind  base  of  ventral!^- 
the  filament  reaching  end  of  anal  fin.     Scales  large;  nine  scutes  be 
hind  ventrals.    Head  3^^;  depth  2^.     D.  14;  A.  25;  Lat.  1.  40;  L.  t,r.  13. 
Gulf  of  Mexico ;  north  to  Louisiana.     {GUnther.)      . 
{Chatoiisiua  mexicanua  Giiutliei;  vii,  AOi>,  1868.) 

Page  273.  After  Stolcphorus  ringens  add : 
4«a  (/»).  S.  nanus  (Grd.)  J.  &  G.  -,'m    ,  r  v  ..,i.;su      :  - 

Pale,  but  not  translucent;  sides  with  a  broad  silvery  shade,  but  with 
out  distinct  stripe.  Body  slender,  moderately  compressed,  the  bellj 
carinate  aud  faintly  serrate.  Head  compressed,  conic,  the  snout  rather 
pointed,  bluntish  at  tip.  Maxillary  extending  beyond  root  of  mandible. 
Eye  not  very  large.  Teeth  in  both  jawt*.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  short. 
Head  3^;  depth  5.  A.  22.  Southern  California;  abundiint.  Very 
likely  the  young  of  S.  ringens,  from  which  it  seems  to  be  separated  bv 
the  more  compressed  body.  The  many  spev^imens  obtained  by  us  at 
San  Diego  were  of  the  same  size,  and  schools  of  immature  anchovies 
uniform  in  size,  are  rarely  seen. 

{EmjrauUa  nanus  Girai-d,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Surv.  x,  3154,  1858.) 

Page  273.  After  Stolephorus  hiulcus,  which  is  probably  identical  with 
S.  browni,  read; 

454  (b).  S.  mitcliilli  (C.  &,  y.)  J- &  G. 

Very  pale,  translucent,  the  silvery  lateral  stripe  very  narrow  and  not 
well  defined,  scarcely  wider  than  pupil;  snout  and  caudal  yellowish, 
with  many  dark  points;  middle  line  of  back  with  a  continuous  stripe 
formed  of  dark  points;  dark  points  along  base  of  anal  and  behind  it. 
Body  rather  short  and  deep,  compressed,  belly  slightly  serrated;  snout 
short,  not  longer  than  pupil;  eye  very  large ;  maxillary  extending- beyond 
root  of  mandible,  about  to  margin  of  opercle;  both  jaws  with  distinct 
teeth;  cheeks  broadly-  triangular.  Anal  long  and  high,  its  base  3 1  in 
body;  its  first  ray  nearly  under  middle  of  dorsal.  Pectorals  long,  \\  in 
head.  Head  3^ ;  depth  4.  D.  14 ;  A.  26;  Lat.  1.  about  37.  L.  2A  in(!hes. 
Atlantic  coast;  abundant  from  Cape  Cod  to  Southern  Texas. 

{EngrauUs  mitchilU  Cuv.  &  Vul.  xxi,  50  (uocof  GUnther):  EngraiiliHritlatiiH  Storer. 
Hist.  Fish.  Muss.  :f41,  pi.  xxvii,  f.  3  (uot  Clupeit  tiltata  Mitcli.);  .Jordan  &  Gilbjit, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miio.  1882:  f  Engranlia  duodecim  Copo,  Trans.  Aiu.  Philos.  Soc.  18(i(i, 
405  (last  ray  of  dorsal  said  to  bo  in  front  of  first  of  anal).  .-„-_    — 

On  page  270,  after  Alepidomurus  ferox^  add: 
AHH  (h).  A.  aesculapius  Beau. 
Closely  related  to  A.ferox,  differing  chiefly  in  the  much  shorter  pec 


ADDENDA — 46.    SALMONID^ COREGONUS. 


889 


torals  and  ventrals,  the  latter  of  7  rays,  the  former  of  12.  Gill  nikers 
23  (27  in  A.ferox).  Eye  5  in  head,  the  maxillary  extending  to  beyond 
it.  Head  G;  depth  11.  D.  39j  A.  IGj  vertebra}  (asiu^./eroj?)  50.  Una- 
lashka,  Ali»ska.     {Bean.)  '         \ 

(Hean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  V,  1882.)  ► 

Page  281.  After  iSynodus  lucioceps  add:  * 

464  (^).  S.  iiiteriiiedius  (Spix)  Poey.— (Sa«d-dtr«r. 

Grayish,  abruptly  i)aler  below ;  back  and  sides  with  eight  dark  cross- 
bands,  broadest  at  lateral  line;  a  jetbl;  ck  blotch  on  upper  part  of 
slioulder-girdle,  hidden  by  opercle;  men'brane  of  maxillary  black;  dor- 
sal and  i)ectorals  barred,  the  former  in  fine  pattern;  lower  fins  and  lower 
part  of  head  sulphur  yellow.  Body  rather  stout;  head  blunt,  large, 
the  snout  broader  tl«au  long,  about  equal  to  eje,  which  is  4.;^  in  head; 
frontal  bones  little  striate ;  interorbital  space  conctive,  G  in  head ;  i)romi- 
nent  striie  behind  eye;  jaws  subcqual;  maxillary  !§  in  head,  longer 
than  pectoral.  Scales  large,  4  to  6  rows  on  cheek;  3  series  between 
adipose  fin  and  lateral  line.  Dorsal  high,  as  high  as  long;  ])e(;toral  2 
in  head;  ventral  1^.  Head  4;  depth  8.  D.  11;  A.  11;  scales  4-48-7. 
L.  15  inches.     West  Florida  to  Brazil. 

{Saiirus  intennediiiH  Spix,  Pise.  Bnizil,  81 :  Saiirtis intefmeditOf  GUuther,  v,  39C:  Suuiua 
analin  Cuv.  &.  Val.  xxii,  483;  Poey,  Syu.  Pise.  Cub.  414.) 

On  page  288,  twelfth  line,  read:  Mouth  generally  terminal. 

On  page  200,  all  the  text  between  the  description  of  Microstoma 
gramlandicum  an<l  that  of  Mallotus,  on  page  291,  should  be  cancelled. 

On  page  300,  after  Coregonus  merki,  add : 

493  (ft)  C.  laurct^a:  Boan. 

"The  height  of  the  body  is  greater  than  the  length  of  the  head  and 
equals  one-fourth  of  the  total  length  without  the  caudal;  the  distance 
of  the  nai)e  from  the  front  margin  of  the  jaw  is  contained  2;^*  tinies  in 
its  distance  from  the  beginning  of  the  dorsal.  The  diametei"  of  the  eye 
equals  the  length  of  the  snout,  and  is  about  one-filth  that  of  the  liead. 
Maxillary  reaching  nearly  to  the  nnddle  of  the  eye,  its  length  contained 
U  times  in  that  of  the  head;  the  sui)i)h'mental  bone  about  hall"  as  long 
as  the  maxilla,  and  its  greatest  width  eciuals  one-tlnrd  of  its  length. 
The  length  of  the  mandible  equals  three-sevenths  of  that  of  the  head, 
reaching  to  the  hind  oargin  of  the  orbit.  The  appendage  of  the  ven- 
tral tin  is  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  fin  and  nesirly  equal  in  length  to 
the  7  scales  immediately  over  it."    Eye  5  in  head.     Scales  much  smaller 


14 


'>4I 


•"'i. 


890 


CONTRIJJUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY— I v 


than  usual  in  G.  artedi.    D.  12;  A.  11;  V.  12;  P.  16;  Lat.  1.  84  to  95. 
NoitlKMu  Alaska;  Yukon  River  to  Point  Barrow.     {Bean.)         ;.;, 
(Bciiii,  I'lKc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mils,  iv,  IHtil,  156.) 

Pa{;e  oO().  Instend  oS  Oncorhynchus  chonk'ha  ivad: 
499.  O.  tckawytclia  (Walb.)  J.  &,  G. 

Tlie  barba  -ous  appearance  of  this  name  scarcely  warrants  so  '>reat  a 
chanjje  in  its  orthography.  >>     :..•.>  v  r^/A     - 

Pa{>e  320.  No.  515,  Sah^elinus  hoodii,  should  be  erased.  Tiio  spoci- 
juens  in  the  British  Museum,  described  by  Dr.  Giinther  as  Salmo  hoodi 
(vi,  150),  belong  to  Salvelinus  namaycush.  The  remaining  types  of  ilicU- 
ardson's  original  description  belong  to  Salvelinus  fontinulis. 

Tsiga  325.  After  Choloyasfer  agassizi  iiilil: 
5a3  (/')•  C'.  papillil'er  Forbes. 

The  si)ecinieu  from  Southern  Illinois,  described  in  the  text  from  tiic 
MSS.  of  Professor  Forbes,  proves  to  be  distinct  from  C.  agassizL  Scvenil 
other  si)ecimens  have  been  since  obtained.  It  is  further  (listingiiislicd 
from  the  other  members  of  the  genus  by  the  presence  of  tactile  i)ai)illary 
ridges,  as  in  Amblyopsis  and  Tyiihlichtliys.  The  character  of  "no  jiajtil- 
lary  ridges",  assigned  in  the  text  to  Cholo^aster,  should  therefore  be 
erased. 

{Cliolugaster papiUiferu8  Forbes,  Anier.  Nut.  Jan.  1882,  1.) 

Page  329.  Cyprinodon  aibhosits  appears  to  be  identical  with  C.  varie- 
gatnuj  diliering  possibly  in  slightly  greater  size  and  deeper  coloration, 
the  ante-dorsal  region  being,  in  the  males,  of  an  intense  steel-blue  and 
the  lower  parts  largely  salmon-red.  Head  3|  to  3g-;  depth  2  to  2f.  1). 
11;  A.  10;  scales  20-13. 

For  Cyprinodon  gibhostts  (B.  &  G.)  substitute —     ' 

S20.  C.  boviiiiiiii  «.  &  G. 

A  doubtful  species,  differing  from  C.  variegatus  in  having  the  head  .5 
in  length,  the  eye  4  in  head,  the  ventrals  under  anterior  margin  of  dor- 
sal, and  the  lin-rays  D.  9,  A.  8.     Leon's  Spring,  Texas. 

(B.  &,  G.  Proc.  Acatl.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1853,  SH'J,  etc.) 

«ja«  (h).  C.  cxicnius  Grd.  .•..;,v  , 

Differs  from  C.  varicgatua  in  having  the  head  3.V  in  length,  the  eye  4 

in  head;  D.  12,  A.  12.    Coloration  pale,  the  male  largely  golden.    L.  2i 

inches.    Cliihuahna  Kiver. 
(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  got.  Phila.  1859,  158.)  ^ 


ADDENDA Ji).    ("YPRINODONTID^ — FUNDUIiUS. 


891 


Page  333.  Fundulus  fdmilis  is  very  abuiidaut  everywhere  on  the  Gulf 
coast  a£id  uorth  to  South  (.'arolina.  -  ,>,'''; 

Page  333.  Instead  of  F^( ndttlus  zebra  reml: 
J36.  F.  zebrinus  J.  &  (J.  noin.  Mp.  iiov. 
The  name  ^^zebra"  is  preoecupiert  in  this  genus.  ;  v 

Page  335.  Omit  from  the  synonymy  of  Fundulus  adinia,  Adinia  niulti- 
fasciata  Grd.  which  is  a  very  different  sinmies  =Fundulun  xenicus  J.  &  G. 

Page  33G.  After  i^.  >e///ro/(i,vcia<M.s  add: 

,542  ('').  F.  ocellaris  J.  &.  «.  ^^      " 

i  dark  olive,  golden  below;  sides  with  13  to  15  dark  cross-bands, 
nearly  parallel,  the  anterior  narrower  than  the  interspaces;  sides  pos- 
teriorly finely  speckled,  with  small  pearly  spots  on  both  bands  and  in- 
terspaces; dorsal  and  anal  margined  with  orange;  both  fins  with  black 
iind  i)early  spots.  9  «lark  olive;  sides  dusted  with  dark  points;  middle 
of  sides  vith  about  13  very  narrow  dark  half  bars;  dorsal  with  an 
ocellated  black  spot  posteriorly.  Head  small  and  slender,  the  snout 
short.  Body  rather  slender.  Eye  4  in  head,  1|  in  interorbital  width. 
Teeth  small,  the  outer  series  somewhat  enlarged.  Dorsal  high,  in 
males  reaching  base  of  caudal,  in  females  much  lower;  anal  inserted 
uiuler  second  ray  of  dorsal.  Oviduct  not  adnate  to  its  first  ray.  Head 
;!J;  depth  4.  D.  11;  A.  10;  V.  6;  P.  13;  scales  35-15.  L.  3  inches. 
Peusacola  Bay,  Florida. 
(Jordau  &  Gilbert,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882.) 

Page  33G.  After  Fundulus  hoteroclUus  add : 
.143  {h).  F.  grrandis  13.  &  6. 

Very  closely  related  to  F.  heterocKtus,  but  differing  constantly  in  the 
much  lower  fins,  the  longest  rays  of  the  dorsal  even  in  the  male  not 
more  than  half  head,  of  anal  1^  in  head;  eye  4  to  4i  in  head,  slightly 
more  than  half  interorbital  space.  Head  3  to  3i;  depth  3g-  to  3}.  D. 
11;  A.  10  or  11;  scales  35  to  38-15.  L.  3  to  G  inches.  Gulf  coast;  re- 
placing F.  heteroclitus. 

(1$.  &  («.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1853,  389,  etc.:  Fuudulus Jloridaimiti  GnX.  Proc. 
'.Vcad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18.59,  157.) 

Page  337.  After  Fundulus  stellifer  add: 

XX.  Body  short  and  deep,  strongly  compressed ;   gill-nienibranea  restricted  above  to 
region  below  upijcr  edge  of  pectoral.     {Adinia  Grd.) 


u 


892       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY iv 

545  (/*).  F.  xenicns  J.  &  G. 

(?  dark  greeu;  sides  with  10  to  14  narrow,  pearly  bands,  slightly  ob- 
lique, and  mostly  narrower  than  the  interspaces;  a  diffuse  dusky  hlotcli 
below  and  behind  eye;  lower  jaw  orange;  belly  yellow;  dorsal  aiul  anal 
blackish,  with  many  round,  pale-blue  spots,  besides  orange  spots  near 
base  of  fin ;  caudal  barred,  Avith  some  pale  spots;  ventrals  dusky,  tipi)e(l 
with  yellow,  9  greenish,  with  a  faint  dark  lateral  shade  and  some  i)ak' 
cross-bands;  lower  fins  largely  yellow;  upper  mostly  dusky,  p.odv 
very  deep,  much  compressed,  much  as  in  Gyprinodon ;  the  caudal  pe 
duiicle  very  deep;  the  head  depressed,  rapidly  tapering  to  a  sharp,  con 
ical  snout;  the  anterior  proiile  somewhat  concave.  Females  and  youno 
with  the  back  less  eleVated.  Teeth  very  small,  in  a  villiform  band,  tlios*- 
of  the  outer  series  wide-set  and  considerably  larger.  Eye  large,  o  in 
head,  l^^  in  interorbital  space;  opercle  adnate  to  shoulder-girdle  above 
base  of  pectoral  (as  in  Gyprinodon  and  Jordanella).  Dorsal  inserted  in 
advance  of  anal,  its  origin  midway  between  caudal  and  middle  of  eyo. 
the  longest  rays  in  males  reaching  base  of  caudal,  If  in  head;  anal 
lower;  ventrals  1^  in  head.  Intestinal  canal  as  long  as  body.  Head 
3;  depth  2  (2|  to  2*  in  ? ).  D.  9  or  10;  A.  11  or  12;  V.  6;  P.  14;  B.  5: 
scales  25-10.  L.  2  inches.  Gulf  coast,  West  Florida  to  Texas;  locally 
very  abundant  in  shallow  lagoons. 

(Adinia  multlfaaciata  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pblla.  1859,  117;  Jordan  &  Gil- 
bert, Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  uot  Hydrargyra  muUifaneiata  Lo  Sueur,  uor  l<'undulu.s 
adinia  Jor.  &.  Gilb.) 


Page  340.  Zygonectes  atrilatus  should  probably  bo  supjiressed. 
appears  to  be  based  on  females  of  Gambusia  patrtielis. 


It 


Page  340.  Instead  of  Zygonectes  melanops  read : 
552.  Z.  inurus  J.  &  G. 

The  known  specimens  of  this  species  are  from  Cache  Eiver,  in  South 
ern  Illinois.    For  the  synonymy  in  the  text  substitute — 

(Zyyoncclcn  mchinops  Jonltm,  Bull.  Illinois  Lab.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  52, 1878  (not  Haploclnhi' 
melanops  Cope) :  Jor.  «&  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882 :  Haplochilua  mclanops  Copt 
ftod  Z.  vwlanopa  Hay  are  apparently  Gambusia lyatruehs.) 

Page  341.  Zygonectes  brachypterus  is  described  by  Professor  Cope  in 
Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xx,  34,  1880.  ^   -  .  » 

Page  341.  After  Zygonectes  dispar  add:  .    . 

953(h).  Z.  craticula  Goode  &.  Bean. 
t  Olivaceous;  sides  with  about  6  sharply-defined,  jet-black  longitudinal 


ADDENDA 49.    OYPRINODONTlDiE — GAMBUSIA. 


893 


stripes  following  the  rows  of  scales,  the  stripes  a  little  narrower  than 
the  interspaces;  a  large  blackish  blotch  below  eye;  fins  nearly  plain, 
the  upper  somewhat  dusky;  young  with  faint  dark  bars.  Body  com- 
paratively long  and  slender,  little  compressed.  C'audal  peduncle  long, 
rather  slender.  Head  long,  broad  and  depressed  above.  Kye  hirge, 
about  equa?  to  snout,  §  interorbital  width,  3^  in  head.  Lower  jaw 
heavy.  Teeth  small,  the  outer  scarcely  enlarged.  Fins  all  small. 
Flp:id  3§;  depth  5.  D.  8;  A.  9;  scales  40-10.  Indian  River,  Florida. 
(Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  v,  1882.) 


14 


Page  343.  Lucania  venusta  is  generally  common  along  the  Gulf  coast. 
Color  nearly  plain  light  olive,  the  males  with  the  dorsal  and  caudal 
bright  yellow,  the  anal  orange,  each  of  these  fins  margined  with  black; 
dorsal  with  bl;rt;k  spot  at  base  in  front,  ocellated  with  yellow.  D.  11  or 
12;  A.  9  or  10;  scales  26-8. 

Vage  343.  To  the  descriptwn  of  Lucania parva  add: 

Phiin  olive,  edges  of  scales  darker;  front  of  dorsal  with  a  «lusky  spot. 

15o(ly  comparatively  deep,  the  back  somewhat  arched.    Dorsal  high; 

anal  small.     Head  3J;  depth  3J.     D.  11;  A.  8;  scales  20-8.     L.  1^ 

inches.    Connecticut  to  Florida  (Bean). 


Page  345.  !N"o.  562  may  be  rcdescribed  as  follows: 

.'(62.  O.  pafruclis  (B.  &  G.)  Grd. 

Light  olive,  each  scale  edged  with  darker;  a  very  narrow  dark  streak 
along  sides;  top  of  head  dusky;  an  obscure  bluish-black  bar  below 
eye;  a  black  blotch  on  each  side  of  belly,  caused  by  the  black  perito- 
neum showing  through  the  skin:  fins  dusky;  the  caudal  sometimes 
(lotted.  Body  rather  slender.  Head  small,  very  broad  and  much  de- 
pressed; teeth  in  broad  villiform  bands;  eye  small.  If  in  interorbital 
width,  3^  to  3J  in  head.  Intestinal  canal  as  long  as  body.  Dorsal 
small,  far  back ;  distance  from  its  insertion  to  caudal  half  that  to  snout; 
anal  larger  and  higher  than  dorsal.  Head  4;  depth  3  to  4.  D.  7;  A. 
Hor9;  scales  30-10.  L.  1^  inches.  Marshes  and  lagoons  of  the  South 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts,  Delaware  to  Mexico,  mostly  in  brackish  or 
fresh  water;  excessively  common  in  Louisiana.  Eastern  specimens 
(var.  holbrooM;  Maryland  to  Florida)  have  usually  the  eye  larger,  about 
one-third  length  of  head,  1^  in  interorbital  width;  head  3§  in  length. 


894      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — Jv. 

The  yoiinj;  are  produced  iu  earlj'  summer,  when  iibout  one-third  of  an 

inch  long.* 

(Heterandna  painiclh  R.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1853,  ;J90;  Grrl.  U.  s 
Mex.  Bound.  Snrv.  Ichth.  7"2;  Gambunia  speciosa,  gracil'm  Grd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8(  i 
Phila.  1859, 121 :  Ileterandria  affitiis  B.  &  Q.  1.  c.  390:  Gambmla  humilia  and  uffink  Gtlu 
vi,  335,  336:  Uelerandria  holbrooki  Agaseiz  M8S. ;  Girard,  Proc,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liiln 
1859,  (31;  Giiiither,  vi,  334:  Haplochiius  milanopa  Cope,  ProC.  Amer.  Pliil.  Soc.  I'liiln 
1870,  457:  Zjigonectes  at  rUatuc  J  or.  &  Brayt.  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xii,  84,  187js.) 

Pages  345,  34G.  Oamhtma  hnmilis  and  Oambima  ajfinis  may  he  suii 
pressed  as  identical  with  (?.  ^aYrweii*.  ..-si,,     ., 

Page  340.  After  Oamhiisia  nohilis  add : 
.'S66  (&).  O.  senilis  Grd. 

Brown,  sides  with  dark  specks;  vertical  fins  speckled.  Veutralsveiv 
small,  not  reachiiig  vent;  anal  rather  large.  Head  5  in  total  leiigtli. 
D.  9;  A.  10.    L.  2^  inches.    Chihuahua  River.  * 

(Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phiia.  18.'9, 121.) 

Page  347.^nder  MolUenesla  latipinna  read: 

"  Eye  greater  than  snout,  2  in  head,  1^  to  2  in  interorbital  width." 
"Caudal-membrane  dark  orange,  with  black  dots."    "D.  14  or  15;  A. 

8."  ,.,,_  ,.-,,_^^^  ..,      -. 

Page  347.  After  MolUenesia  latipinna  add: 
567  (ft)-  M.  lineolata  cGrd.)  J.  &  G. 

Color  of  31.  latipinna,  the  sides  with  five  dark  half-bars.  Eye  .small. 
3J  to  3J  iu  head.  Dorsal  fin  rather  small,  its  rays  13  (rarely  14)  in 
number;  otherwise  essentially  as  in  M.  latipinna,  of  which  it  may  be  a 
variety.    Marshes  and  lagoons  of  Louisiana  and  Texas. 

{PaccUla  Uneolata  Grd.  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Snrv.  Ichth.  1859,  70:  Limia  pceciloiden  GnX. 
1.  c.  70.)  . 

Page  352.  Instead  of -EJsod?  saimowett*  read : 
574.  E.  uinbrosus  Kirt. 

The  E,>io.r  vittatus  and  U.  salmonens  appear,  from  Rafinesque's  maim- 
script  notes,  to  have  been  mythical. 

Page  355.  Instead  of  Murama  melanotis,  which  is  not  yet  known  to 
occur  in  our  waters,  substitute: 
57§.  HI.  rcfifcra  Goodo  &  Bean  MSS. 

Body  moderately  stout,  somewhat  compressed.    Teeth  of  upper  jaw 


"Among  the  genera  of  Ci/piinodonts,  only  those  which  have  tho  anal  fin  in  the  male 
niodilied  are  known  to  be  viviparous.  The  others  {Cyprinodon,  Fiindulus,  Zygonecks, 
etc. )  are  probably  all  oviparous. 


ADDENDA 52.    MURiENID^. — MUR^NA. 


895 


in  two  series,  the  outer  series  of  a  few  short,  fixed  teetli ;  the  inner 
ISeries  of  about  10  lonj?.  compressed  teeth,  a  few  of  wliieh  are  depressi- 
hle,  all  more  or  less  directed  backward;  those  ot  the  middle  of  the  jaw 
somewhat  larger  than  those  in  front.  Vomer  with  1  or  2  depressible 
canines.  Teeth  of  lower  jaw  similar  to  those  of  upper;  the  large  teeth 
liitlier  shorter  and  broader;  teeth  all  entire;  mouth  not  closing  com- 
pletely. The  tubes  of  anterior  and  posterior  nostrils  about  equal, 
slightly  shorter  than  eye.  (^left  of  the  mouth  2^  times  in  length  of 
liead;  eye  over  middle  of  cleft,  1§  in  snout.  Snout  0  in  head.  Head 
■>^  in  trunk.  Tail  very  little  longer  than  rest  of  bod.\ .  Dorsal  mod- 
erate, beginning  over  the  middle  of  head.  Gill-opening  small,  about 
as  broad  as  eye.  Color  light  brown,  regularly  reticulated  with  black- 
ish, the  reticulations  inclosing  h'^xagonal  or  roundish  spots  of  the 
{[round  color,  irregular  in  size,  longer  than  the  eye.  Entire  fish  fur- 
ther covered  thickly  with  small  whitish  spots,  smaller  than  the  pupil; 
ihese  spots  smallest  and  most  numerous  anteriorly,  nearly  obsolete  on 
the  belly,  and  prei^ent  on  the  inside  of  the  mouth.  Gill-opening  sur- 
rounded by  a  small  blackish  blotch  not  twice  as  broad  as  eye.  Angle 
of  tlie  mouth  black ;  dorsal  with  about  5  longitudinal  blackish  lines, 
which  are  obsolete  posteriorly.  Anal  with  a  blackish  longitudinal 
stripe.  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 
(Goode  &  Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1882.) 


Page  357.  After  Murwna  ocellata  add : 

5§0  (ft),  in.  afra  (Blocb)  Gthr. 

Greenish  black ;  fins  with  dark  lines  and  without  pale  edge.  Teeth 
iiniserial  in  old  examples,  the  vomerine  teeth  being  sometimes  biserial ; 
mandible  with  ahout  20  teeth  ou  ea^  side,  the  four  anterior  nuich  Ion- 
iser than  the  others,  and,  like  the  canines,  rather  elongate.  Anterior 
nasal  tubes  half  as  long  as  eye.  Gill-opening  nearly  as  wide  as  eye. 
Suout  narrow,  produced,  pointed;  eye  moderate,  half  length  of  snout, 
somewhat  nearer  angle  of  mouth  than  end  of  snout.  Cleft  of  the 
mouth  wide,  two-fifths  length  of  head.  Tail  longer  than  body.  Uead 
2i  in  trunk.  Dorsal  not  elevated.  {Oiinther.)  Tropical  parts  of  the 
Atlantic;  north  to  Florida. 

(^  Gymnothorax  afer  Bloch,  Ausl.  Fische.  ix,  85:  Murwna  ajra  (jiiinther,  viii,  123, 
ill  part. ) 

5§0  (c).  M.  moringa  Cnv.  Moray. 
Everywhere  with  innumerable,  confluent,  irregular,  brownish  black 


k 

'% 

^^p 

I-, . 

;)| 

-    ■- 

1 

A;,'! 

'^M 

896       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOdY IV. 

spots  separated  by  a  fine  network  of  the  white  jjround  (;olor;  each  noic 
of  the  h)werjaw  in  a  round  white  spot;  tins  without  wliite  niar'Mii*  in 
young  examples  the  bhick  spots  are  Uirger  and  fewer  in  nun»l)er  than  in 
adults.  Teeth  uniserial;  canines  large;  jaws  not  shutting  eoinplctt'lv • 
mandible  with  23  to  28  teeth  on  each  side,  of  which  the  3  anterior  arc 
canines,  the  third  being  separated  from  the  preceding  by  an  interspace. 
Length  of  anterior  nasal  tubes  less  than  vertical  diameter  of  the  eye. 
Snout  produced,  narrow.  Eye  moderate,  f  length  of  snont,  a  little 
nearer  angle  of  mouth  than  tip  of  the  snout.  Cleft  of  mouth  very 
wide,  f  length  of  head.  Gill-opening  a  little  wider  than  eye.  Tail  as 
long  as,  or  somewhat  longer  than,  body.  Length  of  head  half,  or  a 
little  less  than  half,  that  of  trunk.  {GUnther.)  Tropical  parts  of  the 
Atlantic,  north  to  Southern  Florida. 
(Cuvier,  Rfegue  Anim. ;  Gihither,  viii,  TiO.) 

Page  358.  Before  Coecula  insert: 

108  (&).— JLETHARCIIUS  Goodc  &  Bean  MSS. 

* 
(Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882:  typo  Letharvhus  velifer  Goodc  &.  Bean.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Ccccula  {Sphagehranchus)  in  the  total  absence 
of  the  anal  fin.  The  dorsal  is  high  and  begins  on  the  head;  gill-open- 
ings subinierior,  nearly  longitudinal;  pectoral  wanting.  {XrjOo!J.at,  to 
forget;  «/>;?»?,  anal.) 

5§0  (&).  Li.  velifer  Goode  &  Bean  MSS. 

Body  rather  robust,  somewhat  compressed,  its  greatest  depth  a  little 
more  than  f  the  length  of  head.  Head  large,  abruptly  tapering  ante 
riorly;  snout  very  slender  and  pointed,  projecting  considerably  beyond 
the  lower  jaw,  its  length  -^  head,  and  nearly  twice  the  very  small  eye; 
nasal  tubes  rudimentary;  anterior  nostril  under  tip  of  snout;  cleft  of 
mouth,  from  tip  of  snout,  4  in  head;  eye  nearer  tip  of  snout  than  angle 
of  mouth;  lower  jaw  short  and  weak ;  tongue  short,  free  in  front;  teeth 
small,  pointed,  subequal,  in  narrow  bands  on  jaws  and  vomer;  head  6^ 
in  trunk;  head  and  trunk  1^  times  length  of  tail.  Dorsal  unusually 
high,  its  height  at  nape  equalling  cleft  of  mouth;  its  insertion  at  first 
third  of  head.  End  of  tail  sharj).  Anal  fin  wanting.  No  trace  of  pec- 
torals. Gill-openings  large,  subinferior,  oblique,  conv^ergent  anteriorly, 
their  length  more  than  three  times  breadth  of  isthmus,  and  equal  to 
lower  jaw.  Lateral  line  very  distinct,  extending  forward  in  a  curve  to 
below  front  of  dorsal.  Four  conspicuous  pores  on  each  side  of  lower 
jaw,  3  behind  each  eye,  3  at  the  nape  in  front  of  dorsal,  1  on  top  of  the 


ADDENDA — 53.   ANGUILLIDiE — 0PHICHTHY8. 


897 


head,  and  1  on  each  side  of  upper  part  of  snoat,  besides  u  few  smaller 
ones  abont  the  lips.  Dark  brown,  slightly  mottled  with  darker,  not 
paler  below ;  liead  paler  than  body ;  dorsal  fin  pale,  with  a  broad  bhujk- 
ish  margin.     West  coast  of  Florida.  v 

(Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mns.  1882A  r    :  i 

Page  358.  After  Gceeula  aouticaris  add: 
$81  (b).  C.  teres  (Oiode  &  Bean)  J.  «&,  U. 

Body  terete,  moderately  elongate,  about  f  length  of  head.  Snont 
short,  moderately  pointed,  projecting  somewhat  beyond  lower  jaw,  its 
length  GJ  in  head,  2^  times  the  very  small  eye.  Tube  of  anterior  nos- 
tril shorter  than  eye.  Cleft  of  mouth  4  in  head  ;  front  of  eye  behind  mid- 
dle of  cleft.  Lower  jaw  rather  short  and  weak ;  tongue  not  free  in  front. 
Head  8|  times  in  trunk.  Trunk  and  tail  equal  in  length.  Dorsal  (as 
in  G.  scuticaris)  beginning  in  front  of  middle  of  head.*  Distance  from 
tip  of  snout  to  front  of  dorsal  2f  head.  Dorsal  of  moderate  height, 
its  longest  ray  nearly  equal  to  snout.  End  of  tail  acute.  Anal  well  de- 
veloped, lower  than  dorsal.  Pectorals  minute,  pointed,  usuallj'  shorter 
than  eye.  Gill-openings  vertical  (as  in  C.  scuticaris),  the  length  of  one 
slit  slightly  more  than  breadth  of  isthmus,  about  equal  to  length  of 
snout.  Lateral  line  distinct,  the  pores  well  separated.  Head  without 
conspicuous  pores.  Uniform  clear  brown,  paler  below,  whitish  on  the 
head ;  fins  all  p.ale.    West  Florida. 

{Sphagebranchua  teres  Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  1882.) 

Page  359.  No.  582  may  perhaps  stand  as —  . 

582.  O.  mordax  (Poey)  J.  &  G. 

The  identity  of  the  species  found  on  our  coast  with  Macrodonophis 
mordax  Poey  is  certain,  but  the  "  Crotal&psis  punctifer"  of  Kaup  is 
somewhat  questionable.    The  small  vomerine  teeth  are  in  two  series. 

On  page  359,  substitute  for  the  description  of  583,  Ophichthys  trisert- 
alis: 

Light  olive  brown;  a  dorsal  series  of  large  round  black  spots,  be- 
sides two  alternating  lateral  series;  head  with  small  spots  above  and 
below,  those  below  elongate;  dorsal  and  anal  narrowly  edged  with 
black;  pectorals  with  a  few  spots.  Skin  of  head  with  longitudinal 
wrinkles.  Length  of  head  a  little  more  than  one-third  its  distance 
from  vent.     Head  subconical,  the  snout   rather   long    and  pointed. 

•Subgenus  Callechclya  Kaup,  Apodes,  1856,  28:  type  Callechelys  guichenoti  Kaui>.. 
{xdXoi,  fair;  iyx''-X^'^i  p*?!-) 

Bull.  Nat.  Mns.  No.  16 57 


T^ 

"^ 

898       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 

Mouth  largo,  the  gape  2f  in  head.     Eye  moderate,  2  in  snout,  a  little 

behind  the  middle  of  the  gape.    Teeth  pointed,  fixed,  those  iu  jawH 

biserial,  those  on  vomer  in  one  series.    Pectoral  ',\\  in  head;  dorsal  be 

ginning  well  in  front  of  its  tip.    Tail  a  little  longer  than  body.    Pacitic 

(and  Atlantic?)  coast  ot  Tropical  America;  abundant  southward ;  north 

to  Southern  Calif'«rnia  {Jide  Cooper). 

(MufifnopHin  triHerialia  Kaiip,  Apodes,  185(5,  12:  HerpetoichthyB  caiHsoma  Abbott,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1860,475:  Ophiauruit  californiensis  Garrott  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  iii,  66;  GUuther,  viii,  58.) 

Page  359.  After  Ophichthys  trisenalis  add: 

583  (/>).  O.  inacrurus  Poey. 

Uniform  light  olive,  the  back  closely  punctate,  but  not  dark;  tins  all 
pale,  the  dorsal  and  pectoral  without  dark  shades.  Body  not  very 
slender.  Head  pointed,  the  upper  jaw  projecting.  Eye  large,  more 
than  half  snout,  i)laced  above  middle  of  gape.  Gape  2§  in  head. 
Teeth  subequal,  short,  slender,  and  sharp,  more  or  less  directed  back- 
wards; all  of  them  biserial;  no  canines.  Nasal  tubes  short,  inconspic- 
uous. Tail  twice  length  of  rest  of  body.  Head  slightly  more  than 
half  trunk,  nearly  9  in  total.  Pectorals  long,  2^  in  head ;  dorsal  begin- 
ning opposite  anterior  third  of  pectoral;  distance  from  snout  to  front 
of  dorsal  2^  in  distance  to  vent.  Gill-openings  small,  rather  near  to 
gether.  L.  15  inches.  Cuba  to  Texas.  Closely  allied  to  0.  parilin 
(Rich.),  with  which  it  is  identified  by  Dr.  Giinther;  but  that  species 
has  very  long  nasal  tubes. 

(Poey,  Eepert.  Fis.  Nat.  Cuba,  ii,  256:  Oxyodontichthya  macrurua  Poey,  Anal.  Soo. 
Hist.  Nat.  Esp.  1880,  254;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,260.) 

S83  (<0-  0«  chrysops  Poey. 

Light  olive-green;  vertical  fins  edged  with  black;  tip  of  pectoral 
broadly  dusky.  Teeth  all  biserial,  none  of  them  very  large  or  caniue- 
like.  Head  conical,  the  snout  short  but  rather  sharp.  Mouth  rather 
large,  its  gape  about  2f  in  head;  jaws  and  top  of  head  with  numerous 
dark-colored  pores.  Dorsal  beginning  a  little  before  tip  of  pectoral. 
Lateral  line  of  rather  coarse  pores.  Length  of  head  and  body  about 
2f  times  in  total  length.  West  Florida  to  Havana,  in  rather  deep 
water.  The  reproductive  apparatus  in  this  species  in  both  sexes  re- 
sembles that  of  ordinary  fishes,  the  ovaries  in  the  female  being  very 
large,  with  the  eggs  exceedingly  numerous. 

(?  Ophiauma  gomeaii  Casteluau,  Auiin.  Am^r.  Sud.  Poiss.  1855, 84,  Rio  Janeiro:  !  Ophick- 
thya  gomeail  Giinther,  viil,  60:  Ophiauriia  chryaopt  Poey,  Mem.  Cuba,  ii,  321;  Poey, 
Syu.  Piec.  Cub.  1868,  425:  Oxyodontichthya  chryaopa  Poey,  Anal.  Soc.  Hist.  Nat.  Esp. 
1880,  254.) 


mmm 


ADDENDA — 53.    ANGUILLIDiE— MYR0PHI8. 


899 


I'ut'o  35J).  Alter  ()u/uvhtliyn  ocellatus  add: 
,,,.,.,.,       :.  ■     1»0  (fc).-  PISODOMTOPIIIS  Kanp.     .  ■     -..n 

(Piwodonophis  Kaup,  Anodes,  185(5,  15:  typo  OphigiiruH  canrrivorua  Rich.)  •         '   .' 

Teeth  all,  or  nearly  all,  more  or  less  romuled  or  granular.  Other- 
wise essentially  as  in  Ophkhthifs.    {Tztnov,  pea;  d^Too-r,  tooth;  d^tc,  snako.) 

3§1  (b).   P.  longUB  (Pocy)  Coodo  &  Beuu. 

Body  extremely  elongate,  its  greatest  depth  little  more  than  ^  length 
of  head.  Snout  rather  pointed,  its  length  5  j  in  head  and  twice  diam- 
eter of  eye.  Tubes  of  anterior  nostril  nearly  as  long  as  eye.  Cleft  of 
mouth  3  in  head ;  the  front  of  eyo  slightly  behind  its  middle.  Teeth 
all  blunt  and  rounded,  biserial;  those  of  the  front  of  jaws  considerably 
larger  than  the  rest.  Head  4  in  trunk.  Head  and  trunk  If  in  tail. 
Dorsal  beginning  at  nape,  at  a  point  slightly  nearer  base  of  pectoral 
than  eye,  tlnj  fin  of  moderate  height,  higher  than  the  anal;  end  of  tail 
sharp.  Pectorals  extremely  small,  rounded,  broader  than  long,  the 
breadth  of  their  bases  equal  to  depth  of  gill-opening.  Ground  color 
dark  brown,  pale  below;  each  side  with  2  series  of  round,  whitish 
blotches,  about  40  spots  in  each  series ;  spots  somewhat  largest  and 
most  distinct  anteriorly,  where  their  diameter  is  nearly  equal  to  length 
of  snout.  Head  with  irregular  round  whitish  spots  on  each  side. 
Dorsal  brownish,  margined  with  dusky;  other  fins  pale.  Florida  to 
Cuba.  ' 

{1  Murmna  acuminata  Gronovr,  Syst.  Ichtli.  Ed.  Gray,  ld54,  21:  Ophiaurus  longut 
Poey,  Rep.  Fiw.  Nat.  Cuba,  1868,  254:  Ophichthyti  acuminatum  Giiiither,  viii,  83.) 

Page  360.  After  Myrichthys  tigrimis  insert: 

lit  (6).— IWTBOPHIS  LUtken. 
(Liitken,  Vid.  Med.  Naturh.  Foreu.  Kjobenh.  1851,  1:  type  MyropMs  punctatun  Liilk.) 

Body  elongate,  subcylindrical,  scaleless.  Vertical  fins  low,  meeting 
around  the  tail,  the  dorsal  beginning  far  behind  the  pectoral,  which  is 
small.  Mouth  moderate,  its  cleft  extending  beyond  the  eye;  upper  jaw 
longest ;  teeth  moderate,  in  1-3  series.  Nostrils  on  the  margin  of  the 
upper  lip,  the  anterior  tubular.   Size  small,    {(lupo^j  Myrus;  o(pi^,  snake.) 

$§5  (&).  M.  Inmbricus  J.  &  G. 

Light  olive,  everywhere  except  belov  finely  punctulate;  some  very 
faint  roundish  yellowish  spots ;  eyes  green ;  lower  side  of  head  with 
steel-blue  luster.  Body  worm-shaped,  tapering  backwards  and  scarcely 
compressed;  diameter  of  head  less  than  that  of  body.    Head  very  small, 


■  ■  i: 


900 


C0NTKIBUTI0N8    TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV 


slender,  and  pointed,  the  narrow  upper  jaw  much  projecting;  eye  much 
nearer  angle  of  mouth  than  tip  of  snout,  its  length  2  in  snout.  Teeth 
rather  strong,  slender,  sharp,  apparently  uniserial,  the  series  on  vomer 
largest.  Gape  short,  4  in  head;  nasal  tubes  very  Khort.  Pectorals 
minute,  rounded,  scarcely  larger  than  eye.  Dorsal  beginning  nearer 
gill-opening  than  vent,  at  a  distance  behind  gill-opening  equal  to  length 
of  head.  Head  10?f  in  total;  head  with  trunk  If  in  tail;  head  4  iu 
trunk.    Height  of  body  30  in  length.    Galveston,  Texas. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U,  S.  Nat.  Miis.  1882,  261:  I^Myrophia  punctc.tus  LUtken 
1.  c:  IIMyropMs  longicollis  Kaup,  Apodes,  30.) 

9§S  (c).  in.  microstigmius  Poey. 

Distinguished  from  M.  lumhrioua  chiefly  by  the  more  posterior  inser- 
tion of  the  dorsal,  which  begins  at  a  point  midway  between  gill-open- 
ing and  vent.     {Poey.)    Cuba  to  Southern  Florida. 

(Poey,  Report.  Fia.  Nat.  ii,  250,  Giintber,  viii,  51.) 

Page  300.  In  lieoconget'  nmcronaUm  the  anal  fin  is  well  developed  for 
its  entire  length ;  not  "  rudimentary,"  as  stated  by  Girard. 

Page  303.  After  Conner  m^er  add : 
588  (/^.  €.  caudiciila  Boau  MSS. 

Olivaceous.  Head  a  little  more  than  1^  times  in  trunk,  6  times  iu 
total  length;  tail  short,  its  length  exceeding  that  of  rest  of  aninml  by 
length  of  head  without  snout.  Eye  equal  to  snout,  4J  in  head;  lip« 
moderate;  anterior  nostril  tubular;  lower  jaw  included;  cleft  of  mouth 
reaching  hinder  margin  of  pupil;  patch  of  vomerine  teeth  ^  length  of 
eye;  38  close-set  teeth  in  outer  seriesof  upper  jaw;  behind  them  0  con 
ical  teeth  directed  partly  forward ;  teeth  in  both  jaws  biserial.  Dorsal 
beginning  over  posterior  part  of  pectoral ;  pectoral  a  little  more  than 
^  head.    Peusacola,  Florida,  iu  deep  water.    {Bean.) 

(Beau,  Proc.  U  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1802.) 

Tixge  370.  After  Notacanthus  chemnitzi  add: 
995  (b).  IV.  phasganorus  Goode. 

Body  mnch  compressed,  its  greatest  width  about  one-third  its  height. 
Head  everywhere  covered  with  very  small  scales,  its  bones  very  flexible 
but  protected  by  leathery  skin.  Interorbital  width  more  than  leufftli 
of  snout,  4  in  head,  twice  diameter  of  eye.  Mandible  twice  length  of 
3ye;  maxillary  considerably  greater.  Teeth  of  upper  jaw  slender,  blunt, 
close-set,  like  comb-teeth,  32  on  each  side:  teeth  of  lower  jaw  ehorter, 
slenderer,  in  two  rows;  palatines  with  villifonn  teeth  in  about  two  se 


ADDENDA — 57.    SCOMBERESOCID-fi — TYLOSURUS. 


901 


ries.  Distance  from  snout  to  dorsal  2f  times  length  of  head,  its  length 
nearly  twice  length  of  head;  anal  beginning  clcse  behind  vent,  its 
length  half  the  body.  Pectoral  short  and  rounded,  its  length  (uncertain) 
about  one-third  the  head.  Ventrals  broad,  with  peduncle-like  bases 
thickly  covered  with  scales;  closely  adjacent,  separated  by  a  narrow 
groove.  Head  7^;  depth  9.  D.  X;  A.  XIX,  130;  P.  about  17;  V.  II, 
9;  B.  8;  scales  about  20-400-36.  Grand  Bank,  Newfoundland.  {Qoode.) 
One  large  specimen  known,  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  Somnioam. 

(Goode,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mu8.  iii,  535,  1880.)  . 

Page  373.  To  the  account  of  Tyloaurus  Mam  add : 

Body  slender,  very  strongly  compressed,  nearly  twice  as  deep  as 
broad.  Tail  without  keel.  C^iudal  deeply  and  subequally  forked;  ven- 
trals inserted  much  behind  middle  of  body  (not  a  little  before  middle, 
as  stated  by  C.  &  V.).  Side  with  a  series  of  faint  roundish  bluish 
blotches;  pectoral  blackish,  pale  at  base.  Head  3 J  to  3f  in  length  in 
adult  examples.    D.  24;  A.  25. 

{1  Belone  hians  C.  &  V.  xviii,  432,  and  Giiutbier;  vi,  248:  Belone  maculata  Poey,  Mem. 
Cuba,  ii,  290.) 

Page  373.  Instead  of  Tylosurus  latimanifs  read:  '      .^ 

597.  T.  caribbaBUs(LcS.)  J.  &G.  ^' 

To  the  description  in  the  text  add:  " 

Body  very  elongate,  subterete,  the  depth  little  more  than  the  breadth 
of  body,  and  considerably  less  than  length  of  postorbital  part  of  head. 
Tail  scarcely  depressed,  but  with  a  small  black  dermal  keel.  Young 
and  half-grown  specimens  with  the  last  rays  of  dorsal  elevated,  nearly 
or  quite  as  high  as  anterior  rays;  adults  with  the  posterior  rays  of  dor- 
sal low,  not  longer  than  the  median.  Caudal  unequally  forked.  Jaws 
rather  strong,  slenderer  in  the  young.  Scales  very  small.  Tip  of  pec- 
toral black.  Head  3 J  in  adults;  3  in  young.  1).  24;  A.  22.  L.  4  feet. 
West  ludies;  occasional  northward. 

{Belone  mrribaa  Lc  Sucnr,  Joiim.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  ii,  127,  1823:  Belone  latimana 
Pooy,  Mem.  Cuba,  ii,  292, 18C0:  Belone caribbwa  GUnthor,  vi,  241 :  Belone  latimanua  QUn- 
thor,  vi,  249.)  '     .  ' 

Page  374.  After  Tylosurua  exilin  add  :  _.^^^^,.^.^^.^,.,^-,-.^.^^-^-^^^4.,^4^^-^. 
600  (ft).  T.  gladlus  Beau  MSS. 

Green;  pectorals  and  dorsal  blackish.  Body  robust,  little  com- 
pressed, its  greatest  breadth  a  little  more  than  f  greatest  depth;  cau- 
dal peduncle  slightly  depressed,  a  little  broader  than  deep,  with  a  sHght 
black  dermal  keel.  Head  broad,  interorbital  space  nearly  |  length  of 
postorbital  i>art  of  head,  with  a  broad,  shallow,  nearly  naked  median 


li   ;%  ...♦ 


.  f  ■ 


902       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

groove,  which  is  wider  behind  find  forks  at  the  nape.  Supraorbital  bones 
with  radiating  striaj.  Jawa  unusually  short,  stitt",  strong,  rapidly  taper- 
icg  forwan's;  large  teeth  of  jawa  very  strong,  knife-shaped.  Upper 
jaw  from  eye  about  If  times  as  long  as  the  rest  of  head.  Eye  large  7  iu 
snout,  2if  in  postorbital  part  of  head,  and  1^  in  interorbital  width.  Max- 
illary entirely  covered  by  the  preorbital.  Cheeks  densely  scaled ;  oper 
cles  mostly  naked  except  along  the  anterior  margin.  Scales  of  body 
minute,  especially  above.  Dorsal  fin  low  posteriorly ;  the  height  of  its 
anterior  lobe  equaling  that  of  anal,  or  length  of  postorbital  part  of 
head;  its  longest  ray  §  the  base  of  the  fin ,  caudal  luuivte,  its  lower  lobe 
nearly  half  iDugCi.'  than  the  upper;  middle  rays  about  as  long  as  eye. 
Ventrals  inserted  midway  between  base  of  caudal  and  middle  of  eye 
their  length  a  little  less  than  that  of  i)ectoral,  and  equal  (o  ])08torbital 
part  of  head.  Head  3J;  depth  13.  D.  1,  22;  A.  I,  20;  P.  14.  Pensa- 
cola,  Florida;  a  large  si)ecies,  remarkable  for  the  great  strc^igth  of  its 
short  jaVfS. 
(Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  1882. ) 

Page  374.  Instead  of  Tylosurus  longirostrk  read : 
S09.  T.  inarlnus  (Bloch  &  Scbn,)  J.  t&  G. 
To  the  synonymy  add :  , 

{Esox  belone,  var.  marinus  Bloch  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichth.  1801,  391.) 

Page  377.  After  Hemirhatnphus  rosce  add : 

h.  Ventrals  much  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  head. 
604  (6).  H.  brasiliensis  (L.)  Gthr.— /?«/ao. 

Greenish  above,  sides  silvery,  the  lateral  silvery  stripe  very  indis- 
tinct. Body  not  very  slender,  compressed.  Lower  jaw  (from  end  of 
upper  jaw)  4|  in  length  from  its  tip  to  base  of  caudal.  Head,  without 
mandible,  5  in  length  from  tip  of  upper  jaw.  Premaxillarios  broader 
than  long.  Eye  large,  equal  to  interorbital  space,  |  postorbital  part  of 
head.  Ventrals  inserted  very  far  back,  midway  between  base  of  caudal 
and  tip  of  i)ectoral;  vertical  fins  scaly;  anal  much  smaller  than  dorsal; 
last  ray  of  dorsal  slightly  produced;  pe(;toral  f  length  of  head;  ven- 
trals 2;^  in  head;  (;audal  deejdy  forked,  the  lower  lobe  longest.  Head 
(with  lower  jaw)  2^-,  depth  Of.  1).  14;  A.  12;  Lat.  1.  53.  Troj)ioal 
America;  a  8i)ecimen  lately  taken  on  the  coast  of  Virginia  by  Dr.  ,1. 
T.  Wilkius. 

(/i'sox  brasilicnats  L.  Syst.  Nal.  i,  517,  in  part,  the  name  and  fin  rays  takon  from 
Marcgrave's  account  of  TjilonKrvs  timucii;  Glluther,  vi,  270:  Esox  braatUcnsin,  HI.  & 
Scbn.  392:  Hemirhatnphus  vmrijinaiits  and  balao  Le  Sueur,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila 


ADDENDA — 57.    SCOMBERESOCIDiE — EX  OCCETUS. 


f)03 


ji,  135,  136,  1823:  Hemirkamphua  hrowni  and  pleii  C.  &  V.  xix,  13,  19:  IIemirhamj)hus 
pleii  GilnthiT,  vi,  269:  UemirhampJms  filamcntosii8  Pocy,  Mom.  Culm,  ii,  297,  1860.) 

Page  377.  The  genua  183  (/>)  Euleptorhamphtis,  should  probably  be 
recognized.    After  Eulcptorhamphus  longirostris  add: 

1P3  (c).— CIIKIODORVS  Goode  &  Bean  MSS. 
(Goode  &  Bean,  Prop.  U.  S.Nat.  Mnw.  1882:  type  C/iriodorMs  oiAennoirfcs  Goode&  Bean.) 
Body  and  fina  as  in  Hemirhamphus,  bu*:  both  jaws  very  short,  not  at 
all  produced,  each  with  two  series  of  large,  tricuspid,  incisor  teeth, 
which  form  a  continuous  cutting  edge.  Maxillary  anchylosinl  to  jne- 
maxillary.    Ventral  fins  small,  median,     {/rsin,  want;  dofw^,  lance.) 

609  {b).  C.  atherinoidcs  Gnodo  &  Bean  MSS. 

Light  olive;  sides  with  a  narrow,  silvery  band.  Interorbital  space 
broad,  unevenly  convex,  its  width  equal  to  eye,  which  is  3^  in  head,  o,s 
long  as  snout ;  premaxillaries  much  broader  than  long,  their  edges  con- 
cave; maxillaiy  4  in  head;  mandible  2^,  its  tip  broadly  rounded,  not 
at  all  produced.  Dorsal  opposite  anal  and  entirely  similar  to  it;  both 
Ads  elevated  in  front,  but  not  falcate,  their  longest  rays  half  head ; 
caudal  moderate,  deeply  and  subequally  forked;  ventrals  2^  in  head, 
their  insertion  midway  between  snout  and  base  of  caudal ;  pectorals  1^ 
in  head;  vertical  fins  with  small  scales.  Scales  moderate,  deciduous. 
Head  4f ;  depth  G|;  breatlth  of  body  %  its  depth.  1).  I,  14;  A.  I,  15; 
V.  0;  P.  12;  scales  7-46-3.     L.  8.}  inches.    Key  West,  Florida. 

(Ooodo  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1882.)  ■ 

Viige  379.  BofoTi"  Exocoetns  (•alifornieuff  hiHe,rt: 
607  (b).  E.  Iiilllaiius  GosMe. 

Dark  green,  silvery  below,  tinged  with  pinkish ;  dorsal  translucent, 
with  a  large  black  blotch  on  upper  anterior  half;  caudal  brick -red;  pec- 
toral translucent,  dusky;  ventrals  more  or  less  dusky,  with  a  small 
black  spot  at  base  of  outer  ray.  Body  moderately  comi)ressed.  Head 
short,  the  short  snout  one-fourth  its  length;  eye  3  in  head,  equal  to  the 
flat  interorbital  space.  Pectoral  reaching  middle  of  anal,  its  length  1^ 
in  body;  its  second  ray  simple,  .scarcely  shorter  than  third.  Insertion 
of  ventral  slightly  nisirer  root  of  caudal  than  tip  of  snout,  its  tip  (ex- 
tending slightly  past  front  of  anal,  its  length  1|  in  head.  Dorsal  \«My 
high,  its  ant-tnior  rays  reaching  anal.  Head  4.^;  depth  5;  D.  12;  A.  14; 
scales  38-a.  L.  8  inches.  West  Indies,  north  to  West  Florida  Jind 
South  Carolina. 

(Gosse,  Nat.  Sojourn  Jamaica,  11:  Pocy,  Mom,  Cuba,  ii,  301:  Giiiiflu'T,  vi,  384) 


-.VI 


904       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 

Page  379.  Instead  9£  Exoccetus  noveboracensis  resid: 
609.  E.  rondeletil  C.  &  V. 

The  specimen  described  in  the  text  came  from  the  open  sea,  south  of 
Newfoundland.  The  species  is  well  distinguished  from  E.  novebora- 
censis,  by  the  black  ventrals,  the  larger  anal  and  shorter  dorsal  the 
base  of  the  anal  being  more  than  f  that  of  the  dorsal ;  the  head  is 
blunt  and  the  eye  comparatively  small ;  dorsal  beginning  slightly  be- 
fore anal}  caudal  large,  Us  lower  lobe  half  longer  than  head.  D.  11 
or  12;  A.  11  or  12  (not  9) ;  Lat.  1.  42.    New  England  to  Mediterranean 

Sea.  .'■"  .      ,,;■  ;^•!•'^v,^    „;,-,lS*^^,^^#^■^,:^i;.'■■ 

(CuV.  «fc  Val.  xix,  115;  Giinthcr,  vi,  293.)  ,.    , 

Page  379.  Atter  Exoccetm  rondeletii  read:  v 

410>  E.  novcboracensls  Mitcbill.  '     '■''■' 

J>ark  bluish;  pectorals  blackish  at  tip,  with  a  median  whitish  shaa^ 
ventrals  white.  Head  rather  slender,  the  snout  not  blunt:  eve  v^-v 
large,  2|  in  head ;  interorbital  space  rather  narrow.  Pectoral  shorter 
and  narrower  than  in  E.  rondeletii,  barely  reaching  last  ray  of  dorsal- 
first  ray  of  pectoral  divided;  ventrals  extending  past  anal,  their  inser- 
tion midway  between  preopercle  and  base  of  caudal ;  dorsal  beginning 
considerably  in  advance  of  anal,  the  length  of  its  base  more  than  twice 
that  of  anal;  lower  lobe  of  caudal  not  ^  longer  than  head.  Hea^l  4§; 
depth  5J.    D.  14;  A.  9;  Lat.  1.45.    Atlantic  coast;  specimens  examined 

from  Wood's  Holl  and  Pensacola. 

* 

(Mitcliill,  Amer.  Monthly  Mag.  ii,  233,  1817;  Dekay,  New  York  Fuunii,  Fish.  230; 
C.  &  V.  xix,  U9:  Exocoetus  melanurua  C.  &.  V.  xjx,  101,) 

Page  379.  The  description  in  the  text  of  ^^E.  mclamirns^^  is  taken 
from  an  adult  example  of  E.  exiliens,  the  young  of  which  is  described 
as  E.  exiliem  on  page  380.  E.  melanunis  is  therefore  to  be  suppressed. 
E.  exiliens  is  comparatively  slender,  the  anal  fin  beginning  0))po8ite 
front  of  dorsal,  its  base  ^  length  of  base  of  dorsal;  lower  caudal  lobe 
short,  shorter  than  head.  I).  11 ;  A.  12  (not  9,  as  erroneously  stated  in 
the  text).  ;,.  ...^  ;,,;, 

Page  383.  Instead  of  the  foot-note  add :  :• 

614  (6).  S.  afllne  (Gthr.)  J.  &  G.  ,:-.^^?--^^.----^fr*7---=^-^--^^^^  - 

The  specimen  from  St.  John's  River,  described  in  tne  footnote  on 
page  383,  belongs  to  JS.  affine.  The  body,  in  the  female,  is  marked  by 
silvery  cross  streaks,  which  are  very  distinct  in  life. 

Page  384.  In  S.  louiaianm  the  rings  are  usually  20+38  in  number;  the 
dorsal  rays  32  to  35. 


ADDENDA — 58.    SYNGNATHIDiE — 8IPH08TOMA. 


905 


PAgeSS^.  After  SiphostomalouiaiaTKB  add: 
613  (b).  S.  floridee  J.  &  G. 

Dark  green,  with  paler  streaks ;  tail  faintly  barred.  Body  slender; 
snout  long,  one-third  longer  than  rest  of  head ;  nape  and  opercles  with- 
out keel;  dorsal  fin  on  1+6  or  7  rings.  Tail  one-fifth  longer  than  trunk; 
lings  18+31.  Caudal  pouch  in  male  on  18  rings.  Head  about  6 ;  D. 
27;  L.  8  inches.  North  Carolina  to  Western  Florida;  abundant  at  Pen- 
sacola  and  Beaufort. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1882.) 

Page  384.  After  Siphostoma  californieme  add:  r,i, . 

616  (b.)  S.  grlse^lineatum  (Ayres)  J.  &  G. 

Very  close  to  S.  californiense,  but  the  size  smaller,  the  snout  shorter, 
and  the  number  of  rays  and  rings  different.  Dorsal  covering  1+9  rings. 
Snout  in  head  If  times.  Dorsal  rays  36  to  41 ;  rings  18  to  19+39  to  42. 
L.  10  inches.    San  Francisco  to  Puget  Sound. 

{Syngnathus  grlseoUneatus  Ayres,  Proo.  Cal.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  1854,  14,  etc.) 

616  (c).  S.  bairdiffnnm  (Dnm.)  Swain. 

Blackish,  with  pale  lines;  fins  mottled.    Body  unusually  stout,  with 

short  head  and  tail.    Snout  short,  coippressed,  with  a  sharp  keel  above, 

in  the  male  just  as  long  as  head,  probably  longer  in  female.    Nape  and 

opercle  without  keel.    Dorsal  fin  low.    Rings  18  +  31.    D.  34,  placed 

on  1  +  7  rings.    Ten  rings  on  tail  behind  caudal  poucli.    Head  7f  in 

hngtli.    Santa  Barlvara,  California. 

(^ Syngnathua  bairdianua  Duradril,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  ii,  1870,  574;  "Coast  of  Mexico, 
near  California"  (dorsal  said  io  he  inc^rted  on  3  +  6  riti  js);  Swain,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat. 
Mii8.  1882.) 

Page  384.  The  species  described  in  the  foot-note  as  Siphostoma  dimid- 
iatum  is  a  valid  species,  and  should  stand  as — 

617  (b).  S,  aniiscus  Swain.* 

Syngnathus  dimidiatm  Gill  was  based  on  short-nosed  examples  of  8, 
leptorhynchus.         .  ^  :  > 


•  Swain,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882. 

The  following  analysis  of  the  species  of  Siphostoma  found  in  the  United  States  U 

given  by  Mr.  Swain  (Review  of  the  North  American  Pipe-fishes,  1.  o.):       ^.„  .      , 

0.  Top  of  head  strongly  carinatcd. 

b.  Breast-shields  not  covered  by  soft  skin;  lower  jaw  slightly  included;  operole 

with  a  prominent  ridge ;  snont  short ;  belly  concave ;  dorsal  rays  20, 

its  base  covering  1  +  4  rings ;  rings  18  +  30 ;  body  with  12  brown  croas- 

b.and8 ZAxnoPis. 

hb.  Breast-shields  covered  by  soft  skin  ;  lower  jaw  inoliulcd ;  dorsal  rays  41 ;  rings 
19  +  39 Pu>CTlPIXN». 


■■i'->. 


'.     Ja 


:i 


TTTT.       I. 


'■i 


906       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

Page  385.  After  Siphostoma  punctipinne  add : 
XX.  Top  of  head  with  a  strong  iiiternipt«d  median  crest.    (Corufhrichthys  Kaup.) 

616(c).  S.zatropis  J.  &G.  ' 

Brownish,  with  ten  broad  dark  cross-bands  which  encircle  the  tail 
but  do  not  cross  the  belly  anterior  to  the  vent ;  snout  whitish  with 
two  narrow  dark  bands ;  lower  i)art  of  head  with  white  cross-streak.s. 
Snout  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of  head,  keeled  above.  Head  small. 
Occiput  and  nape  with  a  strong,  compressed  crest,  on  each  side  of  whicli 
is  a  longitudinal  ridge ;  opercle  with  a  mrdian  keel.  Ridges  of  body 
very  prominent.  Tail  one-third  long(»r  than  rest  of  body.  Dorsal  ou 
1  +  4  rings.  Dorsal  rays  20 ;  rings  18  -f  ;)0.  Head  9.  Gulf  of  Mexico 
north  to  Pensacola.  >.     » 

(tt  Cortjthroichthyn  albiroatris  Kaiip,  Lophobranchs,  25 :  Syngnathm  albirostris  GUn- 
ther,  viii,  170;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus,  1882,  264;  Swain,  Proc.  U.  8. 
Nat.  Mus.  1882.) 

Page  386.  The  identity  of  019  (a)  with  the  European  H.  heptagonm 
{antiquorum)  is  questionable.  None  of  tne  American  examples  seen  by 
us  are  spotted,  and  their  spines  are  stronger  than  in  European  ex- 
amples. 

• 

aa.  Top  of  head  with  a  slight  keel  or  none ;  opercle  without  prominent  longitudinal 
ridge, 
c.  Dorsal  covering  1  +  9  rings ;  snout  usually  long, 
d.  Rings  20  to  21  +  45  to  49 ;  dorsal  rays  39  to  46 ;   top  of  head  not  keeled ; 

large,  reaching  a  length  of  18  inches Californiense. 

dd.  Rings  18  to  19  +  39  to  42;  dorsal  rays  36  to  41 ;  top  of  head  slightly  keeled. 

Griseolineatum. 
cc.  Dorsal  covering  1  +  7  (rarely  1+6)  rings. 

c.  Rings  15  +  38;  dorsal  rays  29  to  S^,  top  of  head  distinctly  keeled;  suout 

short AuLiscus. 

ee.  Rings  16  to  19  before  vent. 
/.  Dorsal  fin  low,  not  longer  than  head. 

g.  Rings  18 +  31;  dorsal  rays  34 ;  snou*  short;  body  little  tlongate. 

Bairdianl'm. 
gg.  Rings  17  to  19  +  36  to  41;  dorsal  r.ays  30  to  32;  snout  moderate  or 

rather  short Leptorhynchum. 

ggg.  Rings  17  to  18  +  31  to  32;  dorsal  rays  27;  suout  rather  long;  body 
slender. 

_  Fl,OIUDiE. 

ff.  Dorsal  fin  very  high,  longer  than  head,  its  rays  28  to  32;  rings  16  +  30 

__  to  33;   snout  rather  short;    belly  in  the  female  with  a  black  carina; 

-    ^, ,  -  sides  of  body  with  narrow  vertical   silvery  streaks    in  life;  dorsal 

'  I    ;  ,  spotted Affine. 

000.  Dorsal  covering  3  +  5  rings ;  rings  20  or  21  +  36  to  38 ;  dorsal  rays  32  to  37 ; 

belly  flat  or  slightly  concave;  snout  medium Louisiana. 

0COO.  Dorsal  covering  4  +  5  or  5  +  4  rings ;  rings  18  to  20  +  36  to  40 ;  dorsal  rays 
36  to  40 ;  snout  medium FuscuM. 


\DDENDA 59.    HIPPOCAMPID^ — HIPPOCAMPUS. 


907 


Page  880.  After  JIippocampu8  heptagonns  ixd(\:.     ,  .      '       ,i    r., 

%l9(b).  H.  guUuIatus  Guich.  , 

Dark  brown,  marbled  with  darker,  and  usually  everywhere  spotted 
with  whitish,  the  spots  most  numerous  posteriorly.  Tubercles  on  body 
generally  obtuse  and  blunt;  coronet  low;  snout  usually  a  little  longer 
than  preorbital  part  of  head.  Dorsal  rays  17.  Supraorbital  spine  ob- 
liquely truncate,  compressed.  Size  rather  large.  Tropical  seas,  north 
to  our  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast. 

(fl Hippocampus  guttulaUis  Cuvicr,  R5guo  Aiiiin.:  Hippocampus  guttulatus  Giiutlier, 
viii,  202:  GuicheuDt,  in  Ramou  de  lii  Sagru  Poiss.  Cuba,  174,  the  West-Indian  form, 
which  is  apparently  diflferent  from  the  European  species  called  "guttulatus.")  , 

(19  (c).  H.  hudsonins  I^ek. 

Dusky,  without  spots,  but  with  pale  grayish  blotches,  which  are 
sharply  edged  with  paler  and  blackish ;  some  of  these  between  eyes  and 
on  neck,  the  most  distinct  blotch  forming  an  hour-glass  shaped  figure, 
extending  down  each  side  of  back ;  similar  blotches  on  belly  and  tail. 
Dorsal  with  a  submarginal  dark  band.  Depth  eqi^l  to  length  of  head. 
Snout  1^  in  rest  of  head.  Spines  of  head  weak,  provided  with  cirri; 
spines  of  body  all  short  and  bluntish.  Dorsal  on  3J  of  the  11  body 
rings.  D.  19.  Atlantic  coast,  from  Cape  Cod  southward.  (Described 
from  No.  19520,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  from  Beaufort,  N.  C.) 

(Dekay,  N.  Y.  Fauna,  Fish.  1842,  322.) 

619  (d).  H.  stylifer  J.  &  G. 

Brownish,  with  darker  bars ;  snout  blackish.  Snout  notably  longer 
than  postorbital  part  of  head;  supraocular  and  temporal  spines  long, 
simple;  a  long  median  spine  in  front  of  coronet;  coronet  stout,  high, 
its  spines  slender,  abruptly  spreading.  Spines  of  body  very  long  and 
slender,  each  ending  in  a  filament ;  these  enlarged  on  each  alternate 
plate  of  the  neck,  and  about  every  fourth  plate  on  body  and  tail ;  dor- 
sal and  ui)per  lateral  ridge  usually  armed  and  sometimes  lower  lateral 
ridge;  two  strong  spines  at  base  of  pectoral;  body  with  about  50  devel- 
oped spinous  processes  besides  numerous  smaller  points.  D.  16,  cov- 
ering about  4  body  rings;  rings  about  12  +31.    Coasts  of  Florida. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 2<55.) 

619(e).  H.  asostersB  J.  &  G.     r  ^r-r^r^^T::"":  "t  ;;;r7;;;";:'7;'"v"r^^:^ 

Olive  green;  sides  of  head  mottled  with  paler;  dorsal  marbled  with 
dusky,  its  margin  (in  ^ )  broadly  red.  Snout  very  short,  not  more  than 
half  rest  of  head ;  supraorbital  spines  diverging,  each  with  a  small 
spiue  before  it.    Coronet  high,  tv.o-thirds  length  of  snout;  its  filaments 


Kf      •■ 


li:' '' 


ft,     :  \ 


,:'M 


I  li 


908      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

about  as  long  as  snout.    Spines  on  bodj  well  developed.    Dorsal  on  2 ! 
+ 1  rings ;  th  j  fin  high  and  very  short.     D.  12 ;  rings  11  -f  26  to  30.    L. 
2  inches.    Pensacola  Bay. 
(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  1882,  265.) 

Page  391.  The  ventral  rays  in  Aulorhynchus  are  I,  4,  not  I,  5  as  erro- 
neously stated  in  the  text. 

Page  403.  Mugil  mexicanus  is  certainly  specially  identical  with  Mugil 
albula,  and  may,  thereforii,  be  suppressed. 

Page  405.  The  types  of  AtJierina  Carolina  0.  &  V.,  examined  by  us  in 
the  Museum  at  Paris,  show  the  following  additional  characters : 

A  true  Atherina.  Eye  large,  2^  in  head.  Scales  nearly  or  quite  en- 
tire. Spinous  dorsal  wholly  in  advance  of  the  vent.  Ventral  reaching 
past  front  of  vent  and  dorsal  nearly  to  it.    Head  4^.    Lat.  1. 52. 

Page  406.  In  Labidesthes,  the  prsmaxillaries,  though  broadened  be- 
hind,  are  much  narrower  than  in  Menidia,  and  but  little  broader  than  in 
Atherina.  • 

Page  400.  The  date  of  the  name  Menidia  is  apparently  1836. 

Page  407.  Instead  of  Menidia  bosci  read: 
640>  M,  vagrans  subap.  laciniata  Swain,  sp.  nov. 

Coast  of  Iforth  Carolina.  The  synonymy  given  in  the  text  (page 
407 j  belongs  to  No.  644.  • 

Page  407.  In  Menidia  vagrans  the  scales  are  all  very  firm,  with  rough 
edges.  A.  1, 15  to  I,  18.  Silvery  band  broad ;  back  with  lines  of  dots 
following  the  rows  of  scales;  pectoral  and  caudal  yellowish  in  life.  Soft 
dorsal  and  anal  scaly.    Florida  to  Texas.       /, 

Page  408.  After  Menidia  notata  add : 
648  (J).  ]fl.  audens  Hay,  sp.  nov. 

Color  and  form  of  M.  notata;  edges  of  scales  somewhat  dotted;  a 
dusky  streak  at  base  of  anal.  Head  rather  broad  and  flat  above.  Mouth 
small.  Eye  3  in  head,  equal  to  snout  and  to  interorbital  space.  Vent 
a  longitudinal  slit,  its  length  two-thirds  diameter  of  eye.  First  dor- 
sal spine  inserted  immediately  above  anterior  part  of  anal  slit,  slightly 
nearer  base  of  caudal  than  snout.  Pectorals  extending  to  beyond  bases 
of  ventrals,  their  length  four-fifths  head.  Ventrals  reaching  vent.  In- 
terspace between  dorsals  twice  diameter  of  eye.  Top  of  head  covered 
with  large  scales.  Lateral  silvery  band  on  fifth  row  of  scales  and  edges 
of  fourth  and  sixth  rows;  the  extreme  parts  of  fifth  row  not  included 
in  it.    Scales  with  entire  edges,  which  are  nearly  straight,  so  that 


ADDENDA 72.    X IPHl ID^ TETRAPTUEU8. 


909 


eacU  Hcale  is  ungulated  behind.  Soft  dorsal  naked.  Head  4^;  depth  6. 
D.  IV  or  V-I,  8  or  9;  A.  1, 17  or  18;  scales  45-10.  L.  3  inches.  Missis- 
gippi  Kiver;  the  types  from  Memphis  and  Vicksbnrg.     {Hay  MSS.) 

Page  408.  Under  M.  heryllina  read  "  two  half-row  of  scales,"  iostead 

Page  408.  Instead  of  Menidia  brasiliensis  read :  ,     .    , 

(44.  M.  bosci  (Cuv.  &  Vul.)  Swaiu. 

Distinguished  from  Jil-  notata  by  the  deeper  body  and  stronger  teeth. 
The  soft  dorsal  and  anal,  as  in  other  smooth-scaled  species,  are  free  from 
scales.    D.  IV-I,  8;  A.  usually  I,  24.    South  Carolina  to  Florida. 

[Atherim  menidia  L.  Syst.  Nat. :  A,  bosd  C.  &  V.  X,  46r>;  not  A.  brasiliensi^  C^.  &  Q.) 

Page  415.  The  genus  and  species  ^^  Argyrotwnia  vittata''^  should  be 
erased  from  the  system.  We  have  little  doubt  that  thoy  are  based  on 
a  specimen  of  Ammodytes  americanm.  Our  alleged  species  of  AmmO' 
iHtidce  are  perhaps  all. forms  of  Ammodytes  tobianus  L.  A.  peraonatusj 
at  least,  is  not  distinguishable  from  A.  americanus. 

Page  417.  To  the  synonj'my  of  Echeneis  remora  add: 

(Echenda  aqualipeta  Daldorf  Nut.  Selskab.  ii,  157,  about  1785;  ami  Glinthor  ii,  157. 
If  the  subgenus  Remora  Gill,  be  adopted  as  a  genus,  which  may  bo  desirable,  this  spe- 
cies should  st.and  as  liemora  aqualipeta  (DaUl.)  J.  &  G.) 

Page  41 8.  Elacaie  Canada  is  known  in  Florida  as  "  Sergeant-flsh,"  from 
its  lateral  stripes ;  also,  as  "Snooks"  and  "Ling." 

Page  420.  Instead  of  Tetrapturus  albidus  read: 
d63.  T.  indicus  C.  &  Y. 

Tropical  seas,  northward  to  the  Grand  Banks,  on  our  Atlantic  coast. 
Instead  of  the  synonymy  in  the  text,  substitute  the  following:* 

(C.  &  V.  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  viii,  1831,286:  Tetrapturua  herachelti  Gray,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist. 
i,  313,  18:58  :  Tetrapturua  herachelii  Liitken,  Spolia  Atlantica,  1880,  441 :  Hiatiophorua  her- 
tcklii  Gilnthoi",  ii,  513  :  Tetrapturua  albidus  Poey,  M^m.  Cuba,  ii,  237,  1858:  ?  Tetraptu- 
msamplua  Fooy,  M6m.  Cuba,  ii,  243:  Hiatiophorua  breviroatria  Gthr.  andPlayfair,  Fish. 
Zanzibar,  1866,  53:  Tetrapturua  georgii  Lowe,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Lond.  viii,  36,  1840:  Te- 
trapturua leaaonii  Canestrini,  Arch.  Zool.  i,  259,  1861 ;  Goode,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
1881,  418  (detailed  review  of  family):  not  Tetrapturua  belone  Raf.=T.  iniperator (Bloch 
k  Schneider)  Goode,  a  distinct  species,  known  only  from  the  Mediterranean.) 

•This  synonymy  is  given  in  accordance  with  the  views  of  Dr.  LUtken,  who  recog- 
nizes but  five  species  of  XipMidce.  This  view  is  probably  correct  but,  as  has  been  per- 
tinently observed  by  Professor  Goode,  the  identity  of  the  American  species  called 
Tetrapturua  albidua  and  Hiatiophorua  amcricanua,  with  their  Old  World  representatives, 
is  yet  unproven,  and  in  many  respects  it  is  desirable  to  retain  the  American  names  until 
this  identity  is  shown.  "  To  unite  species  from  widely  distant  localities,  without  ever 
iiaviug  seen  them,  is  very  disastrous  to  a  proper  understanding  of  the  problems  of 
geographical  distribution."    (Goode,  Proc.  W.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1881,  427.) 


Im«  ■, 

m 

K 

B^Bi  ** 

11 


910       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV 

Page  422.  After  TrichiuruH  lepturu8*  add:  -^  • 

319  (6).— BENTIIODESi^US  Goode  &  Beau, 
(fiuode  Si,  Bonn,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Miis.  1881,  370 :  tyi)o  Lepidopua  elongatua  Clarke.) 

Body  naked,  niiicli  compressed,  band-like,  tapering  gradually  back- 
ward from  the  vent;  caudal  peduncle  very  slender,  the  caudal  flu  small 
but  well  developed;  vent  much  nearer  snout  than  tip  of  tail.  Lateral 
line  simple,  nearly  straight,  in  a  deep,  wide  furrow.  Head  compressed  • 
the  snout  gibbous  near  its  tip;  top  of  head  very  flat,  concave  between 
the  eyes,  without  occipital  crest;  lower  jaw  with  a  stout  cutaneous  ap- 
pendage. Three  very  long,  simple,  compressed  teeth  on  each  premaxil- 
lary  in  front;  outside  of  these  a  few  minute  teeth,  and  behind  them  a 
row  of  large  sharp  teeth;  lower  jaw  with  a  single  row  of  rather  large 
pointed  teeth,  those  in  middle  of  the  jaw  largest.  Palatine  teeth 
minute.  Nostrils  horizontal.  Dorsal  tin  nearly  uniform,  the  spines  and 
soft  rays  similar;  anal  extremely  low,  preceded  by  a  scale-like  append- 
age. Caudal  forked.  Ventrals  each  reduced  to  a  minute,  scale  like 
spine,  inserted  below  pectorals.  Gill-rakers  short,  spiny,  in  one  series 
on  first  and  second  arch;  obsolete  on  third  and  fourth.    Deep  water. 

{fievOiK;,  deep ',   deff/xut;,  hand.)  ;         ii-f      V    . 

666  (b).  B.  cloni:atU8  (Clarke)  G.  &  B. 

Silvery,  with  dark  traces  on  head  and  tail.  Length  of  caudal  pedun- 
cle half  greatest  depth  of  body,  its  least  depth  one-third  interorbital 
width,  which  is  4  in  head.  Snout  2J  in  head ;  maxillary  not  reaching 
front  of  eye,  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of  head.  Gill-rakers  13  on  firat 
arch.  Dorsal  fin  inserted  above  middle  of  opercle;  pectoral  as  long 
as  maxillary.  Head  7^;  depth  30.  D.  154;  A.  100;  P.  12;  V.  I,  1. 
(Goode  <&  Bean.)  Deep  seas ;  known  originally  from  Hokitika,  New  Zea- 
land; a  specimen  lately  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  halibut  on  the 
Grand  Banks  of  Newfoundland. 

(Lepidopus  elongatus  F.  E.  Clarke,  Trans.  New  Zealand  Inst,  xi,  "294,  1878,  pi.  xiv; 
Goode  &  Beau,  Proc.  (J.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1881,  379.) 

Page  424.  After  Scomber pneumntophorus  read: 

667  (b).  8.  COlias  Gmelin.—" Spanish  Mackerel"  of  Europe. 

Our  Atlantic  and  Pacific  representatives  {grex  Mitch. ;  diego  Ayres) 
of  8.  pneumatopJiorus  seem  to  be  identical,  but  both  differ  in  some 
respects  from  the  European  "  Spanish  Mackerel."  8.  colias  Gmel. 
has  the  head  longer,  3J  to  3f  in  length  (instead  of  4);  its  spinous 

•  This  species  is  known  as  "Sabre-fish"  and  "Silver  Eel,"  on  the  coast  of  Texas. 


ADDENDA 75.  CABANOIDA'. — TRACHURUS. 


Oil 


dorsal  is  lower,  tho  loiijjcst  spinoH  not  more  than  halt  of  head;  the  color 

is  (lintinctly  tlitterent.    In  IS.  piieumatophorus  the  dark  band.s  on  the 

back  are  broader  than  the  interspaces,  as  broad  as  pupil;  these  are 

usually  continent  below  with  a  narrow  dark  lateral  streak,  which  runs 

about  on  the  level  of  the  upper  edge  of  the  pectoral;  below  this  streak 

the  sides  and  belly  are  inunaculate.     In   S.   coliaa  (si)eciniens  from 

Charleston,  S.  C,  and  from  Genoa)  the  dark  dorsal  bands  are  much 

narrower,  not  so  broad  as  the  interspaces  and  more  wavy ;  the  lateral 

streak  is  obsolete  or  represented  by  a  line  of  dots,  and  the  sides  below 

are  marked  by  numerous  irregular,  wavy  vertical  streaks,  spots,  and 

reticulations,  of  a  dull  pearly-gray  color,  which  are  usually  broader  than 

the  interspaces;  longest  D.  8i)ine  more  than  ^  head.    The  fin  rays  are 

the  same  in  the  t\vo  species. 

{Scomber  coUan  Gmeliii,  Syst.Nat.  i,  1329,  1788;  C.   &   V^   viii,  309;  Gthr.  ii,  361: 
Scomber  dekayi  Storer,  Fish.  Masy.  5'2.) 

Page  424,  In  the  description  of  Scomber  scombrus  read  "depth  6," 

not  5^. 

Page  425.  For  Anocis  rochei  road : 

660.  A.  thazard  (Lac.)  J.  «&  G. 

And  add  to  its  synonymy : 

{Scomber  thasard  Lac.  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iii,  9,  1802:  Auxis  taso  C.  &.  V.  viii,  14(5.) 

Page  427,  last  line,  omit  the  words  "  P.  10."  j. 

Page  430,  second  line,  omit  the  word  5airrf. 

Page  432.  The  following  diagnoses  of  the  species  of  Trachurua  may  be 
substituted  for  those  given  in  the  text: 

6§0.  T.  picturatus  (Bowrticli)  J.  &  G.— Hor«e  Jfacfceref. 

Body  elongate,  little  compressed,  the  depth  5  in  length ;  scutes  50  + 

46  to  48,  the  anterior  scutes  one-ttird  lower  than  the  posterior,  their 

height  2J  in  diameter  of  eye ;  curve  of  lateral  line  scarcely  shorter  than 

straight  part;  maxillary  scarcely  reaching  beyond  front  of  eye,  2§  in 

head;  lining  of  opercle  scarcely  blackish.    Coast  of  Southern  California 

to  Chili;  Mediterranean. 

{Seriola  pictnrata  Bowdich,  Excursion  Madeira,  1825,  123:  Trachurxis  cuvierl  Lowe, 
Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  ii,  183,  1837:  Caranx  trachurua  2*'"»  subdiv.  C.  &  V.  iii,  18: 
Caranx  ania  Risso,  Ichth.  Nice,  1810,  74  (not  Scomber  amia  L.):  Caranx  symmetricut 
Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  i,  62,  1855:  Trachurua  fallax  Capello,  Cat.  Peix.  Portn- 
i?al,  1867:  Trackurua  riaaoi  Giglioli,  Cat.  Anfibi.  Pesci.  Ital.  1880,  27.) 


« 


1 


812       CONTBIBUTIONtt   TO    NOKTH    AMEKICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV 

681.  T.  saurnsKaf.* 

Body  comparatively  deep  aud  compressed,  tbe  depth  4;  scutes  34  to 

36+30  to  38,  the  anterior  scutes  scarcely  lower  than  the  posterior  their 

height  three-quarters  diameter  of  eye;  length  of  curve  of  lateral  line  12 

to  If  in  straight  part ;  maxillary  reaching  past  front  of  pupil,  2J  to  2h  in 

head;  lining  of  opercle  dusky.    CJoaats  of  Europe;  occasional  on  oui 

South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts. 

(Scomber  trachums  L.  Syst.  Nat.  Cuv.  &  Val.  ix,  11 :  Trachurut  trachurua  Day,  Fi«li. 
Qt.  Brit.  1880,  124:  1 1  Caranxomarua  plumierianua  Lac.  Hist.  Nat.  Poisa.  ili,  84^  pi.  n 
Trachuriia  aaiirua  Raf.  Caratteri,  etc.  1810,  20.) 

Page  435.  Caranx  pisquctus  is  known  on  the  Gulf  coast  as  "Ilard-tail" 
or  "Jurel";  Vecapterus  punctatiis  as  "  Cigar- tish".  The  lateral  scutes  in 
Caranx  cibi  are  about  28  in  number,  as  in  C.  heani,  which  is  possibly 
the  young  of  the  same  species.    , 

Page  430.  Instead  of  Carawj? /a/ca^««  read: 
6§9.  C.  amblyrhynchiif/  C.  &  V. 

Add  to  its  synonymy  : 

(Carawjc  am6///»7i.i/nc7itt8  C.  &  V.  ix,  lUO,  pi.  248.)  '  i 

Page  437.  Caranx  fallax  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  "canine  teetli," 
the  teeth  being  smaller  than  in  G.  hippus.      ^ 

Page  443.  Trachynotus  goreenaiSj  the  "Permit"  of  the  Florida  coast, 
is  probably  distinct  from  T.  ovatus,  differing  in  the  much  more  elongate 
form.  It  reaches  a  large  size.  Trachynotus  glauctis,  the  "  Gaft- top  , sail 
Pompano,"  rarely  grows  beyond  a  foot  in  leiigtb.  In  the  description  of 
the  latter  the  words  "Lower  California"  should  be  erased. 

Page  444.  Instead  of  Seriola  lalandi  read : 
»01.  8.  dorsalis  (Gill)  J.  &  G. 

The  identity  of  the  Californiau  "  Yellow-tail,"  with  the  Seriohi  lalandi 
of  the  Atlantic  is  questionable.    For  the  synonymy  of  the  species  sub- 
stitute: 
(Halatractua  dorsalia  QiW,  Proo.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1863,  84.) 

A  species  apparently  the  true  lalandi,  however,  occurs  on  the  coast 
of  Florida  and  may  be  added  as — 
101  (&).  S.  lalandi  C.  &  V. 

It  agrees  in  general  with  the  description  of  No.  701,  but  the  mouth 

•The  description  of  T.  aaurua  given  in  the  text  was  taken  from  specimens  from 
Venice,  belonging  to  a  tliird  species  or  variety  (decUvia  Jenyna)  not  y<!t  found  iu 
America  north  of  Cape  San  Lucas.  Its  scntes  are  usually  38  to  404-38  1o  42.  Iu 
form  and  other  characters  it  is  intermediate  between  aaunta  and  picturatus. 


ADDENDA — 75.  CABANGID^ — SCOMBROIDES. 


913 


I.U     '  I'i   :i 


ig  larger,  the  maxillary  2|  in  head,  instead  ofS^;  and  the  dorsal  rays 
ji^  V-I,  32  or  33.    Florida  to  Brazil ;  reaching  a  large  size. 

(C.  &  V.  ix,  20H;  GUnther,  ii,  463:  Seriola  gigas  Poey,  Mem.  Cuba,  ii,  230.)         ^^    ts 

Page  445.  Aiicr  Seriola  rivoUana  AAd:  ■"".■' 

709  C*)-  S.  falcata  C.  «&  v.— "i?ocfc  5a?mon"  (Pensacola). 
(Irayish,  paler  below;    tins  blackish;    pectoral  pale;   a  very  faint 

olivaceous  band  from  the  eye  to  the  nape  (corresponding  to  the  black 
I  band  in  8.  rivoViana^  but  scarcely  visible).     Body  deep,  compressed ; 

head  coini)re8sed,  not  conical,  a  little  longer  than  deep;  snout  2,^  in 
I  head;  maxillary  reaching  front  of  pupil,  3f  in  head;  occiput  somewhat 

(■arln.'ite;  caudal  keel  little  developed.    Dorsal  falcate,  its  anterior  lobe 

If  ill  head,  2.V  in  base  of  fin.    Head  3J;  depth  3|.    D.  VIII-I,  29;  A. 
I II-I,  21.    Gulf  of  Mexico,  north  to  Pensacola. 

(Cnv.  &  Val.  ix,  210;  Gllnther,  ii,  404:  Seriola  bonarienais  Goodo  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S. 
I  Nat.  Mu8.  ii,  1H70, 129,  not  of  C.  «fe  V.  f    It  is  thought  by  Dr.  LUtken  that  this  species 
is  identical  with  <S'.  rivoUana,  but  this  identity  is  not  yet  proven.    S.  rivolinna=hona- 
I  riensin=^bosci  seems  to  bo  slenderer,  with  a  distinct  black  temporal  baud.) 

Page  445.  Instead  of  Seriola  stearnsi  read  : 
I T03.  S.  carolincnsis  Holbr. 

This  species  differs  from  Seriola  dorsalio  notably  in  the  larger  mouth 

[(maxillary  reaching  middle  of  eye,  2^  in  head,  in  S. carolineims ;  barely 

reaching  front  of  pupil,  2|  in  head,  in  S.  dorsalis).     S.  caroVmensis,  S. 

Udandi,  and  S.  dorsalis  have  the  occipital  region  broadly  rounded  in 

the  adult,  while  in  S.  zonata  it  is  sharply  compressed  or  carinated  at 

all  ages.    In  *S\  zonata^  the  body  is  much  deeper,  the  head  more  obtuse, 

I  aud  the  dark  bands  in  the  young  fish  much  blacker. 

[Seriola  carolinenaia  and  S.  zonata  Holbrook  Ichth.  S.  Car.  1860,72;  Seriola  aiearnsi 
[Goode  &  Bean.) 

Page  440.  According  to  Dr.  Liitken  [Sjtolia  Atlantica^  1880,  G03)  Ela- 

Uati»  pinnulatus  Poey  (the  "Euuner")  is  identical  with  Elagatis  Mpinnu- 

\ktus  (Q.  &  G.)  Benn,,  a  species  known  from  the  East  Indies  aud  the 

I  Mediterranean.    Keferences  for  the  latter  are: 

[Seriola  bipinnvlnia  Quoy  &  Gaimard,  Voy.  Uran.  Zool.  1,  363:  Elagatia  bijunnulatus 
I  Benn.  Whaling  Voyage,  ii,  283:  Seriolichihya  bipinnulatua  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tyds.  Nederl. 
Ind.  vi,  190  :  Seriolichthya  Mpinnulatua  Giinther,  ii,  468;  the  genefic  name  Elagatia  be- 
I  ing  rejected  by  Dr.  Giinther  on  account  of  the  prior  Elacate. ) 

Page  447.  In  the  typical  siiecies  of  Scombroides  the  maxillary  has  a 
Uftiall  supplemental  bone,  of  which  no  trace  exists  in  the  American  spe- 
I  cies  or  "  OUgoplites?^    The  latter  group  probably  merits'  recognition  as 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  IG 58 


91«4      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NOUTU   AMERICAN    ICIITIIYOLOOY— IV. 

ft  (listinot.  jftMius.    In  very  youn^  spociinor.s  of  0.  oc<'ulvmalh  tlu>  uppor 
jrtw  ivS  |)ii>tr5U>(ilo  jw  lusual  in  Caranguhr. 

Pajfo  148.  Instojul  of  Pomatomm  saltator  ivivX: 
TON.  I>.  Miltntrix  (\..)  OiU. 

"iV(j//«j/r».r,"  IVS  nstnl  by  LimiiiMis,  was  an  oU\  proper  uuuio. 

Pa^io  151.  Invstoad  ol'  Strotuateu^-i  aU'pidotua  road: 
YIO.  $«.  |»iirii  I.. 

In  tlio  (losoription  (p.  451)  mid  pectoral  much  longn-  than  head,  ami 
ad<l  to  the  synonymy  : 

(Slnmuttrmt  parti  \..  Syst.  Nut.  «»d.  ii,  tf4S;  Imsod  on  a  nRiiiv  iind  «\owrii>tion  in 
Slo!U\o's  ".lamaiott"):  Sonrnnun  xanlhui-un  Qnoy  A  Ot\'n\\.  Voy.  FitAyi,,  y.oiil.  ;{S|- 
Jihombu.1  xaHthunui  C.  A  V.  ix.  •10:>:  wot  Slnmn(eni>  futrn  IMooh.) 

■  -r 

Vaj;«»  45*J.  The  {fonus  "  ,Vm/>m.s"  l\)eeo  (Sn  aleuni  nnovi  lVs<«i  del  Mar 
dl  ]\Iessina,  iu  (liorn.  Seien/,.  l/ott.  Arti  i>er  hi  Sieilia,  xxvi,  No.  77)  is. 
aeeonlinfj;  to  IV.  Oij^lioli  (in  Ui.),  probably  identieal  with  /.»>«,<,•  Mupus 
inipnialus  Coeeo  hvluff  tlu)U{;ht  to  be  the  same  as  Lirus ornlLf.  As  tluMv 
is  some  tnieertainty,  it  is  pwbably  best,  however,  not  to  adopt  the  nuine 

Paije  454.  Instead  of  Con/phrma  punvttilnta  ri>m\: 
It^,  V,vnuisvti%  \..—Simn  Dolphin. 

>?lnlsh  above,  paler   below,  and  yellowish;    sides  immaeuhile.  or 

spriidvled  with  small,  irregular  bine  spots;  larger  si)ots  along  bavsoof 

<lorsal;  dorsal  dark  bine,  usually  markiMl  with  w.nvy  lines  or  rows  of 

spots;  anal  without  spots.     Protlle  iif  snout  not  beeoming  vertical  with 

age;  ventrads  moderate,  inserted  somewhat  behind  the  ptvtorals.    ]). 

51  to  5(};  A.  24  to  2(5.     Length  'J^  fe.M.     P«>lagie;  not  raiv  on  our  South 

Atlantic  and  (hilf  coast. 

(lu  S.vst.  Xaf.;  (illMthor,  ii.  10*:  T,i;tl<on.  Spoliiv  Afluntiojt.  l!*,"'),  .^fi•^•.  r„mp>i,m 
j)HH('/H/(ifM,')  (\  A;  V.  ix.  ;W7,  ('<»»7//>/t(rNii  ptiuctHlolo  (itiuOior,  ii,  408:  Vor^thcma  immacit- 
lota  l\)i\v,  Mojii.  Cubrt,  ii,  '<.Mf);  Lowo,  ritthoH  Miuioinv,  07.)        ,, 

Page  455.  Instead  of  (7<)»'y/»/ifrwrt  *ucm»**  n^id:  ^' 

Ti6.  t\  lilppiiriiji*  \,.—OtnU  Dotphiit. 

"  Colors  brilliant  in  life,  changing  suddeidy  at  deatli;  brownish  olivo 
above,  white  v)r  golden  below,  with  l)right  blue  spots,  t1u>  largest  on  the 
back  and  head,  tVirming  bands  on  the  snout;  dorsal  purplish  blue,  with 
paler obliipie lines;  other  tins  tinged  with  blue;  caudal  yellow;  inspirits. 
palo  with  blackish  spots  on  the  lower  parts.  IMaxillary  rtMiching  niithlK' 
of  oyoj  i)ix)lilo  of  suout  beconiing  iiotuiy  vertical  with  ago  j  ftx)Ut  of  anal 


AM>KNDA — 81.    CKNTUAKOHin.V, — ClI.r.NOnPYTTl'J^. 


915 


luulcr  iiiiddio  of  body.     "Mulo  with  (ho  fn)nt  oUnnlod,  fortuiojr  a  oivst, 

whioli  |»rojoi'(.s  a  lit(h»  ho\«>mi  tho  upper  jaw;  fomulo  with  hhio  spots 

nlonjx «'a«'h  sith^of  Iho  (inl,roj;uhnl.vaniUi};otl."     (/W,v.)     lloiul  5;  (h'pth 

r».    1>.  AS-(54;  A.  2(>-^U>.    Itongni  (5  foot.     In  all  warm  8oa«;  ooinnion  iii 

the  Onlf  of  MoxioO. 

(1..  Syst.  Nat.;  OUnthor.  ii.  40.'»;   l\x>y,  Syn.  IMso.  C\\K  :W^:  <',yr^ph(rno  tjutlata 
rt>(>y,  Motn.  Ciihft,  ii,  aift;  Ultkon,  1.  oi.  <ltCl:  (Wjiphirtui  nufuri  C.  A.  V.  ix,  IWi.) 

Pago  ■15r».  A  ft  oi- /V<r<iWw  rdro/mw^  a»hl:  • ;"  ^ 

^lU.><'h  A  Sohni>i«lor.  SyH(«M«a  lol»«hyol.  18(>t,  !«):  typo  Sjuirti*  rnji  lUooh.) 

lUnly  e<nnpro8se(l,  luoro  or  loss  olovntoil,  oovoroci  with  rather  small 
sciilt's.  Mouth  ver>  oblicjuo,  tho  h>wor  jaw  project iu;;;  both  jaws  with 
;in  oul(>r  .series  of  strouj;  teeth  ;  t;v<li  ou  vomer  au<l  ])alatiues  (hvi<lu- 
ous.  Dorsal  aud  aual  tVus  elou>rate,  the  foruuT  with  3  or  1,  the  hitler 
with  1*  t>r;r«;>;iies;  oiiudal  «h>eply  forked;  voutrals  thoraeie,  1,5.  ()|>or- 
oleseutUT;  brauehiostogals  7.  No  air  bladder.  Pelajjie.  (l.atiu /»*fi»Mrt, 
broaui;  the  speeies  luiviug  beeu  eidled  "  liranui  moritui'^  by  Hay.) 

TIT(.'').  B.  riM*  (1^1<>«'10  Solni. 

(\>l(H'atii»u  uuit'tuuj.  Kyeat  the  middle  of  the  head;  peetorals  reaeh- 
iii;:  UMildle  of  aual.  (ireatost  tlepth  beh>w  ujiihlle  of  Ixxiy,  ,'Mu  total 
Iiii^th.  1).  Ill -,'11;  A.  11-117;  seales  l.Vim-*J.?.  Tyloric  cuwi  r».  Vcr- 
t(>l)ra>  1(14-2.1.  Atlautie  coasts  of  Kuropo  nud  Africa,  strayiuj;  to 
(iraud  Ihudxs  oi  Mewtouudhnul  (/>mH),  coa^st  of  Washiugtou  Territory 
(/>mfi),  aud  C'hili. 

t.'?/>«ifwrr?;i  Ulooli,  lohlh.  taf. '2::^;  Giinthor.  it,  408.) 

Ta^io  inj).  For  Ifoloecnft'm  read  Ilohx^rnlrum.  The  former  is  the  orig- 
inal orthojjraphy,  but  it  is  not  worth  while  to  try  to  restore  it* 

Prtjio  -KM.  ruder  Klaasomathhr,  the  stateuieuts  '^uo  teeth  ou  vomer" 
;uid  "pseiulobrauehia^  uoue"  are  uot  quite  eonvet.  j\  specimen  of  KIoa- 
soma  zoiKifuw  fi'ouj  Touibigbce  Kiver,  IJ^  iiu^hes  loujj,  thus  much  larger 
than  the  ori}:final  types,  shows  the  folK>wiuj;  eharaetei's: 

A  few  weak  teeth  ou  vouu^r;  ftnmt  teeth  »>f  l>olh  jaws  c^vuiueliko, 
»lin>cted  forward ;  pseu«h>brauchia»  .somewhat  ghuulular,  covenMl  by 
skiu.  Scales  cychWd ;  no  lateral  line.  Dorsal  apparently  enuugituUe. 
1).  V, «.»;  A.  Ill,  5j  L«t,  \.'6S.  lload  speckled  with  black;  dm  with 
dark  ^1)018. 


916       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH   AMERICAN   TCHTHYOLOGY— IV 

rago  4C8.  Under  Chcanobryttufi  guloam  lead:  "nead2J;  depth  2k" 

Page  482.  Under  Lepomis  holbrooki  read:  "Head  3"j  aud  under  Lc- 
pomis  notatm  read:  "D.  X,  12." 

Page  485.  Instead  of  Micropterns  dolomieu,  read  M.  dolomiei.    Tlii.s 
l>er8onal  name  should  have  the  genitive  form. 

Page  523.  Under  Perca,  tenth  lino  from  bottom,  add :  "  Lower  limb  of 
preopercle  with  strong  antrorae  teeth." 

Pago  525,  tenth  line,  under  8tizo8tedium,  add:  "Lower  limb  of  pre- 
operele  with  a  few  autrorse  teeth." 

Page  532.  After  Polyprhn  oxy genius  add: 

873  (&).-BBACIIYBHINUS  Gill. 

(Gill,  Troc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  riiila.  18G2,  23G:  typo  Serranua  crcolus  C.  »fc  V.) 

Body  oblong-ovate,  compressed}  head  short,  the  profdo  convex,  tlie 
snout  short  and  blunt ;  jaws  an^l  all  the  bones  of  the  head  covered  with 
imbricated  scales.  Scales  of  body  very  small.  Moutl  ^*\ther  srall 
oblique,  the  lower  jaw  projecting.  No  supplemental  a^i  .  .uiry.  Teeth 
as  in  Scrranus,  but  the  lateral  teeth  small,  not  canine-like.  Preopercle 
evenly  serrate.  Dorsal  si)ine8  9,  none  of  them  produced  in  liUimeuts* 
tins  all  low  ;  caudal  tin  forked.    Warm  seas. 

83«(?>).  B.  fiirclfcrCC.  &V.)Popy.  'V/. 

Red  or  reddish,  with  three  small  violet  spots  on  the  side  of  the  back 
and  one  on  the  tail;  sides  with  oblique  streaks;  dorsal  fiu  with  a  longi- 
tudinal blackii^h  streak.  Snout  short,  scarcely  longer  than  the  large 
eye;  maxillary  reaching  to  below  middle  of  eye;  preopercle  Ihiely  aud 
evenly  serrate.  Gill  rakers  slender.  Dorsal  spines  low,  near'  nm- 
form,  but  longer  than  the  soft  rays;  second  anal  spine  rathei  •  r  ? 
than  third;  pectoral  long  and  pointed,  longer  than  head;  caudjlc;. ;  ,!• 
forked.  Head  3i;  depth  2t.  D.  IX,  19;  A.  Ill,  9;  sciVles  10-83-a.j. 
Tropi(;al  America,  generally  abundant  both  in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific ; 
recorded  by  Dekay  from  near  New  York.  Tliis  record  is  doubtful,  al- 
though the  occurrence  of  the  species  within  our  limits  is  very  probable. 

{Scrravita  fiircifcr  ain\creohin(J\iy.  »fc  Val.,  ii,264,  265, 1828:  Jirachyrhivu/i  crco/iwOill, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1802,  24U  :  Brachyrhimts  crcolua  Poey,  Aun.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist. 
N.  Y.  1871,  4(5:  Connna  oxyptera  Dckny,  N.  Y.  Fauna  Fish.  1842,  77  :  Anil  U9  furcifer 
Gthr.  i,  91  :  S/L'rraiiua  cri'olus  and  cohnua  Gthr.  i,  100,  101.) 

Pago  533.  After  Serranus  atrarius  add : 


ADDENDA — 86.   SERRANID^ — HYPOPLECTRUS. 


917 


mi 


S30  (h).  S.  nigrcscens  (Uloch  &,  Sulm.)  Ooodo  &  Beau. 

According  to  Dr.  Holbrook  the  northern  representative  (nigrcscens)  of 
Serranus  atrarins  has  the  air-bladder  simple,  and  the  pectoral  as  long  as 
the  ventral ;  while  in  the  southern  form  [atrarins)  the  air-bladder  is  sac- 
culated, and  the  pectoral  longer  than  the  ventral.  These  observations 
are  confirmed  by  Dr.  Bean,  who  has  also  noticed  other  points  of  ditter- 
euce.  Tiie  northern  form  (Cape  Ilatteras  northward)  may  then  stand 
as  8.  nigrescens, 

(Coryiihama  nigrescena  Blocli  &  Scliueiiler,  1801,  2U7:  Ccntrojmstia  nigricans  C.  &  V. 
iii,  37,  and  of  various  authora. ) 

Page  534.  In  Serranus  trifurcus  the  fdamentous  tips  to  the  dorsal 
spines  are  often  but  little  developed.  A  species,  apparently  the  same, 
occurs  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Head  2f ;  depth  3|.  D.  X,  Iii;  A.  Ill, 
7;  scales  (}-48-13.    The  section  called  ^^ Ualiperca^^  should  hePrionodcn* 

Pago  535,  To  the  account  of  Serranun  stihligarius  .add: 
A  large  blotch  of  cream-color  with  sharply  defined  edges  in  front  of 
vent,  extending  upwards  as  an  irregular  cross-band  to  iiear  middle  of 
sides;  an  interrupted  black  ring  around  tail  at  base  of  caudal;  a  large 
black  blotch  on  front  of  soft  dorsal;  lower  parts  of  head  with  a  very 
conspicuous  network  of  bluish  streaks;  pectorals,  anal,  and  caudal, 
sharply  barred  with  black;  ventrals  tipped  with  black.  IJody  deej), 
compressed;  the  head  very  slender,  acuminate,  the  anterior  profile 
straight  or  somewhat  concave;  depth  at  middle  of  eye  little  more  than 
hall-length  of  head;  lower  jaw  little  projecting;  roaKillary  reaching 
posterior  margin  of  pupil,  2^  in  head;  canines  small,  those  on  sides  of 
lower  jaw  largest;  edge  of  i)reopercle  sharply  and  subequally  serrate ; 
gill-rakers  short.  Dorsal  little  emarginate,  the  fourth  spine  3  in  head; 
caudal  subtruncate;  second  anal  spine  longer  than  third,  2^  in  head; 
jaws,  and  dorsal  and  anal  fins  scaleless.  Head  2J;  depth  3;  D.  X,  ]3; 
A.  Ill,  7;  scales  0-42-17. 

Images  536,  537,  etc.  All  the  species  of  Serranus  have  normally  10 

spines  in  the  dorsal.  -         ^  ^  -^    \ 

Page  530.  Instead  of  subgenus  Plectropoma  substitute: 
ay*  (/>).-HYPOPL,ECTRUS  Gill. 
(Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.Phihi.  18G2,  236:  type  Pleclrojmma  puelldj  C.  &  V.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Serranus  chiefly  in  the  presence  of  antrorse 


m 


■■\ 


Prionodea  Jenyus,  Zool.  Beagle.  Fish.  1842,  46:  type  Prionodea  fasciatua  Jenyns. 


^ 


918   CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

spines  on  tlio  lower  margin  of  tlie  preopercle.    The  species  are  of  siaall 
size;  the  body  short  and  compressed.    (uTrtu,  below;  7r/l7>r/?ov,  sinir.) 

Page  537.  Instead  of  Sctranus  clilorurus  read:  ''■•>•   > 

843.  II.  nigricans  (Poey)  Gill.  '     ^ 

The  species  found  on  the  Florida  coast  has  the  body  and  fins  all  alike 
blackish,  with  violet  shades,  and  is  doubtless  distinct  from  IL  cMorurun 
in  which  the  pectorals  and  caudal  are  yellow.    Florida  to  Cuba. 

Page  538.  Instead  of  rW,sofrqpis  ftruH/ieits  read: 
§44.  T.  stomias  Goodo  &  Bean  MSS. 

The  color  in  this  species,  the  "Black  Grouper"  of  the  Florida  coast, 
is  dark  gray,  freckled  with  paler,  but  without  distinct  spots;  fins  all 
edged  or  tipped  with  black;  no  yellow  nor  violet  shjides  anywlieix. 
Caudal  lunate.  Mouth  very  large;  the  maxillary  longer  than  pectoral. 
The  identification  of  this  species  with  T.  brunneus  Poey  is  very  doubtful. 

(Goode  &  Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882.)  <.       ,-      .■ 

V'AgiA  b^^.  Aitev  Trisotropis  microlepis  ixd^'. 
§46  {h).  T.  pctrosus  Poey. 

Light  brownish  violet,  covered  with  close-set  round  reddish  brown 

spots  about  as  large  as  the  pupil,  besides  largo  quadrate  dark  areas  oii 

the  trunk;  no  red  anywhere.    Fins  dark  brown,  except  the  pectorals, 

which  are  black,  with  a  broad  border  of  bright  orange,  at  least  in  tlio 

adult.    Maxillary  extending  beyond  orbit.    Preopercle  rounded,  finoly 

serrate.    Caudal  lunate,  the  lower  angle  rounded.    Head  3^  (in  total); 

depth  4.    D.  XI,  IG*  A.  Ill,  11 ;  coeca  15  to  20.    Cuba  to  Key  West. 

{Poey.) 

{Serranm  pvtroms  Poey,  Memoriaa,  ii,  130:  Trisotrojda pctrostis  Pooy,  Anu.  Lye.  Nat. 
Hist.  N.  Y.  ix,  301,  1870.) 

Page  540.  '■* Epincphclm  copnolm^^  should  apparently  stand  as — 
§47.  £.  atlnnticus  (Lar.)  J.  &  G. 

The  earlier  names,  llolocentrus  punctatu)t  Bloch  (Tchth.  iaf.  241)  and 
I'erca  maculata  Bloch  are  both  preoccupied  in  this  genus. 

Page  541.  After  jE[p/wf7)/»r/?/.s"«'/«7ri7«.<f  add  :  I 

§50  (/>).  E.  j^triatnN  (Bloch)  Gill. — HamM;  Xassau  Grouper.  =^     - 

Chestnut-brown,  varying  to  light  slate-color;  lips  and  throat  voriuil- 
lion ;  a  black  stripe  sometimes  present,  extending  from  snout  to  a  point 
between  eyes,  then  dividing,  one  branch  extending  to  origin  of  dorsal. 
the  other  to  opercle ;  a  large  quadrate  black  blotch  ou  tail  behind  dorsal ; 


ADDENDA 86.    SERRANIDvE EPINEniELUS. 


910 


young  with  transverse  dark  l)ars;  vontrals  dusky.     l»o(ly  rather  deep, 

somewhat  eompressed.     Month  hirge,  the  niaxiUary  extendinjjf  beyond 

eye,  2  in  head;  canines  rather  strong.    Preopen^U*  nearly  evetdy  serrate. 

Caudal  rounded*;  second  anal  sj)ine  rather  strong,  slightiy  longer  than 

third;  dorsal  spines  rather  high.    Jaws  and  tins  with  lint;  scales.    Head 

3.J;  depth  2^.    D.  XI,  17;  A.  11%  Z,   Lat.  1.  about  85.    West  Indies; 

north  to  Key  West  {Poey ;  Stearns)',  very  abundant;  reaches  the  length 

of  4  or  5  feet. 

(Anthitts  striatum  Hloch,  Ichth.  ix,  1();>,  1797:  Serranux  alriatim  (irUnthor,  i,  110:  Goode, 
IJuU.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  v,  57:  Tooy,  Ui'p.  Fis.  Nat.  Cuba,  ii,  'iHo.) 

Page  541.  The  group  called  Bodianitfi  is  probably  entitled  to  generic 
rank.     Its  species  should  stand  as  follows:  ■    ^      ^         y 

g.'Sa.  B.  piiBictatus  (L.)  J- &  Gl. 

§5«  («»).  B.  tocniops  (C.  &.  V.)  J.  &  G.  ' 

Ked  or  dark  brown,  the  head,  body,  and  tins  covered  with  small 

round  blue,  black-edged  spots;  one  or  two  dark  blue  streaUs  from  eye 

to  snout ;  tins  all  more  or  less  edged  with  deep  blue.    Maxillary  reiich- 

iiig  posterior  margin  of  eye;  canine  teeth  rather  strong,  the  upper 

largest.    Caudal  rounded  behind ;  no  notch  between  dorsal  spines  and 

soft  rays.     Second  and  third  anal  spines  about  equal.     Head  2A:  depth 

2|.    H.  IX,  15;  A.  Ill,  1);  Lat.  1. 100.    Tropical  Atlantic ;  Florida  Keys 

to  Seuegambia.    {Steindachncr.)       , 

(ScrranuH  tiviiiops  C.  »&  V.  ii,  :{70:  Serranm  Iwtiiopn  Giliithor,  i,  121:  Serranua  iwmopa 
Sl<'iiula<'liiH'i\  HtHtiajfo  Ktuintn.  Fi.seli(»  AlVika's,  Iriril,  4.) 

§!i*2  (c).  E.  ij:uttatiis  ((Tiiiclin)  Goodo.— Ca/>n7/a. 

Olivaceous;  body  and  head  everywhere  covered  with  small  bronze 
spots,  much  smaller  than  the  pupil,  the  spots  mostly  with  «larker 
centers;  besides  these  are  larger  obscure  pale  spots,  around  which  the 
{ground  color  forms  reticulations;  whitish  marblings  on  sides  of  back; 
base  of  pectoral  reticulate;  vertical  tins  obscurely  spotted;  the  soft 
(lortial  and  caudal  broadly  margined  witli  black;  pectorals  pale;  veu- 
trals  dusky  at  tip.  Body  comparatively  elongate.  Mouth  largo,  the 
maxillary  extending  past  the  eye,  its  length  2^  in  head.  Eye  shorter 
than  snout,  5A  in  head.  Depressible  teetli  in  front  of  jaws  long.  Fins 
of  moderate  height;  caudal  truncate;  anal  spines  moderate,  the  second 
about  as  long  as  third,  5  in  head;  pectoral  1§  iu  head.    Head  2J;  depth 

•Th«  caudal  is  liiiiato  iu  A',  morio  and  in  the  spocicH  of  IVisotropia.    In  our  other 
species  of  Epinephelm  it  is  rounded  or  truncate. 


i 

111 

-'i'l 

1  K- 

i. 

920 


CONTKIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICnTHYOLOGY IV. 


3.    D.  Xr,  15;  A.  Ill,  8;  Lat.  1.  about  100.    West  Indies,  north  to 
Florida  Keys. 

{Perca  guttata  Gmel.  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  i,  1788,  1315:  Goodo,  Bnll.  v,  U.S.  Nat.  Mus. 
187G,  58;  I!odiaiw8  apua  Bloch,  taf.  2'2(»:  Scrranua  apua  Giintber,  i,  140:  llohcentrn^ 
punctatus  Hloch,  taf.  241 :  Lutjanus  lunulaius  Bloch  &  Schneider,  1801, 329:  Serranm catnn 
lunulaim,  antra,  and  ])ixanga  C.  &  V.  ii,  362,  379,  377,  383:  EptnepMuH  luvulatua  Poey' 
Syu.  Pise.  Cubens.     1868,  287:  Serranm  apua  Steiudacher,  Ichth.  Notiz.  vi,  43,  1867.) 

Page  541.  Promicrops  should  be  reunited  with  Epinephelus.    Our 
species  may  stand  as: 
§53.  E.  guasa  (Poey)  J.  &  G. 

It  is  however  probable,  as  suggested  by  Dr.  Gill,  that  the  Epine- 
phelus  guasa  is  simply  the  very  old  form  of  E.  nigritus,  also  known  as 
''  Ouasa^^  or  "  Warsaw^^  by  the  Florida  fishermen. 

Page  542.  Dules  auriga  should  be  omitted,  as  it  has  probably  never 
been  taken  on  our  coast. 

Page  543.  Instead  of  Rhyptlcm  dccoratus  read :  ^ 

856.  R.  nig^ripinnis  Gill. 

And  add  to  the  synonj^ray : 

(Rhypticua  vigripinnia  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1,861,  r'3:  ^  Promicroptcrus 
deiioratiia  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  119.) 

This  species  inhabits  the  Pacific  coast  of  Mexico  and  Central  America, 
and  we  doubt  its  occurrence  on  our  Atlantic  coast.  The  specimens  ob- 
tained by  Professor  Cope  at  Newi)ort  may  belong  to  some  difterent 
species.*  ;',■..   ' -Vv. =  ;,',.''■, j,., ,,;,„, ,',;/; 

Page  54G.  Instead  of  X(p?wc/if%s  Gill  read : 

2§1.— XENISTIVS  Jordan  &  Gilbert  (gen.  no  v.). 

In  the  typical  species  of  Xewic/tf//p  Gill,  the  soft  dorsal  is  much  longer 
than  the  spinous  dorsal,  and  composed  of  18  rays;  theaiml  is  also  sim- 
ilarly elongate,  of  16  to  18  rays.  In  X.  caU/orniensis,  tbo  soft  dorsal  is 
shorter  than  the  spinous  dorsal,  and  composed  of  11  or  12  rays;  tlie 
anal  is  also  short.  The  latter  species  may  be  taken  as  the  t.\pe  of  a 
distinct  genus,  which  may  be  called  Xenistiu 8  {Uvo<;,  peculiar;  laTur^, 
sail,  for  dorsal  fin.) 


-^*ttr 


*  ProleHsor  Copo  describes  the  specimen  from  Newport  as  follows :  "  D.  II,  2G ;  A.  IG ; 
scales  11-98-4G,  counted  from  base  of  second  dorsal  spine.  Dorsal  lins  couuected  by 
membrane  as  elevated  as  that  of  the  first  dorsal.  Head  (from  preniaxilla  to  end  ol' 
spine)  more  than  4  times  in  length,  including  caudal  fin.  Pectorals  not  narrowed. 
Eye  5.33  times  in  length  of  head.  Otherwise,  as  in  P.  viaculatua  Holbr.  Color  dark 
brown,  covered  with  round  pale  spots  as  large  as  the  orbit,  each  with  a  brown  cen- 
tral spot.  They  extend  on  the  dorsal  and  proximal  caudal  fins.  Second  dorsal,  anal, 
and  caudal  fin  broadly  blackish-edged." 


ADDENDA 88.    SPARID^ LUTJANUS. 


921 


Page  548.  Instead  of  Lutjanm  melanurua  read : 

g61»  I^»  chrysurus  (Bloch)  Vaillant. 

Erase  from  its  synonymy  "  Perca  melanura  L.  Syst.  Nat."  The  latter 
is  a  West  Indian  species  of  Diahasis  {^Hccmulon  doraale  Poey). 

Page  548,  549.  In  all  our  species  of  Luljanus  the  series  of  scales  above 
the  lateral  line  extend  obliquely  upward  and  backward,  being  not 
throughout  parallel  with  it.  In  L.  chrysurus,  caxis,  stearnsi,  and  black- 
fordi,  the  patch  of  vomerine  teeth  is  "  anchor-shaped."  In  many  of  the 
other  species  of  the  genus  the  patch  of  vomerine  teeth  is  lunate,  and 
in  some  the  series  of  scales  above  the  lateral  line  are  parallel  with  the 
lateral  line. 

Page  549.  After  Lufjamts  eaxis  add:     ,,  .  .;     ■       ,•      %  ,     k'. 

§62(6).  li.  caballerote  (Bloch  «fe  Schneider)  Poey.   •  v       ■  .-:    .y\'A.]  •.  7  r  ^.yv^ 

Brown,  tinged  \\'ith  violet;  red  below;  fins  wine  color;  eye  red; 
young  with  a  blue  stripe  or  line  of  points  under  the  eye,  but  without 
dark  bands.  Body  rather  more  elongate  than  in  L.  caxis;  snout  prom- 
inent, 3  in  head,  the  profile  somewhat  concave;  mouth  rather  small; 
maxillary  not  reaehlng  middle  of  orbit;  jaws  subequal;  teeth  very 
strong;  upper  jaw  with  2  large  and  4  small  canines;  vomerine  teeth  pro- 
longed backward  on  the  median  line ;  eye  4^  in  head,  1§  in  snout ;  pre- 
opercle  notched,  but  the  knob  of  the  interopercle  very  inconspicuous ; 
caudal  eniarginate;  pectorals  If  in  head,  scarcely  reaching  front  of 
aual;  second  anal  spine  strong,  scarcely  longer  than  third;  fourth 
dorsal  spine  longest.  Direction  of  rows  of  scales  above  lateral  line 
very  oblique;  nuchal  scales  in  3  series.  Head  2f ;  depth  3.  D.  X,  13; 
A.  Ill,  7 ;  scales  9-45-lG.  West  Indies,  north  to  Key  West.  Eeaches 
a  weight  of  12  pounds. 

(Anthias  cahallcrote  Bloch  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichth.  1801,  310 :  Mciioprion  cynodon 
Giiuther,  i,  194;  Poey,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1860,  187  ;  Pooy,  Syuops.  Piac.  Cub. 
1868,  293;  Poey,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  x,  75,  1871.) 

§63  (0).  li.  campechlanus  Poey.  '  .    ' 

Deep  red,  paler  on  the  throat;  streaks  along  the  rows  of  scales  bluish 
above,  yellowish  on  the  sides;  fins  colored  like  the  body;  dorsal  bor- 
dered with  orange,  and  with  a  narrow  blackish  edge ;  caudal  bordered 
with  blackish;  eye  red;  a  blackish  blotch  near  the  lateral  line  below 
soft  dorsal,  as  in  numerous  West  Indian  spec'cs  (and  in  the  young  of 
L.  blackfordi).  Body  rather  deep.  Eye  large,  4  in  head;  maxillary 
reaching  front  of  eye ;  preoperclo  serrate,  the  concavity  slight;  inter- 
opercle without  knob;  canines  slender;   teeth  in  lower  jaw  large  in 


,"( 


fr 


n-M 


922     CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NCrlTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY— IV 

front  I  tougue  with  two  rough  plates ;  soft  dorsal  as  long  as  the  part  of 
the  spinous  behind  fifth  spine ;  caudal  little  forked.  Temporal  band  of 
scales  broad ;  scales  above  lateral  line  forming  oblique  series  .ot  par- 
allel with  the  back.  Vomerine  teeth  prolonged  backward  in  a  lon^ 
band  on  the  median  line.  D.  X,  14;  A.  Ill,  8;  65  scales  in  a  series 
above  lateral  line,  53  below.  Gulf  of  Mexico;  brought  to  the  Havana 
markets  from  the  Bay  of  Campeachy  and  from  Key  West.    {Poey.) 

(Meaoprion  campechanus  Poey,  Moniorias  Cuba  ii,  14!>,  18(50,  and  in  Synops.  Pisc. 
Cubeua,  294:  Meaoprion  campechianua  Poey,  Ana.  Lye.  Nat.  Hiat.  >T.  Y.  1870,  5.) 

Page  549.  To  the  account  of  Lutjanus  stearnsi  add :  Scales  above  lat- 
eral line  forming  oblique  series,  which  are  not  parallel  throughout  with 
the  lateral  line.  Teeth  on  vomer  in  an  anchor-shaped  patch,  prolonoed 
backward  on  the  median  line ;  outer  pair  of  canines  above,  very  large  • 
teeth  of  lower  jaw  moderate;  teeth  on  tongue  in  a  single  patch;  max- 
illary 2 J  in  head,  reaching  front  of  pupil;  posterior  nostrd  ovate;  pec- 
toral IJ  in  head;  second  and  third  anal  spines  subequal. 

Page  549.  After  Lutjanus  stearnsi  add: 
864  (&).  L..  synagris  (L.)  Poey. 

Olivaceous  above,  silvery  on  sides  and  below ;  flushed  with  reddish 
above ;  back  and  sides  with  wide,  continuous  stripes  of  golden  yellow, 
usually  wider  than  a  series  of  scales;  a  black  blotch  below  soft  dorsal; 
sides  of  head  with  yellow  stripes  usually  continuous  with  those  on 
sides;  two  yellow  stripes  from  eye  to  snout;  caudal  red;  other  fins  yel- 
lowish; dorsal  with  two  reddish  longitudinal  bands;  veutrals  margined 
with  white ;  these  colors  fading  in  alcohol.  Body  rather  deep  and  com- 
pressed; anterior  profile  steep  and  nearly  straight;  lower  jaw  project- 
ing; maxillary  reaching  to  below  front  of  eye.  Teeth  rather  small, 
subequal,  the  canines  little  developed ;  teeth  on  vomer  in  a  /^-shaped 
patch,  slightly  prolonged  backward  on  the  median  line.  Scales  small, 
smoothish;  those  above  lateral  line  arranged  in  series  not  parallel 
with  the  lateral  line.  Preopercle  with  a  shallow  notch.  Dorsal  spines 
slender;  anal  spines  graduated ;  anal  fin  rather  high;  caudal  moder- 
ately forked.  Pectorals  long,  IJ  in  head,  almost  reaching  anal.  Gill- 
rakers  rather  long  and  strong.  Head  2§ ;  depth  2|.  D.  X,  12 ;  A.  Ill, 
7;  scales  6-50-17.  L.  12  inches.  West  Indies;  north  to  Key  West, 
Florida. 

(Sparua  aynagria  L.  Syst.  Nat.:  Sparm  vermicularia  Blocli  &  Schneider,  1801,275: 
Meaoprion  uninotatua  Cuv.  &  Val.  ii,  479:  Meaoprion  uninotatua  GUntber,  i,  202:  Meso- 
prion  uninotatua  Poey,  Synopsis  Pisc'tubens,  294.) 


ADDENDA — 88.    fiPARID^ — DIABASIS. 


923 


Page  550.  Conodon  C.  &  V.  should  be  recogiiized  as  a  distinct  genus. 

Page  550.  To  the  account  of  Conodon  nohilis  add: 

Series  of  scales  above  lateral  line,  forming  series  parallel  with  the 
lateral  line ;  anterior  limb  of  preopercle  with  strong  spinous  teeth  di- 
rected forwards.  In  all  our  species  of  Pomadasys  the  scales  above  the 
lateral  line  form  series  not  jiarallel  with  the  lateral  line. 

Page  551.  Pomadasys  fasciatus  is  identical  with  P.  fulvomaculatus  and 
should  be  suppressed.  Instead  of  "  Lat.  1.  75,"  in  the  description  of  the 
latter  species,  read  "Lat.  1.  57." 

Page  551.  After  66,  etc.,  add : 

e.  Body  short  and  deep ;  the  back  arched;  spines  strong ;  outer  tcelh  enlarged;  lips 
thick;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  with  small  scales.    {Anisotremuti  Gill.) 

Page  552.  In  the  description  of  P.  virginicus  add  "scales  10-55-lG." 

Page  552.  Pomadasys  bilincatus  has  been  lately  taken  in  Florida  by 
Dr.  J.  A.  Henshall.  Scales  6-35-13;  about  45  pores  in  lat.  1.  The 
specimens  from  California  referred  to  this  species  probably  belong  to 
the  following: 

§71  (6).  P.  interruptus(Gill)  J.  «S:G.  .      :^  • 

Adult  grayish;  each  scale  on  upper  anterior  part  of  body  with  a  dis- 
tinct blackish  spot;  fins  all  more  or  less  dusky.  Young  (!)  {interruptiis) 
with  the  spots  obsolete;  sides  with  two  jiarallel  jet  black  bands,  the 
lower  from  eye  backward  nearly  but  not  quite  reaching  a  largo  black 
blotch  at  base  of  caudal.  Back  arched ;  pectoral  a  little  shorter  than 
head;  second  anal  spine  robust,  half  length  of  head,  longer  than  fourth 
dorsal  spine.  Scales  very  large,  especially  below  spinous  dorsal,  where 
they  are  much  larger  than  in  P.  hilineatus.  Head  3;  depth  2.J.  D. 
XII,  16;  A.  Ill,  9;  scales  7-34-12;  pores  about  45.  San  Diego  (t)  to 
Panama. 

(?  Genytremus  interruptus  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1861, 250  (young) :  rHstipoma 
fiirthi  Steind.  Ichth.  Beitr.  v,  4,  1876:  Pomadaaya  fUrthi  Jor.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mas.  1881,  385.) 

Page  553.  After  Diabasisformosus  add: 
872  (6).  D.  elegans  (C.  «fe  V.)  J.  &  G. 

Brownish;  sides  of  head  and  body  with  seven  or  eight  conspicuous 
wavy  longitudinal  bands  of  light  blue,  edged  with  dusky.  Back  some- 
what elevated;  snout  long,  compressed;  mouth  large,  the  maxillary 
reaching  to  below  eye;  eye  1^  in  snout,  3 J  in  body.  Head  3 J  (in  total); 
depth  about  the  same.    D.  XII,  16 ;  A.  II,  9 ;  scales  8-50-16.    West 


I 


r.  '.^ i .if 


i 


.    .  ; 

»           I 

f       '           ".        1    ■        - 

l                't 

ii 

924      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV 

Indies;  north  to  Florida.    Resembles  D.  fonnosus,  biit  readily  distiu- 
guished  by  the  striped  body. 


I'  'tr 


{Hwmulon  elcgana  C.  &  V.  v,  287:  Hwmulon  elegans  Glintber,  i,  30C.) 


'» 


V'dge  053.  After  Diabasis  chrysopteriis  add: 
873  (/').  D.  chromis  (Biouss.)  J.  «&  G. 

Light  olive;  each  scale  with  a  large  dark  spot;  these  forming  very 
distinct  interru^>ted  stripes  along  the  rows  of  scale;  lower  fins  dusky 
a  dusky  blotch  at  angle  of  preopercle.  Young  with  2  or  3  longitudinal 
blackish  streaks.  Back  somewhat  elevated;  maxillary  reaching  just 
past  front  of  eye,  2|  in  head.  Series  of  scales  above  lateral  line  very 
oblique  (as  in  all  our  species  of  Diabasis),  the  series  from  the  scapular 
scale  reaching  Cth  dorsal  spine;  preopercle  well  serrated.  Longest 
dorsal  spine  2J  in  head ;  second  anal  spine  strong,  2^  in  head,  the  flu 
high.  Pectoral  IJ  in  head.  Head  3;  depth  2f.  D.  Xll,  18;  A.  Ill 
7 ;  Lat.  1.  42.    West  Indies ;  north  to  Florida. 

(Pcrca  chromis  Bronssonet  MSS:  Ilcpmnlon  chromis  C.  «feV.  242:  Haemulon  chromis 
GUnther;  i,  310:  Ilwmulon  aerratum  Poey,  Memorias,  ii,  181.) 

§73  (c).  D.  albiis  (C.  &  V.)  J.  &  G. 


:ifi%; 


Color  pale  uniform  plumbeous;  no  black  spot  behind  angle  of  preo- 
percle. Mouth  wide,  but  the  maxillary  not  reaching  front  of  orbit;  eye 
6  in  head,  2|  in  snout;  preopercle  finely  and  evenly  serrate,  its  poste- 
rior limb  nearly  vertical.  Dorsal  flu  scarcely  notched,  the  spines  rather 
strong,  the  fourth  longest,  2 J  in  head;  second  and  third  anal  spines 
nearly  equal  in  length  and  strength,  rather  more  than  half  fourth  dorsal 
spine.  Caudal  forked.  Head  3 J  (in  total);  depth  3^.  D.  XH,  16;  A. 
Ill,  8 ;  scales  7-50-lG.    West  Indies ;  north  to  Key  West.    {Poey.) 

(Hcemulon  album,  Cuv.  «fe  Val.  v,  241:  Hwmuloa  album  GUiitlier,  i,  311:  Hwmulon 
album  Poey,  Synopsis  Pise.  Ciibens.     1868,  312.) 


Page  553.  To  description  of  Diabasis  chrysopterus  add: 

Brownish-olive  above ;  a  narrow  bronze  band,  darkest  in  young,  from 
snout,  through  eye,  to  base  of  caudal;  above  this  two  or  three  dark 
streaks  from  eye  to  above  gill-opening;  another  beginning  on  top  of 
snout  on  each  side,  passing  above  eye,  and  extending  parallel  with  the 
first-mentioned  stripe  straight  to  last  ray  of  dorsal,  where  it  meets  its 
fallow  of  the  opposite  side;  a  dark  streak  from  tip  of  snout  aloug  me- 


■w* 


ADDENDA — 88.   SPARIDiE CALAMUS. 


925 


(lian  line  to  front  of  anal;  very  brijjlit  specimens  show  a  narrow  yellow 
stripe  following  each  series  of  scales  on  back  and  sides-,  adults  often 
plain  silvery;  a  largo  rounded  black  blotch  at  base  of  the  caudal;  flns 
all  plain;  inside  of  mouth  scarlet.  Bodj'  rather  elongate,  somewhat 
compressed;  the  back  little  elevated.  Snout  rather  short,  2|  in  head; 
prcorbital  moderate;  about  equaling  eye.  Maxillary  reaching  middle 
of  pupil,  2  in  he.ad.  Eye  4^  in  head.  Dorsal  spines  rather  high,  the 
longest  IJ  to  2J  ill  head,  longer  than  the  second  anal  spine;  second 
anal  spine  strong,  longer  and  stronger  than  third,  2j|  'to  2}  in  head, 
reaching,  when  depressed,  to  base  of  last  ray.  Pectorals  IJ  to  lA  in 
head.  Head  3;  depth  3.  D.  XIII,  15;  A.  Ill,  8;  scales  7-52-13.  The 
color  of  the  young  of  D.  fremcbundus  is  very  similar,  but  the  back  iu 
the  latter  species  is  more  arched,  the  mouth  much  smaller,  and  the 
scales  below  the  lateral  line  much  larger.  The  adult  form  of  D.freme- 
hundits,  as  yet  unknown,  is  probably  more  like  2>.  cliromis.  To  sy- 
uonomy  of  D.  chrysojtUrus  add:  '•  ^  V    » >  'i-n  ' 

{Hcemulon  aurolineatumC.  &,Y,  y,2^:  Hwmulon  aurolivcatum  Gthr.  i,3l():  Ilwrnulon 

cmidimacula  Poey,  Syn.  Pise.  Cub.  379;  not  of  C.  »t  V. :  HoBmidon  quacbiUneatum  Hol- 
brook,  Ichth.  S.  C.     18(30,  195.)  .  ,     ^,  ^ 

§74  (&).  D.  Jeniguano  (Pooy)  Goode  &  Bean.  ^ 

Pale  oliv*,  with  faint  dusky  and  yellow  longitudinal  streaks,  espec- 
ially in  the  young ;  fins  all  pale,  probably  yellow  in  life.  Body  com- 
paratively elongate,  compressed,  the  back  little  elevated,  th.e  profile 
regularly  curved  and  not  steep.  Snout  3  in  head;  eye  3J.  Mouth  very 
large,  the  maxillary  extending  slightly  past  middle  of  eye,  14-  in  head. 
Teeth  not  very  large.  Preopercle  well  serrated.  Dorsal  deeply  notched, 
the  spines  moderate,  the  longest  equal  to  maxillary;  soft  dorsal  low; 
anal  rather  high,  its  edge  concave,  its  second  spine  about  as  long  as 
third  and  much  stronger,  2^  in  head;  caudal  well  forked,  the  upper 
lobe  longest.  Pectoral  1^  iu  head,  reaching  past  veutrals  to  vent. 
Scales  above  lateral  line  in  very  oblique  series.  Read  3 ;  depth  3.  D. 
XIII,  15;  A.  Ill,  9;  scales  7-50-11.  L.  7  inches.  Cuba,  north  to 
Garden  Key,  Florida. 

{EwmnloH  jenignano  Pooy,  Momori.as  Cuba,  ii,  183,  1860,  and  in  Syn.  Pise.  Cub.  319  . 
\Ha'mulon  schravki  Agassiz,  Spix.  Pise.  Bras.  131:  1  Hwrnulon  acliranki  Giinther,  i,  310.) 

Page  55G.  Before  Sparus  insert : 

2§5  (6).— CALAMUS  Swainson. 

(Swaiuson,  Nat.  Hist.  Fish.  etc.  ii,  221,  1839:  type  Pagellus  calamus  C.  &  V.) 

Body  broadly  ovate,  compressed,  the  back  elevated;  head  deep; 
preorbital  very  deep;  eye  placed  high,  preceded  by  a  bluntish  pro- 


t-* 


'   i   h  t 
"■,   i^  i: 


■i 

1% 


926     00XTR1BUTI0N8   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV 

tnberance;   i)08terior  nostril  Blit-like,  much  larger  than  the  r  sh 

anterior  nostril;  opercles  very  short  and  deep;  cheeks  and  opercUs 
scaly,  rest  of  head  naked ;  moutli  low,  horizontal,  rather  small  •  both 
jaws  with  a  band  of  cardiform  teeth  in  front,  the  anterior  series  more 
or  less  enhirged,  sometimes  canine-like;  sides  of  each  jaw  with  2  to  tl 
series  of  molars;  gill-rakers  small.    Scales  large.    Dorsal  continuous 
rather  low,  its  spines  slender;  a  procund)ent  spine  before  the  (hnsal 
concealed  by  scales  in   some  of  the  species;   caudal  deeply  forkt'd- 
anal  spines  rather  small;  pectoral  rather  narrow,  usually  very  ]on<'. 
Second  interspinal  bone  of  the  anal  enlurffed,  pen-xhaped,  the  end  of  the 
air-bladder  being  received  into  its  concave  part.    "The  skull  is  ex- 
tended downwards  to  the  chevron  of  the  vomer,  and  entire  on  each 
side  behind  the  forehead ;  the  i)arasi)henoid  has  a  deep  but  tliin  infe- 
rior crest,  which  is  more  or  less  notched  in  front  of  its  posterior  decur- 
rent  processes;   the  forehead   comparatively  narrow,   ill-defined,  de- 
pressed above  the  preorbital  region,  horizontally  pitted;  the  occipi- 
tal  crest  extending  far  forwards  and  thickened  with  vertical  osseous 
deposits,  the  inner  as  well  as  the  outer  lateral  crests  depressed  near 
the  orbits."    {Gill,  MS8.)    Species  rather  numerous,  mostly  of  small 
size,  chiefly  of  tropical  America.    (Latin  crtZamw«,  a  pen.) 
870(6).  C.  megaecphalus  S\y.—Plame-finh;  PczdeP       a. 

Light  olive,  with  bluish  reflections,  the  young  dark  crossbars; 

front  of  head  and  preorbital  region  with  horizontal  anastomosing  wavy 
lines  of  steel  blue,  the  interspaces  yellowish ;  ventrals  pale.  Body  com- 
pressed, the  back  arched,  the  anterior  profile  steep,  not  very  convex ; 
depth  of  preorbital  half  head;  preocular  prominence  not  very  sliarp; 
eye  moderate,  4  in  head.  Cleft  of  mouth  3§  in  head.  Anterior  teeth 
of  each  jaw  moderately  enlarged,  G  to  8  in  number;  outermost  tooth  on 
each  side  of  upper  jaw  much  larger  than  the  others,  forming  a  stromj 
canine  directed  outward  and  foricard.  A  concealed  procumbent  spine 
before  dorsal ;  dorsal  of  moderate  height,  the  soft  rays  highest ;  caudal 
deeply  forked,  the  upper  lobe  the  longer;  anal  spines  small,  gradu- 
ated; pectoral  reaching  front  of  anal,  a  little  longer  than  head.  Head 
^ ;  depth  2}.  B.  XII,  12 ;  A.  Ill,  10 ;  scales  C-SS-IC.  West  Indies, 
north  to  Florida. 

{Pagellua  calamus  C.  &  V.  v>,  20G,  1830  :  Calamua  megacephalus  Swaiiisoii,  Nat.  Hist. 
Fish,  ii,  222,  1839 :    Chryaophrya  calamus  GUuther,  i,  187 ;  Poey,  Ann.  Lye.  Nut.  His'. 
N.  Y.  X,  178,  1872 :   f  Calamus  pennatula  GuicUenot,  Rdvuo  des  Pagels  iu  Mt-ni.  .Soc.  i 
Imp.  Sci.  Nat.  Cherbourg,  xiv,  112,  1868.) 

§Y6  (c).  C.  bajonado  (Blocl  &  Schneider)  Poey. 
Bluish  gray,  with  bright  reflections;  a  blue  stripe  below  eye;  angle] 


f^ 


ADDENDA — 88.    SPARIDiE — CALAMUS. 


927 


of  raoutli  orange;  fins  pale;  young  with  r»  or  fi  dark  olivo  bars;  caudal 
faintly  barred.  IJody  deep,  the  back  considerably  elevated ;  muzzle 
prolonged,  the  profile  somewhat  arched ;  eye  large,  3'^  in  head.  Canine 
teoth  rather  long  and  strong,  all  similar,  usually  about  8  in  each  jaw 
outside  of  the  cardiform  band.  Caudal  deeply  forked ;  anal  spines 
graduated;  pectoral  long,  somewhat  longer  than  head,  reaching  past 
anal  spines.  Depth  of  preorbital  2^  in  head.  Head  .')j\;  depth  2.  I). 
XII,  12;  A.  Ill,  10.  Tropical  America,  north  to  South  Carolina  and 
Lowv  r  California. 

{Spams  bajonado  Bloch  &  Schneider,  Syst.  Iclith.  1801,  2H4:  PageUuH  caninus  Poey, 
Mem.  Cuba,  ii,  468,  18G1 :  Calamus  bajonado  Poey,  Ann.  Lye.  Hist.  N.  Y.  x,  170,  1872: 
Sparus  brachysomus  Lockingtou  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muj.  1860,  28:5.) 

876  (d).  C.  macrops  Poey. 

Pale  olivaceous,  somewhat  silvery;  sides  with  obscure  oliv^aceons 
bands,  especially  in  the  young ;  preorbital  not  striped ;  ventrals  pale. 
Body  broad-ovate,  compressed,  the  back  elevated,  the  anterior  profile 
slightly  curved,  not  very  steep.  Preorbital  deeper  than  long,  its  depth 
nearly  half  head.  A  sharp-edged  bony  prominence  before  eye.  Eye 
large,  3  in  head,  about  as  long  as  maxillary.  Front  teeth  slender,  little 
enlarged,  about  12  in  the  outer  series  in  each  jaw;  molars  rather  small, 
in  3  rows  above  and  2  below.  ales  above  lateral  line,  in  series  par- 
allel with  the  lateral  line.  Procumbent  spine  of  dorsal  concealed.  Fins 
low;  caudal  moderately  forked.  Pectoral  long,  a  little  longer  than 
head,  reaching  sfeconrt  anal  spine,  which  is  little  enlarged,  little  longer 
tlian  third.  Head  3^;  depth  2^^-.  D.  Xlf,  12;  A.  Ill,  11;  scales 
J-53-17.    Cuba,  north  to  Garden  Key,  Florida. 

{Calamus  macrops  Poey,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  x,  181,  1872.) 
»  •'■'■-'■ 

§76  (<■).  C.  arctifrons  Goode  &  Bean.  ?  .;  .     r  i;^ 

Light  olive,  with  bright  reflections ;  sides  with  obscure  dark  cross- 
bars; head  without  distinct  markings;  fins  nearly  plain,  all  pale. 
Body  oblong-ovate,  more  elongate  than  usual  in  this  genus,  the  ante- 
rior profile  being  very  convex.  Mouth  rather  large ;  maxillai'y  2^-  in 
head,  reaching  front  of  orbit.  Front  teeth  in  both  jaws  rather  strong, 
all  similar,  somewhat  canine-like,  0  to  8  in  each  jaw  ;  upper  molars  in 
2 rows  anteriorly  and  3  posteriorly;  lower  in  2  rows;  a  conspicuous 
pore  with  a  dermal  flap  on  each  side  of  snout.  Preorbital  very  deep, 
its  depth  3i  in  head.  Eye  small,  3f  in  head,  placed  very  high.  Dorsal 
spines  slender,  the  longest  3f  in  head,  about  equal  to  longest  soft  ray. 
Anal  spines  small,  graduated,  the  third  4  in  hea'^^(^^t*5ferl  deeply 


It. 


M 


I   ' 


928      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

forked,  the  upper  lobe  nearly  as  long  as  head.    Pectorals  as  longr  as 
head,  reachmg  slightly  past  vent.    Head  3^;  depth  2^.    D.  XIII  12- 
A.  Ill,  11;  P.  16;  scales  5-40-14.    Southern  Florida.       ,    . 
(Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882.) 

bh.  Anterior  teeth  little  larger  than  the  others,  not  canine-like.  {Grammatcns  Pofy.) 
Sre  (/).  C.  mcdius  (Poey)  J.  &  G. 

Olivaceous,  rather  dusky;  body  and  vertical  fins  with  obscure  bars 
of  dark  olive,  which  mostly  disappear  with  age;  preorl  ital  with  nar- 
row, horizontal  bluish  stripes;  ventrals  pale.  Body  rather  elongate, 
comparatively  elliptical;  the  back  less  arched  than  in  other  si)ecics; 
the  anterior  profile  moderately  curved.  Preorbital  deep,  2J^  in  head; 
maxillary  2^^  in  head.  Eye  small,  placed  high,  4  in  head.  Anterior 
teeth  small,  scarcely  enlarged,  none  of  them  canine-like;  molars  mostly 
in  three  series  above,  two  below.  Spines  low,  slender;  soft  dorsal  low; 
caudal  less  deeply  forked  than  usual;  anal  spines  graduated;  pectoral 
comparatively  short,  as  \onp  as  head,  reaching  a  little  past  vent.  Dis- 
tance from  base  of  pectoral  to  base  of  dorsal  less  tlian  head.  Head  3|; 
depth  2|.  D.  XII,  12;  A.  Ill,  9;  scales  5-4G-11,  10  in  a  series  between 
dorsal  and  nape.    L.  10  Inches.    Florida  to  Cuba. 

(Grammaicua  viedius  Poey,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hiat.  N.  Y.  1872,  183.) 

§77.  C.  milncri  (G.  &  B.)  J.  &  G. 

This  species  belongs  to  the  genus  Calamus,  and  is  very  closely 
allied  to  C.  mcdhis,  from  which  it  may  be  distingu'shed  \)y  the  followin}]; 
characters:  No  blue  stripes  on  preorbital;  ventrals  blackish.  Back 
more  arched  than  in  mediuH,  the  anterior  profile  less  convex;  dis- 
tance from  axil  of  pectoral  to  front  of  dorsal  greater  than  length  of 
head.  Eye  4  in  head  (not  5  as  in  C.  micnps  Guichenot  a  Cijjjan 
species,  with  which  t  agrees  in  other  respects).  Scales  above  lateral 
line  smaller.  Scales  0-47-13;  about  20  in  a  series  before  dorsal.  Head 
3f;  depth  21. 

Page  550.  Sjjarus  pagrus  L.— Gh?/ ".>r(/flc. 

The  coloration  '-f  this  species  as  shown  in  specimcTis  from  Pensacola 
is  as  follows:  Light  crimson,  shaded  with  golden  olive ;  sides  and  below 
silvery,  flushed  with  red;  many  scales  of  back  and  sides  each  v.itli  a 
small  round  spot  of  dt:.*p  purplish  blue,  these  forming  longitudinal 
streaks  below  and  broken  oblique  streaks  above  lateral  line;  a  few  blue 
spots  on  nape  and  opercle;  fins  largely  orange,  shaded  witli  i»i nk.  Wo 
find  no  account  of  the  presence  of  blue  spots  in  the  European  variety 
of  this  species. 


!* 


ADDENDA 88.    SPARID^ ARGYROPS 


920 


Page  557.  The  groups  called  Stenotomus  and  Lagodon  should  be 
recognized  as  genera  distinct  from  Diplodua,  and  the  prior  Argyropn* 
S\v.  (Class'u  Fish,  etc.,  1839,  221;  type  8parus  spinffer  Forsk.)  should 
probably  be  used  for  the  former. 

rage  557.  The  species  called  in  the  text  Spams  chrysops  and  Spa  run 
(U'ulcatus  are  identical.  The  species  belongs  to  the  genus  Argyrops, 
iUid  should  stand  as : 

fl§0.  At  chrysops  (L.)  J.  &.  G.—Southtrn  Porgce. 

Difiering  from  the  common  northern  scup,  A.  versicolor}  (Mitch.)  J.  & 
(I.  {  =  S.  argyrops  Auct.  not  of  Linn.),  in  the  following  respects: 

Body  more  elongate  and  less  elevated  anteriorly;  molar  teeth 
coarser;  size  larger.  Head  3^;  depth  2*.  D.  XII,  12;  A.  Ill,  11; 
scales  7-48-14.  L.  18  inches.  Cape  Cod  to  Florida.  The  specimen 
(loscribcd  in  the  text  (25170  U.  S.  J!^at.  Mus.)  is  unusually  deei)-bodied 
tor  this  species. 

Page  557.  After  Argyrops  versicolor  add: 
«§1  (b).  A,  caprinus  (Pean)  J.  &  G.—Goat^s  Head  Porgee. 

Light  olive;  silvery  below ;  the  young  with  faint  very  narrow  darker 
l)ars.     Body  subovate,  the  back  anteriorly  mUch  more  elevated  than  in 


*Tlie  crauiiil  characters  of  Jrgyropii  .ire  very  ditterent  from  those  of  Diplodiis,  an 
is  shown  by  the  following  acconnt  of  the  sknlls  of  the  two  genera,  kindly  furnished 
to  us  by  Professor  Gill: 

hi  DipJochis  "the  skull  is  extended  downwards  to  the  chevron  of  the  vomer,  and  is 
iiotili(><l  on  each  side  behind  the  forehead;  the  parasphenoid  has  a  varying  inferior 
irest,  which  is  entire  near  its  posterior  decurrent  processes;  forehead  broad,  well  de- 
tiiiftd,  convex  transversely  above  the  orbits,  abruptly  terminated  behind  by  the  con- 
vergence of  the  external  lateral  crests  into  the  occipital,  the  occipital  crest  ending 
iibriiptly  behind  the  forehead,  and  thickened  with  vertical  osseous  striro;  the  inner 
an  well  as  outer  lateral  crests  erect  and  laminar,  and  converging  more  or  less  forwards. 

"In  Diplodua  proper  the  forehead  is  moderately  broad  and  the  bon«'s  contracted 
forwards,  the  parasphenoid  with  a  superficial  inferior  crest,  convex  forwards,  and 
little  developed  posterior  decurrent  processes. 

•'In  Archomrgu8  Gill,  the  forehewl  is  very  broad  and  the  bones  wide  and  almost 
(von  with  the  prefrontals  in  front;  the  parasphenoid  with  a  deep  inferior  crest,  and 
iinarginated  anteriorly  and  with  enlarged  pcsterior  decurrent  processes.  , 

*'In  the  genus  Sfenoiomits  (Argyrops)  the  sknll  is  extended  forwards  to  the  head  of 
liio  vomer  and  notched  on  each  aide  beliind  +he  forehead;  the  parasphenoid  has  the 
inferior  crest  low,  and  little  developed  posteriorly-decurrent  processes;  the  forehead  is 
luuTow  and  ill-defined  behind,  its  surface  of  compact  texttire,  but  with  a  few  foramina 
and  two  longitudinal  gr,)oves  on  each  side;  the  occipital  crest  moderate,  extending  but 
litflc  forward  of  the  8upraoccii)ifal  bone,  and  not  overhanging  backward;  th»^  crest 
strengthened  by  a  longitudinal  lateral  ridge  on  each  side,  terminating  backwards  in 
iiiiunilliform  projections,  the  inner  and  outer  lateral  crests  not  procurreut  on  the  foro- 
liond." 

*  7jnhru8  rcraicolor  Mitch.,  Trans.  Lit.  and  Phil.  See,  1815,  1,  404.  SpcruB  argyrop» 
\u  is  the  young  of  A.  chrysops,  with  £d  and  3d  dorsal  spines  fllameutons. 


-& 


^11 


930      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

versicolor.  Profile  steep,  with  a  strong  depression  above  eye;  the 
snout  rather  pointed ;  occipital  region  carinate.  Front  teeth  small  in 
a  close-set  band,  the  outer  series  a  little  enlarged,  compressed  and  lance- 
olate, much  as  in  versicolor.  Molars  in  two  rows  in  each  jaw.  Gill- 
rakers  very  short.  A  strong  procumbent  spine  before  dorsal;  first  and 
second  dorsal  spines  very  snort ;  third  dorsal  spine  more  or  less  fila- 
mentous, reaching  past  middle  of  soft  dorsal;  pectoral  a  little  longer 
than  head,  reaching  soft  rays  of  anal.  Scaly  part  of  cheek  as  deep  as 
long  (in  A.  verzicolor  considerably  longer  than  deep).  Second  inter- 
spinal of  anal  quill-shaped  as  in  Calamus.  Head  3f ;  depth  2.  D. 
XII,  12 ;  A.  Ill,  12 ;  scales  about  7-48-14.  West  coast  of  Florida,  in 
rather  deep  water.  Distinguished  from  A.  versicolor  by  the  deeper 
cheek  and  preorbital,  the  different  form  of  the  body,  and  the  diii'erence 
in  the  dorsal  spines. 
(Stenotomua  eaprinua  Bean,  Proc.  U.  B.  Nat.  Miis.  1882.) 

On  page  560,  after  Biplodus  cattdimacula,  add  : 

883  (6).  D.  caribKUS  (Poey)  J.  &  G.—Sargo. 

Steel-brown,  with  golden-yellow  longitudinal  stripes,  which  scarcely 
extend  on  the  head,  3  above,  5  or  G  below  the  lateral  line ;  a  black  spot 
at  the  shoulder;  dorsal  yellowish,  with  a  faiut  dusky  median  stripe ; 
ventrals  orange  in  the  females,  yellowish  and  punctate  in  the  males: 
anal  similarly  colored.  Body  deep;  snout  obtuse;  maxillary  reachiuf;- 
beyond  posterior  nostril;  molars  in  two  rows;  incisors  broad,  entire; 
■second  anal  spine  much  longer  and  larger  than  third;  pectoral  long  and 
pointed ;  caudal  forked.  Head  4i  (in  total) ;  depth  2^.  D.  XIII,  11 ; 
A.  111,10.     West  Indies,  north  to  Key  West  {Poey  in  lit.). 

(Sargua  caribwua  Poey,  Memoriae,  ii,  18(j0,  197,  and  in  Synops.  Piso.  Cubena.  309.) 

Page  563.  Af  ler  Apogon  americanus  add : 

«89  (&).  A.  maculatus  (Poey)  J.  &  G. 

Uniform  bright  scarlet ;  a  round  black  spot  below  second  dorsal  and 
another  on  side  of  caudal  peduncle  above  median  line.  Maxillary  2  in 
head,  reaching  beyond  pupil ;  eye  very  large,  3  in  head;  preoperclo  dis 
tinctly  serrulate ;  pectoral  1 J  in  head,  a  little  shorter  than  caudal.  Head 
UJ ;  depth  2*.  D.  VI-I,  7 ;  A.  II,  8 ;  scales  2^-26-7.  L.  3  inches.  West 
Florida  to  Cuba. 

(^Monoprion  maciilatna  Poey,  Mem.  Cubaii,  123, 18G0:  Amiamaoulata  Vooy,  Syn.  PIhc. 
Cub.  304,  1868;  Jor.  &  Gilb."  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mns.  1882,  279.) 

It  is  doubtful  whether  Apogon  amencamis  has  ever  been  really  taken 


ADDENDA 91.    SCI^ENID^ COBVINA. . 


931 


on  our  coast,  or  indeed  what  that  species  may  he.    The  original  type,  in 
bad  condition,  has  been  identified  by  Vaillant  &  Bocourt  with  Apogon 
(lorii,  a  Panama  species,  and  their  description,  copied  in  the  text  on 
page  563,  seems  to  have  been  drawn  from  the  latter  species. 
((.  Preopercle  entire ;  scales  large.     (ApogonichthjfH  Bleeker.) 

§§9  (0).  A.  alutus  J.  &-  G. 

Riisty-red,  with  silvery  luster,  body  and  fins  very  finely  speckled  with 
dnsky ;  vertical  fins  somewhat  yellow,  their  lips  dusky  with  dark  points. 
IHouth  very  oblique;  maxillary  IJ  in  head,  reaching  past  pux>il;  preop- 
ercle with  both  ridges  entire;  eyo  moderate,  2^  in  head;  second  anal 
spine  half  length  of  longest  anal  ray,  3.}  in  head ;  ventrals  a  little  longer 
than  pectorals,  not  reaching  vent.  Head  2^;  depth  2^.  D.  VI-I,  0; 
A.  II,  8;  Lat.  1.  21.    L.  2J  inches.    West  Florida. 

{^i  Apogonichthya  puncticulalua  Poey,  Repeit.  Fis.  X.at.  Isl.  Cuba,  il,  233  (lat,  1.  ;{(•); 
Jor.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  279.) 

Page  564.  Iflullus  barbatus  L. 

Specimens  of  this  species  have  been  obtained  at  Pensacola,  Florida, 
and  at  Wood's  Holl,  Massachusetts.  The  American  form  (subsp.  auratm 
,T.  &  G.)  is  distingnishable  from  the  typical  barhatus  in  the  lower 
flns,  less  blunt  snout,  shorter  mouth,  and  the  presence  of  two  lateral 
stripes  of  yellow.  From  the  European  variety  surmuletus  {Mulltts  sur- 
muletus  L.),  subsp.  auratiis  is  known  by  the  lower  flns  and  by  the  re- 
placement of  the  black  band  on  the  dorsal  fin  by  a  band  of  yellow. 
Head  3f ;  depth  4.  D.  VII-I,  8 ;  A.  II,  6.  Palatine  teeth  coarse  and 
granular,  forming  a  large  patch. 

(MiiUus  barbatita  auraius  Jor.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  280.) 

Page  569.  Instead  of  Scia;na  stellifera  read: 
§95.  S.  lanceolata  (Holhr.)  Gthr. 

The  identity  of  our  species  with  8.  stellifera  {trispinosa)  is  very 
doubtful, 

Page  570.  To  the  description  of  Sciccna  argyroleuca  {punctata)  add 
"lowest  tooth  of  preopercle  spinous,  directed  downward." 

Page  571.  Scicena,  ocellata  is  known  as  "Red-fish"  on  our  Gulf  coast. 
It  reaches  a  weight  of  35  to  40  pounds.  Old  specimens  entirely  lose 
the  serratures  on  the  preopercle,  the  edge  of  i  '  bone  becoming  mem- 
branaceous and  entire  as  in  ''  Corvinn,^ 


■  » - 


932       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

Page  572.  Instead  of ''cc,"  etc.,  read: 

292  (o)-— CORVIWA*  Cuvicr. 

Tbe  species  of  "<Sfcm'/irt"  which  have  the  preopercle  without  bony 
serratures  may  be  referred  to  Corvina.  Genus  296  (6),  Roncador  should 
probably  be  retained  also. 

Page  573.  After  Corvina  acuminata  add: 

293  (2).— EQUES  Bloch. 
(Bloch  Ichthyologiii,  about  1790:  type  Eqiica  amencanus  Bloch.) 

Body  oblong,  compressed,  the  back  much  elevated  anteriorly.  Moutli 
rather  small,  the  lower  jaw  included;  teeth  in  villiform  bands,  the  outer 
somewhat  enlarged  above;  preopercle  serrate,  the  teeth  flexible;  pseu 
<lobranchiffi  present.  Scales  moderate,  extending  on  the  soft  fins. 
First  dorsal  of  about  16  spines,  the  median  spines  much  elevated; 
second  dorsal  extremely  long.  Anal  very  small;  second  anal  spine 
small.  Pyloric  coeca  few.  Air-bladder  simple.  Yertebree  0+15. 
{haXm^  Equiis,  a  horse;  the  long  dorsal  spines  being  compared  to  a 
rider.) 
901  {h).  E.  lanceolatus  (Gmel.)  Casteln. 

ixreyish-yellow,  with  three  broad  blackish-brown  bands,  edged  with 
whitish ;  the  lirst  vertical,  from  the  crown^  through  the  eye  to  the  angle 
of  the  mouth  ;  the  second  slightly  arched,  from  the  nape  over  the  oper 
<;le  to  the  base  of  the  ventral;  the  third  curved,  from  the  top  of  the 
first  dorsal  along  the  middle  of  the  side  of  the  body  to  the  middle  of 
the  caudal  flu.  Head  small;  maxillary  3  in  head,  reaching  pupil. 
Height  of  first  dorsal  usually  much  more  than  depth  of  body  below 
it.  Head  3|;  depth  3^.  D.  XVI-I,  53;  A.  II,  10;  Lat.  1.  60.  West 
Indies ;  lately  taken  at  Pensacola  hy  Silas  Stearns. 

(Chceiodon  lanceolatus  GmeWn,  Syst.  Nat.  178H,  1254:  Eqiiea  halteatua  C.  &.  V.  v,  165; 
GUntber,  ii,  279:  Eques  amerieanus  Bloch.  Ichth.  taf.  347,  fig.  1.) 

Page  575.  The  synonym  "  Homoprion  xanthurus  Holbr."  belongs  to 
Sciama  argyroleuca,  not  to  Liostomus  xanthurus. 

Page  575.  Genyonemus.  Several  of  the  characters  given  in  the  text 
are  inapplicable  to  South  A  merican  species  now  referred  to  Oenyonemns. 


*Cuvier,  Rfegne  Animal,  ed.2,  ii,  17!},  1H29:  type  Soirtna  nigra  Bloch  =  <Sc(a;Hrt  iimhrn 
h.  iu  part,  the  species  having  been  confounded  by  L.  with  Sclwna  umbra  {--nquiht 
Lac).  The  enlargement  of  the  second  anal  spine,  used  by  Cuvier  to  distinguiph  Cor- 
rina  from  Sciasna,  has  no  taxonomic  value.  (Corrina,  the  Italian  and  Spanish  name  for 
variousScironoids,  originally  from  Latin  Corvua,  crow,  in  allusiou  to  the  dusky  color  of 
C.  nigra.) 


ADDENDA — 91.    SCIiENID^ CYNOSCION. 


933 


:  i  l|. 


Some  of  these  have  the  mouth  subinferior,  the  barbels  conspicuous, 
forming  a  tuft  at  the  chin  j  the  dorsal  spines  10  and  the  caudal  double- 
truncate;  the  gill-rakers  short.  The  diagnosis  should  be  amended 
accordingly. 

Page  570.  Instead  of  Sciwna punctata  Tend: 

§96.  S.  chrysura  (Lac.)  J.  &  G, 
{Dipterodon  chrysurus  Lacdpede  iii,  64, 1802.) 

There  are  two  species  called  Perca  punctata  in  the  Systema  Katurse, 
and  the  second  of  these  should  be  suppressed. 

Page  577.  Instead  of  the  account  of  Afenticirrus  littoralis  substitute: 
90§.  M.  littoralis  (Holbr.)  GWh— Surf  Wkitiinj. 

Grayish  silvery,  nearlj'  plain,  without  traces  of  bars;  pectorals,  ven- 
trals,  and  anal  pale,  with  a  few  black  dots;  caudal  tipped  with  blackish ; 
lining  of  opercle  pale.  Body  rather  elongate,  the  caudal  peduncle  very 
slender;  snout  bluntish,  3  in  head,  projecting  beyond  premaxillary  for 
about  one-sixth  its  length ;  inaxillary  reaching  about  to  front  of  eye ; 
posterior  nostril  lanceolate;  outer  teeth  little  enlarged,  very  much 
smaller  than  in  M.  alburnus.  Gill-rakers  small,  but  developed ;  lower 
lobe  of  caudal  longest.  Scales  on  breast  very  siuall,  irregular.  H(;ad 
.{J  ;  depth  4f .  1).  X-I,  23 ;  A.  I,  7 ;  scales,  0-50-11.  South  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  coast.    M.  undidatus  is  closely  relfited  to  tbis  species. 

M.  ulburmiH  is  darker  in  color,  usually  with  traces  of  dusky  bars ; 
pectorals  blackish  ;  lining  of  opercle  black.  Snout  sharp,  3|  in  head ; 
snout  much  projecting  (one-third  its  length).  Outer  teeth  of  upper  jaw- 
very  large ;  posterior  nostril  ovate ;  gill-rakers  tubercular,  almost  obso- 
lete ;  raaxillarj'  about  reaching  middle  of  eye.  Scales  on  breast  large, 
regularly  placed.  Head  3J ;  depth  4^.  D.  X-I,  24 ;  A,  .,  7 ;  scales  6- 
54-11. 

Page  578.  Menticirrm  undulatua  has  the  outer  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw 
not  greatly  enlarged  aiul  should  have  been  placed  rather  under  « instead 
of  aa.  Umhrina  elomjatii  Gtbr.,  from  the  Pacific  coast  of  tropical  America, 
is  a  dilferent  species.  The  latter  name  should  be  erased  from  the  synon- 
ymy of  M.  v,ndulatu8. 

Page  578.  The  teeth  in  Larimus  are  nu)8tly  in  single  series.  The 
j>cnus  '■'■  Monosira^  Poey  (Anal.  Soc.  Esp.  Hist.  Nat.,  x,  320,  1881),  is 
iikiitical  with  Larimus. 

Page  570.  The  genus  Atractoscion  should  be  suppressed.  Our  si)ecies 
may  stand  as  912,  Cynoscion  nohile  (Ayres)  J.  &  G. 


j,.,-u. 


III 


m 


;l!  3" 


934       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY— IV 

Page  581.  The  presence  of  one  or  two  anal  spines  in  Cynoscion  has 
no  importance.  Probably  a  rndiment  of  the  first  spine  will  be  found 
iu  all  the  species.  Cynonvion  regale  and  Cynoscion  nothum  are  distin 
guished  from  our  other  si)ecies  by  having  the  second  dorsal  and  anal 
covered  with  small  8(;ales;  these  fins  being  naked  in  the  other  species. 
(HoUthus  drummondi  llich.  (Fauna  Bor.-Amer.  iii,  1830,  70;  GUnther  ii. 
307),  from  New  Orleans,  is  identical  with  Cynoscion  maculatum.  This 
species  has  the  caudal  unevenly  truncate,  not  "lunate",  as  stated  iu  the 
text. 

Page  583.  After  Oerres  plumieri  add : 
919  {b).  O.  olisthostoma  Goude  &,  licaa.—Mah  Pompano. 

Color  silvery  olivaceous ;  scales  with  faint  silvery  streaks  but  no  dark 

ones;  fins  mostly  pale  or  yellowish,  the  ventrals  somewhat  dusky. 

Body  rhomboid,  short  and  deep,  the  back  elevated,  the  anterior  prolile 

straight  and  very  steep;  mouth  rather  large;  teeth  slender,  brush  like. 

Preorbital  entire ;  preopercle  and  interopercle  serrate.    Groove  on  top 

of  head,  for  reception  of  premaxillaries,  broad,  rounded  behind,  with  a 

median  linear  depression,  its  surface  completely  covered  with  small 

deciduous  scales,  which  extend  forward  to  just  behind  nostrils.    Eye 

moderate.    Dorsal  spines  high  and  strong,  the  second,  nearly  or  quit(' 

as  long  as  head.    Second  anal  sjune  very  strong,  half  or  more  length  ot 

Iiead.    Caudal  lobes  long  and  slender,  a  little  longer  than  head.    Pec 

toral  long,  nearly  as  long  as  head,  reaching  front  of  anal.     Head  3; 

depth  2.    D.  IX,  10;  A.  111,8;  scales  5-37-9.    L,  12  inches.    West  In 

dies,  north  to  Southern  Florida. 

(Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  ft.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  423:  Gerrea  rhomheiia  Poey,  Syn.  Pise. 
Cub.  1858,  32:  Mojarra  rhomhea  Poey,  Anul.  Soc.  Esi).  Hist.  Nat.  x,  327,  1881,  not 
Gcvrcs  rhomhcua  C.  &  V.  vi,  4r)9;  a  species  of  similar  form,  but  with  two  anal  spincN 
only,  and  the  premaxiilary  groove  entirely  naked.  The  genus  Mojarra,  iu  Poi  y'H 
arrangement,  is  distinguished  from  Gerres  by  the  entire  preorbital,  and  from  '^Diap- 
ierita"  by  the  serrated  preopercle.) 

Page  584.  Instead  of  Gerres  argenteus  read : 

9il0.  O.  gula  C.  &  V. 

This  species  is  distinguished  from  the  other  American  species  (ex- 
cept Gerres  homonymus)  by  the  presence  of  a  transverse  baud  of  scales 
across  the  anterior  jiart  of  the  groove  of  the  preinaxillaries  on  the  top 
of  the  head;  behind  these  scales  the  naked  part  of  the  groove  appears 
as  a  pit  when  the  jaw  is  protruded.  Third  dorsal  spine  {  as  long  as 
head,  twice  as  long  as  second  anal  spine.  Head  SJ;  depih  2f.  D. 
IX,  10;  A.  Ill,  7;  scales  4-45-9.  Tip  of  dorsal  dusky.  West  Indies, 
north  to  Cape  Cod. 


ymi 


ADDENDA — 92.    GERRID^ — GERRES.  935 

To  the  aynouymy  of  this  species  add: 

{OetrcHgulaC  &  V.  vi,  464 ;  Giiuther, i,  346,  u»d  iv,  255:  Diapierus j/ttioPoey, Synopsis 
Pise.  Cnbtnis.  323,  is  a  different  species.  Tlie  types  o( EucinoHtomus  argenhm  U.  &  G. 
from  Now  Jersey,  urc  too  young  to  be  certainly  identified.  Numerous  specimens  col- 
lected by  us  in  North  and  South  Carolina  belong  to  Gerrea  gula.) 

Page  584.  After  Gerres  homonymus  read : 
981  (&).  G.  cinereus  (Wulb.)  J.  «feG. 

Silvery;  back  and  sides  with  G  to  8  bluish  vertical  bars,  about  as 
broad  as  the  pupil,  these  extending  to  opposite  lower  part  of  orbit; 
the  bars  formed  of  confluent  blotches  and  rarely  obsolete;  axil  dark; 
fins  with  some  dark  points.  Body  rather  elongate,  the  back  somewhat 
elevated  and  compressed,  the  belly  nearly  straight,  with  an  angle  at 
the  breast.  Teeth  very  small;  preorbital  and  preopercle  entire;  fur- 
row on  top  of  head  for  premaxillary  processes  broad,  scaleless,  lounded 
behind.  Dorsal  spines  slender,  flexible,  the  longest  f  head,  half,  longer 
than  second  anal  spine.  Pectoral  slender,  rather  longer  than  In^ad. 
Caudal  deeply  forked,  a  little  longer  than  head.  Head  3^;  depth  2'i;. 
D.  IX,  10;  A.  Ill,  7;  scales  5-40-10.  L.  18  inches.  The  largest  of 
our  species  Of  the  genus.  West  Indies  and  both  coasts  of  Mexico; 
north  to  Florida  Keys  and  Gulf  of  California. 

(Muf]il  cincreu8  Walbaum,  Artedi  Piseinm  1792,  22S  (after  Turdm  cincrcna  pcltatim 
Catesby):  (rOTes  aprion  C.  &  V.  vl,  4(il,  1830  (not  of  Giiuther):  Diapterus  aprion  Pooy, 
Syn.  Pise.  Cub.  1868,  321 :  Genes  zebra  Miiller  &  Troschel,  Schomburgk  Hist.  Darba- 
(locs,  1848,  668:  Gerrea  zebra  GUnther,  i,  343  and  iv,  254:  Gerrea  aquamipinnia  GUnther,' 
i,  349  and  iv,  254.) 

The  species  of  Gerres  here  noticed  may  be  readily  separated  by  the 
following  analysis : 

«.  Preopercle  serrate;  anal  rays  III,  8;  second  anal,  and  third  dorsal  spines  long: 
body  elevated.    (Gerrea.) 
h.   Preorbital   serrate;   furrow    for   premaxillary  processes   broad,  naked;    body 

striped Piajmieui. 

bb.   Preorbital  entire  (Mojarra  Poey);   furrow  for  premaxillary  processes  broad, 

scaled ;  body  not  striped Olistiiostoma* 

aa.  Preopercle  entire;  anal  rays  III,  7;  dorsal  and  anal  spines  comparatively  low; 
body  little  elevated.     {Diapterua  Ranzani.) 
c.  Premaxillary  groove  scaled  in  front,  with  a  naked  pit  behind. 
d.  Depth  about  half  length;  third  dorsal  spine  little  longer  than  second  anal. 

Homonym  UH. 
del.  Depth  about  i  lengtb ;   third  dorsal  spine  about  twice  length  of  second 

anal Gula. 

cc.  Premaxillary  groove  entirely  naked. 

c.   Premaxillary  groove  broad;    back  elevated,  the  depth  about  ^  length; 

body  with  faint  bars Cinkueus. 

ee.  Premaxillary  groove  linear;  back  scarcely  elevated,  the  depth  about  oue- 
thud  length;   body  not  barred Hauknoulus. 


■;*>tS 


936      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTfl    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

The  character  of  "lower  i)haryngeal8  united"  has  little  iiuporti  -w. 
iu  this  group.  In  Oerres  plumieri,  as  in  nearly  all  the  species  examined 
by  us,  the  bones  are  not  at  all  co-ossifted,  although  very  close  together. 

Page  586.  "  Ditrema  violaceum"  Button,  from  New  Zealand,  is  a  Scoin 
broid  fish,  and  not  an  Embiotocoid. 

Page  590.  The  genus  Eolconotus  Agassiz  should  be  recognized  foi 
those  species  of  Amplmtichus  which  have  the  lower  lip  without  Irenum, 
and  Brachyistim  Gill  for  those  of  Micrometrus,  which  have  the  frennni. 
No.  930  should  stand  as — 
930.  H.  arg[Ciiteus  (Gibbons)  J.  &  G. 

Page  600.  Instead  of  Tautoga  read : 

316.— HIATlJIiA  Lac^pMe. 

(Lftc6pb(le,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  ii,  523,  1800:  type  Labrua  hiatula  li.—Hiatula  gardeni 
Lac.)    (Jjatin, /liatus,  a  gap.) 

Instead  of  Tautoga  onitis  read : 
942.  H.  onitis  (L.)  J.  &  C. 

Page  600.  Add  to  the  synonymy  of  H.  onitis — 

{Lahriia  hiatula  L.  Syst.  Nat.;  Labrua  hiatula  Ginolin,  Syst.  Nat.  1287,  1788:  Uiatula 
(jardeniana  Lac^pcde,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  ii.,  523,  1800;  the  genus  and  species,  based  on  a 
specimen  ot  Tatdog  which  had  iu  some  way  lost  the  anal  fin ;  this  specimen  .seenin 
to  have  been  sent  from  Charleston  by  Dr.  Garden  to  Linnteus.  If  Microplerm  and 
other  generic  names,  based  on  abnormal  or  mutilated  specimens,  be  adopted,  we  must 
substitute  Hiatula  for  Tautoga.) 

Page  602.  Instead  of  a«,  etc.,  read: 

31§  (ft).-TROCHOCOPirS  Gilnther. 
(Giiuther,  Cat.  Fish.  Brit.  Mns.  iv,  100,  1862:  typo  Trochocopua  opercularia  Gthr.) 
This  group  is  distinguished  from  Harpe  by,  the  smaller  scales  (Lat.  1. 
45  to  65),  which  scarcely  encroach  on  the  bases  of  the  soft  dorsal  and 
anal.    In  the  present  classification  of  the  Labridoi,  this  group  may  be 
recognized  as  a  distinct  genus,  although  diiferiug  from  Harpe  iu  no  re 
spect  of  importance.    Species  few.    {rpir^o-:,  a  running;  zwtjj,  oar.) 

945.  T.  pulcher  (Ayres)  G.arman. 

Page  603.  lor  Platyglossm  grandinquanm  and  P.  kumeralis  read : 
947  (94§).  P.  hivittatufii  (Bloch)  Gthr. 

This  species  seems  to  be  widely  distributed,  and  varies  considerably 
with  age  and  sex.  The  following  is  a  description  of  the  young  {^'Jlore- 
nlis^-),  supposed  by  us  at  first  to  belong  to  a  differcMt  species: 

Olive-brown;  a  greenish  stripe  along  side  of  back;  a  dark-lirown 
lateral  band  from  gill-opening  to  middle  of  caudal,  on  level  of  eyv.;  a 


ADDENDA 94.    LABRID^ — PLATYGLOSSUS. 


937 


dark-biouze  stripe  from  pectoral  backward;  each  scale  of  sides  with  a 
greenish-blue  wesceDt;  sides  of  head  orauge;  a  blue  wavy  itrii)e  below 
eye,  turning  downward  on  subopercle;  operclo  with  an  i»idigo  spot, 
bordered  by  bluish  and  yellow;  tip  of  oi)ercle  yellow,  the  color  bounded 
by  a  blue  <-shijped  line;  lower  jaw  with  bands  of  orange  and  whitish; 
a  sniiill  inky  spot  at  base  of  last  ray  of  soft  dorsal;  dorsal  cherry-red, 
with  translucent  bands;  caudal  reddish;  anal  banded  with  red  and 
pale;  pectorals  yellowish;  ventrals  white.  Body  slender;  snout  not 
verj'  sharp;  posterior  canine  small.  Dorsal  spines  low,  stitt"  and  pun- 
gent; caudal  short,  obliquely  truncate.  Head  3^;  depth  4  (4f  in  total). 
D.  IX,  11;  A.  Ill,  12;  scales  1^-20-8.  L.  3%  inches.  Pensacola  Bay. 
Old  specimens,  (Charleston,  S.  C.)  are  deeper-bodied  and  have  the 
posterior  part  of  the  caudal,  especially  the  angles,  black  or  dark-blue, 
the  basal  part  of  the  tin  with  concentric,  convex,  broad  streaks  of  or- 
ange, with  narrower  bluish  interspaces;  the  dorsal  is  largely  orange, 
with  a  median  blackish  or  brown  band,  which  is  often  obsolete,  its  base 
with  crimson  spots;  anal  with  a  crimson  baud  and  some  bluish  streaks. 
Black  si)ot  at  base  of  last  dorsal  ray  disappearing  with  age.  Females 
with  the  dark  lateral  band  less  distinct,  the  colors  duller,  the  dark 
dorsal  baud  more  distinct  than  in  the  males.  Head  3§ ;  depth  3,  in 
adult.    Xorth  Carolina  to  Surinam. 

To  the  synonymy  add: 

(LohrtiH  hlrUiatuft  liloch,  Ichthyol.  tiif.  284,  f.  1;  JuHs  psitiaculns  C.  &.  V.  xiii,  '.187; 
Giiiitlier,  iv,  1U4;  SteiiKljichuer,  Ichthyol.  Notiz.  vi,  49, 1867:  Platygloasus  Jlorcalia  Joi. 
(i  Gilb.  Pioc.  IJ.  S.  Nat,  Mus.  1882,  "287:  Plalyglossus  grandlsquamis  autl  hiunwraVm, 
this  woik,  p.  ()0;j.) 

94§  (ft).  P.  caudalis  (Poey)  Gthr. 

Olivaceous;  a  row  of  sky-blue  spots  on  each  side  of  back;  a  broad 
area  of  orange,  intermingled  with  violet  spots,  extending  along  sides, 
most  cons[)icuous  anteriorly;  below  this  a  band  of  i)ale  violet,  becoming 
ji(i>^  eriorly  spots  of  deei)  violet;  still  lower  a  deep  jellow  band  bound- 
ing the  white  of  the  belly; 'preorbital  and  suborbital  scarlet,  with  3 
blue  stripes,  marked  with  cherry -red;  cheeks  below  yellowish;  oper- 
cles  bright  red,  with  3  oblique  violet  stripes,  the  upper  forming  behind 
eye  an  oblique  blotch,  in  the  middle  of  which  is  a  round  ink-like  8j>o 
no  ojM'rcular  spot;  dorsal  orauge,  the  soft  part  witl  3  rows  of  violei 
spots;  caudal  orange  and  blue,  the  former  color  arranged  in  1  longi- 
tudinal, 2  margiuai,  and  2  converging  bands,  which  are  joined  by  re- 
ticulations around  bluish  spots;  anal  with  a  basal  row  of  orange  spots, 
then  blue  spots,  then  a  yellow  baud,  then  blue,  then  finally  edged  with 


■   ■  •' 

■  :-:^ 

r     1 : 

938       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 

orange;  ventrals  red;  pectorals  mostly  violet;  spots  on  head  and  io» 

terior  parto  bright  clear  blue,  elsewhere  duller  and  violaceous.     Uodv 

very  slender,  the  snout  pointed;  posterior  canine  large.     Dorsiil  spitit's 

slender,  but  pungent;  caudal  couvex,  its  corners  slightly  produced. 

Head  34;  depth  4^  (5  in  total).     D.  IX,  11;  A.  Ill,  12;  scales  2-2o-{,. 

Pensacola,  Florida,  to  Cuba  and  Surinam  (here  described  from  .vouii" 

males). 

{fJulis  caudalia  Poey,  Mem.  Cuba,  ii,  213;  fGlinther,  iv,  166;  Jordan  &  Gilbert, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat,  Mus.  1882.  286:  'i  Julis  pictua  Pocy,  Mem.  Cuba,  ii,  214:  U'latyijloxKUH 
pictus  Giiuthoi-,  iv,  166:  ?  Platyglomus poeyi  Sleiud.  Icbth.  Notiz.  vi,  49, 1867.) 

Page  606.  Instead  of  Hemistoma  substitute — 

333.— SCARIJS  Forskiil. 
(Forskai,  Fauna  Arabica,  1775,  25:  type  Scania  psitlacua  Forekal.) 

Omit  from  the  description  of  the  genus  the  following  clauses:  "Lat 
eral  line  continuous."     "Lower  jaw  included.     Scales  on  the  cheek  in 
more  than  one  series."     "  Dorsal  spines  flexible."     Our  species  should 
stand  as — 
9S4.  S.  Kuacamaia  C.  «&  Y. 

Page  607.  After  Scarus  guacamaia  add : 
954  (h).  S.  croicensiis  B\och.—Bullon. 

Bluish  silvery,  with  three  red  longitudinal  bands;  the  upper  from 
the  nape  to  the  end  of  the  dorsal;  the  second  through  the  eye,  crossiii-^- 
the  space  between  the  two  portions  of  the  lateral  line;  the  third  from 
the  base  of  the  pectoral  to  the  lower  half  of  the  caudal  fln ;  head 
mostly  rosy;  snout  with  bright-colored  streaks;  tins  all  yellow.  Three 
series  of  scales  on  the  cheek;  the  middle  composed  of  five  scales;  the 
lower  of  three,  and  covering  the  limb  of  the  preoi)ercle.  Caudal  sub 
truncate.  Teeth  small,  whitish  or  rosy;  no  j)osterior  canine.  Upper 
lip  broad,  covering  more  than  half  of  upper  jaw.  Dorsal  8j)ines  flex- 
ible. Head  3^  in  total  length;  depth  3f.  D.  IX,  10;  A.  II,  8;  Lat. 
1.  24.  L.  7-8  inches.  {Cuv.  &  Vol.)  West  Indies,  north  to  Southern 
Florida  {Bean). 

(Blocb,  Icbth.  1797,  18,  pi.  121:  Scarua  inaulce-aanclw-crucia  Bb)cb.  &  Scini.  1801,  28."): 
ScaruH  altcmana  C.  &  V.  xiv,  200:  Paeudoacarua  aancla-crucia  Giintber,  iv,  226.) 

hb.  Dorsal  spinea  pungent;  scales  on  cheek  in  one  series.     {Spar'woma*  Sw.) 
954  (o).  S.  squalidus  Poey.— Fie/a  Muger. 

Rosy  olive;  a  black  blotch  on  the  upper  half  of  base  of  pec- 
toral; front  of  head  with  brownish  reticulations;  fins  rosy;  color  in 

*  Swainson,  Class.  Fifhas,  ii,  227,  1839:  type  Spania  ahiUlgaardii  Bloch.  (= /StorM* 
Bleeker,  not  of  Forsk&l,  which  is  Hemiatoma  Sw.  or  Paeudoacarua  Bleeker.) 


ADDENDA — 96.    POMACENTRID^. — GLYPHIDODON. 


939 


spirits  nearly  plaiu ;  faint  whitish  streaks  along  the  rows  of  scales  on 
the  sides.  Teeth  rather  distinct;  caudal  eniargiuate,  the  outer  angles 
produced ;  cheeks  with  about  three  scales.  Uead  3J ;  depth  3.  West 
Indies,  north  to  Garden  Key,  Florida. 

(Poey,  Mom.  Cuba,  ii,  2I«,  1860;  Poey,  8yu.  Pise.  Cub.  338.) 
9.54  (d).  S.  radians  C.  &.  \.— Spanish  I'orgy. 

Keddish  olive;  lower  parts  and  anal  rose-colored;  dorsal  fin  and 
upper  parts  marbled  with  brownish;  caudal  with  irregular  dark  cross- 
bands,  including  whitish  spots,  and  with  a  narrow  whitish  edge;  anal 
with  four  oblique  dark  spots;  root  of  the  pectoral  blackish;  a  light 
band  across  chin.  Snout  not  twice  length  of  eye.  Caudal  truncate, 
the  outer  rays  slightly  produced  in  the  adult,  rounded  in  young. 
Teeth  very  distinct;  young  with  pointed  teeth  directed  outward  around 
the  jaw.  Four  scales  on  cheek.  L.  8  inches.  {Ounther).  Florida  to 
Brazil. 

(Cuv.  &  Val.  XIV,  206;  Gunthcr  iv,  211 ;  Goode,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  v,  32.) 

Page  008.  After  Heros  cyanoguttatus  -mM: 
95H  {!)).  H.  pavonaceus  Garniau.  , 

Dark  brown,  tl<?cked  with  pale;  4  to  C  ocellated,  vertically-expanded 
black  spots  on  side  below  dorsal  tin ;  an  ocellated  black  spot  on  base 
of  tail  above  lateral  line;  side  with  10  or  12  faint  dark  cross-bands. 
Head  as  deep  as  long.  Eye  large,  wider  than  preorbital,  its  front  be- 
hind tip  of  maxillary;  5  rows  of  scales  on  cheek.  Fifth  dorsal  spines 
highest;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  reaching  caudal;  pectorals  to  vent.  Head 
2f ;  depth  2f.  D.  XVI,  12;  A.  V,  8;,  scales  4-32-12.  Monclova,  Coa- 
huila.    {Garman.) 

(Garnian,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  1881,  93.) 

Page  GIO.  It  is  probably  better  to  recognize  the  genus  325  (/>),  Gly- 
phidodoii  Lac,  distinguished  from  Pomacentrus  by  its  notched  teeth. 
Our  species  may  stand  as — 

9!iS.  G.  declivifroiis  (Gill)  Gthr. 

(Eit-ncliistodiis  decHvlfroiiH  and  E.  concolor  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1862.  37: 
Eusc'iintodn8  anulogua  Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18t)3,  220;  GUiithei',  iv,  38.) 

090.  G.  saxatilis  (L.)  Lac     ' 

Page  (ill.  Ckromiti  puncUpinnlH  belongs  to  the  subgenus  Furcaria 
Poey  (Memorias  Cuba,  ii,  195:  type  Furcaria  puncta  l^oey  =^  Ayrcsia 
Cooper),  distinguished  from  Ghromis  proper  by  the  more  elongate  body, 
the  more  deeijly  forked  caudal,  and  by  the  presence  of  12  dorsal  spines. 


'•l! 


\l\ 


* .    I 


-■.:i> 


11 


940      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN     ICHTHYOLOGY— iv. 

Page  012.  After  Chromw  intolatuft  add: 
961  (h).  c.  enchrysums  J.  &  Q. 

Dusky  bluish;  a  blue  stripe  from  tip  of  snout  through  upper  part  ot 
eye  to  above  lateral  line;  caudal  deep  yellow;  pectorals,  most  of  solt 
dorsal,  and  distal  half  of  anal,  light  yellow;  tins  otherwise  dusky  a 
small  black  spot  in  axil.  Body  regularly  ovate-oblong.  Jaws  ecpuil, 
the  maxillary  3 J^  in  head,  extending  a  little  past  eye;  preopercle  witli 
blunt  serrations.  Teeth  slender,  conical,  in  a  moderate  band.  Dorsal 
emarginate,  the  longest  spine  1^  in  head;  caudal  lunate;  second  anal 
spine  If  in  head.  Head  3=^;  depth  2.  D.  XIII,  12;  A.  II,  12;  scales 
3-20-9.    Pensacola,  Fla. 

(Jordan  &,  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mub.  1882,286.) 

Page  015.  After  Chwtodon  maculocinctuH  add: 

963  (/').  C.  bimaculatUS  'Qloch.— Four-eyed  Fish;   White  Angel. 

Pearly  gray;  snout,  edge  of  opercle,  base  of  pectoral,  anal,  caudal. 

and  dorsal  bright  yellow;  a  black  band,  edged  with  yellow,  extending 

from  a  point  in  front  of  and  below  first  dorsal  spine  across  eye  to  mar 

gin  of  interopercle ;  soft  dorsal  with  a  large,  round,  indistinct  black 

spot  at  its  base,  between  fifth  and  twelfth  rays,  and  a  small,  deep  black 

spot  at  its  angle;  soft  dorsal  with  a  narrow  marginal  line  of  black;  soft 

anal  with  a  narrow  submarginal  band  of  light  blue,  edged  anteriorly 

with  black;  caudal  with  a  terminal  band  of  bluish,  the  center  bright 

yellow;    base  of   ventrals  blotched   with    yellow.     Snout  produced, 

longer  than  eye;  preopercle  finely  denticulated.     Soft  dorsal  and  anal 

angular  behind.      D.  XII,  20;   A.  Ill,  10;   scales  0-34-15.     {Goode; 

Giinther.)     West  Indies,  north  to  Key  West  {Stearns).   , 

(Blocli,  Ichth.  vii,  1797,  taf.  210;  Guntber,  ii,  9;    Poey,  Menioria.s,  ii,  371,  1861: 
Sarothrodu.8  bimacidatua  Goode,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  v,  43. ) 

963  (c).  €.  capistratus  L. 

A  black,  white-edged,  ocular  band,  much  narrower  than  the  eye,  ex 
tending  over  the  interopercle,  not  over  the  chesty  a  round,  black,  white 
edged  spot  immediately  before  the  angle  made  by  the  dorsal  fin  and 
the  back  of  the  tail ;  blackish  oblique  streaks  along  the  series  of  scales: 
those  of  the  upper  half  of  the  body  descending  tbrwards;  those  ot  the 
lower  ascending  forwards;  a  grayish  band,  edged  with  black,  a«;ioss 
the  middle  of  caudal,  continued  on  the  soft  dorsal  and  anal  fins,  wlieiv 
it  runs  jjarallel  with  the  margin  and  near  it;  ventrals  whitish.  Snout 
very  slightly  produced,  nearly  as  long  as  eye;  preopercle  very  faintly 


ADDENDA 103.  URANOSCOPID^ ASTROSCOPUS. 


941 


serrate.     Soft  dorsal  and  anal  angular  bebind.    D.  XIII,  19;  A.  Ill, 
17;  scales  C-42-17.     {O'dnther.)    West  Indies,  north  to  Florida  Keys. 
(L.  Syst.  Nat.;  GUnther,  ii,  12.) 

Page  GI5.  After  Pomacanthns  ciliariti  add: 
i»64  (&).  P.  tricolor  (Bloch)  J.  &,  Ci.— Black  Angel. 

Head,  caudal  fln,  anterior  part  of  trunk,  and  margins  of  soft  dorsal 
iiud  anal  yellow;  rest  of  body  black.  Preopercular  spine  grooved, 
reaching  to  posterior  margin  of  oi)ercle.  Soft  dorsal,  anal,  and  ui)per 
ray  of  caudal,  moderately  produced.  D.  XIV,  19;  A.  Ill,  18;  scales 
8-48-25.    {GUnther.)    West  Indies,  north  to  Florida  Keys. 

{Vliwtodon  tricolor  Bloch,  Iclith.  xii,  1797,  taf.  4\J5:  Holacanthua  tricolor  C.  &  V.  vii, 
Ifi'J:  HolacanthuH  /nco/o»' Giinthor,  ii,  49.) 

Page  G17.  Ait&v  Acanthur us  cliirurgus  nAA: 
966  (&)■  A  nigricans  (L.)  Bluch. 

Closely  related  to  Acanthurus  chirurgus,  differing  in  the  longer  snout, 
which  is  more  convex  in  its  upper  i)ortion.  Caudal  triangular,  scarcely 
concave  behind;  vertical  bands  on  the  side  very  narrow,  usually  dis- 
appearing after  death;  fins  without  oblique  stripes.  {Poey.)  West  In- 
dies, occasionally  northward  (said  to  have  been  once  taken  at  New 
York). 

{Chwtodon  nigricana  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.:  Acanthurua  phlehotomua  Cuv.  &  Val.  x,  176, 
tab.  2b7,  1835:  Acanthuj-ua  phlebotomua  Voey ,  Aual.  Soc.  Esp.  Hist.  Nat.  IbSO,  245.) 

966  ((;)•  A.  tractus  Poey. 

Distinguished  most  readily  by  the  length  of  the  caudal  lobes,  especi- 
ally the  upper,  which  is  notably  longer  than  the  lower,  its  tip  ending 
in  a  whitish  thread ;  anterior  profile  modferately  curved.  Dorsal  with 
faint  oblique  streaks.  Body  usually  without  dark  streaks.  West  In- 
dies and  both  coasts  of  Mecico,  occasional  northward. 

{Acantkurua  chirurgua  C.  &  V.  x,  168  (not  Chcetodan  chirurgua  Bloch) ;  Poey,  Mem. 
Cuba,  11,  208,  1860;  Poey,  Anal.  Soc.  Esp.  Hist.  Nat.  1880,  246.) 

Page  628.  Astrosoopus  ygrcecum  and  A.  anoplus  are  very  closely  re- 
lated.   The  following  distinctive  characters  may  be  found  useful : 

In  A.  anoplus  the  pale  spots  are  much  smaller,  less  sharply  defined, 
and  occupy  a  smaller  area  than  in  A.  ygrcecum;  the  lower  part  of  head 
Las  two  black  blotches  in  both  sijecies;  the  second  dorsal,  anal,  and 
ventrals  are  nearly  or  quite  plain.  The  naked  area  behind  each  eye  is, 
in  A.  anoplus,  lunate,  its  length  barely  twice  that  of  the  snout;  the  bony 
V-shaped  plate  is  short  and  broad,  concave  on  the  median  line,  and 
forked  for  about  half  its  length,  the  posterior  undivided  portion  broader 


I  ». 


.■    i, 


'ti       j 


942       CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — 1\, 

than  long ;  the  bony  bridge  across  the  occiput  but  little  shorter  than  lli«- 
part  of  the  head  which  precedes  it.  In  A.  ygrwcum  the  naked  area  is 
trapezoidal,  lonjjer  than  broad,  and  about4  times  the  length  ofthe  siumt ; 
the  Y  is  forked  for  more  than  lu'lf  its  length,  its  undivided  })art  in<)i« 
than  twice  as  long  as  broad,  and  not  concave;  the  occipital  plate  is  not 
half  as  long  as  the  part  of  the  head  which  precedes  it. 

Page  029.  Aitiav  Astnyscopus  anopluH 'm\^: 

Family  GUI  (ft) --OPISTHOGNATIIID^. 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  low,  moderately  compressed,  covered  witli 
small,  cycloid  scales.  Lateral  Hue  present,  usually  incomplete,  straifjlit, 
running  (ilose  to  the  dorsal  fin.  Head  large,  luiked,  the  anterior  profile 
ilecurved.  Mouth  terminal,  horizontal,  its  cleft  usually  very  wide,  tin' 
maxillary  extending  past  the  eye,  and  sometiiiu^s  considerably  beyond 
the  head;  supplemental  maxillary  j)resent;  preniaxillaries  protra(!tiI«'; 
jaws  subequal,  with  conical  or  cardiform  teeth;  vomer  usually  with  a 
few  teeth;  palatines  toothless;  opercles  unarmed;  no  suborbital  stay. 
Pscndobranchia^  present.  Gill-rakers  rather  long;  gills  4,  a  slit  behind 
the  fourth;  gill-membranes  united,  free  from  the  isthmus.  Bramdiios 
tegals  (5.  Air-bladder  present.  No  i)yloric  cceca.  Dorsal  tin  long,  con 
tinuous,  its  autoiior  half  composed  of  slender,  llexible  spines;  caiulal 
distinct,  rounded  or  lanceolate;  tail  diphycercal;  anal  long,  witliont 
distinct  sjines;  ventrals  separate.  Jugular,  I,  6,  the  middle  rays  loiij; 
est;  pectorals  fan-shaped.  Two  genera,  of  about  12  species,  inhab 
iting  rocky  bottouis  in  tropical  seas.  Their  relationships  are  ap])aieiitly 
with  Trachiuoid  forms,  but  they  bear  considerabio  resemblance  to  tli« 
(31inoi<l  Bleunies.  {TraehinldWj  genus  Opisthognathus  Giinther,  ii,  254- 
25G.) 

a.  Maxilliu-y  of  modt'ratt-  longth,  trnncnte  behind Gnathvpops,  .338  (h). 

aa    Mnxillary  of  great  length,  prolonged  in  a  flexible  lumina  behind. 

OPI8THOONATUU8.  338  {(•). 

3a§(ft).-«.-¥A.TH¥I'OPS  Gill. 
(Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  Phila.  18(i2,  241:  typo  Opicthognathua  maxilloHitg  Poey.) 

This  genus  iucludes  those  Opisthomathidw  in  which  the  maxillary  is 
of  medium  length  and  truncate  behind.  (paT^o?,  jaw;  tWw,  below;  wf, 
eye. 

977  ;!>).  «.  mnxitlossis  (Pooy)  Gill. 

Color  gray-.sh  olive,  \.'ith  7  irregular  x-8l»»pe<l  t>nrs  of  darker,  every 
where  much  marbled  and  variegated;  fins  all  similarly  marked,  the 


ADDENDA 103  (ft).    OPISTHOONATHID^. — OPlSTHOGNATilUC.     943 

\(»i!trjil.s  dusky,  the  dorsal  with  ii  dusky  blotch  in  front.  Body  rnoder 
iitoly  compressed;  head  not  very  larfjfc;  niiixillary  truncate  behind,  ex- 
tending behind  eye  for  a  distance  about }{  diameter  of  eye,  its  lenj>Hi  lif 
ill  head;  eye  ".i^  in  head.  Teeth  coni<;al,  curved,  well  separated,  mostly 
ill  a  single  series.  Xo  teeth  on  vomer.  Fins  moderate;  dorsiil  eon- 
riiiuous,  its  spines  slender;  caudal  short,  its  length  ^  head.  Head  .'^; 
depth  4i.  D.  VIII,  17;  A.  II,  13;  Lat.  1.  05.  Cuba,  north  to  Gnnlen 
Key,  Florida. 
(OphtliiuindlliiiN  waxilloHnH  Pocy,  Mom.  Culm,  ii/JHIi,  iHliO;  Pocy,  Syii.  Pise.  Cub. 400.) 

»38  (r).-0PISTH001«ATHUS  Cuvier. 

(Ciivior,  R<^{;iu»  Aiiim.  cd.  2,  li^iO:  typo  OpislhoiinathuH  Honnrnitii  Ciiv.) 

Maxillary  i>rolonged  backward  in  a  long,  flexible  lamina,  whicii  scmie- 
times  reaches  base  of  pectoral.  (3haracters  of  the  geiiius  otherwise  in- 
cluded above.     ((57rj(T^/jj,  behind;  p'i^/o?,  jaw.) 

Oil  (c).  O.  scnphiiirus  Ooodo  &  Heim. 

Grayish  olive,  much  variegated  with  whitish  and  dark  olive ;  about 
fl  irregular  dusky  bands  on  the  body,  which  extend  on  the  dorsal  tin: 
nhitisii  markings  on  body  forming  roundish  spotvS,  surrounded  by 
reticulations  of  gray'sh  olive;  head  marbled,  its  posterior  part,  as 
well  as  the  sides  of  the  back  and  pectoral  base,  with  small  blackish 
(lots;  membrane  lining  tlie  inside  of  the  maxillary  with  2  curv«'d  inky- 
black  bands  on  a  white  ground ;  angle  of  mouth  with  a  black  sjmt; 
lining  of  operde  black;  tins  all  variegated  like  the  body.  Body  mod- 
erately el(»ngate,  somewhat  comi)re8sed.  Head  blunt  anteriorly ;  snout 
very  short,  about  as  long  as  pupil;  eye  large,  4  in  head;  maxilhiry 
reaching  slightly  past  edge  of  preopercle,  but  not  to  end  of  head,  s 
letigtli  contained  .'i;|  times  in  length  of  body.  Teeth  rather  strong,  wide- 
set,  forming  2  distinct  series,  directed  backward,  especially  in  the  iii)per 
jaw;  lateral  teeth  of  lower  jaw  largest;  a  single  vomerine  tooth.  Gill- 
rakers  long  and  slender,  nearly  20  below  angle.  vScales  very  small. 
Dorsal  fin  low,  continuous,  the  soft  rays  but  little  higher  than  the 
spines,  which  are  slender  and  flexible,  the  longest  .'{j\  in  head.  Oaudal 
short,  rounded,  its  length  Hi;  in  body.  Anal  similar  to  soft  dorsal. 
Pectoral  half  as  long  as  head.  Depth  5.  D.  XI,  10;  A.  IS;  l\  17; 
Lat.  1.  l()l>.     Florida  Keys. 

((}o!)(lo  &  IJoan,  Proc.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Muh.  1882,  417.) 

1>77  (d).  O.  lonclRUrus  J.  &  G. 

Olivaceous;  margin  of  ui)per  lip  with  a  narrow  black  stripe;  caudal 
with  3  dusky  bars ;  color  of  rest  of  body  nearly  uniform.     Head  not  very 


M^ 


944      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY 


-IV. 


large;  snont  very  short,  shorter  than  pupil;  eye  3 J  in  head ;  maxillaiv 
1^  in  head,  rather  narrow;  lower  jaw  included;  vomer  witli  5  rathci 
large  teeth.  Longest  dorsal  spine  about  fis  long  as  head,  slightlv 
higher  than  soft  rays;  caudal  long,  the  middle  rays  scarcely  shoitei 
than  head;  longest  anal  rays  1|  in  head;  pectoral  little  more  than  hull 
head.  Scales  moderate.  Head  3J-;  depth  4f.  D.  25;  A.  15;  Lat.  I. 
67.  Two  specip'ens  known",  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  Ked  Snappoi 
at  Pensacola,  Fla. 
(Jor.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  290.) 

Page  630.  In  key,  under  j[/,  after  the  word  "series,"  add  "in  lower 
jaw." 

Page  632.  Dormitafor  lineattis  is  app'arently  identical  with  B.  macu- 
latnsy  and  may  be  suppressed.    The  genus  Dormitator  is  best  distin 
guished  from  FAeotrls  by  the  numerous  long,  lamelliform  appendages  of 
the  narrow  lower  pharyngeal  bones.    In  Philypnus,  Culius,  and  Eleotm 
the  bones  are  broader,  and  without  api)endages. 


841  (&).— CITLIUS  Bleeker. 

(Bleoter,  Boeroe,  411 :  type  Eleotrls  nitjcr  Q.  &  G.  =  PnccUia  fuaca  Bl.  &  Schn. 

This  genus  is  distinguished  from  Uleotris  by  the  presence  of  a  stout 
hook  like  spine,  directed  downwards  and  forwards,  near  the  angle  of 
the  preopercle.  Gill-openings  extended  forwards.  Teeth  fixed.  Spe- 
cies rather  numerous  in  brackish  and  fresh  waters  of  tropical  regions. 
(Name  of  Indian  origin.)  •  • 

981  {b).  C.  amblyopsis  Cope.  ;  ^  '  "'  '  • 

Dull  olivaceous;  everywhere  dusted  with  dark  points;  finely  barred 
with  paler;  a  black  streak  from  eye  to  upper  edge  of  gill-opening;  a 
blackish  spot  above  base  of  pectoral.  Form  of  Eleotris  gyrimis.  Max 
illary  reaching  middle  of  eye,  2J  in  head ;  teeth  of  the  inner  series  iu 
each  jaw  largest.  Scales  larger  than  in  other  species  of  the  genus. 
Head  3f ;  depth  5f.  D.  VI,  9;  A.  8;  Lat.  1.  48.  South  Carolina  to 
West  Florida  and  Surinam. 

(Cope,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  1870.  47.3.)  '  ■      ' 

Page  632.  Gobins  catulus  Grd.  proves  to  be  a  true  Oohius,  and  is 
identical  with  Oobius  soporator.  It  should,  therefore,  be  era.sed.  The 
upper  rays  of  the  pectoral  are  silk-like.  Head  3^;  depth  4^.  J). 
VI-10;  A.  I,  9;  Lat.  1.  33  to  38;  12  rows  between  dorsal  and  anal.  It 
is  very  abundant  about  rocks  and  ballast  heaps  from  Florida  to  Texas. 


™ril 


ADDENDA — 104.    GOBlIDiE — LEPIDOGOBIUS. 


945 


Professor  Gill  informs  us  that  one  of  the  species  of  Oobius  described 
by  Oirard  from  Texas  is,  however,  undoubtedly  a  true  Eoorthodus.  As 
all  of  these  species,  except  G.  wiirdemanni,  have  now  been  accounted 
for,  the  latter  species  may  be  provisionally  referred  to  Evorthodus. 

Page  633.  No.  983,  JEuctenogobius  lyricus  is  a  marine  species,  found 
along  the  coast  of  Texas.  The  genus  JSuctenogobiua  intergrades  with 
Gobiu8  and  can  hardly  be  retained. 

Page  633.  After  Oobius  lyricus  add: 

9§3  (&).  O.  encseomus  J.  &  G. 

i  olivaceous,  mottled  with  darker  above;  a  series  of  4  obscure  oblong 
(lark  blotches  along  middle  of  sides ;  a  dark  spot  at  base  of  caudal ; 
each  side  of  nape  with  an  intense  blue-black  spot  larger  than  eye ;  an 
obscure  dusky  streak  from  eye  forward  to  mouth.  Both  dorsals  trans- 
lucent, with  series  of  bright  reddish-brown  spots  as  largo  as  pupil ; 
upper  lobe  of  caudal  light  reddish,  the  lower  blue-black ;  anal  and  ven- 
trals  dusky- bluish ;  pectorals  slightly  dusky,  with  a  narrow  bright 
pinkish  border  behind.  Body  very  elongate ;  head  compressed ;  cheeks 
high  and  vertical ;  snout  very  short,  vertically  rounded.  Mouth  nearly 
horizontal,  large,  *^he  maxillary  nearly  half  head,  reaching  about  to 
l)osterior  margin  of  orbit;  upper  jaw  with  an  outer  series  of  strong 
curved  canines,  the  inner  series  and  those  in  lower  jaw  small.  Inter- 
orbital  width  about  equaling  puj)!! ;  eye  about  |  head ;  gill-opening  2^ 
in  head;  the  isthmus  wide.  Dorsal  spines  not  filamentous;  soft  dorsal 
and  anal  high,  reaching  caudal  when  depressed ;  caudal  lanceolate,  the 
middle  rays  produced,  2§  in  length.  Pectoral  rays  not  ilk-like.  Body 
covered  with  small  ctenoid  scales,  much  reduced  anteriorly ;  head,  ante- 
dorsal  region,  and  b-east  naked.  ?  with  smaller  mouth  and  no  red  ou 
tins,    ^^harleston,  S.  C. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.  1882.) 

Page  0.  t.  Oobius  carolinensis  Gill  is  indistinguishable  from  OobiU9 
Hoporator,  .  id  may  be  suppressed.  Oobius  mapo  Poey  (Mem.  Cuba,  ii, 
277),  seems  to  be  the  same  species. 

Page  634.  Oobius  gulosus  Grd.  is  a  species  of  Lepidogobius,  and  should 
be  transferred  to  page  638,  after  L.  newberrii.    It  may  be  thus  defined: 

903  {b),  0§C.  Ii.  8:ulosus  (Grd.)  J.  &  G. 

Light  olive,  with  sharply  defined  markings  of  dark  brown;  those  ou 
the  head  mostly  longitudinal  streaks;  those  on  the  body  forming  dark 
Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 60  ' 


ih 


946      CONTRinUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTIIYOLOOY iv. 

croas-bara  and  blotcbea;  flna  mostly  apottod  or  barred.  Body  el(>H{^uto 
Head  huso,  b)W,  not  very  blunt.  Mouth  larjjc,  vory  oblique,  the,  jiuni- 
dible  strongly  pnyeeting I  the  maxillary  extending?  to  below  middle  of 
l)npil,  2  in  head.  Teeth  in  few  8v"riea,  those  of  the  outer  row  very 
Umg,  alendor,  and  curved.  S(!ales  small,  cycloid,  imbedded.  Head 
and  nai)e  scalelesa.  J)orsal  spines  slender,  the  lonf?est  sonjewhat  fihi- 
nuMitons;  caudal  loufj;  u|»i)er  pectoral  rays  not  ailk-like;  ventrnls  in- 
serted  directly  below  pectorals.  Ilead.'Sj;  depth  5.  1).  VI-ir>;  A.  l(i- 
Lat.  1.  42.  li.  .'J  inches.  Florida  to  Texas. 
((}obiun  (julosutt  (Jul.  U.  8.  Mox,  IJouml.  Surv.  Iclith.  lH5y,  '26.)  ■  . 

Page  G.'?5.  Before  Oohius  plaucofra'num  insert — 
98Y  {!>)•  O.  bolcoRoma  .T.  &  G. 

Tale  olivaceous,  mottled  with  darker;  male  with  a  black  humeral 
spot ;  tins  barred,  their  edgea  tinged  with  orange.  Form,  size,  and 
coloration  of  lioU'osoma  olmstcdi.  Head  not  very  blunt.  Mouth  ni(»<i- 
erate,  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  included;  the  maxillary  reaching  nearly 
to  middle  of  eye.  Teeth  amall,  slender,  in  narrow  bands,  the  outer 
sonu'what  larger.  Scalea  moderate,  ctenoid.  Dorsal  apinea  not  fila- 
mentous; caudal  pointed,  slightly  longer  than  head;  upper  rays  of 
pectorala  not  ailk-like.  Head  4;  dei)th  4^.  1).  Vl-12;  A.  I,  11;  Lat. 
1.  IY,\.    Ti.  2  inchea.    Penaacola,  F^la. 

(.Jordan  &  (Jilberfc,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Miis.  1882,  '295.) 

0§7  ((■)•  O.  NtiKXnatlirus  Goixlo  <&.  Boan. 
■  1     Light  olive,  sidea  marbled  with  whitish;  a  duakj'  spot  on  opcrclo  and 
one  below  eye;  sides  witli  5  dnaky  blotchea  along  median  line,  the  last 
(Hie  a  round  black  spot  at  base  of  caudal;  vertical  fins  with  wavy  blaclv 
ish  bars ;  paired  Una  plain.    Form  of  G.  bokoHoma;  bead  not  very  blunt; 
snout  little  ahorter  than  eye;  lower  Jaw  not  shorter  than  upper.    ]\Iax 
illary  extending   to  below  middle  of  eye,  2§  in  head.     Teeth  stroiij:!;, 
curved,  those  of  the  upper  jaw  in  a  narrowband,  two  of  the  teeth  soiiio- 
what  canine-like;  lower  teeth  large,  in  a  aingle  irregular  aeries.    Scales 
large,  those  on  the  nape  reduced,  all  ctenoid.    i>or8al  apinea  alemler; 
flns  not  elevated  ;  caudal  aa  long  aa  head  ;  upper  rays  of  pectoral  not 
i^ilk-like.    Head  4 ;  depth  G.    D.  Vi-12;  A.  12;  Lat.  I.  30.    L.  2  inches. 
Weat  coaat  of  Florida. 
(Goo»lc  &  Beau,  Pioc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,418.) 

•8T  (d).  O.  nicholsl  Bean. 

Olivaceous;  scales  edged  with  dusky;  top  of  spinous  dorsal  black ;| 
second  dorsal  and  caudal  spotted  with  dark;  ventrals  black.    Boiij 


ADDENDA 104.    GODIIDiE — LEPIDOOOBIUS. 


947 


Htout,  coniprcBaed.  Snout  obtuso,  about  aa  lonp  hh  eyo;  maxillary 
reaching  front  of  pupil ;  lower  jaw  Nlightly  projeclinK;  teeth  Hlender,- 
in  several  serien,  the  outer  enlarged.  Last  rays  of  soft  dorsal  nearly 
as  long  as  head ;  caudal  convex,  nearly  as  long  as  head ;  pectoral  us 
long  as  head,  none  of  its  rays  silk-like.  Scales  large;  head  nake<l. 
Head  :y^ ;  depth  4^.  D.  VI-14 ;  A.  12 ;  scales  20-10.  L.  4i  inches. 
Coast  of  British  Columbia.  (Jiean.) 
(Boau,  I'loc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Muh.  1881,  4(}y.) 

Pago  0,30.  After  Gobionellus  oceanicus  add: 

989  ('>).  O.  stiKinaticus  Viwy.—E»meralda. 

IJrown;  head  with  4  vertical  broad  black  bands;  Son  the  check,  1 
on  th(i  opercle;  body  with  10  narrow  vertical  yellow  bars;  pectorals  and 
caudal  with  cross-rows  of  brown  spots;  ventrals  yellow,  with  bla<'k 
edgings;  a  small  black  ahouUb^r  spot.  Trottle  bluntly  decur^ed;  max- 
illary reaching  past  middle  of  orbit.  Teeth  slciuder,  in  bands,  the  outer 
row  enlarged.  Pectoral  as  long  aa  head;  caudal  pointed,  half  Jia  long 
as  body.  Scales  ciliated.  Head  4;  depth  4^.  D.  Vl-12;  A.  13;  Lat. 
1.  30.    (Poey.)    Southern  Florida  {Bean)  to  Cuba. 

{SmarayduH  Hligmaticua  P()«y,  Momorias  Cuba,  ii,  tiSl,  1860;  Poey,  Syn.  Pise.  Cub. 
394.) 

The  scales  in  Oobioncllm  oeeanicm  vary  considerably.    Lat.  1.  00  to  80. 

Pago  037.  After  Xepidoflfo6iw«  flrM^o«w»  add :  ; 

99SI(fi).  L.  t!ial«N»litU8  Jor.  &Gilb.  ^  *  '         ^ '\,- 

Body  translucent,  very  thickly  covered  with  very  minute,  shining- 
green  dots,  least  numerous  on  tall;  three  consi)icuous  translucent  bars, 
wider  than  the  interspaces,  crossing  sides  iujmediately  behind  heatl; 
two  narrow  brilliantly-greeu  lines  running  obliquely  across  cheeks; 
dorsals  whitish,  with  two  or  three  lengthwise  series  of  large  reddish- 
brown  spots ;  spinous  dorsal  blackish  at  base ;  anal  whitish  at  biise, 
the  anterior  rays  tipped  with  brilliant  white,  the  greater  i)ortion  of  fin, 
as  well  aa  lower  part  of  caudal  fin,  blackish;  upper  caudal  rays  markf^l 
with  red;  ventrals  light  buff;  pectorals  translucent.  Body  elongate, 
much  compressed;  caudal  peduncle  very  narrow  and  short;  head  com- 
l)reased,  much  higher  than  wide,  with  very  short,  acute  snout;  mouth 
terminal,  wide  and  oblicpio;  the  jaws  equal;  maxillary  reaching  vertical 
from  middle  of  orbit,  half  length  of  head.  Teeth  apparently  in  a  very 
narrow  baud,  behind  an  outer  series  of  strong  conical  t^eth  (the  inner 
biind  cannot  bo  certainly  verified  in  our  specimens).    Eyes  high,  sepa- 


■■'V  I 


948       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

rated  by  a  very  narrow  interorbital  space.  Dorsal  spines  slender  tbo 
fifth  slightly  produced,  reaching  base  of  third  soft  ray  when  depressed. 
Last  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  reaching  slightly  past  base  of  caudal. 
€audal  lanceolate,  the  middle  rays  produced,  2§  in  body.  Upper  pec- 
toral rays  not  silk-like.  Ventral  longer  than  head,  reaching  beyond 
front  of  anal.  Body  covered  with  very  small  cycloid  scales,  which  are 
readily  deciduous;  head  naked.  Head  3^;  depth  4^.  D.  VII-16;  A. 
15.  L.  IJ  inches.  Charleston  Harbor.  This  species  is  closely  allied 
to  L.  emhlematicus  Jor.  &  Gilb.,  from  Panama. 
(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882.) 

Page  638.  Instead  of  Gobiosoma  alepidotum  read : 
993.  O.  bosci  (Lac.)  J.  &  G. 
To  the  synonomy  add: 

(GoUua  bo»c  Lacep^do,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  ii,  555, 1800.  The  name  alcpidotua  was  given 
by  Schneider  in  1801  as  a  substitute  for  this  personal  name.) 

Page  638.  Oobiosoma  molestum  is  not  distinguishable  by  us  from  0, 
hosci.    It  may  therefore  be  suppressed. 

Page  638.  After  (?o&io«owa  6o«ci  add:  ,: 

993  (6).  G.  l08  Jor.  &  Gilb.  ' 

Light  olive;  back,  sides,  and  upper  fins  speckled  with  dark  olive; 
caudal  with  3  or  4  dark  olive  cross-bars ;  lower  fins  pale.  Body  long 
and  slender,  moderately  comiiressed ;  head  long  and  low,  anteriorly 
] jointed,  its  profile  scarcely  convex ;  mouth  very  large,  oblique,  the 
jaws  subequal ;  maxillary  reaching  middle  of  cheek,  its  length  more 
tlian  half  head ;  teeth  slender,  in  moder&.te  bands,  the  outer  somewhat 
enlarged.  Eye  as  long  as  snout,  4J  in  head.  Body  entirely  naked. 
Fins  low,  the  spines  slender;  caudal  short.  Head  4^;  depth  6§.  1). 
VI-15;  A.  12.  L.  2  inches.  Puget  Sound;  one  specimen  known,  from 
the  stomach  of  a  Hexagrammus  asper,  v 

.  (.Jor.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882.)  •'     • 

IJage  639.  After  Tyntlastes  sagitta  add : 

_,.,,  350  (fc).—IOGIiOSSUS  Bean.  .<      " 

(Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1882,  419:  type  logloasua  calliurus  Bean.) 

Body  elongate,  strongly  compressed,  of  equal  depth  throughout,  cov- 
ered with  very  small,  mostly  cycloid,  scales.  Head  short,  compressed, 
not  keeled  above;  mouth  large,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  projecting; 
teeth  in  narrow  bands  or  single  series,  some  of  them  canine;  no  teeth 


ADDENDA 105.    CHIRIDE HEXAGRAMMUS. 


949 


i'i 


on  vomer  or  palatines ;  tongue  very  slender,  shai-p ;  opei  cles  unarmed. 
Gill-openings  very  wide,  the  membranes  narrowly  joined  to  tlie  isthmus 
on  the  median  line.  No  lateral  line.  Branchiostegals  5.  Dorsals  sep- 
arate; the  first  of  6  very  slender,  flexible  spines;  the  second  elongate, 
similar  to  the  anal ;  caudal  long  and  pointed,  free  from  dorsal  and  ana) ; 
ventrals  close  together,  separate,  each  of  one  spine  and  four  rays,  their 
insertion  below  or  behind  pectorals;  anal  papilla  present.  ({«?,  dcrt; 
ykihaaa,  tongue.)  A  remarkable  type,  belonging  to  the  OxymetoponiinvCy 
differing  widely  from  our  other  Gobioid  fishes. 

996  (b).  I.  calliurus  Bean. 

Light  olive,  without  distinct  markings  (in  spirits);  tip  of  first  dorsal 
dusky;  caudal  apparently  with  a  median  reddish  stripe  and  two  bluish 
bands.  Head  not  crested,  its  upper  surface  gently  rounded;  maxillary 
extending  to  opposite  front  of  pupil,  2^  in  head;  upper  jaw  with  about 
.2  series  of  teeth,  the  outer  enlarged ;  2  curved  canines  behind  the  baud ; 
lower  jaw  with  about  1  row  of  smaller  teeth,  besides  about  4  canines. 
Eye  large,  twice  length  of  snout,  3\  in  head.  Gill  rakers  long  aiul 
slender.  Dorsal  fins  contiguous,  the  longest  spine  filamentous,  about 
as  long  as  head;  caudal  lanceolate,  half  as  long  as  rest  of  body;  ven- 
trals inserted  very  slightly  in  advance  of  pectorals,  nearly  as  long  as 
Ijead.  Scales  minute,  mostly  cycloid.  Head  5;  depth  7^.  D.  VI-22; 
A.  I,  21.    L.  4  inches.    Deep  water  off  Peiisacola,  Fla. 

(Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1H82,  419;  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua. 

1882,  297.) 

Page  642.  Hexagrammus  ordinatus  is  a  typical  Hexagrammus,  having 
the  dorsal  fin  divided.  The  genus  Pleurogrammns  should  probably  be 
adopted  for  H.  monopterygins,  which  is,  in  Alaska,  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant food-fishes,  according  to  Dr.  Bean. 

Page  644.  Dr.  Bean  considers  our  suggestion,  that  Hexagrammus 
scaler  is  the  young  of  H.  asper,  as  improbable.  The  following  are  the 
characters  assigned  to  the  former  species ; 

999  (6).  H.  8cal»er  Bean. 

Light  brown,  silvery  below;  each  dorsal  with  3  dark  blotches,  smaller 
than  eye,  not  reaching  base  of  fin;  pectorals,  ventrals,  and  anal  ininux;- 
ulate.  Teeth  on  jaws  and  vomer;  none  on  palatines.  A  tentacle  above 
eye.  Six  lateral  lines  on  each  side;  the  supplemental  one  faint,  extend- 
ing backward  from  above  base  of  pectoral,  disappearing  near  middle  of 
body.    Scales  everywhere  very  rough.    Caudal  forked ;  dorsal  deeply 


I'll' 

Mi- 


950      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

notched.     Head  4^;  depth  4 J.    D.  XX,  24;  A.  23;  Lat  1. 105;  1.  tr.  50. 
L.  3  inches.    Coast  of  Alaska;  known  from  young  specioieus  only. 
(Bean,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1881,  154.) 

Page  661.  Sebmtodes  proriger  ranges  northward  to  Alaska,  where  it 
grows  to  a  considerable  size.  In  the  original  descriptions,  both  of 
'■^ Epinephelus  ciliatus^^  and  '^^Perea  variabilis,'"  it  is  evident  that  S.  pro- 
riger has  been  confounded  by  Tilesius  and  Pallas  with  the  species  for 
which  we  have  retained  the  name  of  S.  ciliatus. 

On  page  665,  after  Sehastodes  ruber,  add : 
1019  (h).  S.  umbrosus  J.  &  G. 

Light  orange,  overlaid  everywhere  with  blackish,  the  latter  color 
forming  on  the  lower  part  of  the  sides  reticulations  in  fine  pattern, 
the  centers  of  the  scales  being  paler  than  the  edges;  sides  of  head 
with  dusky  shades ;  sides  of  back  with  some  large  areas  of  blac'.cish ; 
upper  parts  with  5  large  rounded  blotches  of  pink  washed  with  oran«'e 
these  blotches  arranged  as  in  constellatus,  but  larger,  less  sharply  de- 
fined,  and  of  a  difterent  hue;  the  second  blotch  with  a  smaller  one  above 
it^  a  rosy  spot  on  opercular  flap;  fins  pale  orange,  shaded  with  dusky. 
General  form  of  constellatus.  Mouth  moderate,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw 
scarcely  projecting,  its  tip  fitting  into  the  eraarginate  tip  of  upper  jaw ; 
maxillary  2  in  head,  reaching  posterior  margin  of  pupil ;  both  jaws  with 
small,  smoothish  scales.  Cranial  ridges  rather  sharp,  lower  than  in  con- 
stellatus;  preocular,  supraocular,  postocular,  tymijanic,  and  occipital 
spines  present;  interorbital  area  concave,  with  two  prominent  ridges; 
the  region  much  broader  than  in  constellatus,  §  width  of  eye;  supra- 
ocular ridge  low,  its  spine  smaller  than  tympanic  spine;  preocular 
l)rominent;  preopercular  spines  all  acute;  preorbital  narrow,  with  two 
spines.  Eye  large,  4  in  head.  Gill-rakers  rather  long  and  slender,  the 
longest  about  half  eye.  Scales  moderate,  with  many  accessory  scales. 
Dorsal  rather  low,  deeply  emarginate ;  fourth  spine  equal  to  soft  rays, 
about  I  head ;  soft  dorsal  longer  than  high ;  second  anal  spine  large, 
2 J  in  head;  caudal  slightly  emarginate;  pectoral  not  reaching  vent, 
3§  in  body.  Head  2f ;  depth  2^.  D.  XIII,  12;  A.  Ill,  6;  Lat.  1.  40 
(tubes).    Santa  Barbara,  California.  j, 

(Sebastichthys  umhrosua  Jor.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1888.) 

Page  679.  The  species  here  called  Scorpcena  dactyloptera  proves 
to  have  been  correctly  identified  with  the  European  species.  It  has 
lately  been  taken  in  considerable  numbers  along  the  Gulf  stream.    The 


ADDENDA 106.    SCORP^NID^ — SCORP^ENA. 


951 


pectorals  in  this  species  are  subtnincate,  the  lower  rays  somewhat 
exserted.  The  group  called  by  Poey  "Pon<tntt«"  is  not  of  this  type, 
but  allied  rather  to  Scorpecna  proper. 

Pafre  081.  Scorpasna  porcus  should  probably  be  erased,  its  occurrenco 
in  our  waters  being  very  doubtful.  The  following  species  has  been, 
perhaps,  mistaken  for  it : 

103§  {h).  is,  steamsl  Goode  &  Bean. 

Dusky  olivaceous,  whitish  below;  head  with  some  dark  blotches  and 
small  spots;  back  and  sides  with  diffuse  blackish  blotches;  body 
sparsely  covered  with  round  dusky  spots,  smaller  than  pupil ;  these 
spots  most  numerous  and  distinct  in  the  axillary  region,  which  is  other- 
wise whitish;  spinous  dorsal  marbled,  with  a  median  dusky  band;  its 
base  whitish,  with  black  spots;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  irregularly  mar- 
bled ;  caudal  with  a  broad  median  and  a  terminal  band  of  blackish ;  pec- 
torals mottled  and  banded ;  ventrals  dusky  at  tip.  Body  robust,  little 
compressed,  tapering  posteriorly.  Mouth  moderate,  oblique,  the  jaws 
equal,  the  lower  with  a  small  symphyseal  knob;  maxillary  2  in  head, 
reaching  to  below  posterior  margin  of  orbit.  Preorbital  with  two  di- 
verging spines;  suborbi.al  without  deep  pit,  its  stay  low,  armed  with 
two  small  spines;  nasal  spines  inconspicuous;  interorbital  space  deeply 
concave,  with  2  longitudinal  ridges,  its  width  |  diameter  of  eye. 
Cranial  ridges  rather  low,  moderately  sharp;  the  following  pairs 
present:  preocular,  supraocular,  postocular,  coronal,  occipital,  nuchal, 
besides  3  on  the  temporal  region,  arranged  in  a  right  line  behind  the 
eye.  Occipital  pit  deep,  a  little  broader  than  long.  Preopercular 
spines  5,  the  two  lower  blunt  and  short,  the  upper  much  the  longest, 
half  as  long  as  the  eye;  a  small  spine  at  its  base.  Supraocular  flap  very 
small,  trilobate,  shorter  than  pupil  (much  larger  in  a  young  example,  ap- 
parently of  the  same  species,  in  which  its  length  is  about  half  head). 
Small  dermal  flaps  elsewhere  on  head.  Opercular  flap  scaly;  a  few  ru- 
dimentary scales  on  cheeks  and  front  of  opercle.  Breast  with  small 
scales.  Gill-rakers  short  and  thick.  Scales  large,  smooth,  with  mem- 
branous edges;  a  series  of  dermal  flaps  along  the  lateral  line  and  at 
the  dorsal  base.  Dorsal  spines  slender,  the  longest  2|  times  in  head ; 
longest  soft  ray  half  as  long  as  head ;  caudal  subtruncate,  1^  in  head. 
Anal  spines  small,  the  second  and  third  equal,  2*  in  head.  Longest 
soft  ray  of  anal  half  as  long  as  head.  Ventrals  1%  in  head.  Pectorals 
reaching  soft  rays  of  anal,  the  longest  ray  slightly  shorter  than  head; 


^M 


If-: 


V  -.it 


s.'M 


952      CONTRIBUTIONS    TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY jy. 

base  of  the  fin  a  little  procurrent,  its  length  3  in  head.    Head  2"'' 
depth  2|.    D.  XI,  I,  9;  A.  Ill,  5;  P.  20j  Lat.  1.  32  (31  tubes).    Sout'li 
Carolina  to  Florida. 
(Goodo  &  Ikau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  1882,  421.) 

'^038  (c).  S.  calcarata  Goodo  &  Bean. 

•  Color  essentially  as  in  8.  stearnsi;  axil  of  pectoral  whitish,  with 
dusky  specks,  a  black  spot  at  its  upper  edge;  ventrals  mostly  black. 
Body  moderately  robust ;  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting,  Avith  a  small 
symphyseal  knob  j  maxillary  reaching  past  pupil,  its  length  half  head. 
Suborbital  without  pit,  the  bony  stay  moderate,  armed  with  2  small 
spines.  Nasal  spines  small.  Intoiorbital  space  narrow,  with  2  loiifrj. 
tudinal  ridges,  its  width  f  length  of  eye.  Cranial  ridfi^es  rather  low, 
with  sharp  spines,  arranged  as  in  <S^.  stearnsi.  Occipital  cavity  almost 
obsolete,  represented  by  a  slight  depression.  Preoperuular  spines  5, 
the  lowermost  stout,  directed  downward  and  forward,  vhe  uppermost 
rather  long,  more  than  half  eye.  Opercular  and  scapular  sjiines  mod- 
erate. Eye  large,  nearly  3  in  head.  Supraocular  flaps  minute;  a  lew 
other  small  flaps  on  head.  Cheeks  with  rather  large  imbricated  scales; 
opercle,  with  some  scales  anteriorly  and  on  its  flap;  breast  scaly;  scales 
of  body  large,  not  ctenoid  with  few  dermal  flaps  or  none.  Pores  of 
lateral  line  very  conspicui-  .s.  Gill-rakers  short  and  small.  Dorsal 
spines  rather  slender,  the  longest  2§  in  head;  longest  soft  ray  2^  iu 
head.  Anal  spines  small,  the  second  and  third  subequal,  3  in  head. 
Soft  anal  rays  moderate.  Ventrals  reaching  past  vent,  Ig  in  head. 
Pectoral  long,  !»  in  head.  Depth  3.  D.  XI,  I,  9;  A.  Ill,  5;  P.  19;  Lat. 
1.  28  (25  tubes).  West  coast  of  Florida. 
(Goodo  &  Beau,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  422.) 

Page  088.  Cottunculus  microps  is  very  fully  described  and  well  figured 
by  Collett,  Norske  Nord-Havs  Exp.  1880,  18.  The  eye  is  here  repre 
sented  as  shorter  than  snout,  and  about  G  in  head,  the  pectorals  reach 
past  front  of  anal,  and  the  dorsal  rays  are  VI-13  to  VI-15.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  the  American  species  is  different,  but  the  resemblance  of  the 
two  is  very  great. 

''"  Page  G91.  It  is  thought  by  Collett  (Norske  Nord-Havs  Exp.  1880, 34) 
thfc  "  Tcelvs  bicornis  is  identical  with  Icehis  hamatus.  If  this  supposition 
is  correct,  the  species  should  stand  as  1048,  I.  bicornis  (Keinh.)  Gill. 
Icelns  furciger  Malm  (Forh.  Skand.  Naturf.  1863,  410)  is  identical  with 
Jr.  hamatus.  In  life  the  head  of  this  species  is  provided  with  very  slen- 
der cirri. 


ADDENDA — 107.    COTTID^ — URANIDEA.  053 

Page  694.  Instead  of  Uranidea  spilota  read: 
1094.  r.  rice!  (NtilHou)  J.  &  G. 

Erase  the  synonym  "  Uranidea  spiloia  Cope,"  etc.  U.  spilota  is  prob- 
ably a  distinct  species,  allied  to  U.  cognata. 

Page  695.  After  Uranidea  semiacabra  add: 
lO'ie  (<-)■  IJ.  rhothca  Rosa  Smith. 

Dusky,  with  blackish  cross  bands  above,  yellowish  and  piinctulate 
below;  fins  all  more  or  less  spotted  and  barred.  Body  moderately 
elongate.  Head  broad  and  flattish ;  interorbital  space  broad  and  little 
concave,  nearly  as  broad  as  eye.  Mouth  moderate,  the  maxillary  ex- 
tending about  to  middle  of  pupil;  jaws  subequal;  palatine  teeth  con- 
spicuous; preopercular  spine  shortish,  nearly  straight,  directed  upward 
and  backward.  Skin  of  head  smooth;  skin  of  back  and  sides  rough, 
^vith  short,  rather  coarse  prickles,  shorter  and  stiffer  than  in  U.  aspera. 
Fins  moderate;  pectoral  barely  reaching  past  front  of  anal.  Head  3; 
depth  4f.  D.  VIII-15;  A.  11;  V.  I,  4.  Spokane  Falls,  Upper  Colum- 
bia Kiver.       . ,..  ,.     ._,  :  v,, 

(Rosa  Smith,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.  1882,  347.) 

Page  697.  Under  Uranidea  richardsoni  add  another  "variety" — var. 
himUeni  (Hoy). 

The  original  type  of  U.  kumlieni  Hoy,  lately  re-examined  by  us,  has 
palatine  teeth,  and  the  ventrals  I,  4.  It  represents,  in  our  present 
view,  a  variety  of  U.  richardsoni,  possibly  distinguishable  from  var. 
hairdi  by  the  rather  higher  spinous  dorsal  and  rather  larger  eye  and 
mouth.  The  description  of  "  U.  franMini,^^  on  page  090,  belongs  to  U. 
kumlieni,  being  taken  from  Hoy's  type. 

Page  098.  To  the  account  of  Uranidea  cognata  may  be  added :  Mouth 
larger  than  in  Uranidea  gohio;  head  3  in  length  without  caudal;  its 
width  equal  to  its  length  and  half  more  than  its  height;  Jaws  equal; 
vent  a  little  nearer  suout  than  insertion  of  caudal ;  second  dorsal  twice 
as  long  as  first,  separated  from  it  by  a  space  less  than  a  line ;  anal  be- 
ginning opposite  sixth  ray  of  dorsal;  caudal  6  in  total  length.  Under 
surface  silvery  gray,  minutely  dotted;  on  the  sides  the  dots  are  mingled 
with  crowded  irregular  blotches  of  dark  brown;  back  and  top  of  head 
nearly  uniform  dark  brown,  few  pale  spots  appearing.  L.  4  inches. 
[Richardson.) 


m 


■  »i 


it"  <   ■  I'i 


.I'll 

pi' 

i'irli 
1 

|:' 

# 

llii  li: 

:■.;  ,■,; 

'^i  ■ 

954      CONTRIBl  IIONS   TO   NOBTH   AMERICAN    ICIITUYOLOGY ly. 

Pago  G98,  After  Uranidea  cognata  add: 
lOOil  (/>).  U.  spllota  Copo. 

Brown  above,  yellowish  below,  everywhere  densely  pnnctulate  with 
darker  except  on  the  belly ;  dorsals,  caudal,  and  pectorals  barred  •  anui 
yellowish;  dorsal  and  base  of  caudal  with  blackish  8i)ots;  sides  with 
large  dark  spots,  forming  sometimes  seven  or  fewer  cross-bars.  iJoUv 
rather  elongate.  Eye  4^  in  head,  one-third  greater  than  interorbital 
"width.  Head  slightly  contracted  laterally,  not  much  depressed;  oue 
preopercular  spine  (hooked  upward);  pectoral  reaching  vent  and  front 
of  second  dorsal,  its  rays  undivided.  Spinous  dorsal  low;  anal  bejjln- 
ning  opposite  fourth  ray  of  spinous  dorsal.  No  trace  of  palatine  teeth. 
Lateral  line  incomplete.  Head  3^;  depth  5.  D.  VIII-17;  A.  13;  V.  I 
4;  P.  15;  B.  6.    L.  3  inches.    Grand  Bapids,  Michigan.    {Cope.) 

(Cope,  Pioc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  18G5,  82.) 

1063  (c).  V,  polllcaris  J.  &  G. 

Light  olive  above,  blotched  and  spotted  with  black;  lower  part  of 
sides  and  below  light,  unmarked;  dorsals,  pectorals,  and  caudal  with 
series  of  spots.  Head  much  depressed ;  snout  broad  and  flat ;  profile 
straight  or  slightly  concave  from  nape  to  tip  of  snout;  mouth  small 
anterior;  maxillary  reaching  vertical  from  front  of  orbit;  teeth  ou 
vomer,  none  on  palatines.  Preopercular  spine  large  and  strong,  spi- 
rally curved  upwards  and  inwards;  a  single  concealed  iwint  below 
this  on  margin  of  preopercle.  Spinous  dorsal  rather  low,  connected 
with  the  long,  low  second  dorsal  by  membrane;  longest  dorsal  spiue 
equalling  length  of  snout;  origin  of  anal  under  third  dorsal  ray;  hist 
ray  of  anal  under  sixteenth  of  dorsal;  ventrals  I,  4,  reaching  §  distance 
to  vent;  pectoral  rays  all  simple;  vent  midway  between  tip  of  snout 
and  base  of  caudal.  Lateral  line  continuous  to  base  of  caudal.  No 
prickles.  Head  3f  in  length;  depth  4^;  eye  5J  in  head.  D.  VII-19; 
A.  13;  P.  17.    Lake  Michigan. 

(Jor.  &  Giib.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882.)  -      ■ 

Page  699.  Instead  of  the  description  of  Uranidea  franJdini,  given  in 
the  text,  insert  the  following: 
1069.  IJ.  franklini  (Ag.)  Jor. 

Body^  rather  short  and  stout;  snout  not  very  obtuse;  maxillary 
reaching  about  to  pupil;  eye  4  in  head,  twice  the  interorbital  space; 
preopercular  spine  hook-like,  very  acute ;  paired  fins  rather  short,  the 
pectorals  not  reaching  ventj  first  dorsal  nearly  as  high  as  second; 


ADDENDA — 108  (a). — AGOHIDiE — LEPTAG0NU8.  965 

dorsals  contiguous ;  anal  inserted  under  fourth  ray  of  second  dorsal ; 
caudal  0  in  length;  lateral  line  incomplete;  vent  nearer  base  of  caudal 
than  tip  of  snout.  Head  2^;  depth  ^.  1).  VlII-17;  A.  12;  V.  I,  3. 
L.  3  inches.    Lake  Superior.    [Girard.) 

Page  099.  After  Uranideafranklini  add: 
1009  (ft).  U.  formosa  (Gid.)  Jor. 

Body  slender  and  graceful ;  head  small,  depressed  above ;  eyes  mod- 
erate ;  preopercular  spine  short,  stout,  acute,  curved  upwards ;  a  small 
spine  below  it ;  subopercular  spine  well  developed.  Dorsals  well  sepa- 
rated; anal  beginning  under  tbird  raj'^  of  soft  dorsal;  pecstorals  not 
reaching  to  posterior  margin  of  spinous  dorsal ;  ventrals  not  nearly  to 
vent.  Head  4^.  D.  VIII-IC;  A.  11;  V.  I,  3.  L.  3^  inches.  Deep 
water  in  Lake  Ontario.     {Girard.) 

{Coitus  formosaa  Girard,  Mon.  Cott.  58,  1850.) 

Page  703.  To  the  synonj'my  of  Cottus  scorpiun  grccnlandieua  add: 

{Cottus  mitchilli  C.  &  V.  iv,  188:  Cotttia  porosun  C  &  V.  viii,  498:  Acanthocoitm  ocel- 
hlu8  H.  R.  Storer,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  HisL  l«r)0,  v;."i3 :  CottiiHylavinUa  Rich.  Last  Arctic 
Voyage  Belch,  ii,  349,  1855 :  Acantliocottun  muconun  Ayrca,  I'loc.  Cul.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci. 
1854,  12.) 

Page  712.  A  minute  patch  of  palatine  teeth  is  sometimes  present  in 
Liocotttis  hirundo. 


Page  726.  Instead  of  Braehyopsis  read 


3§3.— I^EPTAGOWrS  Gill. 


■;m.--m 


(Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1831,  259:  type  Agonua  apinoaisaimua  Kroycr=:  ^gian«» 
(lecagonua  Bl.  &  Schu.) 

The  species  should  stand  as— 

0.  Lower  jaw  projecting.     (Braehyopsis  GiW.) 
1118.  Li.  rostratiis  (Tiles.)  J.  &  G. 

1113.  L.  verrucosus  (Lock.)  J.  &Q  j;  if::i        ; 

1114.  Lt,  xyosternus  J.  &  G. 

aa.  Lower  jaw  included.    (Leptagonva.) 

II 13.  Li.  decagronus  (Bl.  &  Schu.)  J.  &,  G. 

The  following  description  of  L.  decagonus  may  be  substituted  for  that 
given  in  the  text : 

Greyish  yellow,  with  2  to  4  large  transverse  brown  spots ;  tips  of  pec- 
torals and  caudal  blackish ;  a  black  streak  through  eye  across  preo- 


J] 


m 


m 


I    ¥\ 


956      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — I  v. 

percle.  Body  slender ;  head  rather  low ;  mouth  large,  subiiifei ior  the 
snout  projecting  beyond  it  5  gill- membranes  free  from  isthmus  {Jide  Col- 
lett  in  lit.) ;  five  long  cirri  near  the  angle  of  mouth,  one  of  them  forked  • 
a  forked  cirrus  on  lower  jaw ;  snout  longer  than  the  large  eye ;  the 
longest  cirri  about  as  long  as  snout:  a  pair  of  short  spines  on  snout- 
a  pair  of  knotty  protuberances  above  eye,  and  a  pair  of  larger  ones  on 
frontal  region ;  shields  of  anterior  part  of  back  each  with  a  large  keel 
ending  in  a  spine;  keels  elsewhere  bluntish ;  plates  of  breast  tubercle- 
like and  striate ;  4  shields  between  dorsals ;  5  before  first  dorsal ;  17 
before  second ;  12  between  ventrals  and  anal.  Pectorals  slightly 
longer  than  head ;  ventrals  moderate,  longest  in  the  males,  the  vent 
close  behind  them.  Head  5 ;  depth  8.  D.  VI-7  ;  A.  7 ;  Lat.  1.  40,  the 
number  of  pores  about  24.  L.  9  inches.  Greenland  to  Jforway.  {CoUttt.) 
tColiott,  Norsko  Nord-HavsExp.  1880,  44.) 

Page  728.  Agonus  cataphractus. 

This  species  should  probably  be  omitted  as  not  occurring  within  our 
limits,  the  Greenland  references  belonging  to  Leptagonus  decagonm. 

Page  728.  The  genus  Bothragonus  Gill  here  appears  for  the  first 
limj,  the  portion  of  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  XI,  in  which  it  was  to  be 
characterized  having  been  withdrawn  by  the  author. 

Page  733.  Trigla  cuculus  should  doubtless  be  omitted.  It  probably 
has  never  been  taken  on  our  coasts. 

Page  734.  Instead  of  1123,  Prionotus pimctatiis  read: 
1123.  P.  scituliis  J.  &.  6. 

For  the  synonymy  given,  substitute — 

{Prioiiotiin  puttctalua  Jor.  &  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1878,  373,  not  of  C.  &  Y,; 
Jor.  &  Gilb.  Pioc.  U.  S.  Ni>t.  Mus.  1882, Sja8.) 

Page  734.  After  Pnonotus  scitulns  read  : 
1113  (h).  P.  puMCtatus  (Bloch)  C.  &  V. 

Olivaceous,  with  some  small  roundish  spots ;  dorsal  with  a  dark 
blotch  between  fifth  and  sixth  cpines ;  soft  dorsal  and  caudal  faintly 
barred  ;  pectoral  with  two  large  blackish  spots  near  its  middle  above, 
besides  numerous  pale  bars  and  spots.  Body  not  very  slender ;  pec- 
torals rather  short,  not  reaching  end  of  soft  dorsal,  slightly  less  tliau 
half  length  «»C  body;  free  rays  of  pectoral  slender;  band  of  palatine 
teeth  short,  rather  broad;  maxillary  2J  in  head  not  reaching  eye; 
preorbital  feebly  serrated,  its  edge  armed  with  two  rather  strong 


ADDENDA — 1 11.   GOBIESOCID^ — GOBIESOX. 


957 


spinous  teetb,  hooked  backwards.  Snout  wide,  the  distance  between 
angles  of  mouth  scarcely  less  than  half  head  ;  grooves  between  orbits 
behind  not  deep.  Head  3;  depth  4.  D.  X-12;  A.  11;  Lat.  1.  57. 
West  Indies,  said  to  range  northward  to  our  coasts,  but  perhaps  con- 
founded with  pabmpes  and  scitulm  ;  the  specimens  here  described  from 
Havana. 
{Trigla punctata  Bloch,  Ausl.  Fisclie,  taf.  352;  C.  &  V.  iv,  93;  Gllnther  ii,  193.) 

Page.  738.  Instead  of  Gephalacanthua  spinarclla  read : 
1I3§.  C.  volitans  (L.)  J.  &  G. 

'J'Jxe  specimen  to  which  Linna)us  gave  the  name  of  "  Gastcrostem 
npinarella^^  was  said  to  have  come  from  India.  It  is  therefore  more 
likely  to  have  been  a  young  specimen  of  the  one  of  the  East  Indian 
species  (perhaps  C.  orientalis  C.  &  V.)  than  of  the  Atlantic  species 
I'olitans. 

Page  740.  After  Carcproctus  gelatinosus  add : 
1130  (ft).  C.  reinhardi  Kroyer. 

Reddish  gray.  Body  semitransparent,  covered  with  viscid  skin. 
Head  short  and  globular.  Eye  5  to  6  in  head.  Caudal  tin  very  slen- 
der, joined  to  the  dorsal  and  anal ;  month  nearly  horizontal ;  lower  jaw 
scarcely  projecting.  Ventral  disk  little  larger  th.an  eye.  Pectorals 
(loei)ly  emarginate,  nearly  as  long  as  head,  reaching  anal ;  the  lower 
rays  exserted,  appearing  as  a  series  of  short  twisted  filaments.  Dis- 
tance from  ventral  disk  to  vent  not  more  than  diameter  of  eye ;  head 
with  conspicuous  mucous  pores.  Head  4J;  depth  5^.  D.  54 ;  A.  45j 
C.  IL';  P.  32.    Greenland  to  Jan  Mayen.    (Colktt) 

{Liparh  gelatinonua  Rcinli.  Overaigt,  &c.  1844,  77,  not,  of  Pallnfl:  Liparis  (Care- 
proctuH)  reinhardi  Kiuyer,  Natnrh.  Tidskr.  i,  252,  1802;  Collott,  Norsko  Nord-llavs 
Exped.  1^130,57.) 

Page  712.  According  to  Professor  Collett,  Liparis  arctica  Gill  is  a 
variety  of  Liparis  lineata,  distinguished  from  the  latte."  by  its  uniform 
coloration  only.  Other  varieties  of  this  species  are  characterized  by 
(Or.ett  (Forh.  Vid.  Selsk.  i,  44,  1879). 

Page  746.  The  genus 

89/1  (&).-E1J:!IICllOTREiTIV9  Gill. 

is  probably  worthy  of  adoption.    Its  single  species  may  st'uid  as — 
II  t'l.  E.  spinosus  (MUUer)  QiU. 


958      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 

Page  740.  After  OobieHox  .ttrumosus  udd: 
1 147  (h).  G.  virffiitiiln!9  J.  &  U. 

OlivaceouH,  with  palor  spots  and  fine  black  dots;  the  whole  body  cov- 
ered with  wavy,  lonyitudinal  lines  of  a  light  orpuge  color  (fadinff  in 
spirits);  vertical  tins  dusky,  somewhat  barred;  caudal  tipped  wiij, 
yellowish,  liody  rather  sh'uder;  cheeks  prominent;  mouth  reachiii"- 
front  of  orbit;  lower  jaw  somewhat  included;  tet^th  above  in  a  narrow 
band;  four  of  the  outer  somewhat  eidarged;  incisors  of  lower  jaw 
entire;  ventral  disk  a  little  shorter  than  head.  Eyes  small,  4  in  bead 
less  than  half  the  broad  interorbital  space.  Head  3;  its  width  :i\- 
depth  0.    1).  10;  A.  8.    L.  I4  inches.    Pensacola,  Florida. 

(Jordi      fe  Gilbort,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1882,  2d\i.) 

Page  751.  No.  1140  {h),  Batrachits  i>nr(htii  Goode  &  Bean,  should 
probably  be  considered  a  distinct  species.  It  is  a  deep  water  form,  with 
tlabby  skin. 

Page  751.  Instead  of  PorichthyH porosissimnH  read: 
1 1.10.  P.  innrKaritntuii  (Rich.)  J.  &  G. 

Omit  from  the  synonyniy  liatrachits  porosimimnH  C.  &  V.  (a  species 
from  Surinam,  the  identity  of  which  with  our  ppecies  is  not  i)roveii) 
and  insert (/:?<j<rat7<»<.'<  margnriUitm  U i ch a rdson, Voyage  Sulphur.  Fishes, 
(57).  r.  margaritatus  appears  to  range  from  Lower  California  to  Van- 
couver's Islaud. 

Page  752.  After  P.  margarifatuH  add: 
1190  0>)-  P>  picctrodon  J.  &  G. 

Coloration  essentially  as  in  P.  mnrgaritatus,  but  rather  paler  and 
more  golden;  the  lines  of  pores  and  Nhining  spots  very  similar.  Pain 
tines  each  with  few  teeth  (4  or  5);  1  to  3  of  these  developed  as  very 
strong  canines  (usually  much  larger  than  the  canines  on  vonu'r),  which 
are  strongly'  curved  forwards  and  inwards  (in  P.  margaritatiis  the  pala- 
tine teeth  are  more  numerous,  subequal,  small,  much  smaller  than  ca 
uiiu>s  on  vomer).  Head  3^:  depth.  5|.  D.  II-;J7;  A.  34;  V.  I,  2.  L.  8 
inches.    South  Carolina  to  Texas. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  18Si,  291.) 

Page  757.  After  Gha^modes  quadrifaaciatus  add: 
ll.li'l  (b).  C  subiii'ro;  J.  &  G. 

Male  deep  olive,  with  dark  cross  shades;  numerous  pale  spots  on  (lie 
sides  which  form  undulating  lines  converging  backwards;  dark  stripes 


OLOGY — IV. 


ADDENDA 114.    BLENNIIDiE — TSESTITES. 


959 


11" 


downward  and  forward  from  oyo;  top  of  head  and  npptir  part  of  dorsal 
lin  usually  with  fino  black  spots;  spinous  dorsal  with  a  uuMlian  oran^w 
longitudinal  band;  other  llns  mostly  dusky  olivo.  Female  with  about  H 
l)la(ki8h  cross  bands  extending  on  the  dorsal  lin;  the  body  everywhere 
Avith  ])ale  spots;  tins  all  sharply  barred  with  blackish  and  olive.  Hody 
deeper  than  in  C.  boAquianuH;  the  head  shorter,  blunter,  and  the  mouth 
notably  smaller;  maxillary  not  reaching  j)osterior  margin  of  eye,  its 
length  2J^  in  head;  teeth  occu|>ying  about  half  of  lowiir  jaw;  height 
of  gill-slit  3jj  in  head,  its  lower  {'aX^h  o])p(»site  third  ray  of  pe(5toral.  A 
uniiute  cirrus,  shorter  thaii  pupil  above  each  eye  and  each  nostril. 
Dorsal  continuous,  with  slender  rays,  the  last  one  Joined  to  tije  caudal. 
First  two  rays  of  anal  short,  thick  and  fleshy'  in  the  males.  IIea<l  .'ij? ; 
dei»th  3.  1).  XII,  17;  A.  IT,  18.  L.  4  inches.  Pensacola  Bay,  Florida. 
(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proo.  II.  S.  Nat.  Mim.  1882,  298.) 

Page  757.  Instead  of  1 155,  IneHthes  gentiliH  read : 
1139.  1.  irilbcrti  Jordan. 

From  the  description  on  piige  757,  erase  the  phrases  "  a  blue  spot  on 
the  dorsal  in  front;  males  with  golden  stri])es  on  lower  parts  of  head," 
and  insert  "no  sbarp  markings  in  either  sex."  This  si)ecies  is  knovn 
from  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Diego.  It  may  be  readily  <listingiiished 
from  I.  gentiliH  by  ita  stitf  spiues  and  multifid  orbital  tentacles,  as  well 
us  by  the.  color. 

Instead  of  the  synonomy,  on  page  758,  substitute: 

(Jordau,  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mas.  1882,  349.) 

Page  758.  After  TscnthcH  gilherti  add : 
linii  {b).  I.  gcntilis  ((ird.)  J.  &  G. 

Brown;  males  with  the  whole  bodv  clo.scly  mottled  and  blotclied 
with  darker  brown,  the  light  ground  color  forming  reticulations  i»round 
darker  spots ;  dark  spots  close-set  on  hea<l ;  lower  part  of  side  of 
head  behiml  mouth  with  two  sharply  defined  parallel  vertical  pale  burs 
(said  to  be  yellow  in  life);  back  with  about  (>  dusky  cross-shades;  a 
bluish  spot  on  H})inous  dorsal  in  front.  Female  with  tin-  spots  on  body 
duller,  the  bands  on  head  obsolete,  and  the  spot  on  front  of  spinous 
dorsal  jet  black  and  conspicuous;  fins  all  mottled.  Body  rather  ro- 
bust, the  head  very  bluntly  rounded  in  profile.  Orbital  taxitacle  nimple, 
in  the  male  one-third  length  of  head,  in  the  female  much  smaller;  gill- 
opening  not  exteuiling  downward  to  lower  edge  of  pectorals.  Dorsal 
lin  continuous,  its  spines  low  and  flexible.    Caudal  free  from  dorsal  and 


hi 


9G0      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

aual.    HeadSg;  depth  4.    D.  XIII,  17  j  A.  19j  L.  4  iuches.    Monterey 

to  Cape  San  Lucas. 

(Blcnniua  gentilis  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  149:  Blemius  gentiUt 
Giintlier,  iii,  217:  Bhnniua  gentilis  Steind.  lohtli.  Bcitr.  v,  KiO,  1876;  Jordan,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8. 1882,  3f)0;  not  lacatliea  gentilia  of  the  present  work,  page  757,  which  is 
laeathea  gilbert L) 

Page  T-?S.  After  Isesthes  punctatus  add : 
1IS6  (h).  I.  hcntzi  (Le  S.)  J.  &  G. 

Light  bluish-ash,  mixed  with  rufous,  with  numerous  irregnhir  black 
and  rufous  spots ;  dorsal  black,  with  whitish  spots ;  solt  dorsal  with  5 
dark  bands ;  ventrals  blackish,  with  pale  bands ;  caudal  with  3  or  4 
dark  bands.  Body  little  elongate ;  snout  very  short,  but  not  vertically 
truncate;  eyes  above  angle  of  mouth,  placed  h'gh;  gill-slit  extending 
from  level  of  base  of  pectoral  fins  to  height  of  eye ;  teeth  equal ;  dorsal 
slightly  depressed  in  the  middle ;  pectorals  large ;  a  short  cirrus  above 
each  eye  and  a  smaller  one  over  each  nostril.  Depth  3^^  (in  total).  D. 
XT,  14 ;  A.  16.    Charleston  Harbor,  South  Carolina.     {Le  Sueur.) 

( Blennius  hentz  Le  Sueur,  Jouru.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  iv,  363,  1825.) 

1 1 96  (c).  I.  ionthas  J.  &  G. 

Clear  olive-green  with  traces  of  darker  bars,  everywhere  densely 
freckled  with  small  round  blackish  spots,  smaller  than  the  pui)il,  these 
very  small  on  sides  of  head ;  a  golden  area  behind  eye,  followed  by  a 
blackish  crescent ;  two  dark  bars  separated  by  a  yellowish  area  below 
eye;  fins  all  olive-green.  Body  rather  deep.  Head  .short,  but  less  blunt 
than  in  J.  punctattis.  Mouth  small,  the  maxillary  scarcely  reaching 
eye;  teeth  subequal;  orbital  cirrus  low,  scarcely  longer  than  nasal 
cirrus,  which  is  about  as  long  as  pupil.  Gill  slit  half  head,  its  lower 
edge  just  below  middle  of  pectoral.  Dorsal  continuous,  its  spines  low 
and  not  very  stiff;  its  soft  rays  free  from  caudal.  Ilead  4;  depth 
3|.    D.  XII,  14;  A.  10.    Pensacola  Bay. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  299.) 

1136  (d).  I.  scrutator  J.  &  G. 

Deep  olive-green,  nearly  uniform ;  a  golden  blotch  behind  eye,  fol- 
lowed by  a  dark  crescent ;  two  dark  bars  separated  by  a  yellowish  area 
below  eye;  fins  plain  dusky  greenish.  Body  rather  deep,  compressed; 
head  short,  very  blunt;  mouth  very  small;  teeth  subequal;  orbital 
cirri  very  long,  reaching  front  of  dorsal,  about  half  length  of  head; 
gill  slit  2^  in  head,  its  lower  edge  just  below  middle  of  pectoral. 
Dorsal  scarcely  emargiuate,  its  spines  stiff;  the  soft  rays  slightly  joiued 


ADDENDA 1 14.    BLENNIID.E BLENNIUS. 


961 


tociuulal;  pectoral  as  long  as  head.     Ilead  3|;  depth  3|.    D.  XII, 
14;  A.  18.     South  Carolina  to  Texas. 
(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  3C0.) 

Page  759.  After  BIcnnius  fucorum  add: 
I151>  (h).  B.  stcarnsi  J.  &  G. 

Light  greenish  olive,  with  irregular  dark  bars  extending  on  the  lins; 
skin  linely  punctate;  spinous  dorsal  and  anal  dusky.  Body  compara- 
tively elongate,  compressed;  snout  short  and  blunt;  the  profile  mod- 
erately decurved  ;  mouth  large,  obli<pie,  the  jaws  equal,  the  maxillary 
reaching  slightly  beyond  middle  of  orbit,  2:^  in  head;  teeth  l^ ;  both 
jaws  with  strong  curved  canines  posteriorly ;  eye  moderate,  e(iual  to 
snout,  4}  in  head ;  supraorbital  tentacle  forked  near  the  base,  as  long  as 
snout  sind  orbit;  no  nuchal  lilament;  gill-membranes  nearly  free  from 
isthmus,  forming  a  broad  fold  across  it.  Dorsal  high,  continuous,  its 
spines  subequal,  very  slender,  the  highest  half  head;  caudal  distinct,  1^ 
in  head ;  ventrals  not  quite  reaching  vent.  Head  3| ;  depth  ig.  D.  XI, 
18 ;  A.  II,  21.    Pensacola,  Florida. 

(. Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  1882,  300.) 

1159  ((•).  B.  rnvosus  Goodo  &.  IBoan. 

Brownish,  linely  reticulated;  a  series  of  bluish  blotches  on  sides; 
front  and  sides  of  head  and  base  of  pectoral  with  a  very  distinct  honey- 
coml)-like  net- work  of  blue  lines  around  hexagonal  interspaces;  top  of 
head  with  small  oblong  blue  spots;  a  black  ocellated  spot  between 
first  and  second  spines  of  dorsal ;  anal  •  ith  oblique  blue  streaks.  l>ody 
elongate,  compressed;  anterior  profde  moderately  decurved.  Mouth 
large,  the  maxillary  reaching  i)osterior  border  of  orbit-  euch  jaw  with 
curved  posterior  canines.  Sui)raocular  cirrus  very  long  and  slender, 
tritid  to  the  base,  the  main  branch  nearly  as  long  as  head ;  no  nuchal 
cirrus.  Gill-membranes  forming  a  rather  narrow  i'old  across  isthmus. 
Dorsal  low,  continuous,  the  spines  very  slender  and  flexible;  the  last 
soft  ray  slightly  joined  to  caudal.  Head  3^;  depth  4^.  D.  XII,  18;  A. 
11,  20.     Garden  Key,  Florida. 

(Good«!  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  416.) 

llt'SO  (d).  B.  listerias  Goodo  &,  Boaii. 

Olivaceous,  with  about  6  dark  cross  bars,  which  extend  on  the  dorsal 

fin;  anal  and  posterior  half  of  body  with  numerous  round,  whitish, 

stellate  spots,  probably  blue  in  life;  1/  lish  streaks  from  eye  across  the 

checks;  fins  vaguely  marked.    Body  moderately  elongate,  compressed, 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  IG 01 


I'm 


9G2       CONTRIDUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 

the  head  verj'  blunt  and  deep,  almost  as  deep  as  long;  its  anterior  pro- 
file straight  and  nearly  vertical.    Mouth  moderate,  the  maxillarj-  reach- 
ing past  front  of  eye,  3  in  head ;  lower  jaw  with  2  short,  stoutish,  i)oste- 
rior  canines;   upper  jaw  without  canines.     Supraocular  cirri  small 
fringed,  about  as  long  as  pupil.    Nape  with     longitudinal  dermal  crest 
reaching  to  front  of  dorsal,  i)rovided  with  a  sei  i<\s  of  about  20  filaments 
the  longest  about  as  long  as  the  eye.    Gill-membranes  forming  a  broad 
fold  across  the  isthmus.    Dorsrl  rather  low,  nearly  continuous,  begin- 
ning on  the  nape  in  front  of  the  preopercle;  spines  all  slender  and 
flexible,  the  longest  f  length  of  head.    Caudal  free  from  dorsal  and 
anal.    Head  4 ;  depth  4.    D.  XI,  16 ;  A.  19.    Garden  Key,  Florida. 
(Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  416.) 

Page  703.  In  Clinus  evides,  as  in  Heterostichits  rostratus,  the  inner 
edge  of  the  shoulder-girdle  is  armed  with  an  upturned,  spine-like  hook, 
not  found  in  any  other  of  our  species.  This  character  seems  to  exist 
in  typical  species  of  Clinus,  and  in  Cristiceps,  but  not  in  Labrosomus  or 
Cremnobates. 

Page  704.  After  Cremnobates  integripinnis  add : 
an.  Dorsal  iius  separate,  the  anterior  highest. 
1106  (ft).  C  inarBBlorsitUS  Steindachner. 

Golden  brown,  marbled  with  grayish  brown;  two  faint  brown  cross- 
bands  on  head;  six  on  bodj',  the  latter  extending  on  dorsal  and  anal; 
lower  side  of  head,  pectorals,  ventrals,  and  caudal  with  numerous  narrow 
dark  cross-bands;  dorsal  with  two  small  sky-blue  ocellated  si)ots,  sur- 
ioun<led  by  black  in  the  two  posterior  dark  cross-bands.  Body  coin- 
l)aratively  deep,  compressed,  the  back  somewhat  arched;  head  pointed; 
mouth  large,  the  maxillary  extending  to  behind  the  eye,  more  than 
half  length  of  head;  opercle  with  a  sharp  spine;  jaws  equal;  teeth 
pointed,  in  narrow  bands,  the  outer  larger;  vomerine  teeth  in  one  row; 
supraocular  tentacle  small,  about  as  large  as  nuchal  tentacle;  no  nasal 
tentacle.  Pectoral  a  little  shorter  than  head.  Dorsals  separate,  the 
second  s])ine  of  first  dorsal  §  length  of  head,  iiigher  than  second  dorsal, 
the  8[)ines  of  which  are  about  half  head.  Head  4f ;  depth  4f.  J). 
III-XXVI,  1;  A.  ir,  20;  Lat.  1.  38.  L.  2^  inches.  {Steindachner.) 
Florida  Keys  [Bean)  to  Cuba. 
(Steindachner,  Ichth.  Heitr.  v,  174,  pi.  xii,  f.  G,  1876.) 

Page  774.  No.  1181  shoidd  stand  as 
1181.  C.  violaccMto  Grd.,  instead  of  "  (Ayres;  Grd." 


ADDENDA 118.    OPHIDIID^ — GENYPTERUS. 


9G3 


Page  793.  Alter  Ophidium  holbrooJci  (which  will  iirobably  be  foaud  to 
be  identical  with  O.josephi)  add: 
1331  (b).  O.  gfraelisi  Puey. 

Pale  olive  (tins  without  dark  edging?).  Head  small,  not  very  blunt; 
snout  4§  in  head ;  eye  3^ ;  mouth  oblique,  the  maxillary  2  in  head,  reach- 
ing to  posterior  border  of  i)upil ;  teeth  small,  in  narrow  bands,  few  on 
vomer  and  palatines;  head  naked;  snout  without  spine;  gill-rakers 
rather  long  and  strong,  4  below  angle  of  arch ;  opercle  without  spine ; 
occiput  nearly  midway  between  origin  of  dorsal  and  front  of  eye.  Air- 
bladder  long  and  slender,  tapering  backwards.  Head  4§;  depth  7. 
Cuba  to  West  Florida. 

(?Poey,  Memorias  Cuba,  ii,  455,  1860;  Jor.  &.  Gilb.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  301.) 

Page  794.  After  Ophidium  profundorum  add : 

433  (ft)-— GEWYPTERfJS  Philippi. 

(Philippi,  Wiegmaun's  Aicliiv.  1857,  2G8:  type  Genypterus  nigricans  Fliilippi  =  Conjitr 
chUcnah  Guichenot.) 

As  here  understood,  this  genus  differs  from  Ophidium  chiefly  in  the 
presence  of  a  sharp  spine  on  the  oi)eicle;  most  of  the  species  have  some 
of  the  palatine  teeth  enlarged,    {y^vu^,  chin ;  r.zspov^  fin.) 

a.  Palatine  teeth  small. 

1333  (ft).  G.  omostigma  J.  &  G. 

Light  olive,  mottled  with  darker;  fins  with  broad  black  edging;  a 
lai'ge  round,  intensely  black  spot  at  the  shoulder,  rather  larger  than 
pupil ;  upper  half  of  eye  black.  Body  rather  short,  tapering  rapidly 
backward  from  the  occiput;  snout  blunt;  mouth  horizontal;  lower  jaw 
included;  maxillary  not  quite  reaching  posterior  border  of  orbit,  1^  in 
head ;  teeth  in  jaws  in  broad  bands ;  teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines  quite 
small;  eye  much  longer  than  snout,  3  in  head;  opercle  ending  in  a 
strong  spine ;  gill-rakers  very  small,  4  below  angle  of  arch.  Ventrals 
lialf  length  of  head ;  scales  minute,  ind)edded,  irregularly  arranged ;  no 
evident  pseudobranchijc.  Air-bladder  short,  tliick,  with  a  largo  pos- 
terior foramen.  Ilead  4^;  depth  C.  L.  ^  inches.  Deep  water  ott"  Pen- 
sacola,  Florida. 

(Jordan  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  188^,  301.) 

Page  790.  For  Halias  Ayres  read  Brosmophycis  Gill.  The  former 
name  is  said  to  be  preoccupied. 


I 


i'v5i?^L 


9G4      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
Pago  810: 

Family  120  (fc).— CHIASMODONTID^. 

We  are  indebted  to  Professor  Gill  for  the  following  note  on  the  re- 
lationships of  CVtiosw/o^ow;  '  ■  '  '         '■ 

"The  genns  (Jhiasmodon  has  no  affinity  with  the  Gadidw^hni  is  nearly 
related  to  some  forms  included  by  Dr.  Giinther  in  the  heterogeneous 
group  designated  as  the  family  Trachinidce.  It  should  apparently  bo 
isolated  as  the  type  of  a  jjeculiar  family,  which  may  be  provisionally 
defined  as  follows : 

"  Acanthopterygians  with  a  short  first  dorsal  of  slender  spines;  a 
long  second  dorsal  and  anal;  ventrals  normal  (I,  5)  and  thoracic;  mouth 
very  deeply  cleft ;  upper  jaw  not  protractile,  covered  by  an  integument 
in  common  with  the  snout  anteriorly;  the  opercular  apparatus  very  ob- 
lique and  reduced. 

"This  family  is  perhaps  as  nearly  allied  to  the  Chcenichthyidce  as  to 
any  other."    (GiM  MSS.) 

Page  810.  Instead  of  Githaricjithys  aramaca  read : 
1256.  C.  psefulus  (Guode  &  Bean)  J.  &  G. 

Instead  of  the  synonymy  in  the  text  read: 

{[lemirhomhus pwtulua  Goode  &  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Phila.  1882,414.) 

The  known  specimens  are  from  Pensacola,  Florida. 

After  Cithanchthys  pwtulus  add : 
1S856  (h).  C.  occllatus  (Poey)  J.  &  G. 

Light  brownish ;  head,  body,  and  fins  everywhere  finely  mottled  and 
blotched  with  whitish  and  dusky.  Body  moderately  elongate.  Mouth 
small,  very  oblique,  the  maxillary  extending  to  opposite  middle  of  eye, 
its  length  2^  in  head.  Teeth  rather  small,  unequal,  some  of  the  upper 
almost  canine  like,  in  two  rows  above  and  one  below;  eye  4  in  head; 
interorbit.il  area  rather  broad,  concave,  its  width  §  length  of  eye.  Dorsal 
rather  low,  its  anterior  rays  beginning  on  right  (blind)  side.  Caudal 
rounded,  its  length  |head;  left  pectoral  filamentous,  nearly  as  long  as 
head.  Ventrals  short,  the  left  ventral  on  abdominal  ridge.  Lateral 
line  without  curve.  Accessory  scales  greatly  developed  (as  in  the 
genus  Platophrys,  which  this  species  much  resembles).  Head  3f ;  depth 
2^.    D.  88;  A.  70;  Lat.  1.  about  CO  (pores  of  blind  side). 

{nippoglo>i»m  ocdlatua  Poey,  Mem.  Cuba,  ii,  314, 1860:  Semirh^mhu8  ocelJatua  Pocy, 
riyn.  Pise.  Cub.  407:?  Hemirhombus  aramaca  GUutber,  iv,422.) 


ADDENDA — 127.    OSTRACIID^ OSTRACIUM. 


9G5 


I*ii^i\Sl7.  After  Citharichthijfi  sordidus  add:     . 
1237  (6).  C.  stiffnatcus  J.  &  G. 

Olivaceous,  the  scales  darker  edged;  fins  dusky;  all  the  vertical  tins 
with  a  small  round  inky  sjjot  near  the  middle  of  each  seventh  to  tenth 
ray.  Body  rather  deep,  strongly  compressed;  caudal  peduncle  short 
and  deep;  mouth  moderate,  the  maxilla  y  2J  in  head,  reaching  past 
front  of  pupil;  teeth  very  slender,  rather  long,  uniserial,  about  JJJ-  on 
each  side.  Eyes  large,  separated  by  a  sharp,  scaieless  ridge ;  gill-rakers 
moderate.  Fins  moderate ;  caudal  about  as  long  as  head ;  pectoral  1  >  in 
head.  Head  3|;  depth  2^.  D.  87;  A.  C8;  Lat.  1.54  (pores).  Santa 
Barbara,  California. 

(Ionian  &  Gilbert,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus,  1882.) 

Page  841.  After  Monolene  sessilicauda  add : 

463  (&).— BiEOSTOmA  Bean. 
(Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,413:  type  Baiostoma  brachialia  Bean.) 

This  genus  is  distinguished  from  Achirus  by  the  presence  of  a  pecto- 
ral tin  on  the  eyed  side.  From  the  European  genus  Monoehir  it  ditter.s 
in  having  ttic  right  ventral  connate  with  the  anal.  (/^«f"?,  small;  aroim^ 
mouth.) 

139§  (/;).  B.  brachiale  Bean. 

Grayish,  with  5  or  G  faint  dark  vertical  lines,  and  with  a  few  scattered 
white  spots,  the  largest  nearly  as  large  as  eye;  blind  side  whitish. 
Pectoral  of  right  side  i)resent,  of  several  rays,  -|  length  of  head;  right 
ventral  of  5  rays,  continuous  with  anal.  Scales  of  nape,  chin,  and  breast^ 
much  enlarged  and  spinulose.  luterorbital  widih  half  eye.  Caudal  as 
long  as  head.  Head  more  than  3;  depth  nearly  half  of  total  length. 
D.  47 ;  A.  35.     South  Florida.    {Bean.) 

(Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  18S2,  413.) 

Page  845.  The  type  of  Pterophrynoides  is  Lophius  histrio  Linn.,  not 
Chlroncctes  bovgainvilUi  as  stated  in  the  text. 

Page  853.  After  Ostracium  trigonum  add: 
1310  (h).  O.  ta'iquetrum  L. 

Dusky,  closely  covered  with  round  dark  spots.  Body  three-angled, 
the  angles  rather  sharp.  No  spines  anywhere.  Carapace  closed  be- 
hind dorsal.  Snout  somewhat  concave  in  profile.  Supraocular  ridges 
prominent,  the  space  between  them  concave.  Head  4;  depth  2^.  D. 
iO;  A.  10;  Lat.  1.  9.    West  Indies,  north  to  Pensacola. 

{Oalracion  tiiquctir  L.  Syst.  Nat.;  GUnther,  viii,  25G.) 


I       I 


966       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN   ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

Pjige  85G.  InHtcud  of  Monacanth us  broccus  rea.d: 
1322.  M.  hispiUUH  (Linn.)  J.  «&  G. 
{DalititcHhitipiduB  Liuu.  Syst.  Nat.) 

Page  801.  After  Tetrodon  turgidus  add: 
1323  (b).  T.  ncpliclus  Goodo  &  Bean. 

Very  close  to  T.  turyiduft,  of  wliicU  it  is  the  soiitbern  representative. 
Back  and  sides  with  pale  spots,  which  are  often  surrounded  by  dark 
reticulations ;  dark  bars  on  sides  fainter  than  in  T.  turgidus,  the  axillary 
bar  scarcely  darker  than  the  others.  Spines  of  upper  parts  much  larger, 
farther  apart,  and  more  distinctly  stellate,  than  in  T.  turgidus,  ceasing 
opposite  front  of  dorsal  and  vent;  less  than  40  in  a  series  from  eye  to 
dorsal.  Dorsal  rather  larger  than  in  T.  <Mr^wZM«.  D.  8;  A.  G.  Georgia 
to  Texas;  very  abundant.  Perhaps  a  variety  of  T.  turgidus,  but  thus 
far  readily  distinguishable. 

(Goode  &.  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat  Mas.  1882,412.) 

Page  803.  Instead  of  Diodon  novemmaculatus  read : 
18J6.  D.  liturosiis  Sbaw. 
(Shaw,  General  Zoology,  v,  pt.  2,  436,  1804;  after  Lac6p^do.) 

Page  804.  After  Chilomycterus  geometricus  add : 
133'3'  (c).  C.  rcticulatsBS  (L.)  Gthr. 

Body  and  fins  mostly  covered  with  small  round  black  spots;  a  large 
black  blotch  before  aud  around  dorsal ;  another  on  each  side  above  gill- 
opening  and  pectoral.  Spines  short,  compressed,  the  anterior  root  flat, 
much  longer  than  the  other  roots  except  anteriorly;  supraocular  cirrus 
well  developed.  Head  2|;  depth  2f.  D.  12;  A.  12.  West  Indies, 
north  to  Florida  Reefs. 

(Diodon  rcticiilatiis  L.  Syst.  Nat. ;  Giintber,  viii,313.) 

Page  805.  After  Mola  rotunda  add : 

4@7.— RANZATVIA  Nardo. 

(Nardo,  Ann.  Soi.  Regn.  Lombard.  Venet.  105,  x,  1840:  type  Tetrodon  truncatua  Retz.) 

Body  oblong,  the  depth  about  half  the  height;  skin  smooth,  tes- 
sellated, divided  into  small  hexagonal  scutella;  otherwise  essentially 
as  in  Mola.    (Dedicated  to  A.  Camillo  Ranzaui.) 

13J0.  R.  truncnta  (Rctziu8)Nardo.  '  - 

Snout  straight,  the  mouth  being  on  the  level  of  the  eye;  caudal 


ADDENDA 7-.    CARCIIARIlDiE CARCIIARIAS. 


967 


very  short,  its  base  straight,  8lij;htly  obli(iue.     Size  much  less  than 
that  of  Mala  rotunda.     Pelagic;  occasional  oil' our  Atlantic  coast. 

(Tcttodon  trunca!ti8  Retz.  Vet.  Ak.  Nya  Handl.  vi,  ii,  11(5:  OrlliagorUcua  ob1ougu$ 
Bloch  &  Sclin.  1801,  511:  Orthagorincua  /r«n<'«/«8  GUotlier,  viii,  311).) 

Page  C: 

Family  BDELLOSTOMATIDiE. 

The  genera  Heptatrema  and  roUstotrema  may  be  recognized  as  con- 
stituting a  family  {Bdellostoniidw  Gill)  distinct  from  My.rinid(e. 

Page  12.  \V«^  are  indebted  to  Professor  Gill  for  the  following  outline 
of  a  i)roposed  subdivision  of  the  Squall. 

The  existing  Squall  appear  to  be  naturally  divisible  into  four  subor- 
ders, which  (liifer,  so  far  at  least  as  the  first  three  are  concerned,  in 
many  important  respects.    They  may  be  briefly  diagnotied  as  follows: 

I.  OPISTHARTHRI  ou  CYCLOSPONDYLI. 

Squall  with  tho  pnliito-quadrate  apparatus  articulated  or  connected  with  tiio  post- 
orbital  processes  of  the  skull;  tho  mouth  inferior;  branchial  apertures  in  increased 
number  ((>  or  7) ;  only  ono  dorsal  tin.  The  Notidaiiiila'  alone  exhibit  these  peculiaritita 
in  the  existing  fauna. 

II.  PROARTHRI  OR  ACRODONTA. 

SquaU  with  tho  palato-qnadrate  apparatus  articulated  by  an  extensive  surface  with 
tho  preorbital  region  of  tho  skull ;  the  mouth  subterminal  and  the  forehead  declivous. 
The  Ilvlvrodonlidw  are  the  only  living  representatives. 

.  n.  ANAKTHRI  OR  GALEI. 

Squall  with  the  palato-quadrate  apparatus  not  articulated  with  the  skull;  the  den- 
ti^erous  portions  moderately  developed;  the  mouth  inferior.  All  the  living  sharks 
except  the  Squatiu'ula;,  Heterodonlidw,  and Notidanidw  belong  to  this  suborder. 

IV.  RHINiE. 

SquaU  with  the  palato-quadrate  apparatus  not  articulated  with  the  skull;  the  den- 
ti;',erous  portion  advanced  forwards;  the  mouth  terminal;  and  the  pectorals  with  en- 
larged anterior  basal  lobes  which  are  separated  by  notch-lik<!  spaces  from  the  branchial 
region.     The  family  of  Squatinidm  is  the  only  existing  family  of  this  suborder. 

Page  22,  etc.  The  following  brief  "key"  will  perhaps  facilitate  tho 
identification  of  the  species  of  Carcharias,  which  are  at  present  known 
from  our  Atlantic  coast: 

a.  First  dorsal  far  hehind  pectoral.    (Carchariaa) Glaucus 

aa.   First  dorsal  close  behind  pectoral. 
h.   Upper  teeth  oblique,  deeply  notched  ou  outer  margin.     {Platgpodon  Gill.) 

OnscURUS.. 
66.  Upper«teeth  triangular,  suberect,  scarcely  notched  on  enter  margin.    {Eulamia 
Gill.) 
0.  Snout  moderate,  its  length,  from  mouth,  about  equal  to  breadth  of  mouth. 

CCERULKU-S. 

cc.  Snout  very  short,  its  length  much  less  than  breadth  of  mouth Platvodon. 


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968      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 

Page  156.  Professor  Hay  (Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882)  distinguislirs 
Hyhognathus  argyritis  from  the  less  commou  H.  nuclialis  by  the  follow- 
ing characters:  ' 

a.  Eye  small,  shorter  thau  snout;  month  small,  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  short  and 
included;  suborbitals  broad,  the  anterior  suborlital  twice  us  long  as  wide;  intes- 
tinal canal  7  to  10  times  length  of  body Nuchalis. 

aa.  Eye  large,  longer  than  snout;  mouth  small,  oblique,  the  jaws  equal;  suborlntals 
very  uarrov.",  the  anterior  thrico  as  long  as  broad;  intestinal  iiaual  4^  to  7|  times 
length  of  body Argyiutis. 

Page  160.  After  Hyhorhynchus  supercihosus  add: 

§0  (6).— TIRODO:*  Hay. 

(Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882:  tyiie  Tirodon  amnigenva  Hay.) 

Pharj'ngeal  teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  compressed,  not  hooked,  and  with  a  broad 
grinding  surface;  lower  pharnygeal  bones  broad,  sharply  curved. 
Otherwise  as  in  Hyhognathus.    (tej/jw,  to  wear  away;  odouq,  tooth.) 

194  (&).  T.  ainnagcnus  Hay. 

Yellowish  green,  silvery  below;  upper  parts  dotted  with  black;  these 
dots  forming  posteriorly  a  dark  streak  along  lateral  line,  and  one  along 
each  side  of  anal;  fins  pale.  Form  and  ap[)earance  of  Hybognalhus 
argyritis.  Jaws  thin,  the  lower  slightly  included;  mouth  small,  rather 
oblique,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  front  of  eye;  eye  3  in  head,  equal  to 
snout.  Lateral  line  decurved,  complete.  Dorsal  inserted  slightly  before 
verJrals,  a  little  nearer  base  of  caudal  than  snont;  anal  small.  Head  3A; 
D.  8;  A.  7;  scales  5-38-3.  Teeth  2,  4-4,  2,  formed  as  in  Hybognathus. 
Intestinal  canal  3 J  times  length  of  body.  L.  ]^  inches.  Pearl  liiver, 
Mississippi.    (Hay.)  v  ' 

(Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882.)  .      . 

Page  261.  Under  Flops  saums  the  gular  plate  is  about  3  times  as 
long  as  broad.  .       ,. 

Page  296.  In  Hyphnlohedrus  chalybeius  the  interorbital  width  is  one- 
fourth  the  eye,  not  "4  times." 

Page  297.  Coregonus  couesi  is  identical  with  Coregonua  williamsoni, 
and  may  be  suppressed. 

Page  313.  Salvelinns  narcsi  seems  to  be  indistinguishable  from  Salre- 
lintis  oquassa.    It  may  therefore  be  erased.  - 


{  times  as 


Ith  is  one- 


:      ADDENDA 70.    ECHENEIDIID^ — PIITHIRICHTHYS.  969 

Page  350.  Gymnothorax  Bloch  &  Schneider,  is  properly  a  synonym  of 
Murcena.  The  oldest  tenable  name  for  the  subgenus,  called  in  the  text 
^^ Gymnothorax^^  sQQms  to  he  Sidera*  Kiini).  ;> 

Page  358  (899).  The  type  of  the  genus  Ophickthys  Ahl  is,  according 
to  Poey,  Murcena  annulata  Ahl,  which  is  a  species  of  Phodontophis. 
Genus  170  must  theiefore  stand  as  Murwnojpsis  Le  Sueur,  and  170  (6)  as 

Ophichthys  Ahl.  -■  •   ,  :    ,- ?  ^ 

Page  302.  Instead  of  Conger  read: 

114.— L.EPTOCEPHAL.US  Gmelin. 

The  two  species  may  stand  as  588,  L.  conger  (L.)  J.  &  G.  and  588  (6), 
L.  cmidicula  (Beau)  J.  &  G.  • 

Page  400.  We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Joseph  Swain  for  the  following 
key  to  the  species  of  Menidia  : 

a.  Scales  more  or  less  laciniate;  soft  dorsal  and  anal  scaly. 
b.  Anal  rays  I,  ''A  to  I,  18;   D.  Y-I,  7;   Lat.  1.  48;  dark  points  on  scales  of  back, 

forming  about  5  distinct  streaks Vaorans. 

hb.  Anal  rays  I,  10  to  I,  21;  D.  IV-I,  7  or  8;  Lat.  I.  50 Laciniata. 

aa.  Scales  entire;  soft  dor.sal  and  anal  naked. 

e.  Anal  tin  rather  shot  J,  its  rays  I,  15  to  I,  18;  depth  about  5  in  length. 

d.  "Dorsal  rays  V-I,  11" Bekyllina. 

dd.  Dorsal  rayp  IV-I,  8  or  I,  9. 
e.  Scales  rather  small;   Lat.  1.  47;  origin  of  spinous  dorsal  midway  between 

front  of  eye,  and  base  of  caudal  above Auuens. 

ee.  Scales  large;  Lr/t.  «,  38;  origin  of  spinous  dorsal  midway  between  tip  of 

snout  and  u»^<por  base  of  caudal Penin'sul/B 

cc.  Anal  fin  rather  iong,  its  rays  I,  22  to  I,  25. 

/.  Body  rather  deep,  compressed,  its  depth  5  in  length;   head  4f ;   teoth 

rather  strong Bosci. 

ff.  Body  elongate,  its  depth  6  in  length ;  head  5 Notata. 

Page  413.  The  species  of  Polynemus  have  three  anal  spines. 
Fa,ge  4:16.  Aftev  Echeneis  n^Mcrates  add:  ' 

a06  (&).-PHTHIRICHTHYS  Gill. 

(Gill,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1802,  239:  type  Echcneia  lincata  Menzies.) 

Dorsal  laminae  only  10;  palatines  with  sharp  teeth;  otherwise  as  in 
Echeneis  proper.    {<pOs\p^  a  louse;  \x^o<;^  a  fish.) 

65Y  (&).  P.  lineatUS  (Menzies)  Gill. 

Disk  twice  as  long  as  broad,  its  length  4^  in  body;  lower  Jaw  very 
uarrow,  much  projecting.    Head  5  in  length.    Body  blackish,  with  two 

*Kaup,  Apodes,  1856,  70:  type  Murcena  pfeifferi  Bieeker  ==  Martena  picta  Ahl,  (Latin 
lidus,  a  star,  from  the  stellate  spots  in  the  typical  species. ) 


I- 


i!" 

II,;    !:] 


M 


970      CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH   AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY—iv. 

whitish  lateral  bands;  all  the  fins  white-margined.     D.  X-33;  A.  33. 

Tropical  seas,  north  to  South  Carolina. 

(Echeneis  lineata  Menzies,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  i,  187,  1791:  Etheneis  tropica  Eii- 
pbrasen,  Nya  Handl.  1791,  317;  Echeneis  lineata  GUntber,  ii,  382:  Echeneia  ajnmlis  and 
aphyrwiiarum  Poey,  Mem.  Cuba,  il,  254,  255.) 

Page  433.  The  identification  of  the  species  of  Caranx  may  be  facili- 
tated  by  the  following  key,  which  may  be  substituted  for  the  analysis 
giv^en  in  the  text: 

rt.  Rays  of  soft  dorsal  I,  23  to  I,  27;  teetb  snbeqnal,  or  the  onter  a  little  enlarged. 
b.  Sboulder-girdle   below  with  a  flesby  projection,  in  front  of  wbicb  is  a  cross- 
iurrow ;  body  olongate;  deptb  3^  in  lengtb.     (Trachvropa  Gill.) 

CuUMENOPHlHALMes. 

lb.  Shoulder-girdle  without  peculiar  appendage, 
c.  Maxillary  broad ;  dorsal  and  anal  usually  more  or  less  elevated  anteriorly  or 
falcate;  bead  large,  more  than  J  lengtb. 
d.  Scutes  40  to  50.     {  Par atr  act  us  GiU.) 

e.  Pectoral  little  longer  than  head;  depth  3  in  lengtb CnRYsrs.' 

ee.  Pectoral  considerably  longer  tiian  head;  depth  3^  in  length..  .Cabalhs. 
dd.  Scutes  (developed)  about  30.    (Carangoides  Bleeker.) 

/.  Length  of  pectoral  equal  to  deptb  of  body,  which  is  3  in  length CiBi. 

jy.  Length  of  pectoral  less  than  dejith  of  body,  which  is  2J  in  length. 

(Young  of  cifti?) Beani. 

CO.  Maxillary  very  narrow  ;  dorsal  and  anal  scarcely  elevated  in  front ;  head  small, 
not  one-fourth  lengtb  of  body ;  lateral  line  very  strongly  arched ;  scutes 

about  50.     ( Carangopa  Gill) AMBLYUiiYXciirs. 

aa.  Rays  of  soft  dorsal  I,  20  to  I,  22;   body  deep;  teetb  of  the  outer  row  enlarged, 
souietimes  forming  feeble  canines;  scutes  30  tc  3.5.    (Caraux.i) 

g.  Breast  entirely  scaly ;  opercular  spot  very  small Fallax. 

gg.  Breast  naliert,  except  a  small  median  area;  opercular  8i)ot  large. 

Hippos, 
Page  443.  No.  699  should  be— 

699.  T.  gBaucus  (Bloch)  C.  &  Y. 

(Chrtodon  glancua  Bloch,  Ichth.  vi,  76,  pi. 210.) 

Page  489.  After  Ammocrypta  pellucida  add :  *      . 

162  (&)  A.  vivax  Hay. 

Pellucid]  sides  with  10  dusky  blotches,  most  distinct  posteriorly;  14 
similar  blotches  along  back;  top  of  head  speckled;  fins  with  a  few 
dots.  ¥orm  of  A .  pellucida.  Maxillaries  reaching  front  of  orbit;  teoth 
rather  weak;  eye  3^  in  head,  equal  to  snout;  cheeks  and  opercles  scaly. 
Body  covered  with  small,  strongly  ctenoid  scales,  lyxcept  the  regions 
immediately  before  and  behind  bases  of  paired  fins.    Spinous  and  soft 

*Scoviber  cnjaos  Mitchill,  Trans.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  N.  Y.  I,  424,  1815=  Caranx  pis- 
quetiis  C.  &  V. 

t  =  Cara«(7M8  Oirard.  The  proper  type  of  Caranx  is  Scomber  car ang us  Bloch  = -Scojn- 
hcr  hippos  L.  The  word  Caranx  {Carangue)  is  a  corruption  of  the  Portuguese  name 
Acarautia. 


ADDENDA 86.    SEREANID.E TRISOTROPIS. 


971 


>us  iind  soft 


dorsals  about  equal,  their  longest  rays  half  iiead,  about  equal  to  the  in. 
terspace  between  them.  Anal  short  and  high,  half  higher  than  long, 
its  base  not  quite  half  head,  its  spine  weak;  pectorals  and  ventrals 
reaching  a  point  midway  between  base  of  pectorals  and  anal.  Head  d; 
depth  7.  D.  XI-10 ;  A.  I,  9 ;  scales  G-G5-10.  L.  1§  inches.  Pearl  River, 
Mississippi.  {Hay.) 
(Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  18^2.)  '  , 

Page  490.  After  loa  vitrea  add:  -  -  -  . 

764  (h).  k.  vigrilis  Fay.  .    : 

Pellucid,  vitli  about  10  quadrate  dark  blotches  slong  the  back  and 
as  many  along  lateral  line,  the  last  4  or  5  of  these  largest;  a  small  dis- 
tinct black  spot  at  base  of  caudal;  head  dusky  above,  its  sides  plain. 
Bodj'  slender,  the  caudal  peduncle  deep  and  compressed,  twice  as  long 
as  deep.  Head  long,  pointed;  mouth  large,  the  jaws  equal,  the  niaxil- 
laries  reaching  front  of  pupil;  teeth  recurved  ;  opercular  spine  well  de- 
veloped. Head  naked;  eye  large,  3  in  head,  longer  than  snout.  Por- 
sal  fins  similar,  longer  than  high;  anal  longer  than  high,  somewhat 
smaller  than  second  dorsal,  its  spines  sleniier,  half  as  long  as  soft  rays. 
Posterior  portion  of  body  densely  scaled;  anterior  portion  apparently 
with  a  few  scales  above  lateral  line,  none  below;  hiteral  line  not  de- 
veloped on  the  last  5  or  6  scales.  Head  32;  depth  G.  D.  X — 12;  A.  H, 
10;  Lat.  1.  about  GO.    L.  1^  inches.     Pearl  Eiver,  Mississippi.    (ITay.) 

(Hay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882.) 

Page  494.  Vaillantia  chlorosoma  is  identical  with  V.  carmira. 

Vfige  oi-i.  Instead  of  Pnacanthus  macrojahthalmus  lend: 

858.  P.  arcnatus  C.  &  V. 

(Cuv.  &  Val.  iii,  101,  1829.  The  original  Anthiaa  mar)'02)hthalmua  Blucb,  is  a  dift'erent 
species.)       .         ■-„."'  _-.■■■'..- ^  '■''""',';--  '-,/    '-^.  .  ,,  ,■     ",. 

Page  549.  Tjutjanus  hJaclc/ordi,  the  lied  Snapper,  seems  to  be  identi- 
cal with  L.  campechianus.    It  ranges  southward  to  Aspinwall. 

Pages  534,  553.  The  Perca  formosa  of  Linn,  is  the  Scrranun  fascicii- 
hris  of  C.  &,  v.,  and  not  the  Biaha  ,is  formosus  of  the  text.  The  former 
should,  therefore,  stand  as  Serranus  formostis  (L.)  J.  &  G.  aiid  the  latter 
as  Diabasis  plumieri*  (Lac.)  J.  &  G-. 

Page  538  (918).  The  description  of  Trisotropis  hriinneus,  on  page  538, 
should  be  canceled,  the  species  not  being  known  from  our  coast.    To 


itS'i' 


:  m 


*  Labrua  plumieri  Lacdpbde,  Hist.  Nnt.  Poias.  iii,  480,  1802. 


972       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 

the  description  of  our  species,  T.  stomias  G.  &  B.,  on  page  918,  add ; 
Head  3;  depth  4;  Lat.  1.  about  x40.  Body  rather  slender,  compressed. 
Scales  smooth,  with  many  accessory  scales.      ^      ;'/    -      ,; 

Page  557.  The  second  interspinal  bone  of  the  anal  is  enlarged  and  pen- 
shaped  in  the  species  of  Stenotomus  and  Calamus.  It  is  normal,  and  not 
pen-shaped,  in  the  typical  species  of  the  groups  called  Pagrus,  i^jmnis 
{ChryHophnjii),  Fagclh(s,  as  well  as  in  Diplodus,  Archosargus,  and  Lagodon. 

Page  557  (920),  Our  suggestion,  on  page  929,  that  Argyropn  Sw. 
should  be  substituted  for  Stmotomus,  is  premature.  The  species  called 
Argyropf  {spimfer,  ehrenhergi,  auriga)  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to 
Stenotomus  caprinns,  and  according  to  Steindachner  (Beitr.  zur  Kenntn. 
Fisclie  Afrika's,  ii,  3,  4,  1882)  their  anterior  teeth  are  somewhat  coin 
l)re8sed.  Professor  Doderlein  has,  however,  published  (Giorn.  Scienz, 
Nat.  Econ.  Palermo,  xiv,  1879)  photographs  of  the  dentition  of  Pagrus 
.  ehrenbergi  C.  &  V.,  from  which  it  appears  that  these  teeth  are  really 
robust  canines  and  not  incisors.  Dr.  H.  E.  Sauvage,  who  has  kindly 
examined  the  specimens  of  '■'•Pagrus  spinifcr''''  in  the  Paris  Museum, 
has  lately  informed  us  that  the  dentition  of  this  species  is  essentially 
that  of  Sparus  pagrus,  and  different  from  that  of  Stenotomus. 

Page  559.  The  description  in  the  text  of  Diplodtis  caudimacula  was 
drawn  fn)i!i  young  specimens  of  J),  holbroolci,  which  may,  however,  prove 
to  be  scarcely  distinct  from  the  true  caudimacula  of  Cuba. 

Page  5G0.  Instead  of  Pimelepter us  read: 

289.— CYPIIOSirS  Lacdpfede. 

(Kyphosua  Lac.  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  iii,  115,  1802:  type  iyp/iosjM  higibbus  Lac.  wd^joS, 
yibbous.)  ' 

88T.  C.  toosqui  (Lac.)  J.  &  G. 

Page  G30.  Instead  of  Phihjpnus  read: 

339.-GOBI01WORUS  Lac<5pMo.     V,;     , 

(Lac6pfedo,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  ii,  589,  1800:  type  Gohiomorus  dormitor  'Lac^^Plattjceph- 
al  118  do)-mitaior  B\,  &  Schn.  li^Oi:  Gobius;  6/< opo?,  adjoiuiug.  Gobiomoroidia 
Lac.  iH  not  a  synouym  of  £7eo/Ws.) 

Page  882.  Instead  of  ParalicHhys  ophryas  read:  r 

1263.  P.  occllaris  (Dck.)  J.  &  G. 
Cape  Cod  to  Florida;  generally  common. 

{I'lafciim  occllaris  Dokay,  Now  York  Faniia,  Fishes,  1842,  300:  Paeuaorhombna  occUarin 
GUuthc",  iv,  4'.i0.) 


ADDENDA 86.    SERRANID^ PABANTHIAS 


973 


ac.      MUcpoi, 


nbiiB  ocellarii 


Page  426.  The  dorsals  in  Scomheromorus  concolor  are  contiguous,  as 
in  S.  maculatus.        ,      ,    .         ,.        .  ...  .     ,         ,, 

Page  438.  Under  No.  G92,  for  "Akerly"  read  "Mitcbill." 

Page  447.  Instead  of  Oligoplites  ocddertalis  read,  707.  0.  saurus  (Bl. 
&  Schu.)  J.  «&  G.  (=  Scomber  saurus  Bl.  &  Scbn.  32).  The  original  Gas- 
terosteus  occidentalis  L.  (Syst.  Nat.  Ed.  X)  is  not  this  iish,  and  ia  uniden- 
tifiable. 

Page  519.  Poecilichthys  hutlerianus  is  identical  with  F.  harratti. 

Page  534.  Instead  of  Serranus  tri/urcus  read,  837.  8.  philadclphicu8 
(L.)  J.  &  G.  {  =  Perca  philadelphica  L.  Syst.  Nat.  Ed.  X). 

Page  539  (918).  Nos.  847  and  850  (c)  should  apparently  stand  as  Epl- 
ncphelus  impetiyinosus  (Miiller  &  Troschel)  Poey,  and  as  Epincphdus 
apua  (Bloch)  Goode  &  Bean,  respectively.  The  prior  names  jmnctatusj 
atlanticus,  and  guttatus  are  of  very  doubtful  application. 

Page  553  (924).  Instead  of  Didbasis  chrysopterus  read,  873.  D.  aurolin- 
eatus  (C.  &  V.)  J.  &  G.  The  original  Perca  chrysoptera  L.  is  some  other 
fish,  probably  unidentifiable.  ^   i  ■  -  ■  ■         - 

Page  G03  (936).  No.  046  (P.  radiatus  of  the  text)  should  stand  as 
Platyglossus  cyanostlgma  (C.  &  V.)  Gthr.,  while  No.  947  {bivittatiis) 
should  be  P.  radiatus  (L.)  J.  &  G.  The  latter  species  is  the  original 
Sparus  radiatus  L. 

Page  605.  instead  of  Xyrichthys  vermiculatus  read,  951.  X.  Uneatus 
(Gmel.)  J.  &  G.  {Coryphmna  hneata  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.  1195).  No.  952. 
X  lineatus  C.  &  Y.  should  be  omitted,  as  not  found  on  our  coasts. 

Page  616.  Under  Pomacanthus  arc uatus  read:  ,. 

D.  X,  29;  65  scales  between  scapula  and  caudal;  85  to  90  in  a  series 
above  lateral  line.  .  - 

Page  690.  The  "Northern  variety"  of  Icelus  notospilotus  seems  to  be 
a  distinct  species — Lfenestralis  Jor.  &  Gilb.  I*^^  has  a  small  i)ore  behind 
fourth  £fill.      ' 

Page  916.  The  generic  name  Brachyrhinus  is  preoccupied.  For  it 
may  be  substituted: 

ara  (6).  PARANTIIIAS  Ouichdnot. 
(GuicMnofe,  Ann.  Soo.  Liau.  Maine-et-Loire,  x,  1868:  type  Serranus  furoifer  C.  &  V.) 


im 


974       CONTRIBUTIONS   TO    NORTH    AMERICAN    ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 

Page  945.  To  tbe  account  of  Oobius  encccomus  add: 
Head  4;  depth  5|.    D.  Vl-11;  A.  12;  Lat.  1.  37. 

Page  104.  Instead  of  Amiurus  catus  read,  98.  A.  nehuloHus  (Le  S.)  Gill. 
The  Silurus  catm  L.  ia  not  this  fish,  and  is  not  identifiable. 

Page  358  (899,  9G9).  The  proper  type  of  the  genus  Ophichthtjs  Ahl. 
{De  Murccna  et  Ophichtho  1789)  is  Murccna  ophis  L.  The  name  OphichtlnjH 
should  therefore  be  used  as  on  page  358,  for  the  species  with  sharp 
teeth.  Those  with  granular  teeth  {Pisodontophis  Kaup)  s)«ould  b« 
called  Ophinurus  (Lacdpede,  ii,  195,  1800:  type  0.  ophis  Lac,  nee  L.). 
Our  species  suould  stand  as,  584  {b).  Ophisurus  acuminatus  (Gronow) 
J.  &G. 

Page  440.  The  caudal  peduncle  in'  ^^  Selene^  setipinnis  is  Jirmed  as  iu 
Caranx,  but  more  feebly.  - 

Page  442.  Instead  of  Trachynotus  ovatus  read,  097.  T.  rhomhoidcH 
(Bloch)  C.  &  V.  (=  Chcetodon  rhomboides  Bloch,  Ichthyol.  pi.  209.) 
The  true  T.  ovatus,  from  the  East  Indies,  is  thought  by  Liitkeu  to  be 
specifically  different. 

Page  532  *  No.  835  may  stand  as  Polyprion  cernium  Val.  Epineph- 
elus  oxygeneios  is  said  to  be  a  species  of  Oligorus. 

Page  736.  Instead  of  Prionotus  evolans  read,  1126.  P.  sarritor  Jor.  & 
Gilb.;  and  instead  c.f  subsp.  lineatus  read,  1126  (6).  P.  stHgatus  C,  &  V. 
Trigla  evolans  L.  is  not  identifiable,  and  Trigla  Uneata  Mitchill  was  au 
erroneous  identification  of  T.  Uneata  Bloch. 

*The  coirectious  suggested  on  this  page  and  the  preceding  have  not  been  intro- 
duced into  the  table  of  contents. 


.■vv  'vi^S 


*W?SIW' 


Tfl 


^n 


INDEX 


t  been  intio- 


Page. 
A. 

Abadojo 538 

nbbotti  (Osmprus) 204 

(Syngnatbus) 384 

Abcoiia 587 

Abraiuis 249 

acadian  (Cottus) 685 

acadianim  (Glyptoccpbalns) 838 

(IIeiniti'iptcrU8 C85 

Acant  barchu8 4G8 

Acanthias 16 

ncanthias   10, 17 

Acanthochajtodon 615 

Acautbccottaa 700 

Acanlholiibius 641 

Acanthonutus 370 

Acanthopteri 397 

Acantboptorygii 397 

AcautboBoma 8C5 

Acauth!  stracium 854 

Acanthi  rida) 610,  880 

Acii u I hu ru8 617, 941 

accrvuin 426 

acbigan 485 

A<  hirus 841 

acbii'us 842 

Acipcaser 85 

Acipt-nsoridcc 84 

acipenserinus 730, 731 

aekloyl 878 

A  comus 124 

acoupa 570 

Acrochiliia 150 

Acronurida) , 610 

Acronui'ua 617 

Actinochlr 741 

aculeatus  (Chrysophrya) 557 

(ClinuB) 777 

(Gasterosteus) 393,395 

(Halieutichthjs) 851 

(Lopbiua) 851 

(Spams) 557,929 

(Stichaius) 777 

acuminata  (Miirisoa) 899 

(Scimna)  573 

acumluatuB  (Eqiies) ^ 573 

(Gramraistes) 573 

(Opbichthys)  899 

(Opblaurns) 899 

(Pareques) 573 

acuta  (My liobatis) 51 

(Perca) 524 


acutirostris  (Acipenser) 86,87 

( Auguilla) 301 

adamanticus 92,  880 

adarondacus 317 

Adinia 335,891,892 

adinia  (Fundulus) 335,81)1 

adHpersua 51)9 

iBgliUuim 803 

Jiiuricbthys 110 

a;ncu8  (Ccntrarghus) 407 

(CottUB) 701 

(Piiuelodus) 102 

icniKmaticus 620 

ffipyptoia 10 

a>8ciilapiu8 888 

a'Hopu8 403 

JCBiivalis  (Ceiaticbthys) 210 

(Clupea) 207 

(Gobio) 210 

(Poniolubus) 207 

Aiitobat  is 50, 879 

ai(;r  (Gyuinothorax) 895 

afliuo  (Siphostonia) 3S3, 904, 1)06 

afflniH  (Atbciinops) 409 

(Atbeiinopsis) 409,410 

(Caiapus) 791 

(CaulolatiluH) 6J0 

(Clinostonius) 232 

(Gambusia)  345,348 

(Gila) 229 

(Ueteiandiia) ". 340,894 

(Leuciscus) 232 

(Lucanla) 343 

(.Syngiiatbns) 383 

(Tbyiiuus)  430 

afra  (Mura^na) 895 

agassizi  (Acipenser) 87 

( Aniphistichus) 592 

(Chologastoi) 325 

(llyperi)ro8opon) 592 

(Pimephales) 159 

agilis 807 

Agnus C28 

Agonidaa 722,880 

Agonus 728 

Agosia 208 

oggregatus 590 

Aguja  blanca 420 

Agnjade  casta 420 

Aigrette 601 

aigula 601 

Ailurichthys 110 

975 


\^ 


Ml 
til 


976 


INDEX. 


m 


I* 
r'illi 

■J       '    ) ' 


Page. 

nilnnis 105 

aljilonca 428,420 

aInHcaniis 415 

alatunga 4.D 

albucnra 42D 

albicauda .'....         417 

Alltitore 428,420,430 

nlliidiini  (Moxontonia) 141 

albiduH  (Aniiiirus) 107 

(Gadim) 800 

(Ictnliirus) 107 

(Labrnx) 530 

(McihuiuB) 800 

(PiiiU'lodiis) 107 

(Ptycbostoinus) 142 

(Tetraptuius) 420,909 

albifTutta 823 

aibirustriR  (Syiiirnathns) 000 

(Corythrokhthys) 900 

Albiili. 258 

albula  (MiigU) 403,404,908 

Albur-ljs 2.'8 

albulus  (Bryttus) .' 482 

(Lepomis) 481 

al'tnm  (Ilicmulon)  024 

(Moxostoma) 139 

Alburnellus 185,200 

Alburnopa 185, 189 

Albnrnus 251,884 

nlbui'uus  (Menticirrun) 577,578,933 

albus  (Coresomis) 299 

(Diabasis) 024 

( Ptychostomua) 130 

alectrolophus  ( Anoplarchus) 771 

AlfpidosanridoD 274 

Alepidosaurus 275,270,888 

alepidofum  (GobioBoraa) 638 

alepidotus  (Cbictodon) 451 

,  ..  (Gobius) 638 

(Stromateus) 451, 914 

AlepocephalidiB 257 

Ak'pocepbalus 257 

Alo.wife 267 

Alflone 506 

Algan^ea 244,245 

AliEoma 155 

nliciiD 238 

Alilonghi 428 

alipps 321 

AUisator-flsh 730 

AUigatorGar 92 

alliteratua 430 

All-mouth 844 

AUosoniiis 301 

Alopecias 27 

Alopias 27 

Alopiidao -  26 

Alosa 207 

aloBoides 259,260 

alta(Cliola) 103 

altcrnans 038 

altipiunif 195 

altivelis 018 

altus  (Biibalicbthys) 116,883 

(Hudsonius) 164 


altns  (Priacanthas)  i^- 

alutacvuB jj« 

Aliitera '. ^r^ 

alutaH IJ3J 

Alvarius r.■^^  ..„, 

alvcata \~l 

alvofdi gijj 

Alvoi'dius r  Q,) 

ainabilis )  y  ■ 

aniara  (Al;j;oraa) i;j 

atnaruB  (Hiidaonius) ];( 

( Uy  bognatbus) i.-^g 

arabaHHis 5-^ 

Amberfish 444 

Amblodou  ritlT 

Ambloplitca 4fj\ 

aniblops '^14 

Amblyopiiia) (•;({, 

Aiublyopaidas 323 

Aniblyopsia   324 

arablyopaia  (Ciiliua) !)44 

amblyihynchiia 431, 912, 070 

Ainoiurus 102 

americaua  (Liiciopcrca) 535 

(Morone) Mj 

(Morrhua)  804 

(Perca) 524,531 

(Raia) 41 

(Scorpsena) C85 

(Stilbc) 25D 

(Tautoga) ao 

araericanua  (Abramia) 250 

( Acanthiaa) 17 

(Aminodytea) 411,909 

( Arapbiprion) 5:12 

(Apogon) 5C3,9,'!0 

(Apogoiiichthya) 504 

(Carchariaa) 27 

(Cyprimia) 2'jO 

(Kncbelyopua)  799 

(Eques)  932 

(Esox) 332 

(riemitripterus) C8J 

(Uippogloaaua) 819 

(Iliatiophorua)  421,909 

(Labrax) 551 

(Leuciacua) 250 

(Leucoaomna) 250 

(Lophius) 841 

(Luxilua) 250 

(XotemigoDua) 250 

(Odontaapw) 28,874 

(Potrouiyzon)  11 

(Pbycia) 799 

(Plargyrus)  250 

(Pleuronectea)  637 

(Tvoccua) 530 

(Squalua) 28 

(Stilbiua) 2r.O 

araothyetinua 317 

Amia 94, 503 

amia  (Caranx) 911 

Amiatua 94 

Aiuiidte 92 

Amitra '....  739 


INDEX. 


977 


M5 

IJO 

'. K'lH 

!01 

:-u.w» 

aiti 

CUT 

F,0(t 

l!).-, 

i:« 

171 

IM 

5-„S 

444 

.%7 

if'- 

no 

323 

3:4 

!I41 

431,012,1>T(I 

, 102 

, 525 

, 5;)1 

8114 

524,531 

41 

685 

250 

ceo 

250 

, 17 

411,9119 

532 

503,030 

8) !1C4 

_^,, .....---  27 

'"" 250 

799 

932 

''"'. 3J2 

) C8.j 

819 

, 421,909 

551 

250 

250 

[ 844 

250 

'. 250 

' 28,874 

'. 11 

799 

'' 250 

837 

,"'. .530 

'"' 28 

[ 250 

317 

04,5(3 

'/.'. 911 

__' 94 

"."'" 92 

"...  739 


Page. 

Amiurus 102,881 

AmniocoDtes 9,867,868 

Ammocrypta 488,970 

Ammodytes 414,909 

Ammody  ti<la) 414 

amnigenas OK 

Amphiodon 260 

ampbiodou 260 

Ampbioxus 8 

AmphiaticbuB 500,936 

,iniplu8 420,009 

anipallacens 365 

Annblepinai 327 

Aimcanthini 897,788 

Auacanthiui  ploiironectoidei 813 

anagallinug 479 

anale  (Ditrema)  ; 691 

analis  (Amphistichus) 691 

(Ciutridt  rniiththys) 717 

(Hyporpiosopon) 591 

(Hypocj  itichtbyg) 591 

(01ii;ocottu«) 717 

(Orthagoriacus) 866 

(Sauius) 889 

unalogus 939 

auulostann 179 

Anarrbifhadida) 754 

Anari  bi<'bas 781 

Auarrbicbtbys 782 

Anarthri 967 

anceps 506 

Anchisonaas 860 

Anchovy 271,272 

Ancylopactta 821,825 

Angd-flsb  612, 613, 015 


Angel  Shark 

angelus 

Angler 

auglorum 

Angnilla 

anguilla  (Murasna) 


35 
35 
844 
747 
361 
301 


anguillariH  (Bleunius) 778, 784 

(Enchelyopus) 784 

(Luiupcnus)  777 

(Stichajiis) 778 

(Zoarces) 784 

Anguillidnj 357 

Auisarchua 776 

AnisotrcMus 552,  923 

anisnrnm 130, 141 

annaa  727 

aunulariR  (.Talis) 602 

(I'oiiioxys) 464 

annnlata  (Molanuva) 350 

annulatns  (Aiitennni'ius) 846 

anomala  (Dekaya) 626 

anomalum  (Canipoatoina) 149 

anonialus  (Caulolat ilus) 625, 626 

(Kutilus) 148,149 

Anoplagonus 724 

Anoplarcbus 770 

Anoplopoma 649 

anoplns 629,941 

Adtocens ; 85 

I  AntenuariidtD 845 

Bull.  Nat.  Mu8.  No.  16 62 


P»(je. 

Antennariua 845 

anticus 246 

antillanns 551 

•ntiquorum  (Hippocampus) 386, 006 

(Pristis) 37,875 

sntiHtlna  (Cbcenobryttua) 407 

antonien8i8  10.5 

Apeites 896 

apeltea  (Ga8t«rogt«a8) 396 

Aphoriatia 842 

Aphredoderldaj 460 

Aphredoderus 460 

apiatns 476 

apicalis 070 

Aplcsion S14 

Aplocentrua 880 

Aplodinoiua 567 

Apocope 209 

Apodea 354 

Apodicbtbys 769 

Apogon 563,930 

Apogonidffi 563 

Apogonichtbya 931 

Apomotia 472,473 

apoa 766 

nppendiculatua 381 

appeudix  (AmmoctBtea) 867,808 

(Labrua) 480 

(Petromyjion) 868 

(Pomotia) 477,480 

A  prion 24 

a]irion  (Diapterna) 935 

(Gorrca) 935 

Aprionodon 24,  874 

apua 920,073. 

apua 766, 

aqnilenaia 474,480' 

sqnoaua 816. 

arabatacb 309- 

araeopus 12T 

aramaca 816,  817,  964i 

Arcboplitea 465. 

Arcbosargus 558,929,971 

Krctica  (Liparis) 742, 957 

arctifrons  (Calamua) 927 

(Citharicbtbya) 8ia 

Arctozenua 278 

arcuatum  (Ditrema) 502 

(Ilffimnloii) 553 

(Hyperprosopon) 502. 

arcnataa  ( Arapbiatichna) 501 

(ChiEtodon) 616 

(Poinacauthua) 618. 

arcturus 819. 

ardens  (Catoatoinua) 128- 

(Hypailepia) 198. 

(Minnilus) 108 

ardcaiaca  (Gila) 235. 

ardeaiaoaa  (Lepomia) 480 

(Squalina) 235. 

arenataa  (Priacanthua) 071 

(Ebinicbthya) 885,886 

arge  ( Albumellua) 202: 

argentata  (Couchia) 707 

(Motella) 707. 


978 


INDEX. 


Page. 

argeotatiis  (AHtyanax) ''i^ 

,„,  (Plargynis) 187 

(Ti'tragonoptcru*) 255 

ars;entpa  (IlypHiptera) 788 

(Silcne) ...  439,440 

(Spbyro-na) 411 

argentea.u  <Ditrcran) 6D3 

(Hyperprosopon) '    602 

krgenteuB  ( Animocmtcs) 10 

(Anipliistichus) 503 

(Encinostomus)  584,035 

'■'      ,'-        (Gern'8) 584,034 

(HolcoDotnd)  036 

\  (Icbthyomyzon) 10 

J  (Leiiciscus) 222 

'*"  (PaRTUs) 558 

"*■  (Petromyzon) 0,10,867,808 

^  (SparuH) 556 

(Tetragonopterns) 255 

Argentina 205 

argentiHsimuB 253 

argentona 157 

Arpyr.ia 406 

argyreiosus 223 

Argyreua  208 

argyreus  (Fario) 307 

Argyriosus 480 

argyi'iosus 222 

argyritis .156,068 

argyroliMica 671 

Argyrops 829,072 

argyiops  557,558,020 

argyrosoma  (Embiotoca) 597 

Argyrosoiims  300 

argyrosonins  ( Damalichthys) 507 

Atgyioloenia 415, 000 

nriommim 104 

Anopsia     110 

Arius 109,882 

Ailina 491 

arlingtonia 345 

arniatuii ; Aspidophoras) « . .         728 

(Centridermichthys) 714 

(Leptocottus) 713 

artedi     300,301 

Artediiis 680 

artesi* 510 

arundinaceua 385 

Ascelichthys 686 

asper  (Centridermichthys) 695 

(Cottopsis) 695 

(Cottus)..., 695 

(HesagrammuB) 641, 043, 949 

(Pleuronectes)    835 

aspera  (Limanda) 835 

aspcra  (Uranidea) 604 

Aspicottus 710 

Aspidophoroides 724 

Aspidopliorus 728 

asprella 400 

osprigcnis  (Poecilichthys) 518 

aspro 501 

Aatatichtbys 614 

asteriaa  (Blennius) 061 

(MusteluB) 870 


Astcmopteryx 5^j 

aatori , 1 

Astronesthea '     1 

ABtroscopus "  J2^  ^^^1 

Aslyanax '         .^l 

AthoreBthes    g^.f 

Atherina '[ 

AtherlnichthyB .^\ 

Atherinidie ^ 

AtherinoideB .^t 

atherinoideB  (Chriddonis) gn,  ( 

(KotropiB) 202  I 

Atherinopa ^j- 

Atherinopais .^^ 

atkinsii jgj 

atlanticuB  (Elacate  I ^jg 

(EpinepholuB) 918,973 

(MogalopK) gg- 

(Sparua) 54Q 

Atractoperca 535  , 

AtractOBCion 579  Q33 

Atractosteus 90  ggQ 

atraria  (Perca) 534 

(Siboma) 241,f!8C,887 

atrariaB  (CentropriHtis) 534 

(Pimelodus) jqs 

(Serranus)   533,916 

(SqualiuB) 241,886 

atricanda 343 

atrilatuB 340, 892, 894 

atripcB  (Ditreua) 595 

(LytbruruB) 197 

(MinniluB) 197 

atripinnis  (Arlina) i% 

(Goodea) 34^ 

(Ulocentra) 495 

atromacnlata  (Eatrclla) 490 

Btromaculatum  ( Boleosorna) 492 

atroniaculattis  (Cyprinus) 221 

atronasns  (Rhinicbtbys) 208,885 

atropurpurouB 771 

atrovircns 602 

attcnnatuB 29;i 

AuchcnoptoruB 764 

auctorum 553 

nudens 008,909 

auliscus 905, 906 

AuIorliyncbidoB 391 

AulorhynchuB 301, 908 

Aulostoma 390 

Aiilostomatidfc 390 

aurantiacuB  (Bulistes) 858 

(Ceratacantlms) 858 

(Cottogaster) 505 

(Uadroptcrus) 505 

(Uypohomus) 505 

aurata  (Cliola) 175 

(Moniana) 175 

auratna  (Carasains) 25o 

(Cyprinus) 253 

(Gadua) 804 

(MulluB) 931 

auroa  (Clupea) 270 

auruolum  (Moxoatoma) 140 

aureoluB  (Catotomua) 140 


INDEX. 


979 


lit 


7W| 

8,571 

287| 

255] 

820 1 

405] 
40<i| 

•4041 
406 
803 
202' 
409! 
409  I 
395 
419 
...  918,973 
887 
540 
535. 
...  579,033 
...    92,880 
534 
241, 186, 887 
534 
105 
....  533,916 
....  241,886 
842 
.340,892,894 
595 
197 
197 
496 
348 
495 
492 

402 

221 

....  208,885 

771 

602 

293 

764 

505 

908,909 

903,906 

391 

391,!)08   j 

390   1 

390   1 

858  I 

858 

505 

505 

505 

175 

175 

, 25o 

253 

804 

931 

270 

140 

140 


Page. 

aureolas  (Xcnotia) 478 

aareoTittata  (Scrlola) 444 

aureus  (Amuiocostes) 807,868 

(Cluponodon) 270 

(Eupomotis) 483 

(Fnndulus) 340 

(Ilaplochilus) 340 

(Spams) 4d3 

auricalatus 670,071 

nuriga    542,020 

anrita  (Ichtholis) 478 

auritus  (Labrus) 477,478 

(LepomiH) - 477,478 

(Pomotla) 483 

aurolineatus. 025,073 

aurora  (Abcona) 588 

(Catostomus) 127 

(Farlo) 315 

(Salmo) 315 

aurombens 640,  550 

154 

135 

424 

, 367 

708 

831 

8 


anstralo  

austrinum 

Anxia 

avocetta 

axillaris 

ajTcsl  (Parophrys)  . . 
(Petromyzon) . 


Ayresia 611,030 

B. 

bacalana 636 

Bachelor 464 

badius 885,886 

065 

578 

316 

965 

257 

607 

812 

320 

320 

607 


Bffiostoraa 

Bagara  

Baiono 

Baiostoma 

bairdi  (Alepocephalua) 

(Cottus) 

(Macrurua) 

(Salmo) 

(Salvelinua) 

(Uranidea) 

bairdianuni 005,006 

Bairdiella 570 

bajonado 026,927 

Balao 002 

balao 002 

baliaa  (Chims) 645 

Balistea 854 

BalistidoB 854 

baltoatna  (Equea) 032 

(Richardaonius) 251 

Barb .-         577 

barbatum  (Echioatoma) 286, 287 

barbatua  (Mullua) 565,031 


(Siphagouus) 

Barboro  

bardua 

Bar-flab 

barkani 

Banodoor  Skats 

Barracuda 

ban  a«nda  (Sphynena) 


725 
617 
122 
465 
727 
42 
410 
412 


barrattl 610,  »78 


Pace. 

Baahaw 109 

Baaillchthys 40« 

Baskingsbark 30 

Baaa 4»t,323 

Dastard  Ilnlibut 821 

Bastard  Snapper 540 

Bat-flah 51,738,840 

Batbyniastor 022 

Bathyiuasterinto 010 

Batrachidu; 750 

Batraclum  750,058 

Bayou  Baas 484 

Bay  shark 00 

BdoUoatoma  5,807 

UduUostumatidic 0^ 

headh'i 100 

beani  (Animocrypta) 480 

(Caranx) 430,  OU,  070 

(Limanda; —         835 

(Plcuronoctca) 836 

beckwithi 170 

belizantis 345 

bellicus 213 

Bellows  flsh 3S8,8U 

bellua 100 

Belone 372 

bolone  (Tetrapturua) 009 

Beloovaox 344 

Bolunopaia !106 

bendirei 606 

Bentbodearaua 010 

berlandieri 403 

bcrnardinl 128 

Berycidaj 457 

beryllina 408,009,060 

biaculeatua 305, 306 

bicolor  ( Algansea) 246 

( Animocoetes; 868 

(Leuciacua) 246 

(Loucus) 246 

(Squalius) 237 

(Tigoma) 237 

bicomis  (Icelus) 693, 952 

BielayaRyba 307 

blfrcnata 162 

Big-eye 644 

Big-oycd  Herring 260,261 

Big-eyed  Scad 434 

biguttatua  (Ceratichthy s) 212 

(Cocblognathus) 161 

(SemotiUia) 211,212 

bilinearis 800 

bilineata  (Lopldopsotta) 834 

(Platcaaa) OM 

bilineatum  ( Priatipoma)  552 

bilineatus  (Pleuronectes) 833,834 

(Pomadaays) 652,023 

Bill-flah 01,374,375,420 

177 
720 
500 
040 
344 
940 
344 


M 


billingslana 

bilobna 

bimacalata  (Etheoatonia) 

bimaculatua  (Chaetodon) 

(Pseudoxiphophoms) . 

(Sarothrodas) 

(XiphophoniB) 


3 


980 


INDEX. 


Page. 

btnocnlato. 43,878 

bipimuilnt'is 446,913 

birogfris 52,53,880 

bison  (Aspicottns) 710,711 

;  (Cnrpiodes)  119 

(Enophrys)  710 

<Iotiobu8) 883 

bispliiotus  (Gast<^ro8tcas) 300 

(ulyliobfttia) 51 

bisus 425 

'•[     bivittatna  (Ilybopais) 100 

(Lftbrus) 037 

(Mlnnilus) 195 

(Pl»t/gl088us) 030, 973 

Blnck  Andrei 041 

Itass 484 

Blark-fln 301 

■ttsh 533,600 

bUckfonli 549,921,071 

lUdck  Gnmper r>38,540 

Gnuit 553 

Horeo 120,121 

BlftoknoHoil  Daco 200 

IVrrh 605 

Sea-Uuss 631,633 

Blacksmith 611 

Blaok  Sturgeon 87 

Blakca 783 

blanclinrdi 761 

\,    Blanqaillo 023,025,026 

Bleuuicottus 717,718 

Blcnniiilas 753,880 

bleunioidea 407,502 

blonnioporca 497 

Blenuiopa 706 

Blcnnlua 7'>9,  961 

blcuuiua  ( Alburuopx) .  189, 193 

(Miuoiliis) 193 

Blcnnophis 756 

Blenny 753, 759 

Blepharichthys 438 

Blephiuis 438 

BlepMhs 710 

Blind  Cat... 102 

,      Blimi-flsb  823 

Blob COO 

Blowor 801 

Blue-bnpk 207 

■back  Salmon '        308 

-back  Trout 318 

BhuCoil OiO 

Bluclln 301 

-Hsh 447, 448,  560,  6P0, 003 

r'aoMullet 130 

Perch 604,690 

Pike ^'16, 620 

Shark 22 

Soccaccio 650 

Botlinnus 641, 002 

b«Hiian(i8  (Cossypmis) 002 

Bolelchthys 514,510 

bolooidca 600 

BolcosotUE. 401 

boloosoma  (Qobioe) 046 

boUi 881 


Page. 

bombifroas 478,479 

bouariouais 445,013 

bonasus jij 

Booe-Dog ig 

Bono-flsh 258 

Bonito 427,428 

Bonnot-headed  Shark 25 

Bony-fish 209 

l>oop8 438 

boroa  (Lncloporca) 529 

borcalis  ( Alopidosaurus) 276 

(Aiuiurua) jog 

( Arctozcnus) 278 

(Caulopua) 27^ 

(Lajmargv-ol 15 

(Maurol)cus) 2^ 

(Notorhynchna) 34 

(Paialepia) 27s 

(Fimclodua)    joj) 

(Sf^opclua)    284 

(Sphyrnsna) ^\l 

(Sudis) 278 

Boroocottua 706 

Borcogadus 807 

Borer 5 

boreum  (Stizostcdium) .        !;26 

boreus  (Eaox) 353 

boscl  ( Athorina) 407 

(GobioHoma)  f4(( 

(Gxibiiia)  638,W(; 

(Leuciscua)  .         250 

(Meuidia) 407, 908,  ftW,  osi 

(IMnieloptcrus) 561 

(Seriola) 445, 913 

Iwaqul  (Oy phoana) 972 

bosqiiitinua 756, 757 

boatouieusia  (Angnilla) ;i6i 

(Catoatomua) 127,130 

(Muriuna) ;i6l 

Bothragouna "28, 956 

Bothroiiuuma 441, 442 

Bot  bus 815 

boucanli 246 

bouvicri 315 

buvinus .TO,  890 

Bowtln 94 

bo  wniaui 187 

brachinlo 965 

brachyacanthuB 881 

Biachyiatiua 588,58»,9;u; 

Biuchyoi'sia 726,955 

brachypmlu 394 

Brachyprosopon 8;i8 

brachy ptera  (Echoneia) 417 

brachyptcrua  (Komoropais/ 417 

(Thynnus) 429 

(Zygoneotes) .141,890 

brachyrhy  nchua M 

Brachyrhinna 916,973 

brachy  Bomua 9S7 

brachyurnr 72 

Braiua 46^915 

Brauiidaa 455 

Branch  Ilerrlng %" 

Branoh'oatoma 3,887 


INDEX. 


981 


Pag©. 
Bnvnch!otitoinatidiB 2 

bntHilienttis  (Alliorlua) *08 

(Atlnriuiclithi-8) 40« 

(Ebox) 902 

(Hemirbomphus)... 902 

(Meuiam) 408,909 

(Mtifiil)  403 

(Nan'iuo) H77 

(Toip«'ilo) 877 

Bn^nm 2JW,4«2,558 

brevicuudft  (I'onioxya) 4*0 

(Salmo)  S16 

brevicops  ( roniotis) 478 

( Pt.vclumUinuis) HI 

iin-vipiuim  (So.vuiuuh) 15 

(Souiuiosus) 14,15 

brcviplnne  (BoloostKiin) 492 

(Uitiouiii) 589 

brovinwtris  ( Ai-ipousor) 87 

(Carchiu-Uui)  61 

(t'hiismintes) 13i! 

(Uippooainpus) 386 

(Hist  iophonis) 909 

( llypoprion) 61 

(Sconib«>re80x) .         876 

(Sy  iijniikthus) 384 

(IXvnnus) 430 

brpvls 70 

Brovoortia 269 

ItrHiMl-aliinors 440 

liroccus 8oO,  966 

Urook  Stioklebft-k 304 

Sucker  •--.         129 

Trout 320 

lirosmo 802,803 

lln>8inius 8o2 

Urosiiioiihyds 703,963 

Brotulula' 704 

bmuHsuui^ti  570 

litvwni  ( Achinis) 841 

(Atherhift) 273 

( Uotairhauiphus) 003 

vSt)len) ..  841 

{.Ntolcphonis) ...  273,888 

(Voim-r) 440 

liniuuoua  ( Aniiuruc) 103 

(Sfvnimm) 538 

(Trisotropis) .53t<,9l8,97l 

liryop;>ru8 204 

Brytti'.s 472 

BubaUththyinio 112 

RiilialiihthvH 115,881,882 

bulwiina  176 

Imlmlis  (Cott\is) 701 

biilmlim  (.Viiililodoii) 114 

(Uiilmlichthys) 116 

(Cttloatomus) 116,883 

(Ichthyobus) 114 

(Ictiollua) 114,882,883 

biireattt 204 

bncoo  138 

Bufliilo  Cod 646 

Bnfl\ao-«8h.... 118,115 

bull. 681 

Rnstflsh 2«> 


Pag>v 

bulbtris 2i'3 

Hunhewi 11.1.698 

bulioii 938 

BullTrout 819 

Burbot 801 

bureau (99 

BuruRticklo 305 

butlorirt uus SIO,  £.'3 

But  tor-tUb 451, 541, 766, 767 

Buttorrty  Kuy 46 

Djthit«>s 795 

c. 

cabaBa  (Cybium) 427 

(Scuuib('n>uoru8) 427 

w»ball«>roto  (Lutjauus) 02 

caballus 43r>,  970 

Cab«>zan 714 

Cabrilla 635,  530.  XiO 

Cffisiosoiua r)62 

CalaniUK ."165,  U25, 072 

calamus  (Cbrytiopbrya) 0S8 

(Pniit'Uus) 9a« 

cAlcarnta 952 

Calico  BaMH „ 465 

califoniica  ( Alannii) 26? 

(Morrbua) 806 

(S(|u»t:iia) 35 

(Torpedo) 30,876,877 

colifomicus   (Kx<Ho>fu8i 379 

(iJadus)  ..  806 

(llipiHi^biSHUH) 821 

<Mu«ti'lu8) 20,60,870 

(MyliobiUis) 51 

(ParHlicbthyH) 821 

(rHcudorboinbus) 821 

(StoHMdopia) 531 

(Uropaol  tJi) 821 

eolifoniicnao  (Sipb(>8t4>nia) 384, 006 

calil'oruicnsia  (Albi^riuicbtbys) 409 

(AtliorinopsiH)   4l'i>,4IO 

(Cypiiuodoii) 330 

(Opbiaurua) 350,^^CS 

(Otolitlnia)  579 

(Scorpia)  662 

(Syiinnathna) ' 884 

(Tyjiblogobiiia) 689 

(XcnicbtbyH)  , 6^7,920 

(Xonialius) 920 

callariaa  ((ladua) 804 

(Sahno) 820 

Callocbolys 897 

Calliodon 604 

oallimluu  cLipnria) 748 

calliptery  X 149 

c^Uavma •  178 

callisoiUA 8M 

calliatia 181 

cnlliunt  (CiMloma) 178 

(Cypriuclbi) 178 

Calliurna 467,  184 

oalliurus  (IoKb)8aua)...  ..' 040 

wUlywIon  (Cycloptorua) 748 

CalyHlepidotus 714 

oalva 94 


982 


INDEX. 


Pago. 

Camarina 6S0 

oampbelli 320 

Campbellite 4«4 

campecbianas 921,971 

camperi 374,875 

Cbmpostoma 148 

CampostominaB 145 

Campylodon 370 

oamtschaticus 868 

camara  (Bolecsoraa) 494 

(VaiUantia) 494,971 

oamuruB  (Xothonctus) 506 

(PoBcilichthys) 507 

Canada  (Elacate) 418,419,909 

canadenso  (Stizostediniu) 526 

canadensis  (Lncioperca) 526 

(Salmo) 320 

Candle-fish 'j92 

canicala 869 

caninus  (Caranx) 438 

(Lachnolffimus) 601 

(Pagellus) 927 

canis  iG-aleus) 21 

(Mustelus) ^.    20,870 

(Salmo) 306 

(Sqnalas) 870 

Cantherines 858 

Capelin 291 

capeuna 554 

capillaris 439 

oapistratus 940 

Capitaine 601 

oaprcolus 539,  540, 918 

caprinus 929 

capriscus 855 

csprodes    499,500 

Caraogicbthya 433 

CarangidsD 430,448,014 

Carnugoldes 433, 970 

Carangops 433,970 

Carangus 433, 437, 970 

caraugus  (Caranx) 438 

(Scomber) 438,970 

Caranx 433,970 

Carassius  253 

carauno 541 

carbonaria  (Percina) 500 

(Piloomn) 500 

oarbonarius  ( Aciponser) 87 

(GaduH)  807 

(Pollatbius) 807 

Carcharias 22, 27, 872,  873, 067 

carc'uarias  (Curcbnrodon) 875 

(Squalus) 873,875 

Carcbariido?! 27, 870 

Corcbarinus 22,  59,  S70, 872 

Carcbarodon 30,875 

Carelopbus 765 

Careprociim 740, 057 

cailbtcum  (Brancblostoma) 3, 57 

oaribaous  (Diplodus) . . ., 930 

(Sargiis) 930 

oaribbroa  (Beloue) ..- 901 

oaribba3iiFi  (ChloroscombrnB) 441 

(Tylosuras) 901 


carinatnm  (Acanthosoma) "^ 

carinatus  (Placopharynx) u,  ,., 

(Salmo) ".'.315 

carminatuB „^. 

«a"»»tM '.'".'...  674  075 

Carolina  (Atherina) 405  aos 

(Trigla) ;  '„5 

Carolina m,m 

carolinensia  (Gobins) 634*  045 

(OtolithuB) 'ggj 

(Seriola) 445913 

carolinus  (BlenniuB) •j^ 

(Clinostomas) 233 

(Gasterosteus) 4^2 

(Pholis) 78(, 

(Prionotns) 735 

(Pteraciis) 455 

(Trachynotos) 442 

^^^ 144,254 

carpio  (Carpiodes) ^g 

(Catostomns) 118,119,140 

(Oyprinodon) 330 

(Cyprinus) 254 

(Ictiobns) 883 

(Moxostoma) J39 

Carpiodes 117,882,883 

Carp  Sucker 117,118,119 

carringtoni 209 

caryi 93,693,594 

cassidii 595 

castanens 10, 897,«68 

Catapbracti 640,724 

catapbractns  ( Agonns) 72a,  956 

(Cottus) 728 

(Gaaterostens) 396 

(Gastc-acanthns) 39c 

(Scaphirhyncbus) gg 

cataractee  (Ceraticbtbys) 207 

(Goblo) 207 

(Rbinichtbys) 207,885 

(Leucosomns) 22i! 

catenatus 337 

Cat-flsbes 95,102,108,794 

Catonotus 512 

CatostomidsB 112 

Catustominte 113 

Catostomus 124, 12'^,  883 

catostomus  (Cyprimis) 124,127 

(PhenacobiuB) 206 

Catulus 869 

catulus  (Evortbodub) 632,944 

(Goblus) 032,«38,944 

(Pimelodns) 104 

(ScylUorhinus) 809 

catus  ( Amiuras) 104 

(Serranus) 920 

cantlacuta 797 

caudafurcatuB 109 

candalis 937 

oaadata  (Lamna) 23,873 

caudicnla 900,969 

candimaoala  (Diplodus) 559, 9T2 

(HffimnloD) »25 

(Sargns) 000 

OaalarcboB 748 


INDEX. 


983 


Page. 

Caulo'iUtiliis 625 

Cauloyus 278 

caarinua  (CypiinuB) 225 

(Loucuaomua) 225 

'Mylothilus) 224 

(Sobastes) 672 

(Sobastodcs) 672 

oavifrons  ( AmWoplltes) 467 

(Ilisniitripterus) 686 

caxis 648,921 

ca.yuga  S94 

Cebedichtli.virttB 754 

Cobedichthys 773,962 

Centrarchidffi 462,880 

Centrarchus 463 

Centriderniichthys    693 

Centriscida) 387 

Ccntf  iscus 388 

Controponiinm 627 

Ccntropomus 626,628 

Centroblennius 778 

Cciitronotus  766 

Contropiistis 533 

Controscylliuiii 16 

Ccntroscymiins  17 

centrura  (Dasibutii") 67 

( Rain) 48,  67, 879 

(Tryjion)   67,879 

centrums  ( Dasyatis) 47 

cepedinnum 271 

Oephalaoaiithim 737, 957 

Cepbalopteikltu 52 

CephalofK'ylliuni 68, 59 

ccphaliis  (Semotilus) ■. 221 

cerasinua 187 

Ceratacanthus 858 

Ooratias 847 

Ceratichtnys         211 

CcrntiidiD 847 

Oratocottua 710 

Ceratoptera 52 

cercostipua 193 

cerdalo 790 

OwiTiler 532 

cemium 532 

Ceio 426 

cervinum 142 

cervus 711 

Cestracion  26 

Cestracionlidaj 62 

Cestreus 579 

Cetorhinv.laj 30,31 

Cetorhinus 31,876 

Cbrenobry  ttus 407 

Cha;nopHetta 821 

Chaitodiptenis 613 

Ohaitodon 614,615,940 

ohffitodon  (McHui^onistina) 471 

(Poniotis)    472 

ChaitodontidiD 614 

chalcotrnimniuii 807 

cholybffius  (MinniluR) 191 

ehalybeiufi  (Ilyphalonedras)  206, 908 

channBleontlcepg 624 

CbannelBaBS 671 


P»ge. 

Channel  Cat 107,108 

ohantenay 42 

Cbaracini 112 

Cbaracinidffl 264 

Charioteer 642 

Charr 816 

oharybdis 468 

Chasmiates 131 

Cbaamodea 766,958 

Chatoeaaina 270 

Chatoeasua 271 

ChauliodontidSB 284 

Chauliodna 284 

Ctaaonox 840 

Cheillchtbys 860 

chemnitzi 870 

Cheonda 230,241 

cheateri 799 

Chiaamodon 810,964 

ChiaamodontldsB 064 

Chiaaraodus 810 

chlckaaavensis 182 

chilonsis 428 

chiliticus 191 

Chilomjrctems 863,066 

Chilonemns 220 

Cbimoira. 54 

ChiinsBridae 63 

cbinonaia 800 

Chinnook  Salmon 300 

Cbiiidaj 640 

C  b  i  rolopbus 766 

Chironectes 846 

Cbiropais 641 

Chiroatoma 406 

cbinirgUB 617,941 

Cbirua 641 

chirua  (Xiphiater) 772 

Chitonotua 691 

chlora 169 

cblorls 441 

cbloriatia 183 

cblorocopbalus 100, 101 

Cbloroacombrua 440 

chlorosoma 494,971 

cbloroatictus 668 

cblorurna 637, 918 

CbcBroJulis 002 

CboRaet 600 

Cbologaater , 325,890 

Cbundroatei 82 

CbondroatominiB 146 

chouicha 306,890 

Cbriodorus 003 

Cbriomitra 425 

Chriope 162 

Chromides 608 

Chroniia 611,030 

chromis  (Diabaaia) 024 

(HsBmulon) 024 

(Perca) 034 

(PogoniaR) 568 

ChroaomQS 153 

ohroaomus  (Minnllns) 101,102 

chrysltta 167 


il 


984 


INDEX. 


Pago. 

rhxyiiocephalns 186, 187 

chrysochloris 206 

chrysogastor 208, 209 

chrysoleucuB 250 

chrysomclas 675, 676 

Chrysophrys 555, 972 

cbrysops  (Caulolatilus) 626 

(Labrax) . .  530 

(Latilus)  626 

(Ophichthys) 898 

(Ophisurus) ...  898 

(Oxyodonticbthy  8) 898 

(Pcrca) 530 

(Roccus) 529 

(Sparus) 556,829 

chrysopsiH  (Uyodon) 260 

cbrysoptera  ( I'erca) 553, 973 

chrysoptcrum  (Haimulon) 553 

chrysoptcrns  (Diabasis) TiSS,  924,  973 

cbryaos  (Carangus) 438 

(Caraux) 435 

(Scomber) 438,970 

chrysotiiH 342 

chrysura  (Scicena) 933 

cbrysurus  (ChloiosconnbruB) 441 

(Dipterodout 933 

(Lutjauus) 921 

(Mesoprion) 548 

(Micropt.eiyx)  441 

(Scomber) 441 

(Sparus^ 548 

chry BUS  (Caraux) 970 

Chub 220, 221, 235, 239, 241 

Sucker 132,133 

cbuBi 799 

cibariuB 8 

cibl 436, 912, 970 

clcatf  ico8U8 837 

Cichlidaj 607 

Cigar-flsh 912 

ciliaris  (Cbwtodon) 615 

(Holacauthu8) 015 

(Pomacanthus) 615 

(Zeus) 438 

Cilinta ..         790 

cillatus  (Blcnnius) 784 

(Kpinepbelus) 659, 950 

(Petromyzon) 8 

(Sobastodes) 658,950 

(Zoarces) 784 

cimbrins 797 

cinerea  (Ktheostoma) 509 

oluereuB  (Gorres) 935 

(MugU) 935 

(Nothonotus) 509 

(S(jualu8) 34,62 

cingulatuB  (Pomacanthus) 010 

(ZygonecteB) 342 

(Fumlulus) »42 

oirratus  (Squalius) 18 

oirratum  (Ginglymostoraa) 18 

c'rrbatuB  (Petromyzon) 5 

Cirrbosomns   860 

clrrhosum  (Lepisomp^ 762 

cirrhoBus  (Blepsias) 719 


Page. 
ciiTboBus  (Tiaohinns) -jq 

Cirrostomi 03 

C'»co 290,301 

Cithnrichthys gjg  ,j^ 

Clam  Cracker '   .- 

clarki  (CatostomuB) i^ 

(Fario) 3^., 

(Salmo) 3jr, 

clathratus 535 

clavata ^g 

claviger ^jj 

Clidoderma 932 

Cliola 163,169 

Clinocottns 717 

CliuostomuB 230, 231 

Cliiius 761,902 

clodaluB 260 

Clupea 264,887 

ClupeidiB 202 

clupeiformis 299, 301 

Clupeinee 2r>3 

clupeoides 300 

Clypeocottns 710 

Coachman 542 

Ccal.fish 800 

Cobbler-flsh 438 

Cobia 418 

cobitis 163,170 

coccincns 787 

coccogenis 18K 

CocblognatbuB 101,884 

Cnd-nNb 803,804 

Codling 798, 70!) 

Codoma   103,104,172 

CoBCula 358,897 

coelolcpls  17 

cojnosus  (Pimolodus)  lu5 

(PlcuronicblbyH) 829,830 

coerulea  (Chcondii)    242 

(Cliola) 182 

(Codoma) 183 

(Etbeostoma) 518 

(Melettn)  266 

coBTulcBcens 109 

coeruleo-aureus 601 

coeruleus  (Acantburus) 017 

(Carcbarias) 23,  873, 067 

(Carchiiriuus) 873 

(CtouolabiUH) 599 

(Pbotogeuis; 183 

( I'lBcilicbtbys) 517 

(Squalius) 241 

coguata (i98,  9m 

Cobo  Salmon .' 307 

colias 4J4,OI0 

ColiscuH 108 

coUapsus  138 

collioi 54 

Colocephall •I^'i 

colouuB "16 

coloratum ^i)<' 

comatus    381 

comuicrsoni 129, 130 

communis  (Catostomus)  130 

(LeucoBomus) 220 


INDEX. 


985 


Page. 

communis  (Pogonichthy s) 210, 220 

complanata 174 

comprestta  (Lota) 802 

compresaua  (Engraulis) 274 

(Stolephorus) 274 

coDcinnns  ( Amblodon) 568 

(Gasterosteus) 394 

concolor  ( Ammocoettis) 10 

(Chriomitra) 426 

(Euschisiodus) 611, 939 

(Glypbidodon) 611 

(Pomacontras) 611 

(Scombvromorus) 425, 973 

conductor 443 

Conoy 541 

confcrtus 159 

conflnis  (Pimeloflus) 104 

(Salmo) 317 

confluentus  (Fundulus) 334 

(Salrao) 307 

conformis 237 

Congei 362,900,069 

coDger  ( Anguilla) 363 

(Leptocepbalus) 969 

(Muriena) 362 

Conger  Eel 356,362 

congf  tnm 138 

OoD^rogadidffi 790 

coDocephalus 225 

Conodon 550,923 

couorhynchuB 258 

consporsus 239 

cunatullatus  (Chiropsia) 646 

(Chirua) 646 

(SebastichlhyB) 666 

(Sebastodes) 665 

consuotuB 309 

conuB 141 

convexifrons 478 

cookianus 461 

cooperi  (Cheonda) 242 

(Lvuciacus) 242 

(Metoponops) 817 

(Raia) 42,878 

(Salmo) 309 

(SqualiuB) 242 

copei  (LeuciacuB) fi02 

(SquaUua) 238 

Copclandia 469 

copelnndi 498 

Coppor-noaed  Bream 479 

corallina 877 

CoregonuB 296,299,889,968 

coregonus 139 

coi-etta 429 

corimis 62 

cornubica 29,30,61,875 

cornutuB  (Chologaster) 325 

(CyprinuB) 186,187 

(Hypsilepis) 187 

(Lenciscus) 187 

(LuxiluB) 187 

(Minnllus) 186,187 

ooToides 676 

corporallB 281 


Page. 

Coraair  666 

coruBcans 278 

Corvina 569,572,579.931,932 

CorynoIophuB 849 

Corvpbffina 454, 914 

Coryi)ba3iiidic 454 

CoryphHinoideB 812 

Cory pbopterus 634, 635 

CorythrichtbyB 906 

coamopolita 440, 441 

CusBvpbua 601 

Oottidffi 682 

Cottogaster 497 

Cottopsis 693,094 

Cottunculus 687, 952 

CottuB 693,700 

coucbi  (Dionda) •.. 157 

(Peecilia) ;  348 

Couchia 796,797 

coucbiaua  (Liuiia) 348 

(Poucilia) 348 

couesi  (Apocope) 210 

(Coregonus)  207,968 

(Prosopium) 297 

CoueaiuB 218 

Cow-flsb 854 

Cow-nosed  Kay 51 

Cow- Pilot 611 

Crab-eater 418 

Craig-flounder 838 

Cramp-flsb 39 

Grapple      464 

craaslcauda 240 

craasilabre 140, 141 

crassuB  (Alvoitliua) 503 

(SqualiuB) 241 

craticula 892 

Crawl-a-bottom 130,506 

CrcelcFisb 133 

Cremnobafes 764,962 

crcnulare  282 

Creolus 973 

creolns 91(i 

Crevall6 433,435,437 

criniger 71f> 

crinituB 438,439 

cristagalli  ( Anoplarchus) 771 

(Cebcdicbthys) 774 

Cristivomer  317 

Croaker 560,667,575,595 

croicensis 938 

cromis  (Labrus) 568 

crosaotuB 839 

Crotalopsis 359 

Crucian  Carp  253 

crumenophttaalrauB 434, 070 

cruoreum  (Xiphidinm) 773 

cruoreus  (Squalius) 234 

Cryptaoantbodea 780 

CryptacautbidiB 754 

cryptosua 462 

Ctonolabrus 609 

oubifi-ona 860 

Cuckold 864 

ouculus 783,966 


m 


lum 


m 


m 


986 


INDEX. 


Page. 

CnlinB 944 

CultusCod 640 

camioKi 213 

Cunnor 599 

oapreoides 106 

cnpreus 105 

oorema 404 

ourilicus 723 

cortus 440 

Cask 802 

onspicauda 858 

outisauaeriuns 120 

Cut-lips 144,160 

ouvieri 395,011 

cyanellua  ( Apomof  is) 473 

(Iclithyobus) 114 

(Lepomis) 473 

cyanens 188 

oyanocephalus 196, 197 

oyanoguttatus 608 

oyanonoton 267 

cyanops  626 

cyauostigma  (Julis) 603 

(Platyslossus) 603,973 

Cybium -. 425 

CycleptinsB 112 

Cycloptus 120 

Cyclogobius 637 

Cyclopterichthys 745 

Cyclopteridaj 744 

cyclopua 743 

Cyclostotuata .- 3 

Cyclopterus 746 

cj  i\  v)ti8 212 

Cylindrosteus 91 

Cymatogaster 588,690 

oymatograinina 407 

Cynicoglossua 838 

Cynocephalua 22 

oynodon 921 

cynogl-^'jaus 838 

Cynoperca 626 

Cynoaciou 579,934 

cypho  (Catoatomna) 129 

(Eaox) 352 

Cypbosus 972 

Cyprinella 163,163,176 

oyprinella 114,883 

Cyprinidsa 144 

Cyprinodon 328,894 

cyprinoidea 887 

Cyprinodontida) 326,894 

Cyprinua 254 

cyprinua 119,120,883 

Cypseluras 380 

CyttidoB 456 

D. 

Dace 186,221,230 

Daddy  Scnlpln 702 

daotyloptera...   679,950 

Daotylopterince 732 

Daotylopterns 737 

DactyloBcopna 753 

Dallia 850 


Page, 
dalwigkii g^j 

Damalichthya 597 

'iama.UB 119,883 

Daslbatia e5,879 

Daayatla 47,65,879 

Dasybataa g^g 

davidaoni  (Pomadaaya) 551 

(Priatiporaa) 552 

(Monacantbua) {-57 

decagonna 727,955 

decagrammua 641,645 

Decapterna 430 

Decaptua 440 

declivifrona 5)39 

decliyia 912 

decoratiia 543,920 

decnrrena g29 

defensor 433 

Dekaya 635 

dekayi  (Gaateroatena) 393 

(Isuropsia) 29, 874 

(Isurns) HU 

(Phycis) 799 

(Plraelodus)  105 

(Scomber) 424 

delicatiaaimus 274 

'deliciosa 175 

Delolepla 779 

delpbinua 122 

Demoiselle " 009 

dontata  (Pomatopsetta) 826 

dentatas  ( llippoglossoidcs) 826 

( Paralichthy  a) 822 

(Pleuronectca) 822 

(Paoudorbombus) 823 

dentex 294 

depraudus 353 

dermatinus 300 

Dermatoatetbns 385 

desmarcstia 42 

Devil-flsb 52 

Diabasis 553,923,971 

Diacope 547 

Diamoud-flonnder 830 

diaphana  (Hydrargyra) 334 

diapbanea  (Raia) 41 

diapbanuH  (Calliurus) 473 

(Fundulua) 334 

Diapteraa 583 

diceraua 711 

diego 424 

difformis 120,883 

digrammiia 832 

dilectas 202 

dimidiatnm 384,905 

Dinematichtbya 795 

dinemua 186,202 

Diodonta«beM 863 

Dlodon   862,966 

Dlonda 155 

Dioplites 484 

dipliemius 197 

Dipleotrum 634 

Dipleaion 496 

DlploBiam 496 


INDEX. 


987 


Pane. 

DiploduB 637,829,930.972 

dipternra 48,71,870 

Discoboli 738,745 

discobolaa 126,883 

dispar 341 

dissimilis  (Ceraticbthys). 183, 215, 216 

(Coaesias) 218 

(Leuciscus) 216 

(Lettcosomus) 218,210 

Ditrema 594,936 

Doctor-fish 617 

dodecaedras 723 

Dog-flsh 15,16,94,350 

Dog-salmon 305,306 

DogShark 19 

dolichogaster 768 

Doliodou 441 

DoUardee 479 

Dollar-iiah 451 

Dolly  Varden  Trout 319 

dolomiei 916 

dolomieu  (Micropterna) 485 

Dolphin 454 

dombeyi 57,807 

domninns 203,204 

Doncella 601,602,603 

Dorniitator 631, 944* 

dormitator 631,972 

dormitor 072 

Doroaoma  . . .  .> 271,889 

DoroeoraatidiB 270 

Dory   456,525 

doraalia 220, 221, 9i2, 913 

dorsatus 867,868 

dorsomacula 560 

dovii 930 

Drum 667,568 

540 

934 

150 

149 

415 

791 

83 

443 

10« 

885 


dmmmond-hayi 

drammondi  (Utolithus). 

dubiuni  (Campostoma) . 

(Esoj{loB8um) . 

dubiua  (Ammodytea)... 

(Fierasfer) 

Duck-bill  Cat 

ductor 

dugesi 

dnlcia 


Dulea 542,920 


damerill  (Squalus) 

dnodecim 

dnqueani 

DuBsumieriinsB  -.. 
dux 


85 
888 
140 
263 
001 


B. 


EagloKay 49,50 

earlli 798 

EcheneididBB 416 

Echeneis 4ie 

Ecbinorhinns 14,869 

Ecliiostoma 286 

edentula 84 

Eels 354 

Eel-pout 783,784 

pflblgens 493 


Page. 

eglanteria 40,41 

egregia  (Tigoma) 236 

(GUa) 239 

egregiua  (Squaliua)  236 

Elacate 418 

ElacatldsB 418 

Elagatis 446 

Elasmobranchii 12,57 

elassodon 826 

Elassoma 401,915 

Elassomatidffl 461,880,916 

Electric  Rays 38 

elegans  (Blakca) 763 

(Boleichthya) 519 

(Cyprinodon) 329 

(Gibbonaia) 763 

(Diabasls) 023 

(Gila) 227 

(Haemulon) 924 

(Leuciscus) 228 

(Myxodes) 763 

(Xanoatoma) 510 

EleotridiniB 630 

Eleotrls 631,944 

eleathema 99 

elliotti 53 

eUipticus : 271 

elongata  (Clupea) 265 

(Gila)  232 

(Umbrina) 578,932 

elongatus  (Benthodesmus) 910 

(Catostomus) ....-  120,121 

(Clinostomua) 232 

(Cycleptus) 121 

(Lepidopus) 910 

(Lepomis) 475 

(Leuciscus) 232 

(Luxilus) 23!? 

(Opbiodon) 646 

(Oamerus) 295 

(Plouronectes) 838 

(Pomotis) 475 

(Sclerognathus) 121 

(Sebastea) 669 

(Sebastodea) 669 

(Squalins) 232 

ElopidsB 260 

Elops 261,968 

emarginatua 549 

Embiotoca 594 

EmbiotocidsB 586 

Emerald-fish - 636 

emiliffi 247 

emorii 229,230 

encSBomus 946,973 

Enchelycephali 354 

Enchelyopus 796 

enohrysurus 940 

EngranlididiB 271 

Engraulis 272 

Eimc  acanthus 469 

Enneacentrna 641 

Ennichthys 590 

Enophrys 710 

enslB 797 


-ir 


lit 


I' I 


«! 


■:J 


'!^ 


988 


INDEX. 


Page. 

eutomelos 669,660 

Entosphencs 7,67,867 

eo8  (Bolcichthys) 621 

(ChroHomuB) 154 

(Othonops) 639 

(PoEcilichthys) 520 

EphippitliB 612 

Ephippus 613 

Epicopus 809 

Epi^onichthyB 2,57 

epihflxodon 8, 57 

Epinophelus 539, 918, 919, 920 

episcopus 167 

Episema 193 

Equcs 932 

equestrU 110,882 

eqnisetia 454, 914 

erebennus 106 

eriarchus  469,470 

Ericosmn. 503 

Ertcymba 204 

Erimyzon 132 

erinacea 40 

erochrooa 520 

Erogala 163, 165, 179 

Erythrininas 254 

erytbrogaster  (Chrosomus) 153, 154 

(Lenciscus) 154 

(Luxilns) 153,154 

(Serranus) 540 

ery  thrurua 140 

eschricbtl 848 

esculentns 438 

esmarki 786 

Esmeralda 635 

Eaocido)  351 

Eaox 352 

e8tor(E80x) 353,354 

(GUa) 233 

(SquaUua) 232 

Estrella 491 

Etheoatoma 500,512 

Etbeoatomatinio 486,488 

Etropus 839 

Etrnmens 263 

Eucalia 394 

Eucbalarodns 831,837 

Eucinoalomus 583 

Euctenogobiua 633,945 

EucycloKobiuB 637 

Eugotnphodua 27 

Eulacbon 291,292 

Eulamla 22,59,60,872,967 

Euleptorhamphus 377,903 

EumeBOgrammua 774 

EumicrotremuB 746, 967 

Eupomotia 472,482 

euryopa  (Cliola) 171 

euryopa  (Myxostoma) 140 

euryopns  (Hudsonius) 171 

euryoms 481 

enryBtoiun 180 

EaryBtomua 880 

EuBobiBtodos 611 

Eathynnua 429 


Page. 
Entyohelithas g^g 

e^»n«» 156 

Eventognatbi m  gg^ 

ovidea  (Alvordiaa) 5^3 

(Clinua) 783,962 

(Ericoama) 50^ 

evolana  (Exoccetiis) 373 

(Halocypaelua' 377 

(Frionotua) 735 

(Trigla) 736 

ETorthodua 632,045 

exaaperatuB 63,64,876 

exilicanda 152, 153 

exiliena 380,904 

exilia  (lioleichthya) 521 

(Belono) 374 

(Hippogloasoides) 827 

(Noturus) 100 

(PoBcilicbthys) 521 

(Tyloanrus) 374 

eximiua 329,890 

ExocoBtua 378,903,004 

Exoglosum 180 

-  ■  ■  i 

faber  613 

'fabricii  (Campylodon) 370 

(Centroacyllinm) la 

(Cottua) 709 

(Gadua) '. 807 

(Gunnellna) 778 

(Liparla) 742 

(Lumpenus) 778 

(Macrunia)  811 

(Spinax)  16 

falcata  (Soriola) 445,913 

falcatna  (Carangops) 437 

(Caranx) 436,912 

(Labrua) 601 

(Laohnolseniua) 601 

(Triaotropla) 538 

fallax  (Caranx) 437,912,970 

(Pomotia) 478 

(Trachurna) Oil 

Fall-flsh 222 

Fall  Herring 266 

Salmon 300 

Fario 312 

faaciata  (Seriola) 445 

faaciatum  (PriBtipoma) 551 

faaciatua  (Achirua) 841 

(Alvordiua) 504 

(Bryttna)  470 

(Catonotua) 513 

(Catostomua) 136 

(Centronotua) 767 

(Eaox) , 352 

(Diplealon) 505 

(Gryatea) 485 

(Gunnellua) 767 

(Larimua) 678 

(Mtir»noidea) 767 

(Pimophales) 158 

(Poguniaa) 508,560 

(Pomadasyp) 551,923 


INDEX. 


989 


Page. 

faaoiatus  (Scomber) 446 

(Sebastea) 652,670 

(Sebnstodes)  652 

(Syngnathus) 383 

(Zonichthys) 446 

fttsclcnlaris 534,535,971 

faaciolaris 676 

Fat-back 269 

Fatlicad 158,602 

Father-lasher 701 

favosns 961 

fecnndaa 129 

feliuns 105 

felis  (Auarrhichthys) 783 

(AviiiB) 110,882 

(MuRtelus) 20 

(Silums) 110 

fenestralis 073 

ferox  ( Alcpidosanms) 276 

(Atractosteus) 92 

(Lepisostens)  02 

(SqualuH) 874 

(Stomlas) 286 

femigineua €34 

feuillo  (PolyodoD) 83,84 

FierasftT 791 

Fi'jrasferidcB 791 

fllamentosus  ( Hemirhnmplias) 903 

(Megalops) 261 

(Phycis) 799 

File-flsh 856,858 

fimbria 650 

flmbratus 784 

Fishing-frog 844 

Fistularia 389 

Fistulariidas 388,390 

labellare 513 

flabellatua 513 

tiagellum  (Raia) 50 

(Saccopharynx) 305 

flommeus 243 

Flannel-mouth  Cat 108 

Flasher 555 

flavescens  (Bodianus) 524 

(Gadns) 803 

(Perca) 524 

flavicauda 54 1 

flavidns  ( Apodichthys) 769 

( Aulorhynchus) 391 

(Sobastodes) 657 

flavipinnis 156,884 

flavolineatus 561 

fla'^ulns 332 

flavns  (Notnrua) 100 

Flesna 831 

Fliaum 662 

floridoj  (Jordanolla) 328 

(Siphoatoma) 905,906 

floridaua  (Cichla) j-  485 

floridenaia  (Bryttua) 468 

(Calliuma) 468 

(Fnndulus) 336,891 

fioripinnis 339 

Flounder 818,822,835 

Flute-Month 300 


Page. 

fluviatilia  (Algoma) 187 

(AmmoccBtes) 11 

(Hudsoniua) 171 

(Hybognathus) 157 

(Lampetra) 11 

(Perca) 524 

(Petromyzon) 7 

Flying  fish 371,378 

Fly.flah "       667 

FlyingGumard 737 

Robin 738 

foetens 280 

folium 83,84 

foDtinalia 320,890 

Fool-flah a56 

forbeai 174 

formoaa  (Alganaea) 245 

(Cliola) 175 

(Limia) 347 

(MoUieneaia) 347 

(Moniana) 175,185 

(Perca) 553,971 

(Urauidea) 955 

formosulum  (Campoatoma) 150 

formoaum  (Htcmulon) 553 

formosua  ( Albumus) 185 

(.  alliurua) 473 

(Cottua) 699, 955 

(Dlabaaia) 553 

(Girardinna) 349 

(Leuciacua) 245 

(Lcucua) 245 

(Serranna)  071 

foratorianua 127 

Four-eyed  flsh 940 

Fox-shark 27 

franciaci 32,  33,  875 

franklini  (Cottus) 699 

(Pleuronectes) 837 

(Urauidea) 699,053,054 

fraterculus 225 

fremebundus 554, 925 

frem'uvilhii 51 

frenatua 589 

Fresh- water  Drum 567 

fretenaia 167 

Friar 405 

Frigate  Mackerel 424, 425 

f  rigida 174 

Frog-flah.   845 

frontalis 187 

Frost-fish 806 

fucorum  ( Apodichthya) 770 

(Blenuiua) 759 

•fnlgida 252 

fuliginoana  (Baliatea) 855 

(Chilomycterna) 864 

(Diodon) 865 

f nlvomaculatus 551 ,  923 

funduloides 233 

Fnndulna  331,891,892,894 

furcatum  (Ditrema) 596 

furcatua  (Amlurug) 109 

Farcarla 611,039 

faioatoa  (Amlurus) 100 


!.;■? 


■i? 


Isy^F^^I^^^ 


990 


INDEX. 


Page. 

fbrcotuB  (Anthia«) 534 

(Cypselunis) 380 

(ExocoetuH) 381 

(Ictalunis) 100,882 

(Pbancrodon) 59« 

(f  imelodiis) •. 100 

fnrcifer  (Anthins) 016 

(Brachyi'binuB) '. 018 

(Creolus) 873 

(PimeloduB) 100 

(Serranna) 016 

farclger 052 

fUrthi 023 

fuacuni  (Siplionostoma) 383, 006 

(Siphostoma) 383 

fascua  (Bythitea) 705 

(Uomirhorabua) 817 

(Syngnathna)    883 

ftuiformia  (Pbalangiatea) 726 

(Boleichthys) 620 

(Boleoaonia) 620 

(Bololepia) 620 

(PoBclliclithya) 820 

O. 

Gadidffi 704 

Gadua 803 

Gatf-top-aail Ill 

Gaff-top-aail  Pompano 012 

Gaidropsarus  700 

gairdneri 313,314 

galactura 178,180 

galeatua 700 

Galeocerdo 21 

GaleorhinidiB 18,870 

Galeorhinus 21,870 

Galena  21 

goleua  (Galeorhinus) 21,60,871 

(Squalua) 21 

Galliclitbys 438 

GalluB .""     438 

Gambnaia 3tt;8&3,804 

garduDiana  (Hiatula) 1.  836 

gartlenii  (Stemoptyx) 451 

(Struraateus) 461 

gardoneus 248 

Gar-fiabea 371 

Garibaldi 610 

Gar-pike 81 

GarPilieB 87 

Garrupa 530,662,672,676 

Gaapereaii 267 

Gaateroateidffi 882 

Gaateroatoua 382,  30a 

Gaatrophysus » 858 

gavialia 00 

gayi 808 

gelatinoaus 740, 857 

gelidn  (Aminocrypta) 480 

gelidua  (Ceratichthys) 216 

(Gobio) 217 

geminatuB 769 

generosuB 128 


8«n""* 767, 758, 950, 0«o 

Genyonemns  57^  ^, 

Genyoroge 'j^; 

Genyptcrns j^j 

geometricuB ^^3  gg. 

K^'^fK" BOO 

gcnio ^.,g 

Oennon ...^ 

G*""r<!a 5JJ3, 034, 03.-. 

GfrridiB jg,, 

Gboat-flah  ^g,, 

gibba  (LipnriB) 74, 

gibber  (Salmo) 305 

Gibbnuaia ^gy 

gibboaii  (Cliola)  174 

(Gila) ....'  .wj, 

(Lavinia) 240 

(Moniana) 174 

(Perca) 4^3 

(Tigoma) 2311 

gibboBUB  ( Aphrcdodenia) 400, 461 

(CatostomiiR) 131 

(Cypiinodon)  320,890 

( Lepomia) 482 

(Leuciacua) 340 

(Poniotia) 4go 

(Sqiialiua)  ". 230 

gibbai  (Heniilepidutna)   71,5 

(Salmo)  315 

gibbua  (Hypailepm) I87 

(Liparla) 741 

(Minnilua) 187 

gisaa  (Ephippua) 613 

(Soriola) 913 

(.Sterenlepia) r^\ 

Gila 227 

gilberti 959 

gilli  (Lepomia) aqs 

(Xystroplitea) 4^2 

Gillicbthya 030 

Ginglymodi 89 

GinglymoBtoma 18, 58 

GinglymoBtomatidffl 17, 57 

girardi 4j|6 

Girnrdinichtbya 342 

GirardinuB 348 

Girella seo 

GirellinoB 546 

Gizzard  Shad 270, 271 

glaber  (Cyclopterichthya) 745 

(Plateaaa) 837 

(Pleuronectes) 837 

glabra  (Liopaetta)  837 

glaciale  (Myctopbum) 283 

glacialia  (Cottus) 055 

(Gadua)  807 

(PleuTOuectea) 837 

(Scopelus)  283 

gladifer 421 

gladiuB  (HistiophoruB) 421 

(Scomber) 421 

(TyloBuruB) 901 

(Xiphias) 420 

Olaniostomi 84 


INDEX. 


991 


Page. 

S8. 0  Jfi.  000 
..  574,832 
547 
(«,■{ 
. ..  863,  8C4 
909 
4!M 
4'JH 
5H3,  034,  03.'. 
582 
78(1 
741 
305 
763 
174 
239 
240 
174 
483 
2311 
...  400.461 
131 
...  329,890 
482 
340 
480 
23!) 
715 
315 
187 
741 
187 
013 
913 
561 
227 
059 
468 
482 
036 
89 
18,58 
.   17,57 
486 
342 
348 
560 
546 
.  270,271 
745 
837 
837 
837 
283 
955 
807 
837 
283 
421 
421 
421 
901 
420 
84 


Page. 

Olau-eye 526 

glauca  (Lamna) 29 

(Oxyrhlna) 29,874 

gluucofroiiiuiu 036 

glaucua  <C»ichnriaa) 872,967 

(Oarchariuas) 22,60 

(Chfctodon) 441,970 

(laiiropsU) 874 

(lanruH) 28,874 

(Squalus) 22 

(Trachynotus) 443, 912, 970 

globiceps  (('   ryphiena) 465 

(01  ^ocottus) 718 

gloriosns 470 

QloasAinia 664 

Glut  Herring 267 

glntinosa 4,5 

Glypbidodon 610 

Olyptoccpbalus 838 

Gnathanodon 433 

Goat-fiah 666 

Goat's-head  Porgee 929 

Gobiesocidffi 747 

Goblesox 748,957 

GobildsB 629 

gobioides  (Cottus) 699 

(llypHicometes) 808 

(Umnldea) 699 

Gobiomoroides ^ 631, 972 

Gk>biomorns 631,972 

Gobionellus 636, 047 

gobioninum 140 

Gobiosoma 638,948 

Gobius 633,944,045,946 

Goby...   6.>9,  633 

Goggleeyo 466, 467 

Goggler 434 

Gold-fish 253 

Golet 310 

goinesl 898 

Goniodus 14 

Goniopercn 535 

Goodea  348 

goodei  (Erimyzon) 134 

(Lncania)  343 

(Ptilichthys) 369 

Goody 574 

Goose-fish 844 

CorbuBcha 305 

gorbuBcha 305 

goroensis 442,012 

GoivJoD 102 

Gourd-seed  Sucker 121 

gracile  (Boleosoma) 522 

gracilis  (BlenniuB) 770 

(Cottus) 099 

(C.vprinuB) 220 

(Gndns) 804 

(Gila) 229 

(GobiuB) 637 

(GambuBia) 345,346,894 

(Hybopsis) 213,214 

(Lepidogobins) 637 

(Leptoblennius) 779 

(Leptogannellas) 778 


Puge. 

gracUis  (Leucisoua) 187,220 

(Lyoodea) 787 

(Moniana)   176 

( Perca) 624 

(Pinieludua) 109 

(Platy  gobio) 219 

(Pojiilichtbya) 621 

(I'tycbocheiluB) 2M 

(Squaliua) 237 

(Tigoma) 287 

(Tileaia) 806 

(Uranidea) 699 

(Xiphophorua) 846 

graciosua 109 

graellsi 968 

grahami  (Gila) 228 

(Leuciacna) 229 

(Oligocephalua) 617 

GrnmmiitopleuruB 641 

Grarnmiconotus 374 

Grande  £caiUc  .. .  887 

grnndipinnia 185 

gmndis  (Fundulus) 336,801 

(Gila) 226 

(Leuciscus) ^ 226 

(Ptycbochilua) 226 

grandisquamis 003, 036, 937 

grauulata '12 

Graodus 163 

Grass  Biiss 466 

Gray  Snapper 548 

Trout 581 

grayi 119 

Grayling 302 

Giuy  Pilic ,.  526 

GrecnBass 484 

Cod 806 

Green-fish  448 

Greenland  Halibut 819 

Green  I'iko 358 

Sturgeon 86 

Grenadier 810,811 

grex  (Scomber)  424 

Grindlo 94 

grisen  (Dionda) 156 

(Lncioperca) 526 

(Sciaina) 568 

griseollneatum 384, 005, 906 

griseum  (Stizostcdiura) 526 

(Carcharias) 28 

gtiseus  (Catostouius) 127 

(^lesoprion) 649 

(Squalus)  Oi 

grcenlandicuB  (Cottus) 702, 703, 955 

(Gunnellus) 767 

(Himantolophus) 849 

(HippoglosBus) 820 

(Microstoma) 290 

Gronias 102 

gronovii  . . , 449 

Grouper 539 

Grubby 701 

grunniens 507 

Gmnt 553 

GtysteB 484 


982 


INDEX. 


Orystlua  403 

guacaniuia 807,338 

guaf(uaucbo 4U 

Giiiuw ri42,920 

gaofA 542,920 

Kunti  veru Ml 

gula  (DiapteruH) 035 

(Gerr«'8)  034 

(Gilii)    236 

(SfninliiiH) 236 

gulonelliiH 220 

gulosa  (Uruniik-n) 605 

guloauH  (Centrart'liuH)   468 

(CcufiitUriiiichtliys) 095 

(Cliu-'iiobryttuH)  468,915 

(CtiUopsis) 605 

<Gol)iuH) 684,945 

(Ltpidosobius) 945 

(Ponintis) 467,468 

Kiinelllformis 767,769 

Gunnellops 766 

GunnelliiH 766 

gunneltus  (Bk'Duius) 767 

);uDneri 31 

gunuiHoui 176 

GurnanU 731, 733 

{guttata  (Coryi»liiciin)   014 

(Penm) :....  537,920 

(ScoiTJienn) 679 

gilttatuB  ( AHt roHCiipuB) 020 

(liodiiiniis) 541 

(Cbiropsis) 645 

(Cliinis) 645 

(EiiiitiacHDthns) 471 

(Epincpluilus) 919,073 

(LninpriB) 453 

(Pemtpsis) 322 

(Poniotis) 470 

(Sebastupistes) 680 

(ZeuH) 453 

(Zygoncictes) 341 

guttuluta  (Hypsopsetta) 830 

guttulatus  (Hippocampus) 907 

guzitianieusis 126, 883 

Gy  iDuacantbus 708 

Gyninelis 780 

Gymnodontea — 850 

Gymnothorax 350, 969 

gymnnra  (Trygon) 66 

gymnurus  (Gastcrosteus)  395 

gyrinus  (Eleotiis)  . . , 631 

(Noturus) 98 

Gyrnpleurodus 32,875 

H. 

Hwldo 305 

Haddock 803 

Hadropterus 505 

ba.-niatura * 160 

Hsemulon 553 

Hasmulum 534 

Hairtail 421,422 

Hake 808 

Haleeluras 58 


P»(te 

HalatrociuB 4vt 

Halecoiuorpbi n 

Half-bvak 87« 

Halias 79S,003 

Halibnt 818,819,821 

Halich  ceroB 602 

Halleu  toia 851 

UalienticbtbyB 851 

Halipurca 535,917 

halleri  (UrolopbuB) 4o 

HaiocypHifluB 377 

Halopui'pbyruB 800 

bamatuB  (Icelus) 691,952 

Hnmlct 918 

Hammer-head 130 

Hammer-heuded  Shark 25,26 

bammondi  (Pcrcopsiit) 323 

(PimeloduB) 100 

Hand-saw  Fish  276 

Haplochlius 338 

HaploidonotUB 567 

Haplomi 823 

Hard-head 313 

Hard-mouth 150 

Hard-tail 912 

Hare-lip  Sucker 143,144 

Harengala 2(i8 

barongulus 584,035 

bareuguB  (Coregonus) 301 

(Clupoa) 265 

(Lavlnia) 153 

(Salmo) 301 

barfordi  (Ptycbochilus) 226 

Harpe 601,936 

Harvest-flah 450,451 

hastata  (Dasibatis) 48,70 

(Pastinaca) 48 

(Trygon) 70,879 

hastatus  (Gobionellus)  036 

Hayko ...         305 

Head-flsh 804,^65 

heamii 320 

hcermanni 592 

Heliastes 611 

Helioperca 472 

heUe"!   348 

HelmichthyidtB 362 

Helops 85 

hclvomaculatus 667 

Heuidurgnn 651 

Hemibrnuchil 387 

Hemilcpidotus 714 

liemilepldotna 715 

Hemioplites 409 

HemirhaiupLao 376, 902 

HemirhombuB 81 0, 964 

Hemistoma 6(i6 

Hemitremia ..         162 

HemitripterinaB 083 

Hemitriptems 685 

Hemitrygon 47 

benlei 20,21,59,00,870 

henshalli 338 

hensbavii  (Apocope) 210 

henahawi  (Salmo) 316 


INDEX. 


993 


Page. 

l.entzi 758,0fl0 

lieltUnoiuiH  388, 90« 

llt'planuhiiM    34 

Ileptatreraii 867,967 

Heptranchias 34, 61, 62 

Ileiichth.vH 608 

IIotos 608,939 

heios 480,481 

HerpctoichlhyH 350,808 

lleiTiiiK 204.265 

herschiaii 900 

Hetemndrla 344,345 

hetoroclituM 336 

heterodon 163 

Uotcrodontidie 32,067 

Uelerodontiis 32,875 

rit'torognathus 406 

Hoterolnpidiuii 640 

Hetcropygll 324 

Ut'toroprosopon S28 

Ueterosomatu 813 

Heterostichus 703,  962 

lieterunim 271 

huxaciiiitbuB  465 

hexacoi-nis  (Cotlas) 705 

Ilexa^xnunmus 641,049 

hexagramniUH 644 

HoxanrhidtB 34 

Uexancbus 61,62 

hiaua 373,001 

Hiatula 0:i6 

hiatula 936 

Hickory  Shad 266,271 

liieroglyphlcus 341 

liillianim 903 

Iliiiiantolophus 849 

Uiml 540 

liiniiuhis 10, 20,  59, 870 

Uiodon 259 

Hippoci»jnpida5 385 

Hippocampus 386,  906, 9«7 

hippocampus 380 

Hippocephaliw 723 

Hippoglossinii 821 

Hippo;il()88oid('s 825, 826 

hippoglotisoidcs    810, 820 

lIippo<rlon8u.s 818 

liippoglo«U8 819 

liippops -• 149 

hippos 435,437,438,970 

hippurus 454, 914 

hippua 437 

hirado 10,  868 

hirando 712,955 

hispldas 966 

Hiatiocottus 719 

Histiophorina) 419 

Histiophoras 421 

histrio 845,846,965 

hiulcus 273,  888 

Hoe 16 

Hog-flsh 499,501,601 

Hog  Molly 130,409 

Hog  Sucker 130 

Holacanthus 615 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  16 03 


Page. 

holbtflJl  847 

holbr<H)ki  (DlploMu*) 650,  9,10, 072 

(E(hcnci«) 417 

(EupomotlB) 482 

(0»mbu»ia) :M5,  H0:1 

(Heterandrla) :M,'),  894 

( L«'pouil8) 482,  out 

(Ophidium) 703,9(13 

(I'omotls) 482 

(SargUB) 5.'>g,  sao 

HolconotUH 500,  592,  936 

Holia 305 

Holocentrum 450,915 

Holocentrua 459,015 

Holoccphali 03 

Hololppia 511 

ilolostci 88 

Homuloporana 809 

homonymus .584,935 

Homoprion ...  570 

hoodl  320, 321 ,  800 

Hoopid 307 

Hoplndelus 102 

HoploBtnthus 458 

Horned  Dace 221 

Horned  Pout 104 

Uoni-flsh 526 

Horny-head 211 

Horse  CrevaI16 437 

Horee-flsh 440 

nor8e-head 439 

Horao  Mackerel 429,432,011 

houghi 109 

Hound  Sharks 10 

hoyi  ( Argyrosomus) 300 

(Coregonu8) 209 

(Uranidea) 700 

hubbardi 832 

hudaouia  (Cliola) 171 

hud8onicu8  (Salmo) 320 

Hudsouius 163,164 

hudsonius  (CatoatomuB) 127 

(Hippocampus) 386, 007 

humboldti  (Scopoliis) 284 

(Squalius) 234 

(Tigoma) 234 

humeralis  (Cbterojulis) 603 

(Julis) 603 

(Leiostomus) 574 

(Oligocephalua) 513 

(Platyglossns) 003, 936,  937 

humilis  (Bryttus) 479 

(Cottus) 705 

<Gambu8ia) 345,894 

(Leponiis) 479 

Humpback  Salmon 365 

Huro 484 

huronensis 91 

HuBO 85 

hyalinua 214 

Hybognalhus ; 155,884,968 

Hybopsis 163,104,105,211,213 

Hyborhynchus 159 

Hydrargyra 331,332 

Hydrolagns 94 


SS^SM 


994 


INDEX. 


-■iji--. 


Page. 

llydrophloT >. I85 

liyilniplilox 'jsa 

flyloiuy/.on l:;4,  l;U) 

HyniiiM 438 

llyoiloii 259 

Jly«iiloiitidw -JSa 

HyoMtonift 490 

Hyi>«>nou8. 565 

Hy  i>onf  oliiiin 130 

H>l)«>riatliis 4B5 

llypoHMrtia fi 

Ilyj>'>nitn>ttt 4 

Uypcrpnwopon 500,  601 

HyphnloniMlnis mxi,  I)(i8 

llyplourocliiliia 758 

llypocritiflithys 500,  501 

Ily  pohomus ,>05 

HyponioauB '.'04 

HypopU'otnia 537,017 

Hypoprioii 50,  61 

Hypoprioiiodon 61 

llyportluHlus 541 

HypsjuromiB 7'JS 

liypsoloptora 184, 185 

Hypsilopis 185 

Hypsii"oiut>to8 808 

liypsiiiotus "215 

Jlypsiptoro 708 

llypsopspttft 830 

Ifypsi  IU8 503 

Hypay  pops 610 

lIyBt<>rooarpliin> ."iSe 

llystonu-arpiis 586 

Jjystrix 803 

I. 

loolnB 080 

Ichtlirt'lnrns 107 

loliilicHs 472 

lolithyolms 114 

li'litliyomyron 0,  807 

loifhthys 621 

ItoatoidaB 610 

Ji'ostt<(in 620 

Icl.iliinm 106, 881 

irtlit>loId«>8 406 

JotiobuB 113,  882 

ill<>o»'bro«ns 103 

imniar iiliUn  (CoryphiiMia) 014 

ininiaoulitlnm  (rybluin) 42i 

iiniiuu'iilntiiB  (Sitlnio) 320 

Iitiostimia 408 

iniyiorntor 900 

iinpeiiiUia  (K«ox)   itTi 

(Mupns) 814 

(S«>bi«a«o») 670 

(Ty  loBuriis) 372 

inipotiginoBiiB 540, 073 

iumtptilobua 228 

incise  V 480 

Iiicoiinii .' 304 

inoonBtana 894 

iiicraBsatua )21 

iudirus  (UcptAnciiB) 34 

(KisUophorus) 421 


Pac... 

inditMiB  (Kotidaiiufi) 34,0:1 

(Ti't  rapt  iiniB) 900 

iurnnis  (Aiio;iIa}!on\iB)   ,   ...  725 

( A  !>pidi)phon)idi>!*) 725 

(l\«ia) 44 

(Si'liaatiH'.wi) 672 

injjt'iia  (OiiiicUiis) 797 

(HippiKuuiipiiB) 38(1 

iiinomiiiatiiB 343 

inopiimtiia 395 

iiun-ti;tt;\  ( T.ottt) k)2 

(Kaiti) 878 

inoiiiattiH  (Apodii'litliya) 770 

((.^lyptiicantliodeB) 781 

iiiMcriptiiiiMNiinoiitoMia) 512 

iUHciii  tna  (XothoiKittia) .S12 

( INmmti.s) 478 

(XiMiotis) 478 

inaoiilptns 3!ifl 

in,>ii<:ti('  (riiiiolodiiH) lOti 

iiisinnis  (Catostonms)   1,30 

(Xotunus) 100 

iiiBolat  iiH 612 

insiila>!«ani'ta'«THoiii 938 

intoj:ripiuni«    764 

intormodia  (Tinoma) 238 

iuttn-iiicdiua  (iSaatci-rtstouB) 3<H! 

(I'mnoxyc^ 4?  > 

vSjuirun) 889 

(SipialiiiBi 238 

(Synodu)i.    880 

iDtomipta  (Miironi>) 630 

iiit«<rruptus  (Aiiit)lt)pliti<!«) 460 

(Ajrhoplitt's) 400 

(Coiiti-aivlms) IC"),  400 

(Goiiytromim) 923 

(PoiaadasyH) 823 

(K00CU8) 530 

itinnm 882 

loa  400,071 

Io>!l688U8 04p 

ionthafi  ". , 960 

io.s 048 

irii'oHB  (Coutriirchus) 464 

(I,alini8) 464 

(Satmo) 312 

iriB  (riiola) 172 

(Uypsilopis) 172 

( Ii('»u'i»i".m) 221 

Irish  Ponipauo 034 

l»ab»>ll(a or. 

isohaiius      250 

!«rhynis  (I.cpomis)   474 

(I'aniphrys) 8;i3 

(Plcuroiu>oU>«^ 8;»2 

iRMtlioH 767,  ORO,  9(i0 

iBlandicua T7li 

isodoii 24,  874 

23 

401 

8;{2 

8;i2 

8;i2 

401 

50<; 


Isojiomphodon 

iBolupiB  (.VphivdodiTiiB) . 

(LopidopBtitta)  . . 

(Pawpliryat  — 

(Ploni-oiu>ot««8)  .. 

(Stornottvniia)  . . 
Isopiftbinw 


INDEX. 


995 


m 

770 
781 

MJ 
M2 
478 

478 

aiifl 

l(Mt 
130 
UIO 

or.' 

!>'.18 
764 

;!% 

4'  "> 
8«t 
2118 

8Stl 

r.:io 

4t>li 

4«(I 

.   I0'j,4l'>ti 

923 

530 
892 
.  490.071 
948 
iHK> 
iM8 
4(M 
404 

ai2 

172 

172 
221 

934 

tur. 

2S0 

...  474 

8;r.i 
8;i2 

.7^7,  959,  ««> 

779 

...     24.874 

401 

832 
8;t2 
W2 
401 


Isopaett* 882 

IiM>8])on<1yIi 256 

latiuphonis 421 

laurupsia  28 

laarus 28,29,874 

':-':r^.                                                                      J.                                                 r:-  - 

J«ok 666 

Jack  Salmon S3S 

Jncksxili C95 

jaoolii 571 

JacolHra 417 

jaoulus 202 

jRok 705 

,iap<inont<iR - 300 

JHiHiiiious 723 

jarni vii  ( I.opidoinrda) 252 

(Minouius) 123 

Jc\iunn8 194 

,j(>uu>f)vuu8 ., 203 

Jonlgiiauo 925 

Jerker 212 

J  ftwia> 518 

■Towtlsh 26-J.KU,540 

,Ii>lin  A.Orindlo 04 

Jotinina 569 

.loliuny 718 

Joliimy  Darter 4''3 

iTohiiny  Venlo ixi6 

John  Taw 640 

jouosi 347 

JonlnnoUa 327 

Jonlitiii  (lloinilopiilotua) 715 

(HipiHt^Iossoidos) 827 

josophi 703,963 

.juvralis 172 

Jti};ular«>8 783 

Juli()ini» 608 

iTuiiipiii^  Miillot 142 

.runip-nH-ks 142 

Juno  Suokor 132 

.Tnri>l '. 012 

X. 

kniit)i SS4 

kayko 306 

Kclpflsh tW3,7e3,7(M 

"ionliu'kieimia 179,  180 

ki<nm>rlyl 300 

kouuicottt  (Cat4>notn8) 514 

(Con^,{(mii») 208 

ki>ta 305.307 

Killillt»lM>8 3;n.  332,  33(1 

K  iiitf-fioh 453, 5-fl,  577.  582 

K  iiiK-ot'- 1  hp-Uxrring 617, 618 

Kiuj;-(>f  tli«>Miilli>t« M3 

Kill);  of-thoSalnum 618 

Kins;  SoIdoii 806 

kiwtoh    307,308 

Kniiiimya  Kylta 308 

kumlit  III 090, 953 

Ky  phoHiia 972 

kyaiitach 308 


PagK 

labiatas - 127 

LabitU-  .iiioa 406, 908 

Labra  -ina" 527 

labmiUirioiis  (AoautluK'uttua) 704 

(Core(r«""«») 200 

(Cottii8) 704 

L»br«x 528,641 

Labri>l:i> 697 

Labrina> SOB 

LabroHoinun 762, 962 

labnif.as  (C't-niti'  hthys) 217 

(Zoart't>8)  784 

lac«>p» 143, 144 

Ittertosna 102 

Lachno1a>nitta 600 

lacrynialis 140 

laciniata 008, 969 

Laotopluy.* 853 

lacustris 108,  882 

liady-lixh 258,601 


LaMuarKUH 

lirtitbilis , 

bi'tiis. 

Inn-ioaiulatiis , 

latvigatus  ( A  Konim) 

(AnloiiiiariuNl 

(('liiroiu'ott'8)  , 

(LajiiH'ophaliis) 

(T«>lro<l<m) 

latvis  (Aiipi<«»(>r) 

(Mustolu.t) 

( I'lcuraoromy  Ion) 

(Kaiii)  

(Uliiiiotriiiola) tW, 

LaKayotto 451, 

I.nn«>*'»"l'''»l'**   

l»}5iH'«>pliivlns  (I 'turns) , 

((irnniniatopletirtm) 

(Lalirax)  

(Oiioorbynohus) 

(Salnv)  


00, 


14 
175 
768 
386 
723 
846 
846 
880 
860 
87 
870 
tiO 
42 
870 
574 
850 
041 
641 
641 
3(16 
306 
143 

Lasoilou 5.%8.  920.tV7l 

Ijikt  llorriuR 303 

Lako  Stiirift'on 87 

Lako  Trout 814 

lalaudl 444.912.913 

lamia 2;i,  00, 873 

lamWla 873 

Lanuia i 20 

I^ininiibv 38 

lamottoni 868 

liamptTo^l 11 

Lniiipi'm 7 

Lampctra 7,8,57.867 

lampct  ra<torml« 779 

La«ipr«>y 6,867 

Lamptididiv 4.V< 

LanipiiM  463 

I.anipuuu!( 494 

Ij)»nci'li>t ...•«>«. 2,3.807 

latict'olata  (Sriirua) 670,  OJll 

lni)c-(H.!atniii  (UraiiohUratonia) 57, 867 


La);ti<'hila . 


096 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Innoeolatas  (EqucH) .  932 

(Gobius) 636 

(Hcmoprion) 570 

(Liniax) ;),867 

(Stelliferua) 570 

Lancet-flab 274, 276 

Lant 414 

Large-moiitbed  Black  Bass 484 

Large-acaled  Sucker 140 

Larimua  578, 933 

lata 67 

laterale  (Ditremn) 594 

lateralis  (Abramis) 251 

(Alvarius) 522 

(Artedius) ^ 

(Calycilepidotus) 690 

(Eiibiottsa) 595 

(Ictlna) 689 

(Mylochullus) 225 

(PoecilichtfcyB) 522 

(Rlcbardsoniua) 251 

'               (Scorptenichthys) 690 

(Taeniotoca) 595 

(Zygonect«s) 341 

iBtleandua  (Scoliodon) 24 

latirteps  (Aetobatis) 879 

(Cepbnloscylllum) 59 

(Scylliuin) 58, 59 

f  Stoaaodon) 879 

latifaaciatus 329 

latifrona.... 782 

Latilida; 623,880 

latimanus 373,901 

latior 299 

Intipinna  (Mollienesia) 347 

Iniipiniiis  (Catostomua) 125 

(Zaniolepia) 647 

latirostria 870 

laurettw 889 

lanta..     453 

Lavinia 152 

Lawyer 04, 802 

Leaat  Darter 523 

Leather-Jacket 446, 447,  855 

Leather-sided  MinnoTV 234 

Lebias  ...   328,329 

Loisomus... 860 

Leiocottud 711 

Leioatomus    574 

leiurua 395 

Le-Kni , 305 

Lembua 630 

Lemniscati 362 

lemniscatim 100 

lentigiiiosiis 65 

leouonais 517 

loonlaa 174 

Lepibema 529 

Inpida  (Boloo«'«'ii) 517 

(CliolB) 177 

Lepidion 800 

Lcpidogobltw 687,945,947 

LepldoIopruK 811 

Lepidomeda 251 

I.epidopaetta  831,833 


Pago. 

Lepidorhombus g]5 

LepidosteidtB f,^ 

Lepidostena 90, 88a 

lepidum  (Boleoaoma) 5)7 

lepidua  (Gobiua) 037 

(Oligocephalua) 517 

(PoEcillchthya) 517 

Lepiopomus 475 

Lepisoma 70'j 

Lepomia 472, 484 

leptacanthna  (Noturas) on 

LeptagoDUS 726,95.j 

Leptoblcnnina 778 

Leptocardii 2 

LeptocephalidsB 362 

Leptocephalua 362,909 

leptocephalus 215 

Leptocliuua 776 

Leptocottua 713 

Leptogunnellua 770 

Leptophidium 793 

Leptopa 881 

Leptorbynchus 36t) 

leptorhynchnm 384, 906 

Leptoscopidffi 752 

leptoaomua 249 

Lepturus 422 

lepturua  ( Anarrhichas) ; 782 

(Trichinms) 422 

lesaonii  (Tetrapturus) 909 

lesueHrianum  (Exogloaaum) 160 

Letbarchus 896 

lencbtenbergi 366 

lenciodus 134, 195 

Leuci8cina3  146 

leuciaons 230 

leucops  (Photogenia) 201 

Icncoptia  (Photogenia) 180 

leucorbynchuB 38, 876 

Lencoa 2'<4,887 

LeucoaomuB 220,222 

leucoatictus , 010 

Leucna 244,887 

Leuresthes  405 

Leurynnia 784 

lewiai 315 

Hbertatla 269 

Limanda 831,834 

limandoidea 826 

limbatua 23,24,61 

limi 350 

Llmia 346,347 

Liranurgua  342 

limosa  (Myxlne)  !> 

limosaa  (Filodictia) 101 

(Pimelodua) 102 

llneata  (Aloaa) 267 

(Corypbwna) 97;( 

(Ecbeneis) 417,970 

(EmblotocA) 595 

(Llparis) 742,957 

(Novaou!a) 005 

(Sciaena) 529,575 

.(Tlgoma)  237 

(Trlgla).... 736 


INDEX. 


997 


Pago. 
815 

fi9 
90,880 
517 
637 
517 
517 
47G 
70'J 
472, 484 
98 
726, 055 
778 
2 
362 
362, 969 
215 
776 
713 
776 
703 
881 
366 
384,906 
752 
249 
422 
782 
422 
009 
160 
896 
366 
134, 195 
146 
230 
201 
180 
38, 876 
2Ai,  887 
220, 222 
610 
244, 887 
405 
784 
315 
269 
831, 834 
826 
23, 24, 61 
350 
346, 347 
342 
5 
101 
102 
267 
07;! 
417, 970 
695 
742, 957 
OOo 
529, 575 
237 
736 


Page. 

lineatns  (ikchiruB) 841 

(Amblodon)  56« 

(Cyclopterua) 742 

(DormiUtor) 632, 044 

,.;;           (Genyonemus) 574 

!•!             (Grystes) 646 

nJ           (Labrax) 529 

,.   ..           (Liootomns) 675 

i;:v            (Micropogon) 575 

X.,            (Mugil) 403,404 

..:'         (Phthirichthys) 969 

«  ..            (Pleuronectes) 842 

.r .           (Prionotua) 736 

(ItoccuB) 520 

(Sqn^ina) 236 

(TriModon) 627 

(Xyrichthys) 605,973 

-'             (Zygonectes) 339 

lineolata  (Cliola) 168 

(Mollieneaia) 894 

(Pelamya) 428 

(Poecilia) 347 

lineolatam  (Etbeostoma) 513 

lineolatuB  (Albumna) 168 

(CatoDotas) 513 

^..^uciacna) 168 

(Zygonectes) 341 

Ling 646,802,009 

linsloyi 514 

Liocottua 711, 955 

liolepis 825 

Llamonacanthus 858 

Liouiacna 85 

liop«-Uia 87 

Liopaotta 831 

lioiua 131,132 

lioatemua 206 

Lioatomus 573 

Liparidl(la3 738 

lipariuiv 739 

Liparis 740 

liparis 742 

Lipomyzon 132 

Lirua 452,014 

lirua  (Lepomia) 483 

(Minnilua) 199 

(Nototropis) 200 

Litholepia 02,880 

littoi'alis  (Engomphodua) 28. 

(Menaoirrna) 577,033 

(Odontaapis)  .   874 

>/              (Squalus) 28 

i-              (Umbrina) 577 

lituroana 966 

lividus  (Petromyzon) 8 

(Sllarna) 105 

Liza 403 

Lizard-flah 279,280 

Lobutes 554 

Lobotinm 546 

lockinptoni 621 

LogPercli 499 

lonc-hunis 043 

longa  (Dasibatia) 66 

Louge 317 


Long-eared  Sun-fish 477 

longiceps  (Hybopais) 168 

(Sibonia) 241, 887 

lon^jitollis 000 

longimanus  482 

longipinne  (Hulooontrum) 450 

longipinniH  (Rhonibua) 451 

iongiroatna  ( Alburnopa) 167 

(Catostoinua) 126 

(Cliola)...  167 

(Esox) 374 

(EuleptorhamphuH) 377 

(Hemirhaniphus) 377 

(TyloauruB) 374,902 

longirostruni  (Catoatomua) 124 

loDgiapinia 480 

Long-nuaed  Dace 207 

Gar 01 

Suclter 127    ' 

longuliis 473 

longus  899 

Look-down 439 

LophiidiC 844 

LopIiiuB 844 

lophiua 107 

Lophobranehii 381 

Lopbolatilna 624 

Lophopsetta 815 

lordii 320 

loricatus 723 

Lota 801 

lota  (Gadus) 802 

louiaiansB 383,384,904,906 

labricum 3 

Lucania 342 

lucens 213 

luciiv 342 

lucidus  (Coregonus) 301 

(Luxihis) 249 

(Xoteniigonus) 24!) 

(Salmo) 301 

luciocepa 281 

Lucioperca   525 

Luciotnitta 304 

luciua(E80x) 353 

(Ptycliofhilna)   227 

ludlbunda 177 

lugubris 177 

lumbricua 899 

Lumpenna 770 

lumpcnua 778 

Lump-sucker 744 

Lunipus 746 

luinpua 747 

luna  (Lampria) 453 

(Pomotij^ 480 

(Zeua) 453 

luuatua 885 

Innnlatus 920 

lupna  (Amiuras) 107 

(Anarrbichas) 781 

(Ictalurua) 107 

(Pimelodua) 107 

luteua 885 

lutipinniB 100 


998 


INDEX. 


■'  '  Page. 

LutjanincB 546 

Lutjanus 547,021,971 

lutrensls 173,175 

liixatus 133 

laxiloides 177 

Luxilus 185,186,250 

lycaodon 308,  309 

LycodidiB 783 

Lycodalepis 788 

Lycodes 785 

Lycodopsis 784 

lyriciis 633, 945 

lynx 107 

lythrochloris 478 

Lythrurus 185,196 

M. 

tnacarellus 433 

Macho 403 

mackenzii 304 

Mackerel  Scad 432 

Mackinaw  Trout 817 

maclura 46, 47 

inacrocephalum  (Etheostoina) 501 

uiacrocepbalus  ( Alvordius) 501 

(Gadu8) 804 

(Gunnellus) 767 

(Semotilus) 221 

tnacrochilus 128 

macrocbirus 475 

Macrodonophis 359, 897 

macrolepidota  (Myxostoma) 140 

macrolepidotum  (Moxostoiua) 140 

macrolepidotua  (Catostomas) 140 

(Leuciacus) 223 

(Pogonichthys) 223 

mocrophthalinus 544, 971 

ruacropa 927 

niacropterum  (Exoglossum) 130 

niacropterus  (Contrarchus) 463 

(Labrus) 464 

niacrorliynchus  37' 

uiaorostoma 177 

Macrourus 811 

luacroiirus  ( Alopias) 27 

Macrozoarces 784 

MacruridtB 810 

Mucrurus 811 

macrurus  (Ophichthya) 898 

(Oxyodontlchthys) 808 

maculariua  330 

maculata  (Aniia) 030 

(Elcotria) 032 

(Etheoatoma) 508 

(Heraitiemia) 162 

(Lophopaetta) • 816 

~                 (Morone) 483 

X'  (Perca) 540,018 

(Sciujna) 632 

luaculaticeps 492 

luaculatum  ( Aulostoma) 390 

(Boleosonia) 492 

(Cyblum) 428 

(Cynoacion) 581, 034 


Page. 

maculatua  (Alvordius) 502  50H 

(Apogon) 930 

(Sodianua) 537 

(Botbus) 81.-, 

(Clinus) 777 

(Cryptacautbodea) yj^jo 

(Diodon) go:) 

(Dormitator) 632, 944 

(Hadroptdma) 502 

(Heptranchiaa) 62 

(Holocentrua) 540 

•                  (Hypeneus) 56,-, 

(Labru.s) 58i 

(Lumptiuua) 777 

(Monopriou) 030 

(Mullbypeneua) ■ 5fl,) 

(Mullua) 505 

'                (Nothonotaa) 508 

;'  (Notorhynchua) 34,63 

''               (Platypoecilua) 348 

(Pleuronectea)  816 

(Rhypticua) rA'.i 

(Scomber)   426 

(Scomberomorua) 426 

(STranua) 54n 

(Stichffiua) ,.7 

(Upeneua) 565 

macalociuctua 615 

maculofasciatua 536 

maculosa  (Lota) 802 

maculoseriatua 64(i 

mactilostriatua 864 

macuioans  f  Acipenaer)   ..."..  87 

(Centrarcbua) 460 

(Centridermicbthya) 718 

(Gadua) 802 

(Oligocottua) 718 

(Paralicbthys) 821 

(Pimephalea) 159 

Mademoiaelle 5TU 

moiandricua 740 

magdaleniB 580 

mainenaia 394 

majalia 332 

ma,jur  (Actinochir) 741 

(Cyclopterua) 741 

(Liparia) 711 

(Ptycbocbeilus) 226 

Malacantliidffi 610,  624 

Malacoateua 287 

Malaabcganay 568 

maligi-r 673,674 

malleus 26 

Mallotua 291,889 

Malma 319 

malma  (Salmo) 319,320 

MaUbiea 850 

Malthe 850 

Maltbidoi 84ii 

Mancaliaa 848 

Man-eater  Shark 30 

Mangrove  Snapper 549 

manitou SOU 

Manjuari 92 

Manta '       52 


INDEX. 


999 


I  :  Page. 

nian*a 52 

luapo  (Gobiii8) 045 

niargaritatus 038 

luargaritus 235 

margarotia   471 

marginata  (Uranldoa) 008 

marginatum  (Opliidium) 702 

marginatus  (Urosmius)  706 

(Brosmophycis) 706 

5                    (Dinematichthy     706 

r-i'                    (Ilaliaa) 706 

"'                 (llcmirhnmphua) 002 

(Leporaia) 478 

(Noturus) 100 

(Pomotis) 478 

marina  (PcTca) 652 

niariuus  (iEluiiclithys) Ill 

(Esox) 002 

(I  troiuy zou) 10, 11, 867, 8G8, 800 

(Sobastes) 051 

'^      •         (SUuriis) Ill 

(Tylosunis)    0y2 

uiarmorata  ( Ptoroplatea ) 47 

marmoratus  ( Araiuius) 104 

(Autcnnarius) 846 

t                    (Cottus) 700 

V                    (Cremnobates) 002 

■    ;           „       (Ucmittjpterus)  717 

y                    (Pimelotlus) 104 

--•  (r.hlnichthys) :J07, 885 

(Scorpasnichthya) 716 

Marsipobi-anchii 3, 57 

Mascaluugus 353 

Muskallungo 353 

iiiHsoni 313 

niRssachusettensis 857 

Mastacembelidai 368 

matamorcnsis 347 

Mathomog 882 

mattowacca 267 

uiatutiuua 100 

mauritii 440 

Maui'olicua 383 

maxillaris 708 

uiaxilliugua 100 

maxillo8iii>  (GnatUypops) 042 

( OpiatbognathuB) 043 

(Kliinichthys) 207, 208,  885 

maximum 31,61,875 

May  llsli 332 

May  Suclier 144 

Mcda 252 

Medialuna 502 

mediocris 206 

modirostria 86 

niediterranea  (Sarda) 427 

meditcrrancus  ( lloplostothus) 458 

(Scomber) 428 

modiua  (Anisarchus) 777 

(Calamus) .  028 

(ClinuB) 777 

(Grammateua) 028 

(Lumpunua) 777 

(Sticliajus) 777 

mcgacepbalus  (Calamua) 026 


Pago. 

megacephalus  (Cbitonotns) COi) 

(Icelus) 662 

Megalocottua 70'i 

Megalopino) 201 

Megalopa 201 

megalops  ( Alburnolliia) 105 

(Albumus) 105 

(Ditruma) 50'j 

(Ennichthys) 502 

(Minnilus) 105 

(Piraclodus) 100 

(Trycberodon) 247 

megalotia 177,478,480 

mclami  tcrus 309 

mclanocepbalua 158 

melanogaster 823 

Mulanogramnms 803 

melantns  (Uryttus) 468 

rCalliurus) 467,468 

(Catostomus) 135,130 

(Dionda) 157 

(Glossoplites) 408 

(Ilaplocbilus) 340,894 

(Hybognatbua) 157 

(Ictbulis) 473 

(Lepomls) 473 

(Minytrema) 130 

(Sebastes) 057,  658 

(Sebaatodos) 6" « 

(Zygonectes) 340,892 

melanopterura 55:i 

melanoatictua 828 

melanotia  (Limamura^na) 356 

(Muraena) 355,804 

m(;Ianotua  (Catoatomus) 150 

mohtnura  (Perca) 548, 021 

melanurua  (ExocobUis) 370,  004 

(Lutjaims) .* 548,021 

(Ocyurus) 548 

melaa 104 

meleagris 208, 885, 88(( 

Mcletta 204,200 

MoUetea 710 

Monidia 400,008,000 

mer.idia  ( Atberiua) ,  .400, 407, 408,  000 

(Atherinlcbthys) 407 

Menhaden 260 

menhaden 270 

Menomonee  Whitc-flsh 208 

nien<iiia 335 

Mentii'irriiB 670 

meridionalis  ( Amiurus) lOP 

(Bubalichthys) 110 

(Cottus) 607 

(Ictahirua) 100 

(Sclerogiiathus) 116 

(Uranidca) 097 

raerki 300 

MerUingus 807 

merlaugua  ( Anoplopoma) 650 

Merluccio 800 

merlucciua  (Gadus) 800 

Merlucius 808 

Merou 539,656 

mertenal 700 


i! 
■1 


1000 


INDEX. 


'  •  ■  Pago. 

mosoeas 492 

mosogaster 377 

Mesogonistias 471 

Mesoprion 547 

mesoti'cma 461 

metallica 209 

Metopuuopt) 81G 

Metrogaster 588 

mexicanum  (DoroHuma) 887 

moxicanua  (C  batoiitiaus) 888 

(Mngil) 403,908 

Michigan  Herring 301 

Grayling 303 

Micristius 338,340 

Micriatodus 32,875 

microcephalua  (Gasterostous) —  395 

(SomnioauH) 14, 15,  57 

Microgadua 805 

microlepidotua 151, 152 

microlepia '. 538 

microlopbuB 482 

Micrometrua ■  588, 930 

Microperca 522 

Micropogon 575 

micropogon 212 

micropa  (Calliunia) 473 

(taulolatilua) C2G 

(Corvina) 570 

(Cottunculufl) 088,352 

(Lepomia) 473 

(Sparus) 928 

Micropterus 484 

Mlcroptery  X 440 

micropteryx 203 

micropus  (Clupoa) 203 

(Gaateroatoua) 394 

microatigmiua 900 

Microatoma 289,889 

microatoma  (Cliola) , 168 

(Gasteropelocus,) 289 

(Uranidea) COS 

Microatomus 838 

luicroatomiiB  (Cithariclith.va) 817 

(Minnilua) 108 

Midshipman 751 

mllberU  (Arius) 110 

(GarcliariiiH) 23,  872 

(Carcharinus) 22 

(Eulamia) 60,872 

mileei 159 

Miller's  Thumb  093,600 

milneri  (Calamua) 928 

(Nocomis) 218,219 

*        (Pagellus) 556 

(Sparus) 556,928 

milnerianus 243 

mineopas 473 

miniatum  (Poristediuui) 732 

roiniatua  (Lepomls)   476 

(Sebaafiohthya) 664 

(Scbastodes) 663 

minima  ( Abeona) 587,  588 

Minnilua 185,200 

Minnow 242 


Page. 

Minomna ^ 124 

minor 781 

rainuta 698 

Miuytroma 135 

mirabilo  (Exogloasum) 205 

mirabilia  (Clapea)  265 

(Gillichthya) 63(: 

( Phcnacobiua) 205 

Misciaaippi  Cat 108 

Missouri  Suclter 121 

niiasurivusia 168, 169 

mitchilli  (Cottua) 702,  !)."• 

(Engraulis) 273,888 

(Stolephorua) 888 

mrurus 99 

modesta  (Cheonda) 242 

modestaa  (Julia) 604 

(Oxyjulia) 604 

(Paeudojulis) 604 

(Squaliua) 242 

Mojarra 611,934 

Mola 805 

mola 860 

Molacanthua 865 

molfstum 638 

Mollicnusia 346,894 

mollis 842 

Molva 801 

wolva  (Gadus) 801 

Molvclli! 790 

Monacantbua 850,965 

monacbus 217 

Mongrel  White-flah 301 

Moniana 163, 105, 173 

Mouk-flah 35,844 

Monolcne 840 

Monoprion 931 

monopterygiua  (Aspidophoioidea) 724 

(CbiruB) 642 

(Cottus) 725 

,1            (Hexagrammua) 642 

(Labrax) 642 

Monoaira 933 

montagui 743 

montana  (Gila) 234 

Montana  Grayling 303 

montanua  (Clinostomua) 234 

(Squaliui) 234 

(Thymallua) 303 

Moon-eye 259, 200 

Moon-flah 439 

Moray 355 

mordax  (Atherina) £93 

(Crotalopaia) 359 

(Engraulia) 272 

( Macrodonophia) 359, 897 

(Murccna) 356 

(Opbichtbya) 897 

(Oaraerua)  203 

moringa 805 

morio 540,919 

Morono 530 

Morrhua 604 

niorrhun  (Gadua) 804 


INDEX. 


1001 


Page. 
124 
781 
698 
ISf) 

son 

205 

2or> 

108 
121 
108, 16!t 
702, 0.".'> 
273, 888 
888 
•      90 
;  ^  s^  242 
.'  :   604 
.    604 
604 
242 
,  011,934 
865 
860 

638 
.  346,894 
842 
801 
801 
790 
.  850,065 
217 
301 
13,  lOo,  173 
. .     35, 844 
840 
931 
724 
G42 
72.-. 
042 
642 
038 
743 
234 
303 
234 
234 
303 
259, 200 
439 
355 
293 
359 
272 
.  359,897 
356 
897 
203 
805 
.  540,919 
530 
804 
804 


Page. 

morrisi , 862 

LIo88bunker 269 

Motella 796 

iDOUcharra 010 

Mouae-flsh 845 

MoxoBtomn 182,136 

mucosa  (Liparis) 744 

mucosum  (Kiphidion)  ■ .  773 

mucosas  ( Acanthocottus) 703, 055 

(Lycodalopia) 788 

(Lycodes) 788 

'     'i?  ■'       (Neolipai'is) 744 

(Xiphiater) 772 

mucrouata  ( I'erca) 531 

mucronatum  (Ophidium ) 767 

mucrouatus  (NeoconKor) 360, 900 

Mud-cat 101,102 

Mud-dab 837 

Mud-flsh    91,636 

mudHah  (Fundulus) 331 

Mud-flaUea 92,350 

MudMinnowa 349,350 

MudSun-flah 409 

Mufflo-jaw 696 

MuRil 402 

MugilidcD 401 

mugiloidcs 032 

uiuikiai 313 

Mullot 239 

MuUota.. 401,402 

Mullid» 504 

Mullhypoueus 505 

Mullua 564,931 

raultif.isciata 334,335,891,892 

inultifllia  738 

multilineata  (Poscilia) 347 

muUilineatus  (Labriix) .530 

mniiimaculatus  (Diodon) 863 

Mummicho<; 336 

Mupua 914 

Muia;ua 355, 394, 895 

AluracnidiU 355 

eugyachiataj 3r-5 

MurocnoidfS 768 

MuraJUDpsia 359, 969 

muriniia 475,470 

muaica     240 

Musqiiaw  lUvor  Whlt(sUsU 299 

Mustilua 19,59,870 

iiuitatum 492 

Myctoi)hum 281 

mykiss 313 

Mjliobatidp-  49 

Myliobatia  .50,879,880 

Myloclipi'  ,18  ^24 

Mylocbiliia 224 

Myloleucua 244,  24.-.,  887 

My  lopharodon 225 

myopa 281 

Myoxoeephalus "OO 

Myrlchthya 360 

Myriolcpia 649 

Myrophia 899 

mystacalis 475 

myatinua 659 


Page. 

Myatriophia 358 

Myxino 4 

MyxinidsB 4 

Myzouts :i 

Myzopaetta 831 

■  »  . 

nacrca 230 

namaycush 317,890 

Nanoatoma 609 

nanus 272,888 

Narciuo 877 

iiaresl   318, 319, 968 

narinari 50, 879 

Naaaau  Grouper 918 

uaaua 370 

nasuta  (Malthe) 850 

nasntum  (Campostoma) 149 

naautus  ( Argyreus) 207 

(Lenciscua) 207 

(Rhinichthya) 207,885 

natalia 105 

Kauclerus 443 

naucratcoides 417 

Naucratca 443 

naucralea  (Echenels) 416 

(Leptechcnois) 417 

Nautichthy  s 720 

nebrascenais 212 

nebulifer  (Catoatoraua) 883 

(Labrax) 537 

(Paralabrax) 537 

(Serranua) 530 

ncbulifei'iiH  (Catoatomua) 883 

uebuloaa  (Etbeostoma) Ijoo 

(Soieeua) 577 

(Umbrina) 577 

nebulusus  ( AcantUoleblus) 644 

(Ceutrouotus) 76S 

(Clilropais) 044 

(Chirus) 644 

(Clinus) 779 

(Gaaterostoua) 394 

(Lycotlea) 787 

(Menticirrus) 577,933 

(Pimelodua) 105 

(Sebastcs) 676 

(Sebastodes) 670 

(Zeus) 456 

Nccdle-flsh 374 

nuglectus 568 

Kegrita 537 

Nomatognathl 95 

Kumichtbyids 365 

Nomicbt  hys 366 

Neoclinua * 760 

Neoconger S60 

neogieus 248 

neohantoniensis 200 

Neoliparis 744 

NoomaBnis 649 

noptaelus  (Lcpomis) 475 

(Tetrodon)  966 

nerka 308 

Norophis 382 


1002 


INDEX. 


Page. 

novisensiB 502 

110 wburrii  (Eucyclogobius) (J38 

(Fa.io) 313 

(GobiiiH)  638 

^"^                   (Ltpidogobius; 637 

New  Light 464 

uewniaui 497 

iiichoUl 046 

iiigellua 159 

uiger  ( Animoc(Bte») 9, 867 

(Astroucsthes) 288 

(Bubttlicbtbys) 116 

,         (Chiaamodou) ' 810 

•  (Cougor) 362,3tB 

■          (CottuB) 707 

(Ebox) 352 

(GaHturostuus) 396 

•  (Gobius) 033 

(Malacusteua) 287 

(Squaliua) 239 

Nigger-flsh 541 

nigra  (Aatrouosthes) 287 

(Elacate) 419 

(EtheoBtoma)  492 

(Gila) 239 

(Scia?na) 572 

(Tautoga)  599 

uigresceuB  (Corypbama) 017 

(CyelcptuB) 120 

(ScrraiiuB) 016 

(SqualiuB) 242 

(Tigoma)  242 

uigricans  (Acaiitlmi-UB) 617, 941 

(Amiurus) 108 

(Camarina) 500 

(CatostomuB) 130 

(ContropriBtiB) 533,534,017 

(Clwtodou) 941 

(Girella) 580 

(Huro) 485 

(Ilylomyzon) 131 

(IlypoplectruB) 537, 918 

(IctaluruB) 882 

(Micropterus) 485 

(Potroinyzon) 11, 868, 869 

(Piinelodus) 108 

(Plectropoma) 537 

nigrilabris 102 

nigripiuuia  ( Argy roaomuB) 301 

(Coregonus) 301 

(Rljypticus) 020 

nigritua 540,541,920 

uigrocinctua 677,  078 

iiigrofasciata  (Hydrargyra) 336 

nigrofasciatUB  (Fundulua) 335 

(Hatlropterns) 500 

uigromaculatus 465 

nigromai'giuata 357 

nigroticniata 164 

uigrottBiiiatua  (Graodua) 104 

( Hybognathua) 156, 884 

nigrum  (Bolnoaoma) 402 

(Pt'troiu  j-zon) 9 

Ninc-apiued  Stickleback 393 

uitida  (Moniana) 175 


Pagp. 

nltida  (Poiuotis) ^-j^ 

ni  'iduB  ( Albumua) 20'> 

(Contrarcbua) 4(jr, 

(SalvolinuB) 321 

n'vea • 180 

nivcatiis 541 

nlveiventria m^ 

nobilo  ( AtractoBcion) 57;) 

(CynoBcion) 933 

nobilior  (Eaox) 353 

nobilia  (Conodon) 90;) 

(Jobuius) 579 

(GatnbuBia) 34(( 

(Iluterandria)  340 

(Perci) 551 

(Poniadaaya) 550 

NocomiB 211 

Nomeidas 44^ 

Nomeua 449 

norvegica  (Perca)  051, 652 

norvegicua  (Coryphmnoides) 812 

(Macrurua) 8i;i 

norwegicua  (Subastea) C52 

notabilia 211 

Kotacantbido! 379 

Notacantbua 370, 900 

NotariuB no 

notat  a  ( Atheriua) 408 

( At  herinicbtbya) 407 

(Beloue) ^  373 

(Cliola) 177 

(Cyprluolla) 178 

(Doroaonia) 271 

(Labrax) 530 

(Malthc) 850 

(Menidia) 407,069 

notatum  (Cbiroatoma) 408 

notr.'/Ua  (Hyborhynchua) 1,19 

(Lepomis) 482 

(Miunilua) ifiO 

(Pomotis) 482 

( PimeloduB) 109 

(Poricbtbj'B) 752 

(Semotilua) 340 

(TyloauruB) 373 

(Zygonectes) 339 

Notemigonua , 248 

Nothonotua 500 

nothum 580,581,934 

NotidauidiB  ...' 62,907 

Not  idaiuis 34, 02 

Notograiumus 776 

Notoihyuchua 34,02 

notoapilotuB 090,073 

Notropis 185 

nottii 341 

Noturus 97 

Novacula 605 

noviD-angliffl 298 

DoveboracenBis  (ExocCBtus) 379, 904 

(Gaateroateua)  39G 

(Naucratea) 443 

novemlineatuB 757 

novemmaculatua 863,  OCO 

nubila  (Apocope) 210 


INDEX. 


1003 


Pago. 

unbila  (Cliola) 187 

uubilus  (Alburnops) 187 

(AiHyrouH) 210 

(CculroblcQuiuH) 778 

( Loptublounius) 778 

( LuuipcuuB) 778 

(Stichffius) 778 

iiuclmlis 155,136,157,968 

uucbtpiunia 702 

uueccuHis 485 

NumbUshes 38,30 

uummifer 118, 110 

uuuiniularis 865 

Nurso   15 

KuisL'-Sbaiks 17, 18 

mittalli  (Exoceetus) 380,381 


XyctopLus . 


282 


a 


obesa  (Algansea) 245 

(Tigoina) 237 

obeBUs  (AuiiiiruB) 104 

(Br.vt  tuti) 470 

(Kuueacanthua) 470 

(Leiu'iscus) 245 

( Leucua) 245 

( I'oiiiotia 470 

(Sinialius) 237 

ubli()uua 574 

obluuga  (Chainopsotta) 823 

(I'latesaa) 823 

oblonguin  (Moxostoma) 134 

oblongiiB  (Cypi'inus) 132, 134 

(Paralichtbye) 824 

(Pleiironoctes) 823,824 

(Pseudorhombus) 823 

Qbolarius '. 390 

itbscura  (Eulamia) 60 

obscurus  (Carcbarias) 22, 872, 967 


(CarcBarinus) 
(Centrarchus) 
(Lepiopomua) . 

;-,i  (Lopomis) 

(Poiuotis) 

(SqiialuH) 

obtuslrost  lis 

obtusa  (liulamia) 


22 

485 

480 

480 

480 

22 

378 

872 

obtusim  (Kbiiiicbthys) 208,885 

872 

250 

04 

(Catoatumus) 128 

(Chorinemua) 447 

(Cougei) 303 


(Sniialua) 

uccideutalia  (Abramia) 
(Auiia)  ... 


Page. 

Occaiiic  Boulto 430 

ocL-anica  (Anguilla) 30;i 

1  oceaniuus  (Conger) 363 

I  (Uobionellus) 030,047 

I                      (Gobiua) C36 

i  ocella 885 

1  ocullaria  (Cbaeuupsutta) 823 

I                   (Fuudiilual 891 

(Paialicbtbya) 972 

I  (Plateasii) 822,972 

j  ( Pat-udorbombua) 822, 972 

ocellata  (Corvina) 571,572 

1                 (Gyiuuothorax) 357 

!                  (Miira'ua) 350 

i                  <Perca)  572 

(llaia) 40 

(Sciajna) 571,031 

ocellatus  ( Acantbocottas) 055 

( Anarrbicbthya) 782 

(Citbaricbtbya) 964 

(llumirbombua)  904 

(Iluipetuicbtbya) 350 

(Uippogloaaua) 964 

(Mura^noidca) 700 

(Muncuopaia) 359 

(Opbicbtbya) 359 

(Zeua) 457 

i  ocpUatum  (Opbidium) 766 

i  ocellicaiida 94 

]  octudcciiuapinosuB 701 

'  octoliUa 413 

i  Octograramua 641 

I  octogranitnus 641 

I  octommiua 413 

!  oculptiia 479 

I  oculol'aaciatus 721 

I  Ocyui'ua  548 

j  Odoutaspididib 874 

j  Odontaapia 27,874 

j  Odontopyxia 729 

!  ogac  (Gadua) 804 

j  ObioSbad. 260 

I  Ohio  Sturgeon 87 

Old-wifo 574 

olitlua  ( Ilypouieaua) 294,  295 

oligaapia    200 

Oligocottim 717 

Oligoci'pbalua 514 

Oligoplitca 447,913,973 

oliatbuatuma 934, 035 

olivacoa  (Poucilia) 340 

olivaceua  (Pimolodus) 109 

oli  varia 102, 881 


((Jaatcroatoua)  393, 447, 973 

(Girardinua) 349 

(Hcteraudria) 349 

(Lcucoaomua) 250 

(Luxilus) 250 

(Monacautbna) 850 

(¥otemigouu8) 250 

(Noturua) 100,101 

(Oligoplitea) 447, 914, 973 

(Scombroides) 447 

(Torpedo) ?9 


obiiatedi 4'J2 

oniniatus 824 

oniocy  auoua 632 

omoatigma 963 

Oncocottus 704 

Oncorby  ncbiia 304 

Onoirodea 848 

Onirodes 848 

onitia 600,936 

Onoa 790 

Opah 45,} 

Ophicbthya 358,969 


1004 


INDEX. 


Page. 

U|>hldli(lB3 702 

Upliidium 702,963 

JphioblenuiuM 700 

UpbiudoD 040 

Opbi8urina3 357 

Opbistirus 358, 808 

ophryus 822, 072 

ophtlialniicns  475 

OpistLarthri 007 

OpiBtUognathidos 042 

OpiHtboguutliua 043 

OplHthouii   808 

OpiHthonenia 208 

Opladulua 101 

Oplupouiii 040 

OpsopoEodus 240 

oquassiv 31H,  008 

Oquassa  Trout 318 

orbis 747 

Orcyima 428 

ordiuutUB 042,043,040 

oreas Ii4 

oresoucnsia 226 

urientalia  (AnarrbichnH) 782 

(Oucoiby  ucbus) 807 

(I'elamys) 428 

(Salmo)  307 

ornnta  ( Aphorintia)  843 

(Cliola) 173 

(Codoma)  173 

(Kmbiotoca) 605 

(Itaia) 877 

oniatuni  (CampoRtoma) 140 

ornatus  ( Achirus) 843 

(Cocblognatlms) 101 

■            (Esox) 352 

(Gunnellus) 768 

(Murasuoides) 707 

Ornichtbys 734 

OrtbagoriscidBB 804 

Oi'thiifjoriscus 805 

Ortbodon 151 

Orthopribtis 551 

Orthopsetta 816 

oacula  (Apocope) 211 

(Corviua) 508 

osculatii 530 

osculuD  ( Argyreus) 211 

osmerinus 156 

Osmerus 202 

o88eu8 00,01,   80 

osteocbir 418 

oateosticta 06 

OstraciidiB 852 

Ostraciam 853 

Oswego  Bass 484 

Otbonops 639 

Otx)Utbiiia) 566 

Otolithns 580 

Otsego 299 

ouataUbi 541 

ovalis 660,601 

ovatua 442,912 

ovinus 329 

ovis 559 


PftgC. 

Oxyjulis 60^ 

Ozylobiua (^^ 

oxygeneioa m_) 

oxyi;eoius 5;;j 

Oxylabrax j;  s^ 

Oxy  metopontinic 04'J 

Oxy  odonticbtbya go^ 

oxyptera oi« 

Oxyrbina 2K 

ozyi'byncbus  (Carcbarias) »2 

(Isurus) 28, 20,  Ul,  874, 87:. 

(Acipeoaer) 80 

oxyunia 01 

Oyatur-flab 600, 75i) 

P. 

pacbypus  (Cottue) 7o'j 

pacificus  ( ArgyruioBua) 440 

(Cynicoglosana) Slin 

(Glyptoccpbalus) hk 

(Lycodea) 78i 

(Lycodopsis) 78."i 

.     (Orcynus) 42!) 

(Salmo) 291,20'.' 

(Thaleichthya) 20-.' 

(Tbynnus) 42U 

Paddle-flab KJ 

pietulua 904 

Pagellus 550,  07J 

Pagrua 556, 97L' 

pagrua  (Sparua)  .  550, 0'^>< 

PalinuruB 4j'.' 

Palinurichtbya 45:; 

palladus  (Labrus) 480 

pallasi  (Mouacanthus) 86j 

(Octogrammas) 041 

(Plouronectea) .' 83e 

Pallaaia 865 

pallida  (Lepomia) 483 

pallidas  (Eupomotia) 482 

(Labrax) 531 

(Lepomia) 479 

(LencoBomus) 221 

(Platygoblo) 220 

(Pomotia) 482,48:) 

(Semotiliis) 221 

palmipea 734,  735 

Pammelaa 452 

pampanus 44L' 

pandionis  1)64 

pandora 23."> 

pantbcrina  (Opiopoma) 040 

piiDtherinas  ( Anarrhicbas) 781 

(Opbiodon) 640 

Pantoatena 1-1 

papalis 107 

papilio 710 

papiilifer 890 

papilliferua 8!)() 

papillosum 137,138 

paradoxus 687 

ParagoauB 7i!" 

Paralabrax 53.') 

Paralepididffi 270 

Parnlepis 277,278 


INDEX. 


1005 


Page. 

Paralichtli.vR 821 

I»nninthio8 073 

ParaBcorpa-ntt 678, 670 

paTnsiticnn 363 

PnratnictuH 433,070 

panlalia 858 

panluH 751,058 

I*arcj)hipiiU8 613 

Pan'plnepholus 537 

I'anupicH 573 

parictalis 158 

parkci 320 

I'arina 610 

imriDntiiH 682 

pannilVra 878 

Parophrys 831 

pai'o  vanuH 246 

parriB 553 

parrii 780 

Parrot-flsh 606 

paru  (Poinacantlms) 618 

(Stromateus) 014 

parva  (Lucania) 343,803 

parvipinno  (Cynoscion) 580 

parvipinnin  (Fundulus) 333 

parvus  (Ccntridcnnichthys) 605 

(Cottopsie) 605 

(Cyprlnodon) 343 

■■'        (Sebastes) 671 

])aAtinaca 47, 48 

pataluB 603 

patris 708 

patronns 260 

patruells 345,802,803 

paucidens  (Leurynnis) 785 

(Lycodopsia) 785 

(Oncorhynchns) 300 

,'                (Salmo) 300 

paucispinis 652, 656, 657 

pavonaceus 030 

paxillus 785 

Pficho  Pr6tro 650 

peckiauus  (SynKuatbus) 383 

poctinatua  (Pristia) 72, 875 

pcctlnil'er 762 

pectoralia  (Dallia) 351 

Pedicnlatl 843 

Pegador 416 

Pelamya 427 

pelamys ■. 428, 430 

pellucida  ( Ammocrypta) 480 

pellncidnm  (Etbeostoma) 400 

pellucidua  (Pleurolepis) 400 

(Thyria) 840 

Pelodiclithys   102 

peltastea  (Lepomis) 478 

peltatns 503 

peuinaulo) 408,  060 

pennatula 926 

penaacolsD  (Harengula) 268 

pentacanthua 459 

pepo  (Scams) 606 

Pcprilua 450 

porarcuatus 832 

Perca 623,916 


Pago. 

Porcariua 488 

Porcesocea 307,401 

Porch 5:.':i,  r.o.'> 

Porchea 48(1 

Poi-clchtbya 480 

Pcrcldaj 4H« 

perciformis 452,45.1 

Pcrctlia 488 

Percina 400 

PerciniD .* 488 

percobromiia 202 

Percomorpbl 307 

Percopaidns 322 

P«rcnpsl8 322 

pcrflfcciatua 273,274 

poriacopua 807 

Perlatcdilnffi 732 

Periatedion 732 

Poriatedium 732 

pr^riHtethus 731 

Permit 012 

Peropus 710 

pcraonatus 415,000 

pcrapicabilia 505 

perspicillum 787 

j  perapicuna 150 

PcacaVermiglia 668 

Peacadillo  dol  Key 400 

Peacadito 235 

I  Peaco-roy 604 

I  Potromyzon 10,867,868 

Potromyzontidro 6,867 

petrosuB  (Muftil) 404 

(Serranua) 018 

(Triaotropia) 018 

pbalxna 578 

Phalangistps 728 

phalerntUH 353 

Pbanerodon 594,505 

Pharynpognatlii 307 

pbaagnnorus OOO 

pbenax 474 

Pbenacobius 205 

pbiladc]pbicu8 073 

Philypnns 630,044,072 

pblebotomna 941 

phlegetbontia 244,887 

pblox 495 

Pbobetor 708 

Pbolis 760 

Pbotogcnia 163,179 

pbotogenis 201 

Pboxinua. 242 

pboxucepbalns 501 

Pbtbiricbthys 069 

Phycis 798 

Pbysiculua 800 

phyaignatbua 219 

Pbyaocliati 367 

Physostomi 94 

Pickerel 352,353 

Picorellns 362 

pictnratna 911 

pictus  (Cbaunax) 847 

(Cbiropsis) 645 


I 


:« 


1006 


INDEX. 


plctnn  (Chlrun>  

(Ciyninclis) 

(Jnllii) 

(Oxylt^bluH)  ... 

<PI.atyj;logmri). 

Picndft 

piciiiU  (Sphyrttna)  .. 

liUlii-niie 

I'igfoot 

lUko 

Perch 

pilatiLs 

I'ilpnnia 

I'ilcMlictls 

IliloHIIH 

IMIot-llsIi 

Pnot-«Hln'8 

Pinifl  ptcrh'm 

Pimi'lcptjinis 

Piinclodti  livr<i« 

I'imf'l()ini"topon 

Pinicpliales 

Pin-llsh 

pinK(^Ii 

pioguis 

ptal 


.226, 


piunutiiit 

pinniKrr  ( Euncacanthus) 

(KoboHtodoii) 

(Scbivsttebthys) 

(.ScbaHtosomus) 

pinniilattis 

PipcHsb 

piptolopi.s 

Pirati!  Porch 

piscatnrius 

Piscen 

pisculcntus 

Pisodontophis 

pisonis 

PiRoodonophls 

piaquctiiH 

piHtilligor 

pituitosus 

pixanga 

pW.ituB 

Placophnrynx 

plagiiisa 

PlagoptcrinoB 

PlagoptiTUH 

Plagyodus 

Plflic©  

plana 

planori •; 

Plargyrus   

Platessa 

pIato88oidea  

Phiticbthy  s 

Platirostra 

platorbynchus  ( Acipenser) 

platcstomus  (Lcpisostcns) 

platycephalus  ( Amiums) 

(Cottus) 

(Megalocottas) . 
(Noturus) 


Paget. 
045 
780 
008 
048 

o:i8 

412 

412 
138 
081 

351, 352 
525 
735 
490 

101, 881 

*»802 

208 

430, 443 
540 

560,972 
100 

601,602 
158 
5S8 
713 
810 
733 
304 
471 
(i02 
063 

oa'i 

440, 013 
382 
183 
400 
844 
73 
330 

890, 960 
631 
899 

435, 912 
708 
543 
920 
157 
142 
843 
148 
253 
275 
831 
837 
7 

185, 250 
831 
826 

831, 835 

83 

88 

91 

103 

706 

707 

101 


platy('i>]>haliiH  (Pinn-lodun) 104 

PlatyglosHus ouj 

Platygobio 21& 

I  platyoiloQ 872, 873,  lHi7 

j  Platypndon ocT 

I   l'latypo:ciln8  .hm 

I  Platyrhina 870 

I  Platyrhinoidis STti 

platyrhynchus  (MinomuB)  122,  IL'4 

platyrrbynchiiH  (PontoRteuH)  \zi 

(Scaphlrrliyuchopg) ».k 

platy8tomw8(T,fpidoHtouH) <,i| 

PlatyHomaticbt  by  8 81i» 

pltibi'iim  (Catostoinns) i-j-j 

(OaHtororttoiiH) 30,^ 

(PnntostcuH) ]'.« 

plebojus  (Miiatoliis) 87(1 

I'loctognatbi avj 

PlectoBpondyll 111 

ple<!trodon O.'jh 

Plc'ctropoma 537,017 

plcii 001! 

IMesioperca riO.i 

Pleuracromylon 50, 87o 

plcnriticus 314 

PlBurogrammns 04I,94!t 

PlcuroU'pis 48« 

Pleuronoctos 831 

Pli'uronectida; 81.'l 

I  'I'uropbtbalnuiH  (Antunniirius) 84G 

Pleuronichthys 828 

pk'iirostictiiH 713 

plumbca  (Cbinioira) 54 

,,     (Diouda) 155 

(Lampotra) 8,57 

plumbeolus 102 

plunibeum  (Zophonduni ) 155 

plnmbeuB  ( Aminocattcs) 8C< 

(Carcbarias) 872 

(Ceraticbthys) 210 

(Gobio) 21!t 

(Potromyzon) 8 

(Squalus) 872 

pluniifrl  (Chajtodon) 613 

I                   (Conodon) 551 

I                 (DiabasiB) 071 

j      '.  i    (GerreB) 583,035,031! 

j                   (LiibruH) 971 

'                    (Mugil) 403 

I                   (Polydactylus) 4i:; 

(PolynemuB) 4i:: 

(Sciu;na) 551 

I                  (ScomberomoruB) 420 

(Scorptcna) 08u 

I                  (Trichidlon) 4i:t 

pluuiicrianus 432.  91:; 

plntonia fiTX 

I  puonniatophorus 424,U1U 

i  Podofhecus -.  72i( 

i  Pcecilia 847 

I  PoBcilichthys 514 

1  Poeciliinaj 327 

Pceciliodes 344 

pcecilioidoB 347,894 

Pcecllnrichthys 25.) 


INDEX. 


1007 


pcBcll'irr.m 141 

l>oeyi  <  PlatyKloMus) 988 

PofconinH BM 

PoRonlchthj-B 223 

Po(50(»U>iuft 880 

poloria  (BlonniiiH)     788 

( Uun-o);a(lui>) 807 

(CottiiB) 70« 

(LvcoilalopU) 788 

(LypodfH) 788 

(Mvrlikn);u8) 807 

Polistotrfiiia 867.067 

politus  (Sf^riphiiH) 582 

(TetriKlon) 860,861 

Pollachius 806 

Pollack  806 

pollicariu 954 

pov''acaiith(>c<'plialnR  ...  703 

polynctocf^plial  MH ^65 

Polynnniidai 412 

Polynemua 413.969 

Polyotlon »...  83 

Poly(M)onti<l8n 82 

Polyprion 532, 016 

poly  trenift 057 

PoniacnntlniH 615 

PomacentridiB 609 

Pomaceutrus 609, 930 

Pomadasys  550,023 

Pomatoinidw 447 

Ponn'tuimm 448 

I'omatopsetta 825 

I'oinolobuH 265 

Poniotls  472 

pomotia 469 

Pomoxys 464 

Pompano 441 

Ponipano  (California) 451 

ponderosus 108 

Pontinua 678,679,951 

popei 478 

Porbeaglp 28 

Porcupine- tlBh 862 

porcus 681, 951 

Porgee 550,  557, 597,  <il3 

Porichtliys 751,958 

PorocottiiB 707 

Poronotus 450, 451 

porosifisiiiniH  ( Porichthys) 751, 752, 958 

porosufl  (Cottus) 703, 935 

(Khox) 352 

Potamocottus 695 

Fotamotrygon 72 

potaii 517 

powelli J 855 

praiciauB 774, 775 

praestnbilis 268 

pretiosns 204,293 

PrincantAidffi 544 

Priacautbua 544 

princepa 625 

prinoipis 603 

Prionodos 917 

Prionodon 22 

PrionotuB ...  733,956 


Pagti. 

PriatidiP 36 

PrlatlKaater 262 

PriMtlporaa S-W 

Print  ipomatidw 545.  h«o 

Priatipomatine 546 

Pristla 37,875 

priatia 87 

ProartbH 067 

probattM-ephalna 550 

pnM'n<> 169 

prodiictus  (Merliiciua) 809 

(dadiiai 800 

(Mt^rliiiKUH)   809 

(Kbin^bulUB) 38,63,876 

prn-liaiis 522 

Iirot'iiiidoniin 793,794 

prolixiim 150 

prniiiplaa 158 

Proniiiropa 541,920 

Proinicropf i>riin .  543 

proriycr  (ClinoHtoiuiia) . ...' 232 

(Gila) 232 

(I.piicisrus) 232 

(S«ba«tichtbyH) 662 

(Sebaatwlea) 661,9.50 

proRprpina 175 

ProHopiiMii 297 

proHthcmiua 219 

protacanthus 465 

prottms 305 

ProtoponiH 203 

proxiiniiH 80,"),  806 

pniiiKiHa 806 

Paettichthys 825,  82H 

psnudoharviiKHS 267 

paendoliispauiua 887 

Psoiidojnlis 604 

PHnudopU'iironectes 831,  837 

PHeiidiipriacuiithiis 645 

PHRudorlionibuH 821 

PseudoHc.inia 606 

Pseiiduacist'ua 660 

PaeiidoHcbastea 678 

Pseiidoxipbophorua 844 

PK0uilui>eneii8 866 

psittaculis  (J  ulis) 087 

psittncua 601 

Psyehrolutoa 686 

Psycbrolutida.' 683 

Paycbrolutiuas 683 

Pteraclis 455 

Pterophryno 845 

Pteropbrynoidos .  845, 965 

Ptnroplatea 46 

Ptilichtbya 369 

Ptychoclieiliia 226 

PtychoatoiuuB ' 186 

Ptyoiiotus 709 

PniTor ...  H59,861 

pugettensiH 692 

pugetti 396 

pulchella  (Liparia) 741 

(Moniann) 176 

(Tipoinn) 238 

pulchetluH  ( ABtatichtby a) 618 


1008 


INDEX. 


Page. 

pnlchellus  (Chilonemus) 222 

(Enpraulis) 273 

(Hapliwhilas) 340 

-'       '         (Leuciscas) 222 

*'T'       -       (T,mico8omu8) 222 

M'.^ '   >         (OliKocephalus) 517 

(Sqnalius) 238 

(Zygonectes) 346 

pulcher  (Labrus) 602 

(Piinelometopon) 602 

(Semicossyphus) 602 

(Sqnalius) 236 

(Trochocopus) , 936 

pnlchra  (Hirpe) 602 

(Tigonia) 236 

pnllutn  (Chondrostoma) 149 

pnlluB  ( Amiurus) 104 

(Monacantbus) 858 

(Pinielodus) 104 

pulverulcntus 245 

Pnmpkin-Hced 482 

punctata  (Ganibusia) 344 

"!i--.    '       (Girella) 560 

^J'^^  (Lamna) 29,875 

?i^  V/^;     (Perca) 541,571 

-**'  ,(Sci«Da) 570,931,932,033 

Ti  (Tnsla) 734 

pnnctat'.im  ( Myctophuin) 281 

punctatus  ( Aprionodon) 24, 874 

-.'  (Blonniue) 758,775 

<  (BodianuB) 919 

«vf-       ''■      (Bryttua) 476 

'"■  (Caranx; 432 

'^v   'i  •      (Carcharias) 24 

*.v  (Decapterns) 432, 912 

■  ■•  i'    ■'■ '■      (Enneacentrus) 541 

i' ■  (Epinephulus) 541 

■'  (Holocentrus)    918,920 

•i  (Tctalurus) 108,882 

41'      •        (Isestbes) 758 

;  •  (Lcpomis) 476 

-  "^4       ;      (Mioristodus) 32,875 

:-.»  (Myrophis) 900 

vV'  (Osmems)! 294 

'  V^w  <Phyol») 798 

M  (Prionotus) 734,956 

,#;  (Silunis) 109 

-v   .         (Squnlus) 24,874 

(SticbiBUs) 775 

pnncticulatiis  (Apo{;onicbtby8) 931 

pnnctifer  (Crotalupsis) 359, 897 

(Hybognatbus) 884 

(Opblcbthys) 358 

punntipinuo  (Siphoatoma) 385, 906 

puDCtipiuuis  ( Ayresia) 612 

(Chromis) 611,939 

(Demiatostetbus) 385 

pnurtnlata  (Corypbffina) 464,914 

(Mlcroporca) 623 

(Uranldea) 696 

pnnctnlatua  (Calliurna) 485 

(Lampugns) 454, 914 

(Minnllus) 198 

(Kotbonotua) 518 

(Pimelodns) 102 


Pace. 

piinctulatus  (Precillcbtbys) Slfl 

(Potamocottua) 69(S 

puncitius 393 

pnnicens 155 

purpnrascena  (Lepomis) 480 

pnrpuratus  (Salnio) 313,  314,  31,% 

purpurea  (Tigoma) 238 

pui purcscena  ( Anoplarchus) 771 

puT-pureus  (Merlangus) 8Q7 

(Squalius) 238 

putnami 498, 837 

pypni'ff'a  (Umbra) 350 

pygmajus  (Gadns) 807 

(Gasterosteua) 394 

(Leucipcna) 350 

Pygosteus 393 

pyrrbomelaa  (Cliola) 184 

Q 

qnadracus 396 

quadratUB 613 

qnadricomo-(08traciuro) 8.'i4 

qundricomis  (Agonus) '. 723 

(Aspidopborus) 723 

(OottuB) 704 

(HypaagonuB) 7i!2 

(OncocottuB) 705 

(Ostracion) 854 

quadrifaaciatuH 757 

quadrifllis  (Cottua) 707,  7fK^ 

quadrilateralis  (Coregonus) 298 

quadrilineatmn  (Hffiuiulou) 554 

quadriloba    51 

quadrimacnlatuB 863 

qnadrisenatua (iOl 

quadrituherculatus 829,830 

qnadrocellatus pf^,  825 

Qua«8ilabia 143 

q;  .tuordecemlaminatns 417 

Queen-flab 582 

quiesceiis 699 

(juillback 120 

quinnat 307 

quinquecinctua 616 

B.,  •,,-■;..,•,  :■ 

Rabbit-flsh 863 

Rabbit-moutb  Sucker 144 

radians  (Scarns) 989 

radiatft  (Raia) 41 

radiatuB  (Cliflerojulii*) 603 

(PlatygloBBua) 003,978 

(Sparus) 603,973 

raflnebquei .  88 

Raia 39,877,878 

RaisB 36 

Raiidffi 39,876 

Rainbow  Darter 614,517 

Rainbow  Trout .*        812 

RiVia 40 

rnjl 916 

rannla 742 

Ranzanta 066 

rapax 226 

Raacacio 078,680 


INDEX. 


1009 


Pago. 
MO 
6UC 
893 
155 
480 
3, 314, 3ir) 
238 
771 
8Q7 
238 
.  498,837 
350 
807 
394 
350 
393 
184 


6!  3 
8.-)4 
f       723 
723 
704 
722 
705 
854 
757 
.  707, 7M 
298 
554 
51 
8C3 
(191 
..  828,830 
..  e'M,82o 
143 
417 
5b2 
699 
120 
307 
616 


863 
144 
939 
41 
603 
...  003,978 
...  603,973 
88 
.39,877,878 
3C 
...  39, 876 
...  614,517 
....♦    312 
40 
915 
742 
966 
220 
....  878,680 


VagB. 

rnscncio 681 

Rasciora 663 

Rasher 663 

rastrelliger 671,672 

Rat-flah 54 

Rat-tail 811 

ravenoli 352 

Ray 36,39 

Razor-fish ..  -  605 

RwlBa«8 571 

Rod-eye 466,473 

Red-eyed  Bream 468 

Red  Fall-flsh 189 

Red-flu 186 

Red  fish 106,308,602,651,931 

Red  Grotiper 640 

Red  Gurnard 733 

Red  Horse 136,140,571 

Red  Minnow -   153 

Red-mouth  553 

Red-mouth  Baflhlo-flsh 114 

Red  RoDcador 572 

Red  Snapper 549 

Red-spotted  Trout 319 

regale  (Cy bium) 426 

(Cynosoion) 581,934 

rugalie  ( En^helyojins) 798 

(Juiinius) 581 

(Otolithus) 581 

(Phycis) 798 

(Scomber) 426 

(Scomberomorus) 426 

regius  (Blenniiis) 798 

■  tiybofinathus) 156 

(Phycis) 798 

Reina 660 

reinhardi  (Carrproctus) 740, 957 

(Liparis) 740,957 

reinhardti  (Cory nolophns) 849 

(IIimiintolu])Iiu8) 849 

(Mo(olla) 797 

(Onos) 797 

Roinhardtius 819 

Remora 416,417,909 

remora 417,909 

Renioropsis 417 

Ri-nii-eps 25, 874 

n.itioilata  (Spatularia) 84 

reticulalus  (Bryttiis) 476 

(CLiloniyctonis) 960 

(Esox) 353 

(G-obiesox) 749 

(Halieutichthys) 851 

(Lepadofraster) 744 

(Lyeodcs) 787 

(Pscudox  ipbophorus) 344 

(Trypon) 72 

rotifer  (Scylliorhinus) 869 

retifera*(Murrcna) 894 

retiforuni  (Scy Ilium) 870 

retropiunis 126 

Riiacocliilus 506 

Rhamphocol  tinas 684 

Rbnmpbociittus 721 

Rbeocry  ptft 497 

Bull.  Nat.  Mils.  No.  10 Oi 


Page. 

rhesfiodoD 749 

Rhina 35 

rhina  (Raia) 43 

Rhinni 967 

Rhinichthys 206,884 

rhinichthyoidos 210 

Rhinobatidaj .    37,876 

Rbinobatus 37,63 

RhinodontidsB 31,875 

Shinonymus 790,797 

Rhinoptera 51 

Rhinoscion 573 

Rhinotriacis 20, 59, 60,  870 

rbodochloria 607,fiC« 

iiio<loru8 080 

rhodoteruB 592 

rhomaleua 240,886 

rhombeus 934 

Rhombocbinis 417 

rhoml)()ides 658 

Rhouiboplites 64» 

Rhombus 450,451,815 

rhotlipa  (Uranidca) 953 

rhotheuB  (Semotilus) 223' 

rhynehojus   87 

Rhynrbiclithya 459 

Rhy  pticiiiaj 528 

Rhypticus 54T 

ricei 694,  953 

richardi  (Caranx) 43T 

(Hemidiamphus) 376 

(Salmo) 309 

richardsoni  (Corogonus) 299' 

(Corvina) 508 

(Cottus) 697 

(Kutychelithus) 568 

(Rhanipliocottus) 722 

(Tracliidermu.i) 695 

(Uranidca) 090,  697,  953 

Riehardsnnius 251,884 

Ringed  Porch 524 

ringeus  (Engraulis)    272 

(Stolephorus) 272 

(Sudis)  277 

Rio  Grande  Trout 314 

rissoi  (TracLurua) 911 

RiverChub ' 212 

1  i^ollana  (Soiiola) 444 

Roach 244 

Rol)alo 528 

robua'a  (Gila) 228 

rubustus  (Clypeocottua) 711 

(Ichtbrt'lurus) 109 

(Leuciscua)  228 

(Mylopharodon) 225 

Roccns 628 

rochel 425,911 

Rock 529 

Rock  Bass 400,535 

Rock-cod 652 

Rock-tlsh 332, 499, 529,  650,  fl.i2 

Rockling 70« 

Rock  Salmon , 444,913 

Rock  Trout 041,045 

Rocky  Mountain  White-flsh 297 


1010 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Koncador 1>72,574,928 

roncndor  (Fmbrina) 576 

Konchil 610,  «23 

rondeloti  (Carcharodon> 30, 61,  875 

(ExocGBtus) 904 

(ScombercBox) 375 

roBACeus  (Cymatogaster) 500 

(Micromntrus) 589 

(Seba«t«'») 6*3,067 

<Seba8todc8) 663,666 

TOMB 376 

roseus  (BlenniuH) 766 

(Ccntronotue) 768 

(Gnunellops) 766 

(Luxilus) 180 

(Minnilua) 189 

Sose-flsh 651 

rossi  (Lycodes) 787 

(Salvelinus) 321 

(Salmo)    321 

rostrata  (Anguilla) 361 

(Mura)na) 361 

(Pliitcssa) 834 

mstratus  ( Agonus) 726 

( AlcpocBphalus) 257 

(Br-ichyopsis) 728 

(Heterostichus) 704,  962 

(Ltoptngouus) 955 

rothrooki 776 

rotunda ; 865,866 

rotundatnm 289 

Round-fish 298 

Bound  Herring 263 

Bound  Eobin 432 

BouHsette 58 

rubelluH 202 

ruber    665 

ruberrimus 766 

rubicunda  (Parma) 610 

inibicundns  (Acipensor)  87 

(Glypbisodon) 610 

(Hypsypopa) 610 

(Pomacentrus) 610 

mbricauda 477 

rubrioroceus 189, 100 

rubrifrous  ( AlbnrnolluH) 203 

(Albuinus) 203 

(Ceratlchthys) 214 

(Lnuciacus) 203 

(Minnilus) 202 

(Nocorais) 215 

w.'              (Notropis) 203 

(Zygonectes) 338 

rubrlpinna  (Cliola) 884 

(Cyprinella) 884 

rubripinnis  (Minnilua) 108 

rubriviuctus 600 

Budder-flsh 445,452 

rufa(Harpe) 601 

Tufllineatus 508 

tafus  (Bodianus) 602 

(Cossyphus) 602 

(Labrax) 531 

rnfuB  (Labrus) 602 

mgosua 830 


Page. 

mpertinnus 37 

rupeatris  (Ambloplites) 4gQ 

(Bodianus) 466,4f)7 

•    (Coryphsena) su 

(Coryphrenoides) 812 

(Labnia) .599 

(Macrurus) 811 

(Xiphister) 773 

rn*ila 175 

S. 

sabina 49,68,870 

Sabre-flsh 910 

•aburro) 958 

SaecopharjTigidre 365 

Saccopharynx 365 

Sacramento  Porch 406 

Salmon 300 

Sturgeon 80 

Sadlna 2&') 

angax  (Clupea) 265 

sagitta 639,640 

saida 807 

Sail-lish 120,421 

Sailor's  Choice 531 

anira 375 

Salar 309,312 

anlar 309 

aallu;! 104 

Salmo 309 

Salmon 28    309,  312, 525 

salmonea  (Percr;  520 

aalmonuum  (Stizoatedium) 525 

salmoidis 484,485 

salmoneua  (Eaox) 352,894 

(Sconibrocottua) 650 

SalmonidiB  288 

Salmon-killer 390 

salniono'di'S 485 

Salmon-Trout 313 

Snhnon-Trout  of  the  Columbia 314 

aaltator 448,914 

aaltatiix 448,914 

snludana 170 

Salveliuua 316,318 

aanctae-crucia 038 

SaudEel  414 

Sand-dab —         834 

Sand  barter 488,480 

Sand-flah 626,627 

Siind-flounder 815 

Sand  Launce --     114,415 

Sand-pike , 2^0,520 

Sand-shark 27 

aanguifluua 507 

aanguineua 770 

aauguiuolentiiH  (Oucorhynchna) 308 

(Pomotia) 478 

(Salmo) 308 

aapldiaslma  (Alosa) 208 

(Clupea) 267 

sapidisaimua  (Coregonas) 299 

Sarcidium «. 205 

Sarda 427 

sarda  (Polamya) 428 


INDEX. 


1011 


Page. 

87 
466 
MJO,  407 
Sll 
8U 
590 
8U 
773 
175 


958 
305 
365 
40tt 

:*j .  ■  800 

t,.^      80 
ft.1,  265 
265 
639, 640 
807 
120,421 
551 
375 
309, 312 
309 
164 
309 
i,  312, 525 
526 
525 
484, 485 
352, 894 
050 
288 
39G 
485 
313 
314 
448, 914 
448, 014 
170 
816, 318 
.03$ 
414 
834 
488, 489 
02G,  627 
815 
U4,415 
260,  520 
27 
507 
770 
308 
478 
308 
268 
267 
299 
205 
427 
428 


PuKe. 

Sardine 2fl« 

Sardinia 887 

Sargo 551,930 

Sargus 557 

Sirotlirodus 614 

Sarpo 750 

satirlrua 761 

saturna 572,573 

Sauger 526 

Saurel 431,432 

Saurina 279 

Sauriis .  279 

sanrus  ( Elops) 261, 968 

(Oligoplites) 973 

(Sconiberesox) 375 

(Trachurus) 432,912 

Sanry 374 

Saw-flah 36,37 

Saw-kwey  306 

aaxatilia  (Chretodon) 611 

(Gly  phidorton) 611, 939 

(PiBcilicbthys) 515 

(Pomacentrus) 611 

saxicola 837 

sayanus 460, 461 

sayl 48,69,879 

Sayris 347 

scaber 64»,  949 

scabriccps 194 

Scad 432 

Scamp 638 

ScaphirliynchuB 88 

Scapbiri'hynchops 88 

Bcapbiurnii 943 

Scarinic 598 

Scarus 607,938 

Scatophagus 673 

Bceplicns 200 

Schilbeodes 98 

scha'piH 858 

Bchranki 925 

ScbuylkillCat ..         104 

scladictis 342 

Sciffiua 569,fi:tl 

ScitPnidae 560 

Sciuninte 566 

Sciamups 571 

scitulus 956 

Sclcrodomii 853 

Sclerognatbus 117,883 

ScoliMlon 24,60 

scolopaccns 366 

suolopax 388 

Scomber 422 

scomber 424 

ScomberesocidsB 371 

Scombereaox 374 

Scomberomorus 425 

Scombrldaj 422 

Scombrocottus 649 

Scorabroides 446,913 

Scorabroidinn) 431 

Bcombraa 424,  Oil 

ScopelidiB 275,279 

Soopelua 281 


Page. 

Seopbthalmns 815 

Bcopiferum 205 

Seorpicna 678,950,  nsi,  952 

ScorptEoichthys 716 

Scorpicnidte 650 

acorpioidcs 702 

Scorpion 679 

Scorpis 562 

acorpiua 702 

acouleri 304,305,308 

acripta 850 

scrutator  (Bclone) 374 

(lae«thc8> 060 

Scnlpln 679,682,702 

Scup 557 

Souppajig 557 

acntellatus 375 

acuticaria 358 

acylla 168 

ScyJliidiB 57,58 

Scylliorbinua 58,  869 

Scyllium 58,809 

ScymnidtB 13 

Scyria 488 

Scytalina 790 

SeaBasa 526,532 

Soa-bat 850 

Sea  Catfish 109,110,111 

Devil 62 

Horse 886 

Poacber 728 

Raven 685 

Kobin 733 

Trout 579,580 

Snail 738 

Sebaatapiates 678 

Sebastea 651 

Sebastifhthys 652, 655, 670 

Sebastodes 652, 653,  6:)6. 950 

Sebnatomus 652,654,664 

Sebastoplus   652 

Sebast  osomns 652, 654, 657 

soctatrix 561 

sectindodoraaliii 420 

segaliensis 723 

Snlache 81 

Sclacbians 12 

Sebchii 13 

Selachostcnii 82 

Selar 433,434 

Selene 489 

selene  (Carpiodea) 120 

(Luxilus) 188 

(Minnilus) 188 

selenops 260 

semicinctns 603,604 

somifaaciata  (Etlicostoma) 500 

semifnsciatum  (Pileonia) BOO 

seniifasciatns  (Xriacia) 20 

seminolis 884 

seminuda  (Oila) 230 

scminudiis  (Lycodes) 787 

semiscabra 695 

Semotilus 220 

•enilis 34et8IK 


1!. 


1012 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Sefiorlta , 604 

8entico8a 8.Jl 

serrna 157 

SerKoant-flsh OOO 

Seiiola 444,912,913 

Soriolichthys 44(i 

Seriplius 58«; 

Herpcntinus 778,  77ti 

serra 276 

Serranidas 526 

Serraninte 527 

Serrano 534 

Seiranus 532,916,917 

Hei-rata  (Fistnlaria)  390 

Herratum  (Utcmnlun) 924 

iterratus  (Qasterosttius) j 396 

serrlceps C76,  677 

Sescrinus 914 

Beseilicauda 840 

setapinnia  (Zeus) 440 

•Setarches 682 

setifer 857 

Hctipinnis 440 

sexinaculatas 863 

Shad 267 

Shad  Waiter 29H 

Sharks 12 

Sl»>io«Rhead 558,567 

Shiier 185, 186, 232, 248,  ;;30, 587 

Shovel-head  Shark 25 

Shovel-nose 27 

Shovel-nosed  Shark 6i 

Sturgeon 88 

shumardi  ( Albui-nops) 193 

(Iladropterus) 499 

■if'^t   '-         (Imostouin)  498 

(Minnilus) 192 

sialis 98 

Siboma 230, 239 

sicculus 406 

Sidora 969 

■  siderium 154, 1 55 

Sierra 427 

siguatuB 623 

signit'er  (Bry*,tn8) 478 

(Coregonas) "  • 

(Salnio) 803 

(Stypodon) 224 

(ThymaUus) 302,303 

Silurldro  06 

Silas 295 

Silver  Chub 222 

Eel 910 

Silver-tin 163,179 

Silver  Perch 570 

Sal  raon 807 

Trout 310 

Silversides 404 

Hitna 170 

Simenchelys 303 

similis  ( Auiphistich  us) 593 

(Fiimlulus) 333, 891 

(Hydrargyra) 333 

eimillimuH 451 

ainiotera 406 


Page, 
simpsoni jyj 

siniulaus  (Enncncnnthun) 4-Q 

(Hcmioplites)  47j 

(SebastoHomus) 553 

simus  (AlburuelliiB) 170 

(lihinichthys) 885,886 

Siphagonus 725 

Sipliostoma 382,904,905,900 

niscowet  317,318 

Skate 39,40 

Skim-back 120 

Skip-jack 266,406,432,443 

Skipper 375 

Skittle  Dog ig 

Skowitz 307 

Sleeper 631,632 

Sleeper-shnrk 13, 14 

Sleepmarkun 5 

sloani 284,285 

Small-mouthed  Black  Bass 485 

Smaragdus 635 

Smelt 2"':,  203 

smiriduB 809 

smithii  (Carcharodon) 875 

(Cyprinus) 260 

Smooth  Hound 19 

Snapper 647,651 

Snipe  Eel 365 

■fenipe-tish 388 

SnookH 909 

Soap-fish 543 

socius 195 

Soft-rayed  fishes 94 

sogo 459 

Soldier-fish 517 

Sole 841 

Solenostomatida) 381 

soils 477,478 

Somniosus 14, 57 

soninolenta 632 

sonoriensis 349 

soporator 033,634,044 

sordidus 817 

Southern  Porgee 029 

spadicca 155 

spallauzani 28,29,874,875 

Spanish  Flag 669 

Mackerel 426, 910 

Porgy 939 

Sardine 887 

Sparnda 588,600 

SpaiidHj 545,880 

Sparinas 546 

Sparisoma 938 

sparoides 405 

Sparus 555,925,072 

spathula  (Polyodon) 83,84 

(Squalus) 84 

spatula  (LepisoBteas) 03 

Spatularia 83 

Spawn-eater 171 

Spear-fish 120,420 

speciosa  (Gambusia) 346, 894 

speciosus  (Pomot  is) 480, 482 

(SemotiluB) 221 


INDEX. 


1013 


specioRUH  (Trachichthys) . . 

Speck  

Speckled  Tront , . 

apectabilis  (Poecilicbthys) . 

(Salmo) 

(Salvelinus)  ... 
spectmm 


Page. 

458 

, 405 

320 

518 

320 

320 

294 

spectruncula   168,167 

Mpelseiis 324 

spcngleri 861 

spet 411 

Spbagebrtuchns 358 

Spbyneua 410 

upbyrcena  (Esox) 410,411 

sphyifenarum 970 

Sphyrtenida) 410 

SpbyiTia 26,874 

SpbymidoB 25 

Rpillmani 506 

ttpilonotus 857 

spilopterus  (Citharicbthys) 817 

(Leucisctis) 179 

(Fbotogeuis) 179 

spilota 694,  953,  954 

flpihirns  314 

Spinacidaj 15 

splnarella 738,907 


Bpiniccpbalum 

Bpinosissitnns 

spinosus  (Cnlycilepidotus) . 

(Cycloptems)  ... 

(Ecbinorbinns). . 


149 

727 

715 

740 

14 

(Eumicrotrciuus) 745, 957 


(Hemilttpidotua). 

(Squalus) 

Spiny  Eels 

S^iny-raycd  fishes 

k.plit-tail 

Split-moutb  Sucker 

Spoon-bill  Cat 

Spot 

Sprat 

Spmtella 

Spratelloides , 


Btoarnsi  (Corvina) 572 

(Lut,ianu8) t  ,9, 921, 922 

(Konrador) 572 

(Sciicua) 572 

(Scorpasna) 051 

(Seriola) 445,913  * 

Steel-bend 313,314 


714 

14 

308 

397 

223 

144 

83 

574 

274 

264 

203 

Squall 12,907 

equalidus  (Scarus) 938 

squaUpeta 909 

Squalius 230 

Squalus 10 

sqnaniatus 241 

squaniiceps 514 

Bquamiluutus  (Ceratichthys) 218 

(Coucsius) 218 

(Paralicbtbys) 823 

Sqnaraipinnes 613, 614 

Bquamipiunis  (Gerres) 935 

Squatina 35 

squatina 35 

Squatinidte 35,967 

Squeteague 581 

Squirrel-flsh .457,459,534 

Squirrel  Hake 799 

stagnalis 821 

Star-gazers 627 

stearnsi  (Blenuius) 961 


stegopbtbalmus 

stellaris  

stellatus  (Fario) 

(Salmo) 

(Pla'lcbtbys) 

(Pleuroiiectes) 

stelleri  (Cyclopterichtbys) 
(Cyclopterus) 

(Trichodon) 

stellifer  ^Budiauus) 

(Ftmdulus) 

Btellifera  (Corviua) 


723 

£8 

315 

316 

836 

835 

745 

745 

C27 

5C9 

337 

, 570 

(Scinina) 509,931 

(Xenismi) *  337 

Stollifcrus 569 

stollulata 44 

Stenodus 304 

St4!notonm8 557,929,972 

856 

730 

531 

85 

216 

283 


Steplianolopis 

stupbaoopUry  s 

Stereolepis 

Sterletua 

sterlutus 

SternoptycbidiB 

Stevens! 291,292 

Sticboius 775 

SticbueidiB 754 

Stickleback 392,395,300 

stigiua ^ 789 

stigiua;a  (Ulocentra)    405 

stiginteus  (Citharicbthys) 065 

stigniaticus  (Coraticbthys) 212 

(Gobionellus) 047 

(Siuaragdus) 047 

stigmatura  (Cliola) 182 

(Codoma) 182 

stigmaturus  (Gobius) 046 

(Pbotogonis) 182 

Stilbe 248 

Stilbius 250 

stilbius 201 

Stingareo 47 

I   Sting  Uays 45,47 

i   StiKosttdion 625 

Stizdstediuiu 525,910 

Stoasodon 879 

Stolepborus 272,888 

Stouiias 28fJ 

Btomias  (Atherestbes) 820 

(PlatysomaticbthyH) 821 

(Salmo) 816 

(Trisotropis) 918,972 

Stflmiatidro 285 

Stomodon 800 

Stouobass 532 

Stone-cat 07,100 

Stone-lugger 130, 149 

StouoKoUer 130,148vl49 


lit  I 


m 


1014 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Stone-totor 160 

atoreri  (LeuciHcuH) 221 

(ScombereBox) 375 

Btororiana 170, 171 

atorerius 405 

Btouti fl,57,F'  " 

Btraminea 167,168 

Strawberry  Bass 465 

atriatuB  (Antbias) 919 

(KpincpbeluB) 018 

(Koccub) 528 

(Scnauun) 019 

BtiigatnB 730 

Striped  Bubs 529 

Mullet 403 

StronatoidaB 449 

Sti  omateus 450 

Btroiiii     813 

BtnimoHiia 749, 957 

Stnd-flBh 337 

Sturgeon 82, 84 

Btiirio 85 

Bt.vlifer 007 

Stypodon 223 

Buavis 176. 177 

Bubbifurcatus 775 

BubligariuB 535, 917 

Bubtenunens 325 

Bucetta 132.133,134 

Sucker 112,124,578 

sucklii 17 

Sudis 277 

Bueuri 455, 914 

Buillus 601 

Bt^jef 700 

Sukkegh  Salmon 308 

Bnniuulentus 632 

Sun-fish 453,462,472,482,865 

Sunny ,       482 

BuperciliosuB  (Aspidophorus) 723 

(Uexagrammus) 044 

(Hyborliynchus) 100 

''  (Labrax) 644 

Surf-flsh 585,592,594,595 

Surf  Smelt 294 

Whiting 577,933 

Surgeon 610 

Surgeon-flsh 617 

BuriiiameusiB 555 

Biirniuliitus 565 

Surmullet 564,565 

Butor 439 

BwampinuB 832 

Bwani 729 

Swell-shark 50 

Swell-toad 861,863 

Swingle-tail 27 

Sword-flsh 420 

symmetricns  (Caranx) 432, 911 

(Ceratiohthys) 213 

,j_^^  , :     (Lepomis)  473 

'  "^■^' (LeucoBumuB) 213 

(Pogoniohthy  8) 213 

(TrachuruB) 432 

SymmetruruB 222 


Pace. 

synagris 022 

Sy  naphobranchidae 394 

SynaphobranchuB 354 

Synentognathi 371 

SyngnathidiB 3^2 

SyngnathuB 382 

SynoduB 279,280,889 

Syrrhina 63,878 

Byrtensium 295 

T. 

tabaccaria 389 

ta;nia  (Ulennius)  .J 7fin 

(ClInostomuB) 284 

(MurienoideB T6fi 

(Squal'f.s) 234 

tiBniatiiB 552 

tnjniops 019 

tajniopteruB 704 

Tajniotoca 594 

tahoeusis 127 

Tiiilor  Herring 260 

Tambor 860 

tapdisma 309 

Tarpum 261,262 

tau 750,751 

Tauridea 094 

taurocephala 100 

Tautog 600,936 

Tautoga 599,936 

tautoga 599 

TautogolabruB 599 

taylori 793 

tchawytcha 307,890 

telescopuB 201 

TelesteB 230 

Telipomia 473 

temniinckl 586,594 

TeranlBtia 714 

Temnodon 448 

tenflluB 340 

tenuis  (AtherinopsiB)  405,406 

(Gadus) 799 

(LeurcBthes) 405 

(PhyciB) 799 

teres  (Alosa) 263 

(CatoBtomus) 130 

(Coecuhi) 897 

(Cyprinus) 130 

(Etrumous)  263 

(Sphagebranchus) 897 

TeretuluB 136 

teretuluB 205 

tergisus 260 

terriE-novas 24,25 

tessellata  (Etheoatotoa) 509 

Tessellated  Darter 492 

tessellatum  (Boleosoma) '*02 

(Nanostoma) 511 

tessellatas  (Hadropterus) 511 

(Notbonotua) 609 

testndineus • .  •  861 

Tetard 631 

Tetragonopterua 255 

lotragonoptruis 61* 


INDEX. 


1015 


Page. 

tetrapturorum 418 

Tetrapturus 420 

Tetrodon 860,066 

Tetrodontidffi 859 

TeuthyiUda) 616,880 

texana  (Anguilla) 361 

(Cyprindla) 178 

texenais  (Diorida) 157 

(C.vnoscion) 581 

thalassir.um  (Moxostoraa) 139 

(Nauoatoma) 511 

thalaaainus  (Lepidogobiua) 047 

(Xotlionotua) 511 

(Otolithns) 581 

(Ptychoatomus) 139 

Tlialeichthya 291 

thaleichthy  8 202 

tlia/ard 911 

tbompsoni  (Carpiodea) 119 

(Ictiobua) 883 

(Triglopaia) 700,710 

thoreanianua 221 

Thrcad-flii    412 

Thread-flsh 438 

Thread  Herring 268 

Thresher  Shark 26,27 

thriasa 268,269 

thrisaoidea 262, 887 

Thunder-pumper 507 

thunnina 430 

ThymalluB 302 

thymalluH 302 

Thynnichthya 429 

Thy  nnus 428, 429 

thy  nnus 429 

Thyris 840 

Tiaroga 163 

tiburo 25,26,874 

Tiger  Sharks 21 

Tigonia 230, 233 

tigriuus  (Galeocerdo) 21, ' 

(Myrichtliys) 360 

Tile-fiah 624 

Tili'sia 80i 

tilesii 715 

tinippnogensis 100 

tiniucu 9U2 

tincellus 245 

Tiphle 382 

Tirodon 008 

Toad-flsh 750,845 

Tobacco-box 40 

tobianus 414, 415, 909 

Togno 317 

toma 317 

Tom-cod 805,  800 

tom-cod 806 

tomcodus 806 

Toothed  Herring 2C0 

Top  Minnow 338 

Tope 21 

TorpcdinidtB 38 

Torpedo 38,30,876,877 

torpedo  (Raia) 38 

torvus 688 


Pago. 

Toter , 130 

toxotea 596 

Trachinidas 623,  624, 627, 628, 880 

Tra<;hinocephalu8 281 

Trachuropa 433,970 

Trachurus 431, 911 

tracburua  (Caranx) 432,  Oil 

(Cottns) 715 

(Gaateroateua) 395,396 

(Hemilepidotus) 715 

(Scomber) 432,912 

(Trachurua) 432,912 

Trarbynotua 441 

Trachypteridae 017 

Trachypterns 618 

tractus 941 

tranquebar 724 

tranamoutanus  (Acipenser) 80 

(Khinichthya 207,885 

traaki 587 

Tree-flah 676 

triacauthus 451 

Trlacis 20,870 

tribulus 735 

Trichidion 413 

Trichiuridro 421, 910 

Trichiurua 422 

trichocepbalns 802 

Trichodiodon g62 

Trichodon 627 

liichodon 627 

Trichodontidae   626,  880 

trichroistia 18I 

tricolor  (Chajtodon) 615 

(Holacanthiis) 941 

(Pomacanthus)  941 

(Tliyraallus) 303 

tricnapia 708,  709 

tridentatua 7, 8,  57,  867,  868 

tridigitatua 753 

trifurcus 534,917,973 

Trigger  flah 854 

Trigla 733,956 

Triglidaj 640,051,731,880 

Triglops 712 

Triglopaia 709 

trlgonurn 853 

trigranmiHS 644 

Triloburus 534 

trilobua 720 

triqueter ocg 

triquetrum 965 

triaerialia 359,897,898 

triaeriatus 64,65,876 

Trisotropia 537,918,919,071 

trispinosa  (Corvinn) 570,031 

trispinoans  (Odontopyxis) 729 

tristoDclius 92 

trivittatua 554 

Trochocopus ,     601,936 

tropica  (Echcneis) 070 

tropicua '( Atractoateus) 02 

Trout  Perch 322 

trowiridgii  (Aboona) 588 

(Homalopomns) 809 


1016 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Ti  ampet-flsh 388,389 

trnncata  ( Belone) 374 

truucatus  (OrthagoriRcus) 907 

(Hanzania) 966 

(Salmo) 313,314 

(Tetrodon) 967 

Trnnk-flsh 852 

Tryclu>ro«lon 247 

Trygon 47,879 

Trygonidro 45 

Trygonorhina 876 

tsnppitch 308,315,316 

tschawytscha 890 

tu1>erculatu8 48, 49, 66, 879 

tndes 320 

tnditana ^  165,166 

Tullibee 301 

tnllibee 801,302 

tnmidus 118,110,883 

Tuna 428 

tunicata 741,742 

Tunnies 428,429 

Tunny 429 

Turtot 815,830 

turgidua 861,862 

tumerl 788 

Tyee  Salmon 306 

Tylosurus 372,901 

Tyntlastcs 639 

Typhlichthys 324 

Typhlogobius 639 

typicu8 187 

tyrannus  (Alosa) 267 

(Anguilla) 361 

(Brevoortia) 269 

'  (Clupea) 270 

XJlocnntra 494 

TJmbla 816 

Umbra 350 

umbra 569 

umbratilis 200 

UmbridoB 349 

Urabrini* 575 

urabrosa  (Cliola) 176 

(Cyprinella) 176 

(Lcpidopaetta) 832 

umbrosus  (Esox) 352,894 

(Platichthys) 834 

(Pleiironectea) 831 

(Sobastichthys) 950 

(SebastodfB) 950 

tincinatns 093 

undccimalis 528 

nndulata  (Unibrina) 576 

undulatus  (Menticirrus) 578,932,933 

(^Micropogon) 575 

nnicolor  ( Amniocoetes) 868 

(Bryttus) 477 

nnicomis 818 

unifasciatns 876 

unimaculat  us  ( Argyroiosns) 440 

(Clinua) 775 

(Stichteus) 775 


Page. 

uninotatus 922 

TTpcneus 565 

UpBelonphorus 628 

TJranidea 603,953,954,955 

uranopa  (Phonacobius) 206 

UranoscopidtB 627 

uranoscopns  (Mancalias) 848 

uranoscopus 848 

Urolophus 46 

TJronectes 789 

Urophycis 798 

Uropsetta '. 821 

urns 116,883 

ustus  (Calliodon) .  606 

Utah 815 

vacca 597 

vagrana 407,908,069 

vabli 780,787 

Vaillantia 493 

vampyrns 53 

vandoisulus 232 

variabilis  ( Acanthocottus) 703 

(Perca) 659, 950 

(Sebastca) 059 

variatum  (Etheoatoma) 503 

variatus  ( Alvordina) 503 

(Pa!cili>  .;thya) 518 

varicgatus  (Cyprinodon) 329, 890 

(Liniuurgus) 343 

velatum 138 

veliana 405 

vclifor  (Carpiodoa) 120 

(Ictiobus) 120 

(Letharchua) j 896 

velox 16ti 

ventralis 7(i8 

ventricoaa  (Apocope) 211 

(Temniatia) 715 

ventricosua  (Blcpsiaa) 715 

(Ceratichtliya) 211 

(Cyclopterichthys) 745 

(Cycloptcnia) 745 

ventrioans  (Scylliorhinus) 59, 869 

venuata  (Cliola) 178 

(Cyprinella) 178 

(Limia) 343 

(Lucania) 343,893 

vermicularia  (Sparua) 922 

vcrniiculatua  (Xyrichthys) 605,  973 

vcrnalis  (Clupea) 207 

(Gobio) 214 

(Pomolobus) 267 

(Scomber) 424 

verrilli 786 

vorrucosua  (Brachyopais) 726 

(Cottus) '. 707 

(Lcptagonua) 955 

versicolor  ( Abramiu) 250 

(Argyrops) 929 

(Labrus) 929 

(Stcnotomus) 929 

verticalis 829 

verus 875 


Page. 
073 
666 
028 
,  954, 055 
206 
627 
848 
848 
40 
789 
708 
821 
116, 8S3 
6U6 
S15 


597 

)7, 908, 009 
,.  786,787 
403 
53 
232 
703 
..  650,950 
059 
503 
503 
518 
..  329,800 
34:{ 
138 
405 
120 
120 
896 
160 
708 
2U 
715 
715 
211 
745 
745 
...  59,869 
178 
178 
343 
. ..  343,893 
922 
...  605,073 
267 
214 
267 
424 
786 
726 
707 

955 

250 
929 
929 
929 
829 
875 


INDEX. 


1017 


Page. 

Tespei't  ilio  ( Holorhinus) 51 

(Malihe) 880 

(KhinopterA) 61 

vetiiltiii  (Bttlistfs) 865 

(PaiophryH) 882 

( Plduronectes) 831 

vexiliurt*  ( Boleosoma) 493 

voxillaris 672, 673 

vheeleri 687 

Vi^aMugei- 938 

vigllax 169 

vigilis 971 

vUlosa  (Clup6a) 291 

villosus  (Cottua) 886 

(Mallotus) 201 

vincti|>e8   510 

viola 800 

yiolaci um  (Ditrema) 586, 93« 

violacttiia  ( Apodiohthy s) 774 

(Cebedichthys) 774, 962 

Viper-flsh 284 

virens 806 

viresoens  ( Apodiohthys) 770 

(Pantosteus) 124 

Tirgatulus 957 

virgatus  (Uelolepis) 779 

(Poecilichthys) 515 

Tirginalia 315 

virginicum  (Pristipoma) 552 

virginicus  (Anisotremus) 552 

(Pomadasys) 558,923 

(Sparus)  552 

virginianns  ( Acauthocottos) 701 

viride  (Ophidiuni) ...  789 

viridis  (Centrarchas) 468 

(Centropomns) 52^ 

(Chaenobryttaa) 468 

(E80X) 92,880 

.      (Gymnelis) 789 

(Lepidosteos) 02 

Tiridescena  (Syngnathua) 383 

(OameruB) 293 

yiscosa  698 

vitrea(Ioa) 490 

(Peroa) 525 

viti-euin  (Stizoatediom) 525 

vitnnia  (Poeoiliohthya) 491 

vittata  (Argyrotania) 415,909 

(CUola) 172 

(Clupea) 273 

(Codoma) 173,173 

(Hemitremia) 162 

(Lepidomeda) 252 

vittatiia  ( Ammodytoa) 415 

(Engraulia) 273, 888 

(Ebox) 352, 894 

Viuva 660 

vivax  ( Ammoorypta) 169, 970 

(Cliola) 169 

viviparna 652 

Volador 378,738 

volitana  (Cephalacanthas) 957 

(Dactylopterns) 738 

(Exoc(Btai>) 378 

(Trigla) 738 


Page. 

volucella 168 

Vomer 430,440 

vomer 439,440 


t   vomerinna 

I  Torax  

'  vulgaria  (AcantbiaH) 

(Aniiuraa)  

(Anguilln)  

(AiixiH) 

(Bolono)   

( BroBiiiiua) 

(OarchariuH) 

(Carcbariiiua)  .. 

(Conger) 

(llippoglostaua) . 

(Liparia) 

(LoU)   

(MerluciuB) 

(Holva) , 


781 

S2S 

17 

106 

861 

426 

878 

808 

878 

878 

868 

818 

742 

802 

800 

801 

(MuateluB) 19,20 


(Pagnia) 

(PimeloduB) 

(Pomotia) 

(KpbyriBna) 

(ThynniiB) 

vulm-rato  (Apocope) 

TiihiPvatiiH  (XotbouotuB)  .. 
(PflBcilicbUiya). 

vulpes  ( Albiila) 

(Alopecias) 

(Alopiaa) 

(Ebox) 

(PiraeloduB) 

(Squalus) 

viitaiiH 


650 
106 
488 
4:1 
428 
210 
608 
609 
268 
27 
27 
268 

ioo 

27 
780 


W. 


■wacUim 806 

Walleyed  Perch 691 

Pike 525 

War-mouth 467,468 

wariMiI  (Boltichthya) 521 

(PoBcllichthys) 521 

(Salmo) 300 

WurBaw 920 

WeHk.flsb 579,681 

weblti  (BlenuopbiB)  766 

(Embiotoca) 696 

((JphioblenuiuB) 766 

whoatlandi 386 

wbeeleri 087 

wbippb'i  (Boleiuhthya) 616 

(Cliola)      178 

(Cyprinella) 178 

White  Angel 040 

Whitebait 266 

White  Basa 629 

Cat 107,108 

Wbite.flsh 269,206,626 

White  Grunt 654 

Hake 790 

Mallet 139,403 

Perch 580,  567,  591,  .597 

Sturgeon 8«.  8K 

Sucker ]  29, 140 


1018 


INDEX. 


P*ge. 

White  Trout 080 

W'hUinK 299,677 

u  illliimsanl  (Cor«Konu«) 297,068 

(Gastnrosteua)  304 

u'ilHoni 607 

wincbelli 214 

Window-pane 815 

Winter-Flounder 837 

Winter  Salmon SOS 

Wolf-flsli 781 

Wraaae-flshea 507 

Wreok-flsli 832 

Wry-moutli 780 

wilrdemanni 634, 045 

X. 

xenooepbalus  102 

xaenura 184 

xanthocephalUB 104 

xtmtliiirag  (Homoprion) 571, 032 

(LioBtomus) 674,032 

(Rhombus) 914 

(Soifflna) 674 

(SeBerinns) 014 

xanti 676 

XenichthyiniB 546 

Xeniuhtliys 646,020 

xenicns 891,802 

Xenisma 381, 336 

Xenistins 020 

Xenotis 472,477 

Xiphias    419 

Xiphidioo 771 

XiphidiontidsB 764 

XipbUda 419,000 

Xiphister 771 

XlphisterinB 754 

XiphophoruB 346 

xyoatemaa 727, 055 

Xyrichtbys  605 

XystreuryB 821,825 

Xyatroplites 472,480 

T. 

TeUowBaaa 680 

Oat 102,106 


Page. 

Tellow  Cavali^ 440 

Yellow-tinned  Boi    ndor 576 

Yellow  Perch 524 

Pike    625 

Yellow  taU 2«9, 444, 44«,  670,  «26, 667 

Yelting 64 

y-gneonm 628, 629, 041 

z. 

zaohirua  838 

ziinemua 217 

Zaniolepia , 647 

Zapter-x 876 

zatTopis 905, 906 

zebra  (Fundulus) 338,  335, 336, 891 

(Qern-B) 935 

(Hydrarpyra)  -  333,336 

zebriunH 891 

Zenidee an] 

ZenopHin 456 

Zoarcea 784 

Zoarvidffi 783 

zonale 5lo 

zonata  (Cliola) 183 

(Seriola) 446,018 

zonatum  (ElasHoma) 441, 015 

zonatu8(Albiii'niiH) 183 

(BpbippuB) 614 

(Eaox)    342 

(Fiunluliis) . .  342 

(HaploohiluB) 342 

(LeuciHCUR) 183 

(Scomber) 445 

(ZyBonoc»«8) 841, 342 

Zonichthys 446 

zonlfer 640 

zoniBtiuB 180, 1S8, 180 

Zophendum 154 

zophera '   697 

zoetersB 907 

zimnensiB 229 

Zygsma 26 

zygsna 26,01 

Zygoneotea 838, 892, 804 

zyoptems 870 


